page_title: Bocage
section_title: England
hierarchical_section_title: Bocage / Historic role / England
caption_attribution_description: View down the valley from Mam Tor in the en:Peak District, UK. Twelve large en:limestone quarries operate in the Peak District Photographed by Bala Amavasai Camera: Canon A520
context_page_description: Bocage is a terrain of mixed woodland and pasture characteristic of parts of France, England and Ireland, as well as in the Netherlands and in northern Germany, in regions where pastoral farming is the dominant land use.
  Bocage may also refer to a small forest, a decorative element of leaves, or a type of rubble-work, comparable with the English use of "rustic" in relation to garden ornamentation. In the decorative arts, especially porcelain, it refers to a leafy screen spreading above and behind figures. Though found on continental figures, it is something of an English speciality, beginning in the mid-18th century, especially in Chelsea porcelain, and later spreading to more downmarket Staffordshire pottery figures.
  In English, bocage refers to a terrain of mixed woodland and pasture, with fields and winding country lanes sunken between narrow low ridges and banks surmounted by tall thick hedgerows that break the wind but also limit visibility. It is the sort of landscape found in many parts of southern England, for example in Devon. However the term is more often found in technical than general usage in England.
context_section_description: In Southeast England, in spite of a sedimentary soil which would not fit this landscape, a bocage resulted from the movement of the enclosure of the open fields.
  England developed in the 17th century an ambitious sea policy.
  It imported Russian wheat, cheaper than English wheat.
  The enclosures favoured sheep husbandry and limited English cereal grain production.
  As a consequence of this policy, the rural exodus was amplified, accelerating the Industrial Revolution.
  The surplus of agricultural workers migrated to the cities to work in factories.
caption: English bocage (Edale valley, Peak District)
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