page_title: Gradual of Manuel I of Portugal
section_title: History
hierarchical_section_title: Gradual of Manuel I of Portugal / History
caption_attribution_description: English: A contemporary depiction of King Manuel I of Portugal in his own illuminated Liber Missarum, commissioned on the occasion of his second marriage (to Maria of Aragon, in 1500). The king is praying, kneeling on a cushion, before an open book and under a canopy; behind him is an oversized armillary sphere (the King's personal device). He wears full armour, the crowned helmet resting by his feet. The red drapery that covers the hassock is embroidered with several upper-case M's – for Manuel and Maria. Português: Representação coeva de D. Manuel I de Portugal, em iluminura do seu Liber Missarum, encomendado por ocasião do seu segundo casamento (com D. Maria de Aragão, em 1500). O rei ajoelha num coxim em atitude orante, com um livro aberto, sob um dossel, tendo por trás de si uma esfera armilar com uma escala descomunal. O rei veste cota de armas e es-pada, com elmo à sua esquerda. No panejamento que recobre o genuflexório, está várias vezes bordada a letra M maiúscula – de Manuel e Maria.
context_page_description: The Gradual of Manuel I of Portugal is a kyriale or gradual dated c. 1500, originally owned by King Manuel I of Portugal. It contains Gregorian chant settings for the Ordinary of the Mass, comprising a total of eighteen complete polyphonic Masses by the foremost contemporary composers, among them Jacobus Barbireau, Alexander Agricola, Pierre de la Rue, Marbrianus de Orto, Josquin des Prez, Johannes Ghiselin, and Antoine Brumel.
  It is currently part of the collections of the Austrian National Library, in Vienna, shelfmark Ms. 1783.
context_section_description: The artists that produced the codex have not been conclusively established. It was previously incorrectly and anachronistically attributed to Francisco de Holanda, although his father António de Holanda, then a young man, is not outside the realm of possibility. More recent scholarship attributes part of the codex to calligrapher and music scribe Martin Bourgeois, based on the inscription "hinc Burgos" found within one of the litterae cadassae, and on stylistic similarities to the c. 1504-06 Choirbook of Philip the Fair and Juana of Castile (Royal Library of Belgium, MS 9126), which has been attributed to him.
  It is known that the manuscript was commissioned by Manuel I of Portugal on the occasion of his second marriage, to Maria of Aragon, daughter of the Catholic Monarchs, in 1500. The king was a noted music-lover, as detailed in the chronicles of Damião de Góis.
  The Gradual was left to the king's daughter, Isabella of Portugal, the wife of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, thus explaining its incorporation into the Imperial Court Library (precursor of the modern Austrian National Library).
caption: Depiction of King Manuel I in the gradual.
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