page_title: GIS and aquatic science
section_title: GIS and macrophytes
hierarchical_section_title: GIS and aquatic science / GIS and macrophytes
caption_attribution_description: English: Surveyed and predicted distributions of submersed aquatic vegetation distribution in the Upper Mississippi River.
context_page_description: Geographic Information Systems has become an integral part of aquatic science and limnology. Water by its very nature is dynamic. Features associated with water are thus ever-changing. To be able to keep up with these changes, technological advancements have given scientists methods to enhance all aspects of scientific investigation, from satellite tracking of wildlife to computer mapping of habitats. Agencies like the US Geological Survey, US Fish and Wildlife Service as well as other federal and state agencies are utilizing GIS to aid in their conservation efforts.
  GIS is being used in multiple fields of aquatic science from limnology, hydrology, aquatic botany, stream ecology, oceanography and marine biology. Applications include using satellite imagery to identify, monitor and mitigate habitat loss. Imagery can also show the condition of inaccessible areas. Scientists can track movements and develop a strategy to locate locations of concern. GIS can be used to track invasive species, endangered species, and population changes.
context_section_description: Macrophytes are an important part of healthy ecosystems.  They provide habitat, refuge, and food for fish, wildlife, and other organisms.  Though natural occurring species are of great interest so are the invasive species that occur alongside these in our environment.  GIS is being used by agencies and their respective resource managers as a tool to model these important macrophyte species.  Through the use of GIS resource managers can assess the distributions of this important aspect of aquatic environments through a spatial and temporal scale.  The ability to track vegetation change through time and space to make predictions about vegetation change are some of the many possibilities of GIS.  Accurate maps of the aquatic plant distribution within an aquatic ecosystem are an essential part resource management. 
  It is possible to predict the possible occurrences of aquatic vegetation.  For example, the USGS has created a model for the American wild celery (Vallisneria americana) by developing a statistical model that calculates the probability of submersed aquatic vegetation.  They established a web link to an Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) ArcGIS Server website *Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Model to make their model predictions available online.  These predictions for distribution of submerged aquatic vegetation can potentially have an effect on foraging birds by creating avoidance zones by humans.  If it is known where these areas are, birds can be left alone to feed undisturbed.  When there are years where the aquatic vegetation is predicted to be limited in these important wildlife habitats, managers can be alerted.
  Invasive species have become a great conservation concern for resource managers.  GIS allows managers to map out plant locations and abundances.  These maps can then be used to determine the threat of these invasive plants and help the managers decide on management strategies.  Surveys of these species can be conducted and then downloaded into a GIS system.  Coupled with this, native species can be included to determine how these communities respond with each other.  By using known data of preexisting invasive species GIS models could predict future outbreaks by comparing biological factors.  The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Invasive Aquatic Species Program (CAES IAPP) is using GIS to evaluate risk factors.  GIS allows managers to georeference plant locations and abundance.  This allows for managers to display invasive communities alongside native species for study and management.
caption: Surveyed (left) and predicted (right) distributions of submersed aquatic vegetation distribution Upper Mississippi River in 1989. The survey data were from the land cover/land use geographic information created by the U.S. Geological Survey Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center on the basis of interpretation of aerial photography of 1989.
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