page_title: Timeline of the history of the scientific method
section_title: 1st–12th centuries
hierarchical_section_title: Timeline of the history of the scientific method / 1st–12th centuries
caption_attribution_description: العربية: Image of Alembic , Invented by Jabir Ibn Hayyan
context_page_description: This timeline of the history of the scientific method shows an overview of the development of the scientific method up to the present time.
context_section_description: c.90–168 –  Ptolemy writes the astronomical treatise now known as the Almagest. His writings reveal his understanding of the scientific method, his recognition of the importance of both systematically ordered observations and hypotheses.
  c.721-873 – Muslim scientists uses experiment and quantification to distinguish between competing scientific theories, set within a generically empirical orientation, as can be seen in the works of Jābir ibn Hayyān (721–815) and Alkindus (801–873).
  1021 – The astronomer, physicist and mathematician Ibn al-Haytham introduces the experimental method and combines observations, experiments and rational arguments in his Book of Optics.
  c.1025 – The scholar Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī develops experimental methods for mineralogy and mechanics, and conducts elaborate experiments related to astronomical phenomena.
  1027 – In his treatise al-Burhân ('On Demonstration') in his book Kitāb al-Šifāʾ ('The Book of Healing'), the Persian polymath Ibn Sīnā (known in the Western world as Avicenna) censures Aristotelian method of induction.
caption: Drawing and description of an alembic, by Jabir ibn Hayyan, popularly known as the father of chemistry
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