page_title: Franco-Ottoman alliance
section_title: Crimean War and Syria
hierarchical_section_title: Franco-Ottoman alliance / Crimean War and Syria
caption_attribution_description: English: French_expeditionary_corps_in_Beyrouth_16_August_1860
context_page_description: The Franco-Ottoman alliance, also Franco-Turkish alliance, was an alliance established in 1536 between the king of France Francis I and the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman the Magnificent. The strategic and sometimes tactical alliance was one of the most important foreign alliances of France, and was particularly influential during the Italian Wars. The Franco-Ottoman military alliance is said to have reached its peak around 1553 during the reign Henry II of France.
  The alliance was exceptional, as the first non-ideological alliance between a Christian and Muslim state, and caused a scandal in the Christian world. Carl Jacob Burckhardt called it "the sacrilegious union of the lily and the crescent". It lasted intermittently for more than two and a half centuries, until the Napoleonic campaign in Ottoman Egypt, in 1798–1801.
context_section_description: In the Crimean War, a French-British-Ottoman alliance against Russia was signed on 12 March 1854.
  In another example of cooperation, in 1860, France later intervened in the Ottoman territory of Syria, with the agreement of the Ottoman Empire, with the objective to fulfill its mission to protect Christians in the Middle East, following massacres of Maronite Christians. At that time, France, led by Napoleon III, claimed to continue its ancient role as protector of Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
caption: French expedition in Syria led by General Beaufort d'Hautpoul, landing in Beyrouth on 16 August 1860.
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