page_title: First Russian circumnavigation
section_title: Scientific equipment
hierarchical_section_title: First Russian circumnavigation / Plan and equipment / Scientific equipment
caption_attribution_description: Русский: На этой карте 1787 года показаны путешествия&#160;крупнейших русских исследователей северной части Тихого океана: Беринга, Чирикова, Креницина, Шпанберга, Уолтона, Шельтинга и Петушкова. Показано также путешествие английского исследователя Джеймса Кука в 1778-1779 годах. Маршруты путешествий подробно обозначены:&#160;передвижение&#160;кораблей указано с точностью до суток. Среди прочих подробностей карты - административные границы, населенные пункты, чукотские поселения и участки непроходимых&#160;льдов. На карте-вкладке изображен остров Кодьяк на Аляске, обозначенный здесь под русским названием Кыктак. Географические открытия; Открытия и исследования; Тихий океан Français&#160;: Cette carte de 1787 montre&#160; les itinéraires suivis par les principaux explorateurs russes dans le Pacifique Nord&#160;: Bering, Chirikov, Krenitsyn, Shpanberg, Walton, Shel'ting, et Petushkov. Elle montre aussi le parcours suivi par le capitaine britannique James Cook entre 1778 et 1779. L'itinéraire de chaque voyage est représenté dans ses moindres détails, avec un traçage au jour le jour des positions des navires. D'autres détails de la carte incluent les frontières administratives, les centres de population, les habitations des Chukchis et les barrières de glace. La carte en cartouche représente l'île de Kodiak, en Alaska, identifiée ici par son nom russe de Kykhtak. Découvertes en géographie; Découverte et exploration; Océan Pacifique English: This 1787 map shows the voyages of the leading Russian explorers of the North Pacific: Bering, Chirikov, Krenitsyn, Shpanberg, Walton, Shel'ting, and Petushkov. It also shows the 1778-79 voyage of British Captain James Cook. The route of each voyage is depicted in great detail, with ship locations plotted by the day. Other details on the map include administrative borders, population centers, Chukchi dwellings, and impassable ice. The inset map is of Kodiak Island, Alaska, denoted here by its Russian name of Kykhtak. Discoveries in geography; Discovery and exploration; Pacific Ocean 中文: 这幅于 1787 年绘制的地图描述了包括白令、奇里科夫、克雷尼特斯恩、史潘伯格、沃顿、希尔汀以及彼图什库瓦在内的俄罗斯探险先行者们在北太平洋的航程。 该地图还描述了英国船长詹姆斯·库克在 1778-79 年间的航程。 绘图人对每条航程的路线都做了详细的描述，还标出了当天船舶位置。 该地图上的其他细节还包括行政边界、人口中心、楚克其人住宅以及无法通行的结冰区。 地图插页为阿拉斯加的科迪亚克岛，此处标注着其俄语名称“Kykhtak“。 地理发现; 发现与探索; 太平洋 Português: Este mapa de 1787 mostra as viagens dos exploradores líderes Russos do Pacífico Norte: Bering, Chirikov, Krenitsyn, Shpanberg,Walton, Shel'ting e Petushkov. Exibe também a viagem de 1778-79 do Capitão Britânico James Cook. O percurso de cada viagem é descrita em pormenor, com os navios locais plotados pelo dia. Outros detalhes sobre o mapa incluem as fronteiras administrativas, centros populacionais, habitações Chukchi, e intransitáveis gelo. O mapa inserido é da Ilha de Kodiak, Alasca, registrado aqui pelo seu nome Russo Kykhtak. Descobertas de geografia; Descoberta e exploração; Oceano Pacífico العربية: هذا الخريطة تعود إلى 1787 وتظهر رحلات رواد المستكشفين الروس في شمال المحيط الهادئ: بيرنج وتشيريكوف وكرينيتسين وشبانبرج ووالتون وشيلتنج وبيتوشكوف. كذلك تبين رحلة الكابتن البريطاني جيمس كوك في 1778-79. إن مسار كل رحلة مصور بشكل مفصل وموقع كل سفينة مخطط بيانيا تبعا لليوم. تشمل التفاصيل الأخرى على الخريطة الحدود الإدارية ومراكز السكان ومساكن التشوكتشى والجليد الذي لايمكن عبوره. الخريطة المدرجة هي خريطة جزيرة كودياك في ألاسكا والمشار إليها هنا باسمها الروسي كيخاتاك. الاكتشافات في الجغرافيا; الاكتشاف والاستكشاف; المحيط الهادئ Español: Este mapa de 1787 muestra los viajes de los primeros exploradores rusos al Pacífico Norte: Bering, Chirikov, Krenitsyn, Shpanberg, Walton, Shel'ting y Petushkov. También se muestra el viaje de 1778-79 del Capitán británico James Cook. La ruta de cada viaje se representa en gran detalle, con ubicaciones del buque trazadas por&#160;día. Otros detalles en el mapa son las fronteras administrativas, los centros de población, viviendas Chukchi y el intransitable hielo. El mapa en recuadro es la isla Kodiak, Alaska, que aparece aquí con su nombre ruso de Kykhtak. Descubrimientos en geografía; Descubrimiento y exploración; Océano Pacífico
context_page_description: The first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth took place from August 1803 to August 1806 and was carried out on ships Nadezhda and Neva under the command of Adam Johann von Krusenstern and Yuri Lisyansky. The expedition was initially planned as a commercial enterprise of the Russian-American Company to supply Kamchatka Peninsula and other Russian settlements in Alyaska, as well as to consolidate Russia's position in the remote possessions in the Pacific Ocean.
  Due to financial difficulties, the Russian government sponsored the party's outfit but, in return, in addition to its exploratory goals, the expedition was also meant to explore Sakhalin and Kuril Islands. The aim was to establish diplomatic and economic relations between Russia and Japan, as well as to open the Chinese market for trading Russian furs. The Chinese stage of the expedition was tied to the embassy headed by Yury Golovkin. When the expedition reached the Hawaiian Islands, the vessels were divided into two parts – Nadezhda went to Kamchatka and Japan, while Neva headed to Kodiak Island where it spent 14 months and participated in the Russian-tlingit war.
context_section_description: According to historian Elena Govor, participants of the first Russian circumnavigation thought of themselves as heirs of James Cook and Lapérouse. Lieutenant Romberg compared the trip from Falmouth to Tenerife with the Laperouse's voyage from Brest to Madeira. Ratmanov expressed similar thoughts right after their arrival to Santa Catarina Island and explicitly mentioned that they anchored at the French parking lot. On Kamchatka, Ratmanov installed a new tombstone to Cook's comrade-in-arms Charles Clerke, whose burial place was initially identified by Lapérouse. Lisyansky's companions even visited Kealakekua Bay, where James Cook was killed.
  St. Petersburg Academy of Science provided instructions for scientists taking part in the expedition. For example, Vasily Severgin compiled specific manual for studying minerals and "Theory of the Earth" that was published in 1804 in the "Northern Bulletin". Scientist Timofey Smelovsky compiled instructions on botany, while academician Alexander Sevastyanov worked on set of instructions on zoology. Sevastyanov's instruction identified four geographical regions that present a special interest from the natural history point of view, including geographies of Japan and Kamchatka. He also mentioned a status and a role of a scientist in commercial enterprise, providing the examples of Carl Peter Thunberg and father and son Johann Reinhold Forster and George Foster. In total, Sevastyanov provided 14 basic procedures for conducting observations including an obligatory indication of the exact date of sample conducting and their classifications according to binomial nomenclature. He also mentioned a necessity to sketch the appearances and to conserve conducted samples for subsequent transfer to the Imperial Cabinet of the Russian Empire. However, Langsdorf ignored the last point, and the majority of the collected samples got to the Natural History Museum in Berlin.
  Besides, on June 13, 1803, Commerce Minister Count Rumyantsev suggested to Krusenstern finding and exploring Hashima Island allegedly seen by Dutch and Spanish sailors. To define geographic coordinates, Krusenstern and astronomer Horner constantly checked Chronometer watch. They also tried to fix the meteorological data regularly, but, taking into consideration the situation on the ship and general lack of scientific aims, they did not conduct night observations; and could have taken breaks from conducting data for a day or more. Moreover, ship rolling changed chronometer data significantly and later in Japan, the apparatus broke. Temperature on Nadezhda was measured in Réaumur scale, on Neva – in Fahrenheit. According to Yuly Shokalsky 's assessment, it was the first time during the expedition when vertical assessments of deep-ocean temperatures were measured. Measurements were carried out via the so-called "Galsov's machine" which was practically just a primitive bathometer in the form of a copper cylinder with valves, inside of which there was a mercury thermometer. Systematic observations were only possible on the time of stop in Nagasaki from October 11, 1804, to April 17, 1805. Krusenstern personally measured temperature, pressure, humidity, atmospheric transparency, direction, strength and duration of the wind, thunderstorms, clouds, fogs, dew and other meteorological phenomena at 8 am, 4 pm and 8 pm.
  Nadezhda had a library with personal book collections of officers and scientists. The basis was the Krusenstern's book collection that is now stored in the Central Naval Library. All books that were on the voyage (around 48) have Krusenstern's note "Nadezhda, 1803–1806". Besides atlases and maps (15 different authors including James Cook, Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Aaron Arrowsmith, and others), nautical plans, works on astronomy and mathematics, descriptions of travels that worked as sailing directions. Krusenstern thought that Antoine François Prévost 's publication "Mémoires et aventures d 'un homme de qualité qui s'est retiré du monde" was so important that later he even passed it to Kotzebue, thus the book travelled arou
caption: Map of the geographical discoveries made by Russian sailors, Pacific explorers, and James Cook, 1787
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