page_title: Space farming
section_title: References
hierarchical_section_title: Space farming / References
caption_attribution_description: English: Photos of a Zinnia flower grown inside the Veggie facility onboard the International Space Station. This flowering crop experiment began on Nov. 16, 2015, when NASA astronaut Kjell Lindgren activated the Veggie system and its rooting "pillows" containing zinnia seeds. The challenging process of growing the zinnias provided an exceptional opportunity for scientists back on Earth to better understand how plants grow in microgravity, and for astronauts to practice doing what they’ll be tasked with on a deep space mission: autonomous gardening. The first flowers grown from seed in space happened before Mir, on Salyut-6 in 1982. Russian and American scientists have been doing plant research in space since the late 1970's.
context_page_description: Space farming refers to the cultivation of crops for food and other materials in space or on off-Earth celestial objects – equivalent to agriculture on Earth.
  Farming on celestial bodies, such as the Moon or Mars, shares many similarities with farming on a space station or space colony. But, depending on the size of the celestial body, may lack the complexity of microgravity found in the latter. Each environment would have differences in the availability of inputs to the space agriculture process: inorganic material needed for plant growth, soil media, insolation, relative availability of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and oxygen, and so forth.
context_section_description: Cooper, Maya; Douglas, Grace; Perchonok, Michele (2011-03-01). "Developing the NASA Food System for Long-Duration Missions". Journal of Food Science. 76 (2): R40–R48. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01982.x. ISSN 1750-3841. PMID 21535783.
  "White Paper. The Space Agriculture Endeavour". Open Agriculture. 1 (1): 70–73. 2016-05-26. doi:10.1515/opag-2016-0011. ISSN 2391-9531.
  Kijk magazine 9/2015
  Maggi F. and C. Pallud, (2010), Space agriculture in micro- and hypo-gravity: A comparative study of soil hydraulics and biogeochemistry in a cropping unit on Earth, Mars, the Moon and the space station, Planet. Space Sci. 58, 1996–2007, doi:10.1016/j.pss.2010.09.025.
  Maggi F. and C. Pallud, (2010), Martian base agriculture: The effect of low gravity on water flow, nutrient cycles, and microbial biomass dynamic, Advances in Space Research 46, 1257-1265, doi:10.1016/j.asr.2010.07.012
  Moskowitz, Clara (2013-05-15). "Farming on Mars? NASA ponders food supply for 2030 mission". Fox News. Retrieved 2014-05-18.
  Wheeler, Raymond M. (2017-02-10). "Agriculture for Space: People and Places Paving the Way". Open Agriculture. 2 (1): 14–32. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0002. ISSN 2391-9531.
  Schubert, D. (2017-04-05). "Greenhouse production analysis of early mission scenarios for Moon and Mars habitats". Open Agriculture. 2 (1): 91–115. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0010. ISSN 2391-9531.
  Zeidler, Conrad; Vrakking, Vincent; Bamsey, Matthew; Poulet, Lucie; Zabel, Paul; Schubert, Daniel; Paille, Christel; Mazzoleni, Erik; Domurath, Nico (2017-03-25). "Greenhouse Module for Space System: A Lunar Greenhouse Design". Open Agriculture. 2 (1): 116–132. doi:10.1515/opag-2017-0011. ISSN 2391-9531.
  Paul, Anna-Lisa; Amalfitano, Claire E.; Ferl, Robert J. (2012-12-07). "Plant growth strategies are remodeled by spaceflight". BMC Plant Biology. 12: 232. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-232. ISSN 1471-2229. PMC 3556330. PMID 23217113.
  Esnault, Marie-Andrée; Legue, Florence; Chenal, Christian (2010). "Ionizing radiation: Advances in plant response". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 68 (3): 231–237. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.01.007.
  Micco, Veronica De; Arena, Carmen; Pignalosa, Diana; Durante, Marco (2011-03-01). "Effects of sparsely and densely ionizing radiation on plants". Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 50 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1007/s00411-010-0343-8. ISSN 0301-634X. PMID 21113610.
  Richards, Jeffrey T.; Corey, Kenneth A.; Paul, Anna-Lisa; Ferl, Robert J.; Wheeler, Raymond M.; Schuerger, Andrew C. (2006-12-01). "Exposure of Arabidopsis thaliana to Hypobaric Environments: Implications for Low-Pressure Bioregenerative Life Support Systems for Human Exploration Missions and Terraforming on Mars". Astrobiology. 6 (6): 851–866. Bibcode:2006AsBio...6..851R. doi:10.1089/ast.2006.6.851. ISSN 1531-1074. PMID 17155885.
  Wamelink, G. W. Wieger; Frissel, Joep Y.; Krijnen, Wilfred H. J.; Verwoert, M. Rinie; Goedhart, Paul W. (2014-08-27). "Can Plants Grow on Mars and the Moon: A Growth Experiment on Mars and Moon Soil Simulants". PLOS ONE. 9 (8): e103138. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...9j3138W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103138. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4146463. PMID 25162657.
  "NASA - European Modular Cultivation System". Archived from the original on 2010-11-25. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  "http://www.3ders.org/articles/20130521-nasa-grant-to-fund-3d-food-printer.html". 3ders News. 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2014-05-18. 
  "NASA - Vegetable Production System". nasa.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  China Is About to Land Living Eggs on the Far Side of the Moon Archived 2 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Yasmin Tayag, Inverse. 2 January 2019.
  Lunar Plants LPX Experiment. NASA. Accessed on 5 January 2019.
  NASA's Next Frontier: Growing Plants On The Moon. Tarun Wadhwa, Forbes. 2013.
  Wheeler, Raymond (2010). "Plants for human life support in space: from Myers to Mars". Gravitational and Space Biology. 23: 25–36.
  "HowStuffWorks "How Space Farming Works"". science.howstuffworks.com. 2008-05-28. Retrieved 2014-04-22.
  "Advanced Astroculture TM (ADVASC)" ISS Program Scientist's Office. 3/7/2008. (5/14/2008) https://web.archive.
caption: Zinnia flower on ISS
exif: {"Image Make": "NIKON CORPORATION", "Image Model": "NIKON D4", "Image Orientation": "Horizontal (normal)", "Image XResolution": "300", "Image YResolution": "300", "Image ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "Image Software": "Adobe Photoshop CC 2014 (Windows)", "Image DateTime": "2016:01:19 10:24:26", "Image ExifOffset": "220", "Thumbnail Compression": "JPEG (old-style)", "Thumbnail XResolution": "72", "Thumbnail YResolution": "72", "Thumbnail ResolutionUnit": "Pixels/Inch", "EXIF ExposureTime": "1/250", "EXIF FNumber": "16", "EXIF ExposureProgram": "Manual", "EXIF ISOSpeedRatings": "500", "EXIF SensitivityType": "Recommended Exposure Index", "EXIF ExifVersion": "0221", "EXIF DateTimeOriginal": "2016:01:17 15:37:40", "EXIF DateTimeDigitized": "2016:01:17 15:37:40", "EXIF ShutterSpeedValue": "995723/125000", "EXIF ApertureValue": "8", "EXIF ExposureBiasValue": "-1/3", "EXIF MaxApertureValue": "1", "EXIF MeteringMode": "Spot", "EXIF LightSource": "Unknown", "EXIF Flash": "Flash fired, compulsory flash mode, return light detected", "EXIF FocalLength": "28", "EXIF SubSecTime": "20", "EXIF SubSecTimeOriginal": "20", "EXIF SubSecTimeDigitized": "20", "EXIF ColorSpace": "sRGB", "EXIF ExifImageWidth": "4928", "EXIF ExifImageLength": "3280", "EXIF FocalPlaneXResolution": "44855751/32768", "EXIF FocalPlaneYResolution": "44855751/32768", "EXIF FocalPlaneResolutionUnit": "3", "EXIF SensingMethod": "One-chip color area", "EXIF FileSource": "Digital Camera", "EXIF SceneType": "Directly Photographed", "EXIF CVAPattern": "[2, 0, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2]", "EXIF CustomRendered": "Normal", "EXIF ExposureMode": "Manual Exposure", "EXIF WhiteBalance": "Auto", "EXIF DigitalZoomRatio": "1", "EXIF FocalLengthIn35mmFilm": "28", "EXIF SceneCaptureType": "Standard", "EXIF GainControl": "Low gain up", "EXIF Contrast": "Normal", "EXIF Saturation": "Normal", "EXIF Sharpness": "Normal", "EXIF SubjectDistanceRange": "0", "EXIF BodySerialNumber": "2071129", "EXIF LensSpecification": "[28, 28, 7/5, 7/5]", "EXIF LensModel": "28.0 mm f/1.4"}