page_title: Indirect translation
section_title: In translation of religious texts
hierarchical_section_title: Indirect translation / Examples of indirect translation / In translation of religious texts
caption_attribution_description: English: A John Wycliffe Bible in the Green Collection, Oklahoma City, OK. Future artifact in Museum of the Bible.
context_page_description: Indirect translation is a translation of a translation. It may be based on a translated version, or multiple translated versions, of the original or ultimate source text. For instance, if a text in Arabic is translated into Portuguese via English the result is an indirect translation.
  Indirect translation is a long-standing reality of intercultural exchanges, especially associated with those exchanges involving geographically, culturally and linguistically distant communities or the so-called small languages. It remains a common translation practice in various areas of today’s society, e.g. audio-visual, computer-assisted and literary translation, localization, or community and conference interpreting. Currently, its use is often linked to globalization or the practice of international organizations, where a high number of working languages often entails editing documents via the linguae francae or other mediating languages.
  In Translation Studies indirect translation - sometimes referred to by the abbreviations "IT" or "ITr" - is also known as "double, intermediate, mediated, mixed, pivot, relay, or second-hand translation".
context_section_description: A direct translation of the Qur'an into Latin was made in 1142-1143; many indirect translations into European vernaculars were based on that Latin version.
  
  The English Bible (c. 1385) overseen by John Wycliffe used the Latin Vulgate as mediating text. The Vulgate derived from St. Jerome's Bible (c. 400), itself a Latin translation of mediating Greek sources.
caption: English indirect translation of Bible (c. 1385), overseen by John Wycliffe, used the Latin Vulgate as its source text.
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