page_title: Vision mixer
section_title: Operation
hierarchical_section_title: Vision mixer / Operation
caption_attribution_description: English: A Sony BVS-3200CP vision mixer. Polski: Mikser wideo Sony BVS-3200CP
context_page_description: A vision mixer is a device used to select between several different video sources and, in some cases, compositing video sources together to create special effects.
  In most of the world, both the equipment and its operator are called a vision mixer or video mixer; however, in the United States, the equipment is called a video switcher, production switcher or video production switcher, and its operator is known as a technical director.
  The role of the vision mixer for video is similar to what a mixing console does for audio. Typically a vision mixer would be found in a video production environment such as a television studio, production truck or post-production facility.
context_section_description: The most basic part of a vision mixer is a bus, which is a signal path consisting of multiple video inputs that feeds a single output. On the panel, a bus is represented by a row of buttons; pressing one of those buttons selects the video signal in that bus. Older video mixers had two equivalent buses (called the A and B bus; such a mixer is known as an A/B mixer), and one of these buses could be selected as the main out (or program) bus. Most modern mixers, however, have one bus that is always the program bus, the second main bus being the preview (sometimes called preset) bus. These mixers are called flip-flop mixers, since the selected source of the preview and program buses can be exchanged. Some switchers allow the operator to switch between these two modes. Both the preview and program bus usually have their own video monitors displaying the video selected in their respective buses.
  Another main feature of a vision mixer is the transition lever, also called a T-bar or Fader Bar. This lever, similar to an audio fader, is used to transition between two buses. Note that in a flip-flop mixer, the position of the main transition lever does not indicate which bus is active, since the program bus is always the active or hot bus. Instead of moving the lever by hand, a button (commonly labeled "mix", "auto" or "auto trans") can be used, which performs the transition over a user-defined period of time. Another button, usually labeled "cut" or "take", swaps the preview signal to the program signal instantaneously. The type of transition used can be selected in the transition section. Common transitions include dissolves (similar to an audio cross fade) and pattern wipes.
  A third bus used for compositing is the key bus. A mixer can have more than one key bus, but often they share only one set of buttons. Here, one signal can be selected for keying over the program (or background) bus. The digital on-screen graphic image that will be seen in the program is called the fill, while the mask used to cut the key's translucence is called the source. This source, e.g. chrominance, luminance, pattern (the internal pattern generator is used) or split (an additional video signal similar to an alpha channel is used) and can be selected in the keying section of the mixer. Note that instead of the key bus, other video sources can be selected for the fill signal, but the key bus is usually the most convenient method for selecting a key fill. Usually, a key is turned on and off the same way a transition is. For this, the transition section can be switched from program mode to key mode. Often, the transition section allows background video and one or more keyers to be transitioned separately or in any combination with one push of the "auto" button.
  These three main buses together form the basic mixer section called Program/Preset or P/P. Bigger production mixers may have a number of additional sections of this type, which are called Mix/Effects (M/E for short) sections and numbered. Any M/E section can be selected as a source in the P/P stage, making the mixer operations much more versatile, since effects or keys can be composed "offline" in an M/E and then go "live" at the push of one button.
  After the P/P section, there is another keying stage called the downstream keyer (DSK). It is mostly used for keying text or graphics, and has its own "Cut" and "Mix" buttons. The signal before the DSK keyer is called clean feed. After the DSK is one last stage that overrides any signal with black, usually called Fade To Black or FTB.
  Modern vision mixers may also have additional functions, such as serial communications
  with the ability to use proprietary communications protocols, control auxiliary channels for routing video signals to other sources than the program out, macro programming, and DVE (Digital Video Effects) capabilities. Mixers are often equipped with effects memory registers, which can store a snapshot of any part of a complex mixer configuration and then recall the setup with one button press.
caption: A Sony BVS-3200CP vision mixer.
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