page_title: Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)
section_title: Opposition
hierarchical_section_title: Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines) / Opposition
caption_attribution_description: U.S. Marines raise the American flag as their Philippine counterparts raise their ensign during morning colors at the start of the base deactivation ceremony for Naval Station, Subic Bay. U.S. Naval personnel are relinquishing control of both Subic Bay and Naval Air Station, Cubi Point, to the Philippine government and Subic Bay will now be recognized as Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority Headquarters.Location: NAVAL STATION, SUBIC BAY, LUZON PHILIPPINES (PHL)
context_page_description: The Mutual Defense Treaty between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America was signed on August 30, 1951, in Washington, D.C. between representatives of the Philippines and the United States. The overall accord contains eight articles and dictates that both nations would support each other if either the Philippines or the United States are attacked by an external party.
context_section_description: Opposition to the U.S.-Philippine Mutual Defense Treaty has had its periods on both sides of the Pacific.  Given the longevity of the U.S. Military presence in the Philippines opposition to the U.S. Military presence in the Philippines and the treaty itself began in the 1980s with the escalating tensions surrounding U.S. policy decisions and their repercussions. The late 1970s and 1980s saw a rise in anti-US sentiment following the increasing allegations and perpetrations of U.S. military personnel misconduct towards Filipino men and women. The nightclubs and social hotspots surrounding Clark Air Force Base and Naval Base Subic Bay became flashpoints of allegations of assaults by U.S. service-members on the local Filipinos. Political tensions steadily grew. In 1991, the Military Bases Agreement of 1947 was expiring and the George H. W. Bush Administration of the U.S. and the Corazon Aquino Administration of the Philippines were in talks to renew the agreement. A new treaty, the "RP-US Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Security", for the renewal of the Subic Bay lease was signed. Anti-US sentiment continued to grow in the Philippines and it was reflected in the election of the Philippine Senate. The majority of the Philippine Senate were in opposition to renewal. On September 13, 1991, the Philippine Senate voted not to ratify the new treaty. As a result, the last of the U.S. military personnel in the Philippines were removed from the bases on November 24, 1992.
  The opposition movement within the Philippines subsided after the removal of U.S. personnel from the Philippines in the early 90s. It never truly dissipated in its entirety however. Anti-US sentiment remained a prevalent social issue within the collegiate community in Metro Manila and relatively small anti-US demonstrations routinely took place outside the U.S. embassy until the early 2000s. As a result of the unfortunate events surrounding 9/11 the U.S. began restructuring and exercising its rights of the U.S. Philippine Defense Treaty as a part of its War on Terrorism, which included deployment of U.S. forces to the Philippines in Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines to advise and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP). As the U.S. military and Philippine Armed Forces began training and conducting anti-terrorist missions within the Philippine archipelago, anti-US sentiment slowly began to rise once again.
caption: The American flag is lowered and Philippine flag is raised during turnover of Naval Station Subic Bay
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