page_title: Coronariae
section_title: Seventeenth to nineteenth century usage
hierarchical_section_title: Coronariae / History / Seventeenth to nineteenth century usage
caption_attribution_description: John Ray, by unknown artist. See source website for additional information. This set of images was gathered by User:Dcoetzee from the National Portrait Gallery, London website using a special tool. All images in this batch are listed as "unknown author" by the NPG, who is diligent in researching authors, and was donated to the NPG before 1939 according to their website.
context_page_description: Coronariae is a term used historically to refer to a group of flowering plants, generally including the lilies, and later replaced by the order Liliales. First used in the 17th century by John Ray, it referred to flowers used to insert in garlands. Coronariae soon came to be associated with Liliaceae in the Linnaean system. The term was abandoned at the end of the 19th century, being replaced with Liliiflorae and then Liliales.
context_section_description: Coronariae was first used by John Ray in his Catalogus plantarum circa Cantabrigiam (1660) as one of 21 classes of herbaceous plants. In this grouping he included Armerius and Caryophyllus (i.e. Dianthus, Caryophyllaceae). It was next used by Linnaeus in his Philosophia Botanica (1751) to refer to a very different group of plants. Linnaeus followed Ray in describing Coronariae as "a beautiful [flower] which is inserted in crowns or garlands". His Coronariae was the ninth of his 69 ordines naturales (i.e. families), consisting of five genera, followed by Liliaceae and Muricatae. These three orders consisted of the following genera:
  9. Coronariae
  Ornithogalum
  Scilla
  Hyacinthus
  Asphodelus
  Anthericum
  Polianthes
  10. Liliaceae
  Lilium
  Fritillaria
  Tulipa
  Erythronium
  11. Muricatae
  Bromelia
  Renealmia
  Tillandsia
  Burmannia
  In a later posthumous publication, Praelectiones in ordines naturales plantarum (1792), Coronariae appear as Ordo X with 28 genera, Linnaeus having merged his previous Liliaceae into Coronariae together with his eleventh order, Muricatae. In developing an ordered system of taxonomic ranks, Agardh (1825) followed Linnaeus but placed his Coronariae within the higher rank (order) of Liliiflorae and confined it to the original Liliaceae:
  XI. Liliiflorae
  43 Asparageae Br.
  44 Asphodeleae Br.
  45 Coronariae
  46 Veratreae Salisb.
  47 Commelineae Br.
  48 Pontedereae Kunth.
  49 Dioscorinae Br.
  50 Haemodoreae Br.
  51 Irideae Juss.
  52 Narcisseae Juss.
  53 Bromeliaceae Juss.
  At about the same time, Perleb (1826) followed a similar scheme with eleven families grouped into an order he called Liliaceae:
  Liliaceae
  Asparageae
  Pontederiaceae
  Asphodeleae
  Coronariae
  Colchicaceae
  Dioscoreaceae
  Hypoxideae
  Amaryllideae
  Haemodoraceae
  Burmanniaceae
  Irideae
  Endlicher (1836) used Coronariae as a class with eight subordinate orders, restoring Liliaceae as the family name: 
  Classis 15. Coronariae
  Ordo 51. Juncaceae
  Ordo 52. Philydreae
  Ordo 53. Melanthaceae
  Ordo 54. Pontederaceae
  Ordo 55. Liliaceae
  Ordo 56. Smilaceae
  Ordo 57. Dioscoreae
  Ordo 58. Taccaceae
  Subsequent authors, such as Lindley (1853), preferred the term Liliales for a higher order (which Lindley called Alliances), including four families including Liliaceae. Lindley lists Coronariae as a synonym of Liliaceae: 
  Liliales
  Gilliesiaceae
  Melanthaceae
  Liliaceae
  Pontederaceae
  However Bentham (1877) restored the term as one of four alliances making up the monocotyledons, with 
  8 families:
  2. Coronariae
  Roxburghiaceae
  Liliaceae
  Pontederaceae
  Philydraceae
  Xyrideae
  Commelynaceae
  Junceae
  Palmae
  He developed this further in his Genera plantarum (1883), this time dividing the monocotyledons into seven groups, called Series, of which in Coronariae he added Mayaceae and Rapateaceae, renamed Commelynaceae as Commelinaceae and omitted Junceae and Palmae.
caption: John Ray 1627–1705
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