page_title: Stygofauna
section_title: Diet and lifecycle
hierarchical_section_title: Stygofauna / Diet and lifecycle
caption_attribution_description: Antrobia culveri English: Tumbling Creek Cavesnail
context_page_description: Stygofauna are any fauna that live in groundwater systems or aquifers, such as caves, fissures and vugs. Stygofauna and troglofauna are the two types of subterranean fauna. Both are associated with subterranean environments – stygofauna are associated with water, and troglofauna with caves and spaces above the water table. Stygofauna can live within freshwater aquifers and within the pore spaces of limestone, calcrete or laterite, whilst larger animals can be found in cave waters and wells. Stygofaunal animals, like troglofauna, are divided into three groups based on their life history - stygophiles, stygoxenes, and stygobites.
  Stygophiles inhabit both surface and subterranean aquatic environments, but are not necessarily restricted to either.
  Stygoxenes are like stygophiles, except they are defined as accidental or occasional presence in subterranean waters. Stygophiles and stygoxenes may live for part of their lives in caves, but don't complete their life cycle in them.
  Stygobites are obligate, or strictly subterranean, aquatic animals and complete their entire life in this environment.
context_section_description: Stygofauna have adapted to the limited food supply and are extremely energy efficient. Stygofauna feed on plankton, bacteria, and plants found in streams.
  To survive in an environment where food is scarce and oxygen levels are low, stygofauna often have very low metabolism. As a result, stygofauna may live longer than other terrestrial species. For example, the crayfish Orconectes australis from Shelta Cave in Alabama can reproduce at 100 years and live to 175.
caption: The Tumbling Creek cavesnail (Antrobia culveri) is a typical stygobite: small, white and blind.
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