page_title: Oil tanker
section_title: Asian trade
hierarchical_section_title: Oil tanker / History / Asian trade
caption_attribution_description: Nederlands: Repronegatief. Tarakan is een eilandje gelegen voor het noordelijkst deel van de oostkust van 'Nederlands' Borneo. Onder het eiland was in 1905 olie gevonden. Samen met Koetai produceerde Tarakan een fors percentage van de olie uit de Archipel. Dit aandeel steeg van bijna 55% in 1914 tot ruim 70% in 1925. Vanaf 1928 daalde het aandeel echter vanwege de sterke groei van Sumatra's olieproductie. De productie en verwerking van de olie was op Borneo in handen van de Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM), een werkmaatschappij van het samenwerkingsverband 'Koninklijke'/Shell. In 1929 werkten er 4.000 koelies, vooral Javanen, op het eilandje Tarakan terwijl er 170 Europese personeelsleden waren. (P. Boomgaard, 2001). Afscheepsteiger Tarakan 14 Français&#160;: Repronegatief. Tarakan est une île située dans la partie septentrionale de la côte est de «Bornéo néerlandais. En vertu de l'île en 1905 de pétrole a été trouvé. Avec Tarakan Koetai produit un pourcentage important de l'huile de l'Archipel. Cette proportion est passée à près de 55% en 1914 à plus de 70% en 1925. A partir de 1928 cependant, la part due à la forte croissance de la production pétrolière de Sumatra. La production et la transformation de l'huile a été à Bornéo dans les mains des Bataves Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM), une filiale de la société de 'Royal' / Shell. En 1929, il y avait 4000 coolies, en particulier Java, l'île Tarakan tandis que 170 personnes étaient européens. (P. Verger, 2001). Afscheepsteiger Tarakan 14 English: Repronegatief. Tarakan is an island located in the northernmost part of the east coast of 'Dutch' Borneo. Under the island in 1905 oil was found. With Tarakan Koetai produced a significant percentage of the oil from the Archipelago. This proportion rose to almost 55% in 1914 to over 70% in 1925. From 1928 however, the share due to the strong growth of Sumatra's oil production. The production and processing of the oil was in Borneo in the hands of the Batavian Petroleum Maatschappij (BPM), a subsidiary of the partnership 'Royal' / Shell. In 1929 there were 4000 coolies, especially Javanese, the Tarakan island while 170 staff were European. (P. Orchard, 2001). Afscheepsteiger Tarakan 14
context_page_description: An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil or its products. There are two basic types of oil tankers: crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries. For example, moving crude oil from oil wells in a producing country to refineries in another country. Product tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets. For example, moving gasoline from refineries in Europe to consumer markets in Nigeria and other West African nations.
  Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation. The size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons of deadweight to the mammoth ultra large crude carriers of 550,000 DWT. Tankers move approximately 2.0 billion metric tons of oil every year. Second only to pipelines in terms of efficiency, the average cost of transport of crude oil by tanker amounts to only US$5 to $8 per cubic metre.
  Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved.
context_section_description: The 1880s also saw the beginnings of the Asian oil trade. The idea that led to moving Russian oil to the Far East via the Suez Canal was the brainchild of two men: importer Marcus Samuel and shipowner/broker Fred Lane. Prior bids to move oil through the canal had been rejected by the Suez Canal Company as being too risky. Samuel approached the problem a different way: asking the company for the specifications of a tanker it would allow through the canal.
  Armed with the canal company's specifications, Samuel ordered three tankers from William Gray & Company in northern England. Named Murex, Conch and Clam, each had a capacity of 5,010 long tons of deadweight. These three ships were the first tankers of the Tank Syndicate, forerunner of today's Royal Dutch Shell company.
  With facilities prepared in Jakarta, Singapore, Bangkok, Saigon, Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Kobe, the fledgling Shell company was ready to become Standard Oil's first challenger in the Asian market. On August 24, 1892, Murex became the first tanker to pass through the Suez Canal. By the time Shell merged with Royal Dutch Petroleum in 1907, the company had 34 steam-driven oil tankers, compared to Standard Oil's four case-oil steamers and 16 sailing tankers.
caption: A Royal Dutch Petroleum dock in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)
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