page_title: Two-dimensional materials
section_title: Phosphorene
hierarchical_section_title: Two-dimensional materials / 2D allotropes / Phosphorene
caption_attribution_description: Phosphorene structure: (a) titled view, (b) side view, (c) top view. The left edge is zigzag while the right edge is beard as a nanoribbon. Red (blue) balls represent phosphorus atoms in the upper (lower) layer. A dotted (solid) rectangular denote the unit cell of the four-band (two-band) model. The parameters of the unit cell length and angles of bonds are taken from [1]
context_page_description: Two-dimensional materials, sometimes referred to as single-layer materials, are crystalline materials consisting of a single layer of atoms. These materials have found use in applications such as photovoltaics, semiconductors, electrodes and water purification.
  2D materials can generally be categorised as either 2D allotropes of various elements or as compounds. The elemental 2D materials generally carry the -ene suffix in their names while the compounds have -ane or -ide suffixes. Layered combinations of different 2D materials are generally called van der Waals heterostructures.
  The efficient integration of 2D functional layers with three-dimensional systems remains a significant challenge, limiting device performance and circuit design.
  Some 700 2D materials have been predicted to be stable, although many remain to be synthesized. The global market for 2D materials is expected to reach US$390 million by 2025, mostly for graphene in the semiconductor, electronics, battery energy and composite materials markets.
context_section_description: Phosphorene is a 2-dimensional, crystalline allotrope of phosphorus. Its mono-atomic hexagonal structure makes it conceptually similar to graphene. However, phosphorene has substantially different electronic properties; in particular it possesses a nonzero band gap while displaying high electron mobility. This property potentially makes it a better semiconductor than graphene. 
  The synthesis of phosphorene mainly consists of micromechanical cleavage or liquid phase exfoliation methods. The former has a low yield while the latter produce free standing nanosheets in solvent and not on the solid support. The bottom-up approaches like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are still blank because of its high reactivity. Therefore, in the current scenario, the most effective method for large area fabrication of thin films of phosphorene consists of wet assembly techniques like Langmuir-Blodgett involving the assembly followed by deposition of nanosheets on solid supports
caption: Phosphorene structure: (a) tilted view, (b) side view, (c) top view. Red (blue) balls represent phosphorus atoms in the lower (upper) layer.
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