page_title: Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model
section_title: Retrieval from long-term store
hierarchical_section_title: Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model / Search of associative memory (SAM) / Retrieval from long-term store
caption_attribution_description: English: Simplification of the diagram found in a paper by Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W. and Shiffrin, Richard M. titled "Search of associative memory". Source: Raaijmakers, Jeroen G. W.; Shiffrin, Richard M. (1981). "Search of associative memory". Psychological Review 88 (2): 93–134. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.88.2.93.
context_page_description: The Atkinson–Shiffrin model is a model of memory proposed in 1968 by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. The model asserts that human memory has three separate components:
  a sensory register, where sensory information enters memory,
  a short-term store, also called working memory or short-term memory, which receives and holds input from both the sensory register and the long-term store, and
  a long-term store, where information which has been rehearsed in the short-term store is held indefinitely.
  Since its first publication, this model has come under much scrutiny and has been criticized for various reasons. However, it is notable for the significant influence it had in stimulating subsequent memory research.
context_section_description: It is best to show how items are recalled from the long-term store using an example. Assume a participant has just studied a list of word pairs and is now being tested on his memory of those pairs. If the prior list contained, blanket – ocean, the test would be to recall ocean when prompted with blanket – ?.
  Memories stored in long-term store are retrieved through a logical process involving the assembly of cues, sampling, recovery, and evaluation of recovery. According to the model, when an item needs to be recalled from memory the individual assembles the various cues for the item in the short-term store. In this case, the cues would be any cues surrounding the pair blanket – ocean, like the words that preceded and followed it, what the participant was feeling at the time, how far into the list the words were, etc.
  Using these cues the individual determines which area of the long-term store to search and then samples any items with associations to the cues. This search is automatic and unconscious, which is how the authors would explain how an answer "pops" into one's head. The items which are eventually recovered, or recalled, are those with the strongest associations to the cue item, here blanket. Once an item has been recovered it is evaluated, here the participant would decide whether blanket – [recovered word] matches blanket – ocean. If there is a match, or if the participant believes there is a match, the recovered word is output. Otherwise the search starts from the beginning using different cues or weighting cues differently if possible.
caption: Simplified diagram of the steps involved in retrieving an item from the long-term store under the SAM model. Simplification of the diagram found in Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1981.[4]
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