page_title: Bunsen burner
section_title: Operation
hierarchical_section_title: Bunsen burner / Operation
caption_attribution_description: Polski: Różne kolory i kształty płomienia palnika Bunsena w zależności od ilości wpuszczanego powietrza. brak powietrza trochę powietrza dużo powietrza przepływ maksymalny Ta grafika została stworzona przez Artura Jana Fijałkowskiego (WarX) przy użyciu Wolnego Oprogramowania i udostępniona na zasadach licencji GFDL. Autorem zdjęć jest Garett. English: Different flame types of Bunsen burner depending on air flow through the valve. air valve closed air valve nearly fully closed air valve semi-opened air valve maximally opened This image was created by Arthur Jan Fijałkowski (WarX) using Open Source software and released under GFDL. Used photos are made by Garett. Français&#160;: Différents types de flammes d'un bec Bunsen en fonction du flux d'air dans le conduit virole fermée virole mi-ouvert virole presque entièrement ouverte virole entièrement ouverte Cette image créée par Arthur Jan Fijałkowski (WarX) à l'aide de logiciels Open Source est sous licence GFDL. Les photos d'origine sont de Garett. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work to remix – to adapt the work Under the following conditions: attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). share alike – If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. This licensing tag was added to this file as part of the GFDL licensing update.
context_page_description: A Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of gas burner used as laboratory equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion.
  The gas can be natural gas or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture.
context_section_description: The device in use today safely burns a continuous stream of a flammable gas such as natural gas (which is principally methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas such as propane, butane, or a mixture of both.
  The hose barb is connected to a gas nozzle on the laboratory bench with rubber tubing.  Most laboratory benches are equipped with multiple gas nozzles connected to a central gas source, as well as vacuum, nitrogen, and steam nozzles.  The gas then flows up through the base through a small hole at the bottom of the barrel and is directed upward. There are open slots in the side of the tube bottom to admit air into the stream using the Venturi effect, and the gas burns at the top of the tube once ignited by a flame or spark.  The most common methods of lighting the burner are using a match or a spark lighter.
  The amount of air mixed with the gas stream affects the completeness of the combustion reaction.  Less air yields an incomplete and thus cooler reaction, while a gas stream well mixed with air provides oxygen in a stoichiometric amount and thus a complete and hotter reaction.  The air flow can be controlled by opening or closing the slot openings at the base of the barrel, similar in function to the choke in a carburettor.
  If the collar at the bottom of the tube is adjusted so more air can mix with the gas before combustion, the flame will burn hotter, appearing blue as a result.  If the holes are closed, the gas will only mix with ambient air at the point of combustion, that is, only after it has exited the tube at the top.  This reduced mixing produces an incomplete reaction, producing a cooler but brighter yellow, which is often called the "safety flame" or "luminous flame".  The yellow flame is luminous due to small soot particles in the flame, which are heated to incandescence. The yellow flame is considered "dirty" because it leaves a layer of carbon on whatever it is heating.  When the burner is regulated to produce a hot, blue flame, it can be nearly invisible against some backgrounds. The hottest part of the flame is the tip of the inner flame, while the coolest is the whole inner flame. Increasing the amount of fuel gas flow through the tube by opening the needle valve will increase the size of the flame.  However, unless the airflow is adjusted as well, the flame temperature will decrease because an increased amount of gas is now mixed with the same amount of air, starving the flame of oxygen.
  Generally, the burner is placed underneath a laboratory tripod, which supports a beaker or other container. The burner will often be placed on a suitable heatproof mat to protect the laboratory bench surface.
  A Bunsen burner is also used in microbiology laboratories to sterilise pieces of equipment and to produce an updraft that forces airborne contaminants away from the working area.
caption: Bunsen burner flames depend on air flow in the throat holes (on the burner side, not the needle valve for gas flow): 1. air hole closed (safety flame used for lighting or default), 2. air hole slightly open, 3. air hole half-open, 4. air hole fully open (roaring blue flame).
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