page_title: Bourbon Restoration
section_title: Religion
hierarchical_section_title: Bourbon Restoration / Religion
caption_attribution_description: English: Identifier: historyofninetee01maur (find matches) Title: The history of the nineteenth century in caricature Year: 1904 (1900s) Authors: Maurice, Arthur Bartlett, 1873-1946 Cooper, Frederic Taber, 1864-1937, joint author Subjects: History, Modern Nineteenth century Caricature Publisher: New York&#160;: Dodd, Mead Contributing Library: The Library of Congress Digitizing Sponsor: The Library of Congress View Book Page: Book Viewer About This Book: Catalog Entry View All Images: All Images From Book Click here to view book online to see this illustration in context in a browseable online version of this book. Text Appearing Before Image: rles X.s famous coup detat down to the revolution of1848, may be read like an open book. The adversaries ofthe government of 1830 were of two kinds. One kind, ofwhich Admiral Carrel was a type, resorted to passionate argu-ment, to indignant eloquence. The other kind resorted to themethods of the Fronde; they made war by pin-pricks, bybursts of laughter, with all the resources of French gayetyand wit. In this method the leading spirit was Philipon, whounderstood clearly the power that would result from theclosest alliance between la presse et Iimage. Even beforeLa Caricature was founded the features of the last of theBourbons became a familiar subject in cartoons. Invariablythe same features are emphasized; a tall, lank figure, fre-quently contorted like the india-rubber man of the dimemuseums; a narrow, vacuous countenance, a high, recedingforehead, over which sparse locks of hair are straggling; asalient jaw, the lips drawn back in a mirthless grin, revealing 73 .V- Jb* &gt;-*v &amp; Text Appearing After Image: THE PIOUS MONARCH. CARICATURE OF CHARLES X. CENTURY IN CARICATURE 75 huge, ungainly teeth, projecting like the incisors of a horse.In one memorable cartoon he is expending the full crushingpower of these teeth upon the famous charter of 1830,but is finding it a nut quite too hard to crack. From the very beginning La Caricature assumed an atti- Note About Images Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original work.
context_page_description: The Bourbon Restoration was the period of French history following the first fall of Napoleon in 1814 and his final defeat in the Hundred Days in 1815, until the July Revolution of 1830. The brothers of the executed Louis XVI, namely Louis XVIII and Charles X, came to power and reigned in highly conservative fashion. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France. They were nonetheless unable to reverse most of the changes made by the French Revolution and Napoleon. At the Congress of Vienna, they were treated respectfully, but had to give up nearly all the territorial gains made since 1789.
context_section_description: By 1800 the Catholic Church was poor, dilapidated and disorganised, with a depleted and aging clergy. The younger generation had received little religious instruction, and was unfamiliar with traditional worship. However, in response to the external pressures of foreign wars, religious fervour was strong, especially among women. Napoleon's Concordat of 1801 provided stability and ended the attacks.
  With the Restoration the Catholic Church again became the state religion and was favoured financially and politically.  Its lands and financial endowments were not returned, but now the government paid salaries and maintenance costs for normal church activities. The bishops had regained control of Catholic affairs.  The aristocracy before the Revolution did not place a high priority on religious doctrine or practice, but the decades of exile created an alliance of throne and altar. The royalists who returned were much more devout, and much more aware of their need for a close alliance with the Church. They had discarded fashionable skepticism and now promoted the wave of Catholic religiosity that was sweeping Europe, with a new regard to the Virgin Mary, the saints, and popular religious rituals such as saying the rosary. Devotionalism and was far stronger in rural areas, and much less noticeable in Paris and the other cities. The population of 32 million included about 680,000 Protestants, and 60,000 Jews, who were extended toleration. Anti-clericalism of the sort promoted by the Enlightenment and writers such as Voltaire had not disappeared, but it was in retreat.
  At the elite level, there was a dramatic change in intellectual climate from the dry intellectually oriented classicism to emotionally based romanticism.  A book by François-René de Chateaubriand entitled Génie du christianisme ("The Genius of Christianity") (1802) had an enormous influence in reshaping French literature and intellectual life.  The book emphasised the power of religion in creating European high culture. Chateaubriand's book:
  did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, if uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside.
caption: The Pious Monarch, a caricature of Charles X
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