page_title: Timeline of United States diplomatic history
section_title: 19th century
hierarchical_section_title: Timeline of United States diplomatic history / 19th century
caption_attribution_description: English: The incident between HMS "Leopard" and USS "Chesapeake" that sparked the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair. Drawn by Fred S. Cozzens and published in 1897. Deutsch: Der Angriff der HMS "Leopard" auf die USS "Chesapeake" als Chesapeake-Leopard-Affaire bekannt. Gezeichnet von Fred S. Cozzens, veröffentlicht 1897.
context_page_description: The diplomatic history of the United States oscillated among three positions: isolation from diplomatic entanglements of other nations; alliances with European and other military partners; and unilateralism, or operating on its own sovereign policy decisions. The US always was large in terms of area, but its population was small, only 4 million in 1790. Population growth was rapid, reaching 7.2 million in 1810, 32 million in 1860, 76 million in 1900, 132 million in 1940, and 316 million in 2013. Economic growth in terms of overall GDP was even faster. However, the nation's military strength was quite limited in peacetime before 1940.
  Brune and Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed. The Almanac of American History have specifics for many incidents.
context_section_description: Early 19th century – The Barbary states of Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, and Tunis require America to pay protection money under the Barbary treaties.
  1801–
   The beginning of the First Barbary War. President Jefferson does not ask Congress for a declaration of war against Tripoli, but instead decides to begin military operations against Tripoli, arguing that the President has the right to begin military operations in self-defense without asking for permission from Congress. 
  — July 24 An American naval squadron begins the blockade of Tripoli.
  — August 1 The U.S.S. Enterprise takes the Tripolitan ship Tripoli.
  1802 –
  — April 27 Second American naval squadron sent to the Mediterranean.
  — June 19 Morocco declares war on the United States.
  1803 – Louisiana Purchase from France for $15,000,000; financed by sale of American bonds in London, and shipment of gold from London to Paris.
  — June 2 Captain David Porter leads raid into Tripoli; first American amphibious landing in the Old World.
  1805
  — February 23 The American diplomat William Eaton meets with Hamet Karanmanli, the exiled brother of the pasha Yusuf Karamanli of Tripoli in Egypt and agrees that the US will depose Yusuf and put Hamet on the throne; the first American effort at "regime change".
  — March 8 A force of American sailors, marines, Tripolian exiles and Egyptian mercenaries under the leadership of Eaton leaves Alexandria with the aim of deposing pasha Yusuf of Tripoli.
  — April 28 Eaton's force takes Derna, the road is wide open to Tripoli.
  — June 4 Tripoli and the US sign a peace treaty.
  1806 – Essex Case; British reverse policy and seize American ships trading with French colonies; America responds with Non-Importation Act stopping imports of some items from Great Britain
  1806 – Napoleon issues Berlin Decree, a paper blockade of Great Britain
  1806 – diplomats negotiate treaty with Britain to extend the expiring Jay Treaty; rejected by Jefferson and never in effect as relations deteriorate
  1807 – US Navy humiliated by Royal Navy in Chesapeake–Leopard Affair; demand for war; Jefferson responds with economic warfare using embargoes
  1807–09 – Embargo Act,  against Great Britain and France during their wars
  1807–12 – Impressment of 6,000 sailors from American ships with US citizenship into the Royal Navy; Great Britain ignores vehement American protests
  1812 – America declares war on Great Britain, beginning the War of 1812.
  1812 – US forces invade Canada to gain a bargaining chip; they are repeatedly repulsed; The US Army at Detroit surrenders without a fight.
  1813 – US wins control of Lake Erie and what is now Western Ontario; British and Indians defeated and Tecumseh killed; end of Indian threats to American settlement
  1814 – Treaty of Fort Jackson
  1814 – British raid and Burn Washington; are repulsed at Baltimore
  1814 – British invasion of northern New York defeated
  1814 – December 24: Treaty of Ghent signed; providing status quo ante bellum (no change in boundaries); Great Britain no longer needs impressment and stops.
  1815 – British invasion army decisively defeated at the Battle of New Orleans
  — Treaty of Ghent goes in effect in February; opens long era of friendly trade and peaceful settlement of boundary issues.
  — March 2 The US declares war on Algiers. The beginning of the Second Barbary War.
  — June 28 Commodore Stephen Decatur arrives off Algiers, after threatening bombardment, the dey agrees to a peace treaty two days later in which he releases the American slaves and agrees to the end of the United States's tributary status.
  1815 – Treaties of Portage des Sioux
  1818 – London Convention of 1818, between the US and Great Britain
  1819 – Adams-Onís Treaty: Spain cedes Florida to America for $5,000,000; America agrees to assume claims against Spain, America gives up claims to Texas.
  1823 – Monroe Doctrine. British propose America join in stating that European powers will not be permitted further American colonization. President James Monroe states it on December 2 as independent American policy.
  1826 – Treaty of Mississinewas
  1831 – Treaty of Wapakoneta
  1832 – 
caption: HMS Leopard (right) mauls the USS Chesapeake in 1807
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