page_title: Dome C
section_title: Astronomical observatory
hierarchical_section_title: Dome C / Astronomical observatory
caption_attribution_description: English: The milky Way as seen above the glaciology shelter, Dome C, winter 2005
context_page_description: Dome C, also known as Dome Circe, Dome Charlie or Dome Concordia, located at Antarctica at an elevation of 3,233 metres above sea level, is one of several summits or "domes" of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Dome C is located on the Antarctic Plateau, 1,100 kilometres inland from the French research station at Dumont D'Urville, 1,100 kilometres inland from the Australian Casey Station and 1,200 kilometres inland from the Italian Zucchelli station at Terra Nova Bay. Russia's Vostok Station is 560 kilometres away. Dome C is the site of the Concordia Research Station, jointly operated by France and Italy.
context_section_description: Dome C is notable for its potential to be an extremely good astronomical observation site; the transparency of the Antarctic atmosphere allows stars to be observed, even when the Sun is at its highest possible elevation angle of 38°. The good viewing is due to very low infrared sky emission, extremely low humidity, a high percentage of cloud-free time, low atmospheric aerosol and dust content, and freedom from light pollution and background light other than auroras and moonlight. This location was a serious candidate for the ESO's E-ELT project. However, sky coverage is less than at lower latitude locations as northern celestial hemisphere objects never rise or are too low above the horizon.
  Writing in the Proceedings of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific in 2005, Karim Agabi et al. discuss the suitability of the site for astronomy in terms of the seeing. They determined the median seeing (measured with a Differential Image Motion Monitor placed on top of an 8.5-metre-high (28 ft) tower) to be 1.3±0.8 arcseconds. This is significantly worse than most major observatory sites, but similar to other observatories in Antarctica. However, they found (using balloons) that 87% of turbulence was below 36 meters.  A telescope built on a tower could rise above this "boundary layer" and achieve excellent seeing.  The boundary layer is 200 metres (660 ft) at the South Pole and may be as low as 20 metres (66 ft) at Dome A.
  In an earlier (2004) paper, Lawrence et al. considered the site and concluded that "Dome C is the best ground-based site to develop a new astronomical observatory". This team measured superior seeing of 0.27 arcseconds, half as large as at Mauna Kea Observatory. This figure was taken with an instrument insensitive to near-ground turbulence and so it is comparable to the 0.35 arcseconds Agabi et al. measured for "free atmospheric seeing".
  The 2004 experiments to measure the astronomical conditions at the site were unattended, controlled by a computer system that had to supervise the generation of its own electricity using a jet-fuel powered Stirling engine.  The computer, running Linux, communicated with the outside world using an Iridium phone.
caption: The milky Way above the glaciology shelter, Dome C, winter 2005
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