page_title: Porcelain
section_title: Manufacturers
hierarchical_section_title: Porcelain / Manufacturers
caption_attribution_description: These are two large porcelain flask in the form of bianhu. The left flask has a underglaze that depicts a large three-clawed dragon among scrolling lotus, similar scrolling lotus on the neck, and squared spirals at the rim. The right flask has a underglaze that depicts a three-clawed dragon in reserve against a background of waves in underglaze cobalt blue on the exterior, a wide band of scrolling lotus flowers on the neck, and scrolling lotus leaves below the mouth rim.
context_page_description: Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including a material like kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C. The toughness, strength, and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. Though definitions vary, porcelain can be divided into three main categories: hard-paste, soft-paste and bone china. The category that an object belongs to depends on the composition of the paste used to make the body of the porcelain object and the firing conditions.
  Porcelain slowly evolved in China and was finally achieved at some point about 2,000 to 1,200 years ago, then slowly spread to other East Asian countries, and finally Europe and the rest of the world. Its manufacturing process is more demanding than that for earthenware and stoneware, the two other main types of pottery, and it has usually been regarded as the most prestigious type of pottery for its delicacy, strength, and its white colour.
context_section_description: China
  Ding ware
  Jingdezhen porcelain
  Japan
  Hirado ware
  Kakiemon
  Nabeshima ware
  Narumi
  Noritake
  Europe
  Austria
  Vienna Porcelain Manufactory, 1718–1864
  Vienna Porcelain Manufactory Augarten, 1923–present
  Croatia
  Inkerpor, (1953–present)
  Czech Republic
  Haas & Czjzek, Horní Slavkov, (1792–2011)
  Thun 1794, Klášterec nad Ohří, (1794–present)
  Český porcelán a.s., Dubí, Eichwelder Porzellan und Ofenfabriken Bloch & Co. Böhmen, (1864–present)
  Rudolf Kämpf, Nové Sedlo (Sokolov District), (1907–present)
  Denmark
  Aluminia
  Bing & Grøndahl
  Denmark porcelain
  P. Ipsens Enke
  Kastrup Vaerk
  Kronjyden
  Porcelænshaven
  Royal Copenhagen (1775–present)
  GreenGate
  Finland
  Arabia
  France
  Saint-Cloud porcelain, (1693–1766)
  Chantilly porcelain, (1730–1800)
  Vincennes porcelain, (1740–1756)
  Mennecy-Villeroy porcelain, (1745–1765)
  Sèvres porcelain, (1756–present)
  Revol porcelain, (1789–present)
  Limoges porcelain
  Haviland porcelain
  Germany
  Current porcelain manufacturers in Germany
  Hungary
  Hollóháza Porcelain Manufactory, (1777–present)
  Herend Porcelain Manufacture, (1826–present)
  Zsolnay Porcelain Manufacture, (1853–present)
  Italy
  Richard-Ginori 1735 Manifattura di Doccia, (1735–present)
  Capodimonte porcelain, (1743–1759)
  Naples porcelain, 1771-1806
  Manifattura Italiana Porcellane Artistiche Fabris, (1922–1972)
  Mangani SRL, Porcellane d'Arte (Florence)
  Lithuania
  Jiesia
  Netherlands
  Haagsche Plateelbakkerij, Rozenburg
  Loosdrechts Porselein
  Weesp Porselein
  Norway
  Egersund porcelain
  Figgjo (1941–present)
  Herrebøe porcelain
  Porsgrund
  Stavangerflint
  Poland
  Polskie Fabryki Porcelany “Ćmielów” i "Chodzież" S.A.
  Kristoff Porcelana
  Lubiana S.A.
  Portugal
  Vista Alegre
  Sociedade Porcelanas de Alcobaça
  Costa Verde (company), located in the district of Aveiro
  Russia
  Imperial Porcelain Factory, Saint Petersburg (1744–present)
  Verbilki Porcelain (1766–present), Verbilki near Taldom
  Gzhel ceramics (1802–present), Gzhel
  Dulevo Farfor (1832–present), Likino-Dulyovo
  Spain
  Buen Retiro Royal Porcelain Factory (1760–1812)
  Real Fábrica de Sargadelos (1808–Present, intermittently)
  Porvasal
  Switzerland
  Suisse Langenthal
  Sweden
  Rörstrand
  Gustavsberg porcelain
  United Kingdom
  Aynsley China, (1775–present)
  Belleek, (1884–present)
  Bow porcelain factory, (1747-1776)
  Caughley porcelain
  Chelsea porcelain factory, (c. 1745, merged with Derby in 1770)
  Coalport porcelain
  Davenport
  Goss crested china
  Liverpool porcelain
  Longton Hall porcelain
  Lowestoft Porcelain Factory
  Mintons Ltd, (1793–1968, merged with Royal Doulton)
  Nantgarw Pottery
  New Hall porcelain
  Plymouth Porcelain
  Rockingham Pottery
  Royal Crown Derby, (1750/57–present)
  Royal Doulton, (1815–2009 acquired by Fiskars)
  Royal Worcester, (1751–2008 acquired by Portmeirion Pottery)
  Spode, (1767–2008 acquired by Portmeirion Pottery)
  Saint James's Factory (or "Girl-in-a-Swing", 1750s)
  Swansea porcelain
  Vauxhall porcelain
  Wedgwood, (factory 1759–present, porcelain 1812–1829, and modern. Acquired by Fiskars)
  Brazil
  Germer Porcelanas Finas
  pt:Porcelana Schmidt
  Iran
  Maghsoud Factories Group, (1993–present)
  Zarin Iran porcelain Industries, (1881–present)
  Taiwan
  Franz Collection
  Malaysia
  Royal Selangor
  South Korea
  Haengnam Chinaware
  Hankook Chinaware
  Sri Lanka
  Dankotuwa Porcelain
  Noritake Lanka Porcelain
  Royal Fernwood Porcelain
  Turkey
  Yildiz Porselen (1890- 1936 / 1994–present)
  Kütahya Porselen (1970–present)
  Güral Porselen (1989–present)
  Porland Porselen (1976–present)
  Istanbul Porselen (1963- early 1990s)
  Sümerbank Porselen (1957-1994)
  United Arab Emirates
  RAK Porcelain
  United States
  Blue Ridge
  CoorsTek, Inc.
  Franciscan
  Lenox
  Lotus Ware
  Pickard China
  Vietnam
  Minh Long I porcelain, (1970–present)
caption: Porcelain wares, such as those similar to these Yongle-era porcelain flasks, were often presented as trade goods during the 15th-century Chinese maritime expeditions. (British Museum)
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