page_title: François Certain de Canrobert
section_title: General of the Second Empire
hierarchical_section_title: François Certain de Canrobert / Biography / General of the Second Empire
caption_attribution_description: English: François Certain de CanrobertFrançais&#160;: François Certain de Canrobert (1809-1895), maréchal de l'Empire
context_page_description: François Marcellin Certain de Canrobert was a French Marshal. He demonstrated ability during the Second French Empire while participating in the Battle of Alma, the Battle of Magenta, the Battle of Solferino and the Battle of Gravelotte. A staunch supporter of Napoleon III, he became, under the French Third Republic, one of the leading figures in the Bonapartist party and chairman, from 1876 to 1894, of the Senate within the French parliamentary group "Call upon the people".
context_section_description: Recalled to France by the Prince-President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, he was designated as maréchal de camp (général de brigade) starting January 12, 1850. He was nominated as commandant of the infantry brigade of the 1st Division of Paris, on March 8, 1850, then the command of the 3rd Brigade, on February 9, 1851, and contributed to the success in Paris of the French coup d'état of 1851. In the afternoon of December 4, 1851, on the Boulevards Montmarte and Poissonnière, the soldiers of the Division commanded by Canrobert came in contact with a crowd formed of the curious and protestors · . In a certain confusion, the soldiers opened fire. The carnage resulted in a hundred to 300 dead as well as hundreds of wounded, however on the night of December 4, the Parisian resistance at the coup were done with. The result then, was 300 to 400 persons killed without counting the soldiers. While the protestors were formed in 2/3 of workers, amongst them also featured the innocent and curious, victims of the division of Canrobert on the grand boulevards. In all France, 26,884 people were arrested, essentially in the South-East, the South-West and a couple of departments in the Center. Almost 21,000 people were condemned by mixed commissions (composed in each department by prefects, a general, and a magistrate) out of which 9,530 were in transportation to Algeria and 239 were sent to Cayenne in Guiana. On another hand and quite quickly, all pronounced repression measures declared by the 82 mixed commissions worried President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte who delegated in extraordinary mission, generals Canrobert, Espinasse, and State Council Quentin Bauchart, in order to revise the arrests decisions taken and prepare acts of grâce (forgiving the condemned by mercy). Espinasse and Canrobert, were charged with the South-West and Languedoc, showing proof of little indulgence towards the condemned, they both accorded a little more than a thousand acts of forgiveness, while State Counselor Quentin-Bauchart, charged of the South-East, accorded alone 3,400 forgiveness sentences, while Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte applied in his right also equally from his side the forgiving of numerous condemnations.
  Canrobert cumulated accordingly following these events, the function of aide de camp to the Prince-President, then the Emperor. Promoted Général de division, on January 14, 1853, he commanded the infantry division at camp Helfaut-Saint Omer, as of April 27. In May, he became the inspector general of the 5th Infantry Arrondissement for the year 1853 before being designated to the infantry division of the Orient Army, on February 23, 1854.
caption: Maréchal de camp François Certain de Canrobert in the Palace of Versailles.
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