page_title: William Ernest Cooke
section_title: Career
hierarchical_section_title: William Ernest Cooke / Career
caption_attribution_description: English: Staff from the w:Perth Observatory, c.1900. W. Ernest Cooke is seated at left. Cooke's successor Harold Curlewis is standing in the light coloured suit Français&#160;: L'équipe de l'observatoire de Perth, c.1900. W. Ernest Cooke est assis à gauche. Son successeur Harold Curlewis est debout en habit clair
context_page_description: William Ernest Cooke, generally referred to as W. Ernest Cooke or informally Ernest Cooke, was an Australian astronomer, credited with a number of important scientific breakthroughs and improved methodologies in astronomical observations and star cataloguing. He was the first Western Australian Government Astronomer and established the Perth Observatory as one of the best equipped and productive establishments of its type in Australia.
  Cooke was born in Adelaide, the son of Ebenezer Cooke, public servant and politician from South Australia. He was educated at The Collegiate School of St Peter in Adelaide and the University of Adelaide.
  Cooke did well at school: in 1879 he was first placed in St Peter's First Class of matriculants, with passes in Greek and Chemistry. He signed the student roll at the University of Adelaide in March the same year, while he was still 15. After a glowing reference from his headmaster, he took a Civil Service cadetship under Sir Charles Todd at the Adelaide Observatory in December 1878. He was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1883 and a Master of Arts in 1889.
context_section_description: In about 1882 he was appointed as senior assistant, second class at the Adelaide Observatory.
  In the mid-1890s, Todd was advising the Premier of Western Australia Sir John Forrest who wanted to build a high quality Perth Observatory in Western Australia.  In December 1894 he wrote to Forrest advising that the £3,000 which had been set aside in the budgets for construction was sufficient and would be adequate for the purchase of instruments also.  A site was chosen and endorsed by Todd during a one-week visit to Perth in July 1895.  With regards to an astronomer, Todd wrote:
  
  The appointment of an astronomer of course requires very careful consideration and I am glad to call your attention to Mr W. E. Cooke, M.A., my first Assistant who would, I have reason to know, accept the office if offered it. 
  
  Mr Cooke has been employed in the observatory here, under my direction, for about 13 years, and has full experience in all Astronomical and Meteorological work.  He is a most proficient Mathematician and had a distinguished career at Adelaide University.
  
  He is about 32 or 33 years of age, and therefore in the full vigour of young manhood — he is very zealous in his work, very steady, and high principled, and is married.
  
  From my intimate knowledge of him, and his special attainments I can write with confidence to commend him as the very man you want.  You certainly could not do better if you went to England and very probably would not get so good a man.
  The foundation stone was laid by Forrest on 29 September 1896 and the Observatory was completed at a cost of £6,622, more than double the estimate, on 3 March 1897.  Cooke meanwhile was sent on a tour of continental cities to study observatory design and to purchase instruments.  He visited Paris, Nice, Strasbourg and Brussels, as well as visiting Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope.  He arrived in Perth on 7 November 1896 but it would be two years before the first of the two main instruments would be commissioned.   In the interim, he established a first-class meteorological station in the Observatory grounds, with observations continuing to be made there until 1967.  Cooke toured the state extensively, visiting as far north as Wyndham and inland along the Murchison River.  He established several new meteorological stations along the way, training local observers and equipping the stations.  Weather data was transmitted from the country stations twice a day to the General Post Office in Perth by telegraph.  He established a number of voluntary observation posts who transmitted weather data on a monthly basis.  Using the observations, he produced the first daily weather maps and daily forecasts, for Perth, the Goldfields and the state.  By about 1900, a general weather report, a special rainfall report, an isobar map and a forecast were produced each morning and posted for viewing in Perth and Fremantle.
  Cooke opened the Observatory every Tuesday evening to allow public viewings of the equipment.
  Cooke developed an interest in the development of low pressure zones which often dominated the weather cycles, and the possibility of tracking these depressions.  He studied weather records from the Cape of Good Hope, Natal and Mauritius with the hope of associating weather events there with later events in Australia.  He analysed and mapped the passage of cyclones from the North-West into the interior, publishing cyclone forecasts for the first time.  In 1908 the meteorology service was taken over by the Commonwealth, enabling him to concentrate on astronomical projects.
  He established the first official time service on his arrival in Perth.  Using a chronometer and a borrowed theodolite, he determined an accurate solar time each night, clear skies permitting, and a time signal was telegraphed to the GPO at noon each day.  In 1897 a small transit telescope replaced the theodolite and in about 1898 two standard German precision clocks were installed to track sidereal time and solar mean time.  Several methods of broadcasting the time were used:
  A time ball was dropped a
caption: Perth Observatory staff, c.1900. Cooke is seated at the left.  His successor Harold Curlewis, is standing in the light coloured suit
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