page_title: Heilmann locomotive
section_title: La Fusée Electrique
hierarchical_section_title: Heilmann locomotive / La Fusée Electrique
caption_attribution_description: English: "Cutaway" wood engraving of the experimental "Fusée Electrique" steam locomotive with electric transmission designed by Jean Heilmann, Paris.
context_page_description: The Heilmann locomotives were a series of three experimental steam-electric locomotives produced in the 1890s for the French Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest. A prototype was built in 1894 and two larger locomotives were built in 1897. These locomotives used electric transmission, much like later-popular diesel-electric locomotives and various other self powered locomotives.
context_section_description: In 1890 Jean Jacques Heilmann registered a patent (France №. 207055) for a self powered electric vehicle; the design was intended to eliminate the unbalanced oscillatory moments and "hammer blow" caused by the cranked action of a conventional mechanical steam locomotive. His design used a balanced steam engine to drive the locomotive via an electrical transmission (an electrical generator driving electric motors via controlling rheostats and switches). Heilmann wished to create a machine specifically suited for high-speed trains without the high costs of an electrified infrastructure. His earliest design was of a trainset consisting of a vehicle with a triple expansion steam engine (of 600 hp.) and generator (providing 480 hp @ 80% expected efficiency), a tender and three carriages. The entire train was to run on bogies, and use a distributed traction system provided by 12 axle-mounted electric motors in the three carriages.
  The first real locomotive built to Heilmann's design was a prototype steam-electric locomotive, with boiler, steam engine, generator and motors built into a single locomotive; construction began in 1892 and was complete in August 1893, and named Fusée (also known as La Fusée Électrique; English: The Electric Rocket), a reference to the 1830 Stephenson locomotive "Rocket".
  The steam engine (designed by Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works (SLM) at Winterthur, Switzerland.) and boiler were built at the Forges et Chantiers de la Méditerranée in Le Havre, the electrical equipment was designed and built at Brown, Boveri & Compagnie of Baden, Switzerland, whilst the locomotive frame and bogies were built at the Compagnie de Materiel de Chemins de Fer.
  The locomotive had a 600 to 800 metric horsepower (440 to 590 kW) (@ 300 to 400 rpm) two-cylinder horizontal compound steam engine with transversely mounted cylinders of 425 and 650 millimetres (16.7 and 25.6 in) diameter by 300 mm (11​⁴⁄₅ in) stroke. It was supplied with steam by a Lentz-type boiler, operating at a pressure of 12.6 standard atmospheres (185 lbf/in²). The engine had a fixed cutoff with no reversing mechanism, and no speed governor excluding a centrifugal overspeed safety device.
  The firebox was of a stayless corrugated type. It had a grate area of 2.25 square metres (24.2 sq ft). The boiler had a total surface area of 145 square metres (1,560 sq ft).
  The steam engine drove directly a direct current dynamo, rated at approximately 500 kW (1200 A @ 400 V); it was a six pole machine with the armature constructed on the Gramme dynamo principle with six brushes. The generator's field coils were energised by a separate bipolar dynamo capable of generating 100 A at 100 V (10 kilowatts (13 hp)), which was directly driven at approximately 300 RPM by a 20 CV two cylinder vertical compound steam engine of similar design to the main engine. This secondary generator's output was also used to provide a supply for electric lighting in carriages.
  Electric speed and load control was obtained by reducing the main generator's field excitation current coming from the 10 kilowatts (13 hp) dynamo using a twelve step drum rheostat. The eight traction motors were connected in parallel; for low speed control the motors could be series connected in two sets of four connected in parallel.
  The motors were located in two four-axle bogies, with wheelset having a sealed axle mounted 80 to 100 metric horsepower (59 to 74 kW) electric motor; giving a Do-Do wheel arrangement. Braking was by Westinghouse air brakes, with disc brakes fitted on all wheels. The locomotive was a cab forward design.
  The first official tests of the locomotive began on 2 February 1894; performing a return working from Le Havre to Bréauté-Beuzeville (on the Paris–Le Havre railway), chosen for its difficult gradients including an 8 per mille (1 in 125) gradient over more than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi). The test train consisted of the locomotive (fully fueled to 118 tonnes), four new first class carriages, a dynamometer car, and two vans containing one tonne of batteries between them; the total train weight w
caption: "Cutaway" view
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