page_title: Hybrid vehicle
section_title: Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
hierarchical_section_title: Hybrid vehicle / Engine type / Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles
caption_attribution_description: English: Arriva North West and Wales bus 655 (reg. MX05 MKM), a 2005 Optare Solo M850 midibus. It's pictured here branded as one of the six Merseytravel CATCH hybrid-electric trial buses, operating the associated Liverpool city centre shuttle route S3. The CATCH buses all initially used drivelines built by ECONO, but this proved to be unreliable. By the time of this photo 655 had been fitted with a different hybrid drive produced by Traction Technology, who took over the assets of ECONO in May 2006 after that company folded. All the CATCH buses were eventually re-fitted as Merseytravel BIONIC biofuel trial buses, operated by Stagecoach Merseyside in their coprorate livery, with BIONIC branding.
context_page_description: A hybrid vehicle uses two or more distinct types of power, such as submarines that use diesel when surfaced and batteries when submerged. Other means to store energy include pressurized fluid in hydraulic hybrids.
  The basic principle with hybrid vehicles is that the different motors work better at different speeds; the electric motor is more efficient at producing torque, or turning power, and the combustion engine is better for maintaining high speed. Switching from one to the other at the proper time while speeding up yields a win-win in terms of energy efficiency, as such that translates into greater fuel efficiency, for example.
context_section_description: When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle. These encompass such vehicles as the Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, Toyota Yaris, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Ford Fusion Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h and 450h, Hyundai Ioniq and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (using a variety of fuels, generally gasoline or Diesel engines) and electric motors to power the vehicle. The energy is stored in the fuel of the internal combustion engine and an electric battery set. There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains, from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid, which offer varying advantages and disadvantages.
  William H. Patton filed a patent application for a gasoline-electric hybrid rail-car propulsion system in early 1889, and for a similar hybrid boat propulsion system in mid 1889. There is no evidence that his hybrid boat met with any success, but he built a prototype hybrid tram and sold a small hybrid locomotive.
  In 1899, Henri Pieper developed the world's first petro-electric hybrid automobile. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed a series-hybrid using two motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with an internal combustion generator set providing the electric power; Porsche's hybrid set two speed records.
  While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas in 1978–79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75 mpg with plans still sold to this original design, and the "Mother Earth News" modified version on their website.
  The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running.
caption: Hybrid Optare Solo
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