page_title: Book
section_title: Movable type and incunabula
hierarchical_section_title: Book / History / Antiquity / Movable type and incunabula
caption_attribution_description: English: Jikji or "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Seon Masters", published in 1377, Korea during the Goryeo Dynasty. It is the earliest known book printed with movable metal type. 한국어: 백운화상초록불조직지심체요절(白雲和尙抄錄佛祖直指心體要節, 간단히 불조직지심체요절, 직지심체요절, 직지)은 백운화상 경한이 선(禪)의 요체를 깨닫는 데에 필요한 내용을 뽑아 1372년에 펴낸 불교 서적으로, 상·하권으로 이루어져 있다. 원나라에서 받아온 불조직지심체요절의 내용을 대폭 늘려 상·하 2권으로 엮은 것이다. 전 세계에 남아 있는 금속 활자로 인쇄된 책 중에서 가장 오래된 것으로, 2001년 9월 4일 《승정원일기》와 함께 유네스코 세계기록유산에 등재되었다. 현존하는 것은 하권 1책 뿐인데, 1900년대 말 콜랭 드 프랑시 주한 프랑스 공사가 프랑스로 가지고 갔으며 현재 프랑스 국립도서관에 소장되어 있다. 이는 독일 구텐베르크의 활자보다 78년 이상 앞서 편찬되었다.
context_page_description: A book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover. The technical term for this physical arrangement is codex. In the history of hand-held physical supports for extended written compositions or records, the codex replaces its predecessor, the scroll. A single sheet in a codex is a leaf and each side of a leaf is a page.
  As an intellectual object, a book is prototypically a composition of such great length that it takes a considerable investment of time to compose and a still considerable, though not so extensive, investment of time to read. In a restricted sense, a book is a self-sufficient section or part of a longer composition, a usage that reflects the fact that, in antiquity, long works had to be written on several scrolls and each scroll had to be identified by the book it contained. Each part of Aristotle's Physics is called a book. In an unrestricted sense, a book is the compositional whole of which such sections, whether called books or chapters or parts, are parts.
  The intellectual content in a physical book need not be a composition, nor even be called a book.
context_section_description: The Chinese inventor Bi Sheng made movable type of earthenware c. 1045, but there are no known surviving examples of his printing. Around 1450, in what is commonly regarded as an independent invention, Johannes Gutenberg invented movable type in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. This invention gradually made books less expensive to produce, and more widely available.
  Early printed books, single sheets and images which were created before 1501 in Europe are known as incunables or incunabula. "A man born in 1453, the year of the fall of Constantinople, could look back from his fiftieth year on a lifetime in which about eight million books had been printed, more perhaps than all the scribes of Europe had produced since Constantine founded his city in AD 330."
caption: Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, printed in Korea, in 1377, Bibliothèque nationale de France.
exif: {}