page_title: Barium titanate
section_title: Uses
hierarchical_section_title: Barium titanate / Uses
caption_attribution_description: Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of the ferroelastic domains that form, on cooling through the Curie temperature, in patterned single crystal BaTiO3 shapes. The vertex point, where domain bundles meet, moves from approximately the geometric center in squares and circles (top) to strongly off-center in oblongs (bottom).
context_page_description: Barium titanate is an inorganic compound with chemical formula BaTiO₃. Barium titanate appears white as a powder and is transparent when prepared as large crystals. It is a ferroelectric ceramic material that exhibits the photorefractive effect and piezoelectric properties. It is used in capacitors, electromechanical transducers and nonlinear optics.
context_section_description: Barium titanate is a dielectric ceramic used in capacitors, with dielectric constant values as high as 7,000. Over a narrow temperature range, values as high as 15,000 are possible; most common ceramic and polymer materials are less than 10, while others, such as titanium dioxide (TiO₂), have values between 20 and 70.
  It is a piezoelectric material used in microphones and other transducers. The spontaneous polarization of barium titanate single crystals at room temperature range between 0.15 C/m² in earlier studies, and 0.26 C/m² in more recent publications, and its Curie temperature is between 120 and 130 °C. The differences are related to the growth technique, with earlier flux grown crystals being less pure than current crystals grown with the Czochralski process, which therefore have a larger spontaneous polarization and a higher Curie temperature.
  As a piezoelectric material, it has been largely replaced by lead zirconate titanate, also known as PZT. Polycrystalline barium titanate has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, making it a useful material for thermistors and self-regulating electric heating systems.
  Barium titanate crystals find use in nonlinear optics. The material has high beam-coupling gain, and can be operated at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. It has the highest reflectivity of the materials used for self-pumped phase conjugation (SPPC) applications. It can be used for continuous-wave four-wave mixing with milliwatt-range optical power. For photorefractive applications, barium titanate can be doped by various other elements, e.g. iron.
  Thin films of barium titanate display electrooptic modulation to frequencies over 40 GHz.
  The pyroelectric and ferroelectric properties of barium titanate are used in some types of uncooled sensors for thermal cameras.
  High-purity barium titanate powder is reported to be a key component of new barium titanate capacitor energy storage systems for use in electric vehicles.
  Due to their elevated biocompatibility, barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs) have been recently employed as nanocarriers for drug delivery.
  Magnetoelectric effect of giant strengths have been reported in thin films grown on barium titanate substrates.
caption: Scanning transmission electron microscopy of the ferroelastic domains that form in BaTiO3 on cooling through the Curie temperature. The vertex point, where domain bundles meet, moves from the center in isometric crystals (top) to off-center in oblongs (bottom).[9]
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