page_title: Marcel Alexandre Bertrand
hierarchical_section_title: Marcel Alexandre Bertrand
caption_attribution_description: English: French geologist Marcel Alexandre Bertrand (1847-1907) Français&#160;: Marcel Bertrand (1847-1907), fondateur de la tectonique moderne.
context_page_description: Marcel Alexandre Bertrand was a French geologist born in Paris. He was the son of mathematician Joseph Louis François Bertrand, and son-in-law to physicist Éleuthère Mascart.
  He studied at the École Polytechnique, and beginning in 1869 he attended the Ecole des Mines de Paris. From 1877 he carried out geological mapping studies of Provence, the Jura Mountains and the Alps. In 1886, he became an instructor at the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, and in 1896 became a member of the Académie des sciences.
  Bertrand, a founder of modern tectonics, originated an orogenic "wave theory" of mountain-building and introduced the nappe hypothesis. His wave theory described a build-up of massive folds of earth taking place over successive geological eras, called the Caledonian, Hercynian and Alpine periods of orogeny. Bertrand later added a fourth event called the Huronian orogeny, which took place 2400 to 2100 million years ago, in Precambrian time.
  In 1890 he was named president of the Société géologique de France.
  The Concours de Géologie twice awarded him the Prix Vaillant; he also won the Prix Fontannes in 1888 and the Prix Petit d'Ormoy in 1893.
context_section_description: Marcel Alexandre Bertrand (July 2, 1847 – February 13, 1907) was a French geologist born in Paris. He was the son of mathematician Joseph Louis François Bertrand (1822–1900), and son-in-law to physicist Éleuthère Mascart (1837-1908).
  He studied at the École Polytechnique, and beginning in 1869 he attended the Ecole des Mines de Paris. From 1877 he carried out geological mapping studies of Provence, the Jura Mountains and the Alps. In 1886, he became an instructor at the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines, and in 1896 became a member of the Académie des sciences.
  Bertrand, a founder of modern tectonics, originated an orogenic "wave theory" of mountain-building and introduced the nappe hypothesis (nappe de charriage). His wave theory described a build-up of massive folds of earth taking place over successive geological eras, called the Caledonian, Hercynian and Alpine periods of orogeny. Bertrand later added a fourth event called the Huronian orogeny, which took place 2400 to 2100 million years ago, in Precambrian time.
  In 1890 he was named president of the Société géologique de France.
  The Concours de Géologie twice awarded him the Prix Vaillant (1886 and 1890); he also won the Prix Fontannes (of the Société géologique de France) in 1888 and the Prix Petit d'Ormoy in 1893.
caption: Marcel Alexandre Bertrand
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