page_title: Tent map
section_title: Behaviour
hierarchical_section_title: Tent map / Behaviour
context_page_description: In mathematics, the tent map with parameter μ is the real-valued function fμ defined by
  the name being due to the tent-like shape of the graph of fμ. For the values of the parameter μ within 0 and 2, fμ maps the unit interval [0, 1] into itself, thus
  defining a discrete-time dynamical system on it. In particular, iterating a point x₀ in [0, 1] gives rise to a sequence:
  where μ is a positive real constant. Choosing for instance the parameter μ=2, the effect of the function fμ may be viewed as the result of the operation of folding the unit interval in two, then stretching the resulting interval [0,1/2] to get again the interval [0,1]. Iterating the procedure, any point x₀ of the interval assumes new subsequent positions as described above, generating a sequence xₙ in [0,1].
  The case of the tent map is a non-linear transformation of both the bit shift map and the r=4 case of the logistic map.
context_section_description: The tent map with parameter μ=2 and the logistic map with parameter r=4 are topologically conjugate, and thus the behaviours of the two maps are in this sense identical under iteration.
  Depending on the value of μ, the tent map demonstrates a range of dynamical behaviour ranging from predictable to chaotic.
  If μ is less than 1 the point x = 0 is an attractive fixed point of the system for all initial values of x i.e. the system will converge towards x = 0 from any initial value of x.
  If μ is 1 all values of x less than  or equal to 1/2 are fixed points of the system.
  If μ is greater than 1 the system has two fixed points, one at 0, and the other at μ/(μ + 1). Both fixed points are unstable i.e. a value of x close to either fixed point will move away from it, rather than towards it. For example, when μ is 1.5 there is a fixed point at x = 0.6 (because 1.5(1 − 0.6) = 0.6) but starting at x = 0.61 we get
  If μ is between 1 and the square root of 2 the system maps a set of intervals between μ − μ²/2 and μ/2 to themselves. This set of intervals is the Julia set of the map i.e. it is the smallest invariant sub-set of the real line under this map. If μ is greater than the square root of 2, these intervals merge, and the Julia set is the whole interval from μ − μ²/2 to μ/2 (see bifurcation diagram).
  If μ is between 1 and 2 the interval [μ − μ²/2, μ/2] contains both periodic and non-periodic points, although all of the orbits are unstable (i.e. nearby points move away from the orbits rather than towards them). Orbits with longer lengths appear as μ increases. For example:
  If μ equals 2 the system maps the interval [0,1] onto itself. There are now periodic points with every orbit length within this interval, as well as non-periodic points. The periodic points are dense in [0,1], so the map has become chaotic.  In fact, the dynamics will be non-periodic if and only if  is irrational.  This can be seen by noting what the map does when  is expressed in binary notation: It shifts the binary point one place to the right; then, if what appears to the left of the binary point is a "one" it changes all ones to zeroes and vice versa (with the exception of the final bit "one" in the case of a finite binary expansion); starting from an irrational number, this process goes on forever without repeating itself.  The invariant measure for x is the uniform density over the unit interval.  The autocorrelation function for a sufficiently long sequence {} will show zero autocorrelation at all non-zero lags.  Thus  cannot be distinguished from white noise using the autocorrelation function.  Note that the r=4 case of the logistic map and the  case of the tent map are homeomorphic to each other:  Denoting the logistically evolving variable as , the homeomorphism is
  If μ is greater than 2 the map's Julia set becomes disconnected, and breaks up into a Cantor set within the interval [0,1]. The Julia set still contains an infinite number of both non-periodic and periodic points (including orbits for any orbit length) but almost every point within [0,1] will now eventually diverge towards infinity. The canonical Cantor set (obtained by successively deleting middle thirds from subsets of the unit line) is the Julia set of the tent map for μ = 3.
caption: Orbits of unit-height tent map
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