page_title: History of writing in Vietnam
section_title: Mixed script
hierarchical_section_title: History of writing in Vietnam / History / Modern usage of Chinese characters (Han Nom) / Mixed script
caption_attribution_description: English: Ho Chi Minh's handwriting with mixed Traditional-Chinese and Latin scripts.
context_page_description: Before the introduction of the Chinese-style writing system, the Vietnamese language had a spoken language but no written language until 111 BC. Until the beginning of the 20th century, Vietnamese literature, governmental, scholarly, and religious documents, steles, and temple signs were written in classical Chinese, using Chinese characters or chữ hán. This had been done since at least 111 BC.
  Since as early as the 8th century novels and poetry in Vietnamese were also written in the chữ nôm script, which used Chinese characters for Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and an adapted set of characters for the native vocabulary with Vietnamese approximations of Middle Chinese pronunciations.
  The two scripts coexisted until the era of French Indochina when the Latin alphabet quốc ngữ script gradually became the written medium of both government and popular literature.
context_section_description: It is known that Ho Chi Minh wrote in a mixed Latin–Han Nom script.
  In light of the above advantages of han nom, there are recent movements that are trying to restore the use of han nom script such as the Han Nom Revival Committee of Vietnam (委班復生漢喃越南, http://www.hannom-rcv.org/).
  Others unknown sources have proposed to use mixed script (like Japanese) with chu Han for Sino-Vietnamese words and Latin script for other words. Some have even proposed replacing Latin with other types of constructed scripts such as Rangmowen.
  Despite efforts from sources aiming to restore their Chinese influences in the way Vietnamese use their written language, Chu Quoc Ngu has been the only written language accepted by Vietnamese worldwide since the end of the 19th century.
caption: Vietnamese Mixed Script in the Ho Chi Minh Museum in 2016
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