page_title: Adam de Stratton
section_title: Illegal activities and downfall
hierarchical_section_title: Adam de Stratton / Illegal activities and downfall
caption_attribution_description: English: Erected at Westminster Abbey sometime during reign of Edward I, thought to be an image of the King.
context_page_description: Adam de Stratton was a royal moneylender, administrator and clergyman under Edward I of England. He advanced professionally through the patronage of the earls of Devon, and became Chamberlain of the Exchequer and steward of Isabella, Countess of Devon. At the same time he made himself an enormous fortune through moneylending, primarily by acquiring debts from Jewish moneylenders. His business methods were dubious, and often involved various illegal activities. In 1290 he fell victim to an investigation of corruption in the royal administration, and from 1292 until his death—no later than 1294—he was held in prison. Stratton has been called by a modern historian "the greatest and probably the most unscrupulous of thirteenth-century money lenders, who eventually met the fate he deserved."
context_section_description: From 1277, Stratton acted in the capacity as Countess Isabella's steward, though he never officially used that title. It was in this post that he committed some of his most grievous offences. In 1278 he was accused of cutting off the seal of a charter from Quarr Abbey, thereby invalidating its authenticity. As a result, several other similar cases were brought to light, but none led to conviction. It was widely believed that he had bought himself off with bribes. Stratton's transgressions continued however, and by the late 1280s the complaints reached King Edward I. Edward returned from a prolonged stay in Gascony in late 1289, and immediately started a purge of corruption in the royal administration, including proceedings against Ralph de Hengham, Chief Justice of the King's Bench. Stratton was relieved of his office of chamberlain, along with his temporal possessions, on 17 January 1290. On his arrest, £12,666 17s 7d was found in his possession, a vast sum at the time, equivalent to about £12 million in present-day terms. According to the chronicle of Bartholomew Cotton, a silk-lined chest was also discovered, containing fingernail and toenail clippings, women's pubic hair, and feet of toads and moles. These were considered the ingredients of witchcraft, and the box was sealed up by officials, but Stratton managed to break the seal and throw the contents down a latrine.
  His friends procured a pardon for 500 marks by 12 June 1291, and Stratton was released. He retained his ecclesiastical rents of £1,000, which still made him a wealthy man. Still, the sum was insignificant compared to his previous holdings in land, which Cotton estimated at £50,000. His eventual downfall, however, resulted from an ongoing conflict with the Cluniac priory of Bermondsey. Stratton was convicted of forging a grant, and by Midsummer 1292 he was imprisoned in the Tower. By the end of the year he was condemned, and he is referred to as a felon in the years 1292–94. By 14 August 1294 he was dead, though it is not known whether he was executed or died from natural causes. According to F. M. Powicke, "the career of Adam de Stratton deserves our attention as a striking example of the interplay of public and private, local and central, royal and baronial, financial and administrative activities in social life."
caption: In 1290 Edward I carried out a purge of corruption in the royal administration, with Adam de Stratton as one of the main targets.
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