page_title: Externalities of automobiles
section_title: Negative externalities
hierarchical_section_title: Externalities of automobiles / Negative externalities
caption_attribution_description: English: Health Impacts of Automobility (In)direct impacts of (fossil-based) automobility trough inactivity, air pollution, obesity accidents on Percentage of global annual deaths of Ischaemic heart diseases Stroke Chronic abstructive pulmonary disease Lower respiratory infections Alzheimers and other Dementias Bronchus, Lung Cancer Diabetis Melitus Road Injuries Diahoeal diseases Tuberculosis Transformative Urban Mobility Initiative
context_page_description: The externalities of automobiles, similarly to other economic externalities, are the measurable difference in costs for other parties to those of the car proprietor, such costs not taken into account when the proprietor opts to drive their car. According to Harvard University, the main externalities of driving are local and global pollution, oil dependence, traffic congestion
  and traffic accidents; while according to a meta-study conducted by the Delft University these externalities are congestion and scarcity costs, accident costs, air pollution costs, noise costs, climate change costs, costs for nature and landscape, costs for water pollution, costs for soil pollution and costs of energy dependency.
context_section_description: The negative externalities seem to be the most obvious to confirm, since the driver does not take into account, for example, the negative effects of air pollution on third parties, when they opt to drive their car. The legislators and the regulators shall, therefore, internalize those external costs, either by taxes on fuels for example, either by any kind of limitation to car usage, such as parking meters or urban tolls. Nevertheless, it seems the drivers in some countries, already pay some external costs with taxes. Road taxes in the Netherlands for instance, have a relatively high yearly value, which covers the maintenance of the infrastructures. Nevertheless, in the majority of western nations, the external costs of driving, are not covered totally either by taxes, or by any kind of car usage limitation.
caption: Health Impacts of Automobility
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