page_title: Rikbaktsa
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Rikbaktsa / History
caption_attribution_description: Rikbaktsa population chart.
context_page_description: The Rikbaktsa are an indigenous ethnic group from the Mato Grosso region of Brazil.
context_section_description: There are no pre-20th century historical references to the Rikbaktsa, and there have been no archeological studies to date their occupation of their traditional lands.  However, oral histories, geographic references in their myths, and their detailed knowledge of nearby flora and fauna suggest that they have lived on the land for some time.
  Though scientific, commercial, and strategic expeditions have visited the region surrounding the Rikbaktsa since the 17th century, they stayed on the waterways and did not venture into the forests in which the Rikbaktsa lived.  It was not until rubber gatherers came to the region in the late 1940s that the first historical references to Rikbaktsa people appeared.  The Rikbaktsa, who were known for their hostile relations with nearly every neighboring indigenous group, initially resisted the presence of rubber gatherers.  The Rikbaktsa were finally "pacified" by rubber planter–financed Jesuit missionaries between 1957 and 1962, when they stopped resisting the planters.  After 1962, the rubber-extraction, timber, mining, and agricultural industries encroached on the Rikbaktsa's traditional territory.
  During the pacification process and the subsequent years, epidemics of influenza, chickenpox, and smallpox reduced the Rikbaktsa population by three quarters.  As a result, they lost the majority of their land, and most Rikbaktsa children were taken to be raised alongside other indigenous children at a Jesuit boarding school nearly 200 km away from their homes.  The tribe's remaining adults were progressively moved from their villages to larger villages administered by Jesuit missionaries.  After the 1968 demarcation of the Erikbaktsa Indigenous Land on one tenth of the tribe's original territory, children began to return to their home villages.
  During the 1970s, missionaries increasingly recognized indigenous peoples' right to their own culture and to self-determination.  This period also saw the start of the Rikbaktsa's population recovery, as the Anchieta Mission exerted its protective influence.  While the mission continued to pressure the Rikbaktsa toward acculturation, they nonetheless provided the minimum physical necessities for the Rikbaktsa's recovery.  Since the late 1970s, the Rikbaktsa have attempted to recover their traditional territory, and in 1985 they regained control of the Japuíra.  During this time, population growth stalled somewhat, which may be partially attributed to the struggle for Japuíra, during which food production and health services lagged. After 1987, increased access to resources and health services assistance from the Anchieta Mission and the Fundação Nacional do Índio, population recovery continued at a rapid pace. As of 2001, there were 909 Rikbaktsa people.
  In recent years, the decentralized structure of Rikbaktsa society has proved an obstacle to joint undertakings to preserve Rikbaktsa land and culture.  To counteract this, the Ribaktsa created the Associação Indígena Rikbaktsa (Rikbaktsa Indigenous Association), or Asirik, in 1995.  The organization is aimed to interact with external agencies and provide a more unified voice for Ribaktsa people.  It is run by representatives from all Ribaktsa internal territorial sub-groups.  The Ribaktsa have invested heavily in education; there are 20 village schools run by indigenous teachers, many of whom have participated in recent teacher training promoted by the Mato Grosso state government.  As of 1998, the Rikbaktsa were trying to find a health assistance partner. Formerly, the Anchieta Mission trained indigenous nurses and practical dentists.
caption: Rikbaktsa historical population trend
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