page_title: Bearpaw Formation
section_title: Dinosaurs
hierarchical_section_title: Bearpaw Formation / Fauna / Dinosaurs
caption_attribution_description: Daspletosaurus torosus life restoration, • Based proportionally on a Gregory Paul skeletal reconstruction in Tyrannosaurus Rex, the Tyrant King by Peter Larson and Kenneth Carpenter (2008).&#91;1&#93; • It's not clear whether derived tyrannosaurs would have been covered in scales or feathers or a combanation of both. A few small skin impressions have been known for tyrannosaurids which show lightly Pebbled skin; these are small, averaging 2.4mm.&#91;2&#93; Skin impressions from the closley related Gorgosaurus are reported to show both smooth, naked skin and scales.&#91;3&#93; &#91;4&#93; A 2017 study looked at a variety of tyranosaurid skin impressions and came to the conclusion that derived tyrannosaurs were probably scaly over most their body. &#91;5&#93; Another study in 2017 suggests that there may have been large, flat Crocodile-like skin cracks/scales on the front of the snout of Tyrannosaurs. &#91;6&#93; What complicates the issue is that most coelurosaur fossils show feathers covering thier bodies and inference would suggest the same for tyrannosaurs. The smaller basal tyrannosauriod Dilong and the larger tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus also preserve feather impressions. This raises the probability that, derived tyrannosaurs had a mix of feathers and scales on different parts of the body or that feathers were lost as individuals reach maturity &#91;7&#93; &#91;8&#93; • The muscles are based on a diagram by Scott Hartman [1] with some details from &#91;9&#93;. • The colours and patterns, as with nearly all reconstructions of prehistoric creatures, are speculative. Note: I often update my images; If you want to post this image on other websites, if possible, please link to the original file here. This will allow others to see the most recent version. Thanks. References ↑ Paul, Gregory S. (2008) "The extreme lifestyles and habits of the gigantic tyrannosaurid superpredators of the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia" in Tyrannosaurus rex, the Tyrant King (Life of the Past), Bloomington&#58; &#32;Indiana University Press, p.&#160;316 ISBN&#58; 0-253-35087-5.&#32; ↑ Currie, Philip; Badamgarav, Demchig; Koppelhus, Eva.&#32;(2003).&#32;"'The First Late Cretaceous Footprints from the Nemegt Locality in the Gobi of Mongolia'"&#32;(PDF). Ichnos&#32;10&#32;(1): 1-13. ↑ Currie, P. (2001). 2001 A. Watson Armour Symposium: The Paleobiology and Phylogenetics of Large Theropods. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. ↑ Carpenter, Kenneth (1997) "Tyrannosauridae" in Currie, Philip J. &amp; Padian, Kevin (eds.). , ed. Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, San Diego&#58; &#32;Academic Press, pp.&#160;768 ISBN&#58; 0-12-226810-5.&#32; ↑ Bell, P R., et al&#32;(2017).&#32;"Tyrannosauroid integument reveals conflicting patterns of gigantism and feather evolution". Biology Letters. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0092. ↑ &#32;(2017).&#32;"A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system". Scientific Reports&#32;7: 44942. DOI:10.1038/srep44942. ↑ Xu, X., Norell, M. A., Kuang, X., Wang, X., Zhao, Q., Jia, C.&#32;(2004).&#32;"Basal tyrannosauroids from China and evidence for protofeathers in tyrannosauroids". Nature&#32;431: 680–684. DOI:10.1038/nature02855. ↑ &#32;(2012).&#32;"A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China"&#32;(PDF). Nature&#32;484: 92–95. DOI:10.1038/nature10906. PMID 22481363. ↑ Persons, Scott; Currie, Philip.&#32;(2010).&#32;"'The Tail of Tyrannosaurus: Reassessing the Size and Locomotive Importance of the M. caudofemoralis in Non-Avian Theropods'". The Anatomical Record&#32;294: 119-131.
context_page_description: The Bearpaw Formation, also called the Bearpaw Shale, is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous age. It outcrops in the U.S. state of Montana, as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and was named for the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana. It includes a wide range of marine fossils, as well as the remains of a few dinosaurs. It is known for its fossil ammonites, some of which are mined in Alberta to produce the organic gemstone ammolite.
caption: Daspletosaurus
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