page_title: Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)
hierarchical_section_title: Zhongshan Kingdom (Han dynasty)
caption_attribution_description: 中文: 汉代的長信宮燈 (Original text below: 汉代青铜鎏金灯具之一，前172年铸造。中华人民共和国国家一级文物。现藏于中华人民共和国石家庄市河北省历史博物馆“满城汉墓”展区。 维基人User:Refrain摄于河北省历史博物馆（2006年2月2日）。) English: Gilt Bronze Human-Shaped Lamp, made in the Western Han Dynasty, dated 172 BC. It is a Grade I antique in China, and is now stored in the Hebei Museum. Historian Patricia Buckley Ebrey, on page 66 of her Cambridge Illustrated History of China (1999), has this to say of the Han antique lamp: Gilt bronze figure of a maidservant holding an oil-lamp, almost 19 inches tall, excavated from the tomb of Dou Wan, wife of one of Emperor Wu's brothers [i.e. Prince Liu Sheng], at Mancheng in Hebei province. This elegant gilded bronze lamp was cleverly designed to allow adjustments in the directness and brightness of the light and to trap smoke in the body. It was one of the nearly 3,000 objects of bronze, iron, gold, silver, jade, pottery, lacquer, and silk from this huge tomb that testify to the luxury and refinement of palace life. On page 100 of his book Han Civilization (1982), archaeologist and historian Wang Zhongshu states this about the lamp found in Dou Wan's tomb: The best-known item among them in the Mancheng find was the Changxin Palace lamp, gilded with bright gold, in the form of a kneeling palace maid holding the lamp in her hands. Not only was the palace maid beautifully sculptured, the lamp and its cover were cleverly designed so that both the lamp's illuminating power and the direction of its rays were (and still are) adjustable. Since the smoke was absorbed into the body of the maid through her arms, it was in fact an antipollution design.
context_page_description: Zhongshan Kingdom or Zhongshan Principality was a kingdom of the Han dynasty, located in present-day southern Hebei province.
  The kingdom was carved out of Changshan Commandery in 154 BC and granted to Liu Sheng, son of the reigning Emperor Jing. In 55 BC, the last Prince of Zhongshan in Liu Sheng's lineage died without issue, and the kingdom was abolished. In 46 BC, however, the territory was granted to Liu Jing, son of Emperor Xuan, as his fief. Jing also left no issue, and the kingdom was subsequently granted to Liu Xing, son of Emperor Yuan. In 1 BC, Liu Kan, the heir to the Zhongshan Kingdom, was enthroned as Emperor Ping, and Liu Chengdu, another member of the imperial family, became the new Prince of Zhongshan. He was deposed after Wang Mang's usurpation.
  After the restoration of Eastern Han, the kingdom was reestablished. It was initially awarded to Liu Mao, one of Emperor Guangwu's fellow rebels against Wang Mang. Later, Mao was demoted to the rank of marquis, and the territory went to Liu Fu, the emperor's second son. Fu was moved to Pei soon later, and his brother Liu Yan succeeded him as the Prince of Zhongshan.
context_section_description: Zhongshan Kingdom or Zhongshan Principality (Chinese: 中山國) was a kingdom of the Han dynasty, located in present-day southern Hebei province.
  The kingdom was carved out of Changshan Commandery in 154 BC and granted to Liu Sheng, son of the reigning Emperor Jing. In 55 BC, the last Prince of Zhongshan in Liu Sheng's lineage died without issue, and the kingdom was abolished. In 46 BC, however, the territory was granted to Liu Jing, son of Emperor Xuan, as his fief. Jing also left no issue, and the kingdom was subsequently granted to Liu Xing (劉興), son of Emperor Yuan. In 1 BC, Liu Kan, the heir to the Zhongshan Kingdom, was enthroned as Emperor Ping, and Liu Chengdu (劉成都), another member of the imperial family, became the new Prince of Zhongshan. He was deposed after Wang Mang's usurpation. 
  After the restoration of Eastern Han, the kingdom was reestablished. It was initially awarded to Liu Mao (劉茂), one of Emperor Guangwu's fellow rebels against Wang Mang. Later, Mao was demoted to the rank of marquis, and the territory went to Liu Fu (劉輔), the emperor's second son. Fu was moved to Pei soon later, and his brother Liu Yan (劉焉) succeeded him as the Prince of Zhongshan. Yan's lineage held Zhongshan until the year 174, when the last prince died without issue.  Zhongshan was subsequently converted to a commandery.
  In late Western Han, it administered 14 counties: Lunu (盧奴), Beiping (北平), Beixincheng (北新成), Tang (唐), Shenze (深澤), Kuxing (苦陘), Anguo (安國), Quni (曲逆), Wangdu (望都), Xinshi (新市), Xinchu (新處), Wuji (毋極), Lucheng (陸成) and Anxian (安險). The total population in 2 AD was 668,080, or 160,873 households.
  Zhongshan again became a kingdom/principality in the Cao Wei and Western Jin dynasties. The Book of Jin recorded a population of 32,000 households in 280. The region was lost in the Disaster of Yongjia.
caption: Changxin Palace Lamp (长信宫灯), unearthed from the tomb of Liu Sheng.
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