page_title: Keyboard matrix circuit
section_title: Description
hierarchical_section_title: Keyboard matrix circuit / Description
caption_attribution_description: I opened up my 14-year-old SY77 synth because the disk drive suffered from the dreaded SY77-disk-drive-syndrome. It was easy to open, and it's very tidy inside. Except for the dust, of which there is a lot. I did vacuum the dust very carefully, but after I took the photos. About 2/3 of the ICs (chips) seen on the boards are Yamaha's own (YM… and XH…), and I wasn't able to find one bit of information on these chips, so I can only make wild guesses as to their purpose. The remaining ICs are mostly common TTL logic components (SN74…). Judging from the week-of-manufacture code on the chips, the synth was built after calendar week 27 (starting July 5th) of 1993 (9327). The DM1 and DM2 boards are stamped 93 8·27 and 93 8·30, respectively. Some of the YAMAHA chips have a ©1989 or ©1990 printed on them, which is when the hardware was designed.
context_page_description: A keyboard matrix circuit is a design used in most electronic musical keyboards and computer keyboards in which the key switches are connected by a grid of wires, similar to a diode matrix. For example, 16 wires arranged in 8 rows and 8 columns can connect 64 keys—sufficient for a full five octaves of range. By scanning these crossings, a keyboard controller can determine which keys are currently pressed.
context_section_description: Without a matrix circuit, a 61-key keyboard for a synthesizer, electronic organ, or digital piano  would require 62 wires to connect (one for each note, and a ground)—an awkwardly thick bundle of wiring. With a matrix circuit, any of 61 notes can be determined with only 16 wires. This is drawn schematically as a matrix of 8 columns and 8 rows of wires, with a switch at every intersection. The keyboard controller scans the columns. If a key has been pressed, the controller scans the rows—and in a manner analogous to the board game Battleship, the controller determines the row-column combination at which a key has been pressed, and generates a note corresponding to that key. This process occurs so quickly that the performer is unaware of any delay.
  There are at least two limitations with this system. The first is that it provides only a crude binary on/off signal for each key. Better electronic musical keyboards employ two sets of switches for each key that are slightly offset. By determining the timing between the activation of the first and second switches, the velocity of a key press can be determined—greatly improving the performance dynamic of a keyboard. 
  The second is that instruments with a matrix circuit can only play in a monophonic fashion without the addition of a diode for each key crossing. The diode prevents unwanted notes ("phantom keys") from being triggered, or intended notes from being masked ("phantom key blocking").
  Monophonic instruments and most low-cost computer keyboards reduce costs by leaving out most or all of those diodes. To avoid "phantom keys", the keyboard controller in modern low-cost computer keyboards will ignore further key presses once two keys (other than modifier keys) have been pressed, which is known as jamming.
  The matrix circuit approach is also used in non-musical keyboards, such as in the keypads for calculators and the "QWERTY" alphabetic and numeric keyboards used to enter information into computers. The same matrix circuit approach is also used in many pinball machines.
  Often in pocket calculators the multiplexed digit drive lines would be used to scan the keyboard as well, providing further savings.
caption: The inside of a Yamaha SY77 synthesizer shows the various internal components. The switches for each key are connected to the microprocessor chip using a matrix circuit. Even though the SY77 has 61 keys, only a small ribbon cable of wiring comes from the keyboard.
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