page_title: Guizhou clique
section_title: Liu–Wang conflict
hierarchical_section_title: Guizhou clique / Xingyi clique dominance / Liu–Wang conflict
caption_attribution_description: 中文: 王文華（1887年－1921年）
context_page_description: The Guizhou clique, also known as the Qian clique, was a minor warlord faction in the Warlord Era of the Republic of China, situated in the province of Guizhou. Due to its weak economic situation, Guizhou warlords were typically dependent on more economically successful warlords such as the Yunnan clique and the Hunan warlords.
  The Guizhou warlords were very much focused on family relations, especially the Xingyi clique warlords under the Liu family. These family connections formed the core of Guizhou political power for a long time. The first Guizhou warlord in power was Liu Xianshi, heading the Liu family and the Old Xingyi clique. With the invasion of Guizhou by Yunnan general Tang Jiyao, Liu's enemies were defeated and Guizhou started a lasting relationship with Yunnan and especially Tang Jiyao. Liu Xianshi's nephew, Wang Wenhua, disagreed with much of what Liu did, and was in conflict with him, using student organizations to agitate against him. He staged the Minjiu Incident, which forced Liu to resign his posts as military and civilian governor. Liu fled to Xingyi, with Wang fleeing to Shanghai, finally being assassinated by Liu's supporters in March 1921.
context_section_description: Wang Wenhua's position had gone from division commander to commander-in-chief of the Guizhou army. Despite receiving no formal military training, Wang rose up through the ranks due to his relationship with the Liu family. Evidence suggests that the Liu and Wang clans of Guizhou had conflicts in the past, and that it was resolved through marriage, making Wang Wenhua Liu Xianshi's nephew. Wang also married one of Liu's nieces, strengthening their ties. However, even though Liu and Wang were close, they had political differences. Wang was an avid supporter of the revolutionaries, with progressive views similar to those of Sun Yat-sen. During the National Protection War, while Liu had been reluctant to fully commit to the war, Wang was strong in his support for Cai E and the anti-Yuan forces. Wang had even told Liu that he would lead troops into Sichuan, and that Liu could save himself by saying that Wang had rebelled and was acting outside of his control. Liu finally agreed to let Wang go to Sichuan.
  Wang had previously joined the Kuomintang (then known as the Chinese Revolutionary Party) during a 1917 visit to Shanghai. Wang was unhappy with politics in Guizhou, and many members of the Liu family complained to Liu Xianshi about his tolerance of Wang and warned him of Wang being too powerful militarily. These warnings were largely ignored by Liu. Liu did, however, have a separate military force under the command of Liu Xianqian. Wang, as commander-in-chief, chose his subordinates based on their similar political views to him. Wang looked for people who had military training and could help him modernize Guizhou. Along with his brother Wang Boqun, Wang gathered a group of young officers from Guizhou who had studied at the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, who had, while studying in Japan, started to support Sun Yat-sen's views. Among these officers was He Yingqin, who would later become an important part of the Republic of China Army under Chiang Kai-shek.
  Wang Wenhua believed in reform to better his home province, especially with a stronger military. He attempted to use his military power in Guizhou to implement Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary program, leading to the distinction between the Civilian Faction of Liu Xianshi and the Military Faction of Wang Wenhua, the former of which was made up of Xinhai-era reformers, and the latter of which was made up of May Fourth-era military professionals. At the center of Wang's plan was the Guizhou Military Academy, formed at the end of the Qing Empire. In 1917, Wang was successful in recruiting able young officers, and he rejected applications from candidates with relations to Liu Xianshi. In August 1917, Liu Xianshi and Liu Xianqian established a separate military academy in Xingyi called the Suiying School. The Suiying school and the Guizhou Military Academy had an intense rivalry, with the Suiying school having many instructors that were not well-educated on military affairs and who had never had any battlefield experience. In contrast, the Guizhou Military Academy, with its Japanese-style military education, was so popular it even began to draw students from neighboring provinces. Wang expelled many students who were caught spying for the Suiying school and passing information about the inner workings of the Guizhou Military Academy to Liu Xianshi, with Wang and He going to great lengths to carefully examining candidates. The Suiying school, due to its worse quality, only produced 2 classes of graduates before closing. The Guizhou Military Academy had He as the commandant, and had produced 495 graduates by 5 years.
  Another important factor in Wang Wenhua's support was his endorsement of the Guizhou student movement. With influence from the New Culture Movement, newspapers in Guizhou by 1917 had started to print articles on Western ideas. Students began to discuss politics and ideology or demand for the curricula to be reformed to add certain subjects. In late 1918, Wang Wenhua and He Yingqin created a new student organization named the Young Guizhou Association, inspired by the Young China Student
caption: Wang Wenhua, a progressive reformer in the Guizhou clique basing his power in the military, opposed to Liu Xianshi, his uncle.
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