page_title: Hat Works
section_title: Background
hierarchical_section_title: Hat Works / Background
caption_attribution_description: English: Hat Works Museum, Stockport, Greater Manchester, England.
context_page_description: The Hat Works is a museum in Stockport, Greater Manchester, England, which opened in 2000. Before that, smaller displays of hatting equipment were exhibited in Stockport Museum and in the former Battersby hat factory.
  The building, Wellington Mill, was built as an early fireproof cotton spinning mill in 1830–1831 before becoming a hat works in the 1890s. It is a Grade II listed building on the A6, Wellington Road South, between the town centre and Stockport railway station.
context_section_description: Stockport played a pivotal role in the textile industry of the United Kingdom. Firstly it was silk throwing. In the early 18th century, England was not capable of producing silk of sufficient quality to be used as the warp in woven fabrics.  Suitable thread had to be imported from Italy, where it was spun on water-powered machinery.  In about 1717 John Lombe travelled to Italy and copied the design of the machinery.  On his return he obtained a patent on the design, and went into production in Derby.  When Lombe tried to renew his patent in 1732, silk spinners from towns including Manchester, Macclesfield, Leek, and Stockport successfully petitioned parliament to not renew the patent.  Lombe was paid off, and in 1732 Stockport's first silk mill (indeed, the first water-powered textile mill in the north-west of England) was opened on a bend in the Mersey.  Further mills were opened on local brooks. Silk weaving expanded until in 1769 two thousand people were employed in the industry.  By 1772 the boom had turned to bust, possibly due to cheaper foreign imports; by the late 1770s trade had recovered.  The cycle of boom and bust would continue throughout the textile era.
  On 21 July 1784 Samuel Oldknow, arrived in Stockport and bought a house and warehouse on Hillgate, he gave out 530 lengths of cotton warp to the local hand loom weavers who returned the woven pieces, these he traded through a London agent. This was the Putting-out system that survived in weaving long after the factory system was normal for spinning. He had commercial connections with Arkwright and with Drinkwater. To obtain yarn he opened a mill in 1791 at the Carrs, on the Tin Brook and a large mill at Mellor. The combination of a good water power site (described by Rodgers as "by far the finest of any site within the lowland" [of the Manchester region] ) and a large female and child workforce  used to textile factory work meant Stockport was well placed to take advantage of the phenomenal expansion in cotton processing in the late 18th century.  Warren's mill in the market place was the first.  Power came from an undershot water wheel in a deep pit, fed by a tunnel from the River Goyt.    In 1796, James Harrisson drove a wide cut from the Tame which fed several mills in the Park, Portwood.; Ashmore (1975).   In 1786, Henry Marsland gained water rights to erect another mill adjacent to the  55 yards (50 m) by 12 yards (11 m) Park silk mill which he already owned. The two Carrs silk mills had converted to cotton before 1785, and the larger silk mills such as Park and Logwood followed.
  Hatmaking was established in north Cheshire and south-east Lancashire by the 16th century.  In the early 19th century the number of hatters in the area began to increase, and a reputation for quality work was created.  The London firm of Miller Christy bought out a local firm in 1826, a move described by Arrowsmith as a "watershed".  By the latter part of the century hatting had changed from a manual to a mechanised process, and was one of Stockport's primary employers; the area, with nearby Denton, was the leading national centre.  Support industries, such as blockmaking, trimmings, and leatherware, became established.   The First World War cut off overseas markets, which established local industries and eroded Stockport's eminence.  Even so, in 1932 more than 3,000 people worked in the industry, making it the third biggest employer after textiles and engineering.  The depression of the 1930s and changes in fashion greatly reduced the demand for hats, and the demand that existed was met by cheaper wool products made elsewhere, for example the Luton area.
caption: Stockport Hatworks in 2012
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