Document:

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                                                                     Exhibit 4.1

              CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT OF ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION

                                       OF

                                 UNIVERSE2U INC.

         The undersigned, Jeffrey Rosenthal, President of Universe2U Inc. (the
"Corporation") and Paul Pathak, Secretary of the Corporation, do hereby certify
in accordance with NRS 78.207 and NRS 78.209:

         That the original authorized capital stock of the Corporation prior to
the filing of this Certificate of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation has
been authorized in an amount of One Thousand Dollars ($1,000.00) consisting of
One Hundred Million (100,000,000) shares of common stock of the par value of
$0.00001 each;

         That the board of Directors of said Corporation at a meeting duly
convened and held on the 5th day of March 2001, adopted a resolution to amend
the original Articles of Incorporation of the Corporation as follows:

         Article Fourth is hereby amended and restated in its entirety to read
as follows:

          FOURTH: (a) Authorized Capital and Shares. The amount of total
          authorized capital stock of the Corporation is One Thousand One
          Hundred Dollars ($1,100.00) consisting of One Hundred Ten Million
          (110,000,000) shares divided into two classes, of which Ten Million
          (10,000,000) shares, $.00001 par value per share, shall be designated
          Preferred Stock and One Hundred Million (100,000,000) shares, $.00001
          par value per share, shall be designated Common Stock.

          (b) Preferred Stock. (I) Shares of Preferred Stock may be issued in
          one or more series, from time to time, with each such series to
          consist of such number of shares and to have such voting powers, full
          or limited, or no voting powers, and such designations, preferences
          and relative, participating, optional or other special rights, and the
          qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, as shall be
          stated in the resolution or resolutions providing for the issuance of
          such series adopted by the Board of Directors of the Corporation, and
          the Board of Directors is hereby expressly vested with authority, to
          the full extent now or hereafter provided by law, to adopt any such
          resolution or resolutions. The authority of the Board of Directors
          with respect to each series of Preferred Stock shall include, but not
          be limited to, determination of the following:

               (i) The number of shares constituting that series and the
               distinctive designation of that series;

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               (ii) The dividend rate on the shares of that series, whether
               dividends shall be cumulative, and, if so, from which date or
               dates, and the relative rights of priority, if any, of payment of
               dividends on shares of that series;

               (iii) Whether that series shall have voting rights, in addition
               to the voting rights provided by law, and, if so, the terms of
               such voting rights;

               (iv) Whether that series shall have conversion privileges, and,
               if so, the terms and conditions of such conversion, including
               provision for adjustment of the conversion rate in such events as
               the Board of Directors shall determine;

               (v) Whether or not the shares of that series shall be redeemable,
               and, if so, the terms and conditions of such redemption,
               including the date or date upon or after which they shall be
               redeemable, and the amount per share payable in case of
               redemption, which amount may vary under different conditions and
               at different redemption dates;

               (vi) Whether that series shall have a sinking fund for the
               redemption or purchase of shares of that series, and, if so, the
               terms and amount of such sinking fund;

               (vii) The rights of the shares of that series in the event of
               voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up
               of the Corporation, and the relative rights of priority, if any,
               of payment with respect to shares of that series; and

               (viii) Any other relative rights, preferences and limitations of
               that series.

          (II) Voting Rights. Each holder of Common Stock, as such, shall be
          entitled to one vote for each share of Common Stock held of record by
          such holder on all matters on which stockholders generally are
          entitled to vote; provided, however, that, except as otherwise
          required by law, holders of Common Stock, as such, shall not be
          entitled to vote on any amendment to this Amended and Restated
          Articles of Incorporation (including any Certificate of Designations
          relating to any series of Preferred Stock) that relates solely to the
          terms of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the
          holders of such affected series are entitled, either separately or
          together with the holders of one or more other such series, to

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          vote thereon pursuant to this Amended and Restated Articles of
          Incorporation (including any Certificate of Designations relating to
          any series of Preferred Stock) or pursuant to Section 78.350 of the
          Nevada Revised Statutes ("NRS").

          (c) No Class Vote On Changes in Authorized Number of Shares of
          Preferred Stock. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of
          Preferred Stock pursuant to the terms of the Amended and Restated
          Articles of Incorporation or any resolution or resolutions providing
          for the issuance of such series of stock adopted by the Board of
          Directors, the number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be
          increased or decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof
          then outstanding) by the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority
          of the stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the
          election of directors irrespective of the provisions of Section 78.330
          of the NRS.

          (d) No Preemptive Rights. No holder of stock of the Corporation of any
          class, now or hereafter authorized, shall have any preferential or
          preemptive right to subscribe for, purchase or receive any stock of
          the Corporation of any class, now or hereafter authorized, or any
          options or warrants for such stock, or any rights to subscribe for or
          purchase such stock, or any securities convertible into or
          exchangeable for such stock, which may at any time be issued, sold or
          offered for sale by the Corporation.

          (e) Liquidation, Dissolution, or Winding Up. In the event of any
          voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of
          the affairs of the Corporation, after payment or provision for payment
          of the debts and other liabilities of the Corporation and of the
          preferential amounts, if any, to which the holders of Preferred Stock
          shall be entitled, the holders of all outstanding shares of Common
          Stock shall be entitled to share ratably in the remaining net assets
          of the Corporation.

          (f) Dividends. Subject to the preferential rights, if any, of the
          Preferred Stock, the holders of shares of Common Stock shall be
          entitled to receive, when and if declared by the Board of Directors,
          out of the assets of the Corporation which are by law available
          therefor, dividends payable either in cash, in property, or in shares
          of Common Stock.

     That there are no provisions for the issuance of fractional shares, or for
the payment of money or the issuance of scrip to stockholders otherwise entitled
to a fraction of a share and the percentage of outstanding shares affected
thereby;

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         That the amendment to the Articles of Incorporation regarding the
authorized capital is effective upon the filing of this Certificate;

         That the number of shares of the Corporation outstanding and entitled
to vote on an amendment to the Articles of Incorporation are 36,978,225 and that
the said changes and amendment has been consented to and approved by a majority
vote of the stockholders holding at least a majority of each class of stock
outstanding and entitled to vote thereon at the annual meeting of stockholders
held on May 24, 2001.

Dated: July 24, 2001

                                                    /s/ Jeffrey Rosenthal
                                                    ----------------------------
                                                    Jeffrey Rosenthal
                                                    President

                                                    /s/ Paul Pathak
                                                    ---------------------------
                                                    Paul Pathak
                                                    Secretary

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                                                                     Exhibit 4.2

                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                                 UNIVERSE2U INC.

I.   SHAREHOLDER'S MEETING.

     .01  Annual Meetings.

     The annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at such date and time as
     shall be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors and stated
     in the notice of meeting or in a duly executed waiver thereof. At such
     annual meeting, the stockholders shall elect, by a plurality of the votes,
     a Board of Directors and transact such other business as may properly be
     brought before the meeting.

     .02  Special Meeting.

     Special meetings of the shareholders of this Corporation may be called at
     any time by the president, or by the Board of Directors or a majority
     thereof. No business shall be transacted at any special meeting of
     shareholders except as is specified in the notice calling for said meeting.
     The Board of Directors may designate any place, either within or without
     the State of Nevada, as the place of any special meeting called by the
     president or the Board of Directors, and special meetings called at the
     request of shareholders shall be held at such place in the State of Nevada,
     as may be determined by the Board of Directors and placed in the notice of
     such meeting.

     .03  Notice of Meeting.

     Written notice of annual or special meetings of shareholders stating the
     place, day, and hour of the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting,
     the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called shall be given by
     the secretary or persons authorized to call the meeting to each shareholder
     of record entitled to vote at the meeting. Such notice shall be given not
     less than ten (10) nor more than fifty (50) days prior to the date of the
     meeting, and such notice shall be deemed to be delivered when deposited in
     the United States mail addressed to the shareholder at his/her address as
     it appears on the stock transfer books of the Corporation.

     .04  Waiver of Notice.

     Notice of the time, place, and purpose of any meeting may be waived in
     writing and will be waived by any shareholder by his/her attendance thereat
     in person or by proxy. Any shareholder so waiving shall be bound by the
     proceedings of any such meeting in all respects as if due notice thereof
     had been given.

     .05  Quorum and Adjourned Meetings.

     A majority of the outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled

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     to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a
     meeting of shareholders. A majority of the shares represented at a meeting,
     even if less than a quorum, may adjourn the meeting from time to time
     without further notice. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall
     be present or represented, any business may be transacted which might have
     been transacted at the meeting as originally notified. The shareholders
     present at a duly organized meeting may continue to transact business until
     adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough shareholders to leave
     less than a quorum.

     .06  Proxies.

     At all meetings of shareholders, a shareholder may vote by proxy executed
     in writing by the shareholder or by his/her duly authorized attorney in
     fact. Such proxy shall be filed with the secretary of the Corporation
     before or at the time of the meeting. No proxy shall be valid after eleven
     (11) months from the date of its execution, unless otherwise provided in
     the proxy.

     .07  Voting of Shares.

     Except as otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation or in these
     Bylaws, every shareholder of record shall have the right at every
     shareholder's meeting to one (1) vote for every share standing in his/her
     name on the books of the Corporation, and the affirmative vote of a
     majority of the shares represented at a meeting and entitled to vote
     thereat shall be necessary for the adoption of a motion or for the
     determination of all questions and business which shall come before the
     meeting.

II.  DIRECTORS.

     .01  General Powers.

     The business and affairs of the Corporation shall be managed by its Board
     of Directors.

     .02  Number, Tenure and Qualifications.

     The number of Directors of the Corporation shall be not less than one nor
     more than eleven. Each Director shall hold office until the next annual
     meeting of shareholders and until his/her successor shall have been elected
     and qualified. Directors need not be residents of the State of Nevada or
     shareholders of the Corporation.

     .03  Nomination.

     Only persons who are nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth
     in this Article 2 shall be eligible for election as Directors. Nominations
     of persons for election to the Board of Directors of the Corporation may be
     made by any stockholder of the Corporation entitled to vote for the
     election of Directors at the meeting who complies with the notice
     procedures set forth in this Article 2. Such nominations, other than those
     made by or at the direction of the Board of Directors, shall be made
     pursuant to timely notice in writing to the Secretary of the

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     Corporation. To be timely, a stockholder's notice shall be delivered to or
     mailed and received at the principal executive offices of the Corporation
     not less than 60 days nor more than 90 days prior to the meeting; provided,
     however, that in the event that less than 70 days' notice or prior public
     disclosure of the date of the meeting is given or made to stockholders,
     notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so received not later than
     the close of business on the 10th day following the day on which such
     notice of the date of the meeting was mailed or such public disclosure was
     made. Such stockholder's notice shall set forth (a) as to each person whom
     the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or re-election as a
     Director, (i) the name, age, business address and residence of such person,
     (ii) the principal occupation or employment of such person, (iii) the class
     and number of shares of the Corporation which are beneficially owned by
     such person, and (iv) any other information relating to such person that is
     required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of
     Directors, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation
     14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (including
     without limitation such persons' written consent to being named in the
     proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a Director if elected); and
     (b) as to the stockholder giving the notice (i) the name and address, as
     they appear on the Corporation's books, of such stockholder and (ii) the
     class and number of shares of the Corporation which are beneficially owned
     by such stockholder. At the request of the Board of Directors any person
     nominated by the Board of Directors for election as a Director shall
     furnish to the Secretary of the Corporation that information required to be
     set forth in a stockholder's notice of nomination which pertains to the
     nominee. No person shall be eligible for election as a Director of the
     Corporation unless nominated in accordance with the procedures set forth in
     this Article 2. The Chairman of the meeting shall, if the facts warrant,
     determine and declare to the meeting that a nomination was not made in
     accordance with the procedures prescribed by the By-Laws, and if he should
     so determine, he shall so declare to the meeting and the defective
     nomination shall be disregarded.

     .04  Election.

     The Directors shall be elected by the shareholders at their annual meeting
     each year; and if, for any cause the Directors shall not have been elected
     at an annual meeting, they may be elected at a special meeting of
     shareholders called for that purpose in the manner provided by these
     Bylaws.

     .05  Vacancies.

     In case of any vacancy in a seat of the Board of Directors, the remaining
     Director, whether constituting a quorum or not, may elect a successor to
     hold office for the unexpired portion of the terms of the Director whose
     place shall be vacant, and until his/her successor shall have been duly
     elected and qualified.

     .06  Resignation.

     Any Director may resign at any time by delivering written notice to the
     secretary of the Corporation.

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     .07  Meetings.

     At any annual, special or regular meeting of the Board of Directors, any
     business may be transacted, and the Board may exercise all of its powers.
     Any such annual, special or regular meeting of the Board of Directors of
     the Corporation may be held outside of the State of Nevada, and any member
     or members of the Board of Directors of the Corporation may participate in
     any such meeting by means of a conference telephone or similar
     communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the
     meeting can hear each other at the same time; the participation by such
     means shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

          A.  Annual Meeting of Directors.

          Annual meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held immediately
          after the annual shareholders' meeting or at such time and place as
          may be determined by the Directors. No notice of the annual meeting of
          the Board of Directors shall be necessary.

          B.  Special Meetings.

          Special meetings of the Directors shall be called at any time and
          place upon the call of the president or any Director. Notice of the
          time and place of each special meeting shall be given by the
          secretary, or the persons calling the meeting, by mail, radio,
          telegram, or by personal communication by telephone or otherwise at
          least one four (4) hours in advance of the time of the meeting. The
          purpose of the meeting need not be given in the notice. Notice of any
          special meeting may be waived in writing or by telegram (either before
          or after such meeting) and will be waived by any Director in
          attendance at such meeting.

          C.  Regular Meetings of Directors.

          Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held at such place
          and on such day and hour as shall from time to time be fixed by
          resolution of the Board of Directors. No notice of regular meetings of
          the Board of Directors shall be necessary.

     .08  Quorum and Voting.

     A majority of the Directors presently in office shall constitute a quorum
     for all purposes, but a lesser number may adjourn any meeting, and the
     meeting may be held as adjourned without further notice. At each meeting of
     the Board at which a quorum is present, the act of a majority of the
     Directors present at the meeting shall be the act of the Board of
     Directors. The Directors present at a duly organized meeting may continue
     to transact business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of
     enough Directors to leave less than a quorum.

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     .09  Compensation.

     By resolution of the Board of Directors, the Directors may be paid their
     expenses, if any, of attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors
     and may be paid a fixed sum for attendance at each meeting of the Board of
     Directors or a stated salary as Director or receive equity compensation. No
     such payment shall preclude any Director from serving the Corporation in
     any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor.

     .10  Presumption of Assent.

     A Director of the Corporation who is present at a meeting of the Board of
     Directors at which action on any corporate matter is taken shall be
     presumed to have assented to the action taken unless his/her dissent shall
     be entered in the minutes of the meeting or unless he/she shall file
     his/her written dissent to such action with the person acting as the
     secretary of the meeting before the adjournment thereof or shall forward
     such dissent by registered mail to the secretary of the Corporation
     immediately after the adjournment of the meeting. Such right to dissent
     shall not apply to a Director who voted in favor of such action.

     .11  Executive and Other Committees.

     The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by two-thirds of the full
     Board of Directors, may designate from among its members an executive
     committee and one of more other committees, each of which, to the extent
     provided in such resolution, shall have and may exercise all the authority
     of the Board of Directors, but no such committee shall have the authority
     of the Board of Directors, in reference to amending the Articles of
     Incorporation, adoption a plan of merger or consolidation, recommending to
     the shareholders the sale, lease, exchange, or other disposition of all of
     substantially all the property and assets of the dissolution of the
     Corporation or a revocation thereof, designation of any such committee and
     the delegation thereto of authority shall not operate to relieve any member
     of the Board of Directors of any responsibility imposed by law.

     .12  Chairman of Board of Directors.

     The Board of Directors may, in its discretion, elect a chairman of the
     Board of Directors from its members; and, if a chairman has been elected,
     he/she shall, when present, preside at all meetings of the Board of
     Directors and the shareholders and shall have such other powers as the
     Board may prescribe.

     .13  Removal.

     Directors may be removed from office with or without cause by a vote of
     shareholders holding a majority of the shares entitled to vote at an
     election of Directors.

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III. ACTIONS BY WRITTEN CONSENT.

Any corporate action required by the Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, or the
laws under which this Corporation is formed, to be voted upon or approved at a
duly called meeting of the Directors or shareholders may be accomplished without
a meeting if a written memorandum of the respective Directors or shareholders,
setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by all the Directors or
shareholders, as the case may be.

IV.  OFFICERS.

     .01  Officers Designated.

     The Officers of the Corporation shall be a president, one or more vice
     presidents (the number thereof to be determined by the Board of Directors),
     a secretary and a treasurer, each of whom shall be elected by the Board of
     Directors, and such other Officers and assistant officers as may be deemed
     necessary may be elected or appointed by the Board of Directors. Any
     Officer may be held by the same person, except that in the event that the
     Corporation shall have more than one director, the offices of president and
     secretary shall be held by different persons.

     .02  Election, Qualification and Term of Office.

     Each of the Officers shall be elected by the Board of Directors. None of
     said Officers need be a Director. The Officers shall be elected by the
     Board of Directors. Except as hereinafter provide, each of said Officers
     shall hold office from the date of his/her election until the next annual
     meeting of the Board of Directors and until his/her successor shall have
     been duly elected and qualified.

     .03  Powers and Duties.

     The powers and duties of the respective corporate Officers shall be as
follows:

          A.  President.

          The president shall be the chief executive Officer of the Corporation
          and, subject to the direction and control of the Board of Directors,
          shall have general charge and supervision over its property, business,
          and affairs. He/she shall, unless a Chairman of the Board of Directors
          has been elected and is present, preside at meetings of the
          shareholders and the Board of Directors.

          B.  Vice President.

          In the absence of the president or his/her inability to act, the
          senior vice president shall act in his place and stead and shall have
          all the powers and authority of the president, except as limited by
          resolution of the Board of Directors.

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          C.  Secretary.

          The secretary shall:

               1.   Keep the minutes of the shareholder's and of the
                    Board of Directors meetings in one or more books
                    provided for that purpose;

               2.   See that all notices are duly given in accordance
                    with the provisions of these Bylaws or as required
                    by law;

               3.   Be custodian of the corporate records and of the
                    seal of the Corporation and affix the seal of the
                    Corporation to all documents as may be required;

               4.   Keep a register of the post office address of each
                    shareholder which shall be furnished to the
                    secretary by such shareholder;

               5.   Sign with the president, or a vice president,
                    certificates for shares of the Corporation, the
                    issuance of which shall have been authorized by
                    resolution of the Board of Directors;

               6.   Have general charge of the stock transfer books of
                    the corporation; and,

               7.   In general perform all duties incident to the office of
                    secretary and such other duties as from time to time may be
                    assigned to him/her by the president or by the Board of
                    Directors.

          D.  Treasurer.

          Subject to the direction and control of the Board of Directors, the
          treasurer shall have the custody, control and disposition of the funds
          and securities of the Corporation and shall account for the same; and,
          at the expiration of his/her term of office, he/she shall turn over to
          his/her successor all property of the Corporation in his/her
          possession.

          E.  Assistant Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers.

          The assistant secretaries, when authorized by the Board of Directors,
          may sign with the president or a vice president certificates for
          shares of the Corporation the issuance of which shall have been
          authorized by a resolution of the Board of Directors. The assistant
          treasurers shall, respectively, if required by the Board of Directors,
          give bonds for the faithful discharge of their duties in such sums and
          with such sureties as the Board of Directors shall determine. The
          assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers, in general, shall
          perform such duties as shall be assigned to them by the secretary or
          the treasurer, respectively, or by the president

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          or the Board of Directors.

     .04  Removal.

     The Board of Directors shall have the right to remove any Officer whenever
     in its judgment the best interest of the Corporation will be served
     thereby.

     .05  Vacancies.

     The Board of Directors may fill any office which is or becomes vacant with
     a successor who shall hold office for the unexpired term and until his/her
     successor shall have been duly elected and qualified.

     .06  Salaries.

     The salaries of all Officers of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board
     of Directors.

V.   SHARE CERTIFICATES

     .01  Form and Execution of Certificates.

     Certificates for shares of the Corporation shall be in such form as is
     consistent with the provisions of the Corporation laws of the State of
     Nevada. They shall be signed by the president and by the secretary, and the
     seal of the Corporation shall be affixed thereto. Certificates may be
     issued for fractional shares.

     .02  Transfers.

     Shares may be transferred by delivery of the certificates therefor,
     accompanied either by an assignment in writing on the back of the
     certificates or by a written power of attorney to assign and transfer the
     same signed by the record holder of the certificate. Except as otherwise
     specifically provided in these Bylaws, no shares shall be transferred on
     the books of the Corporation until the outstanding certificate therefor has
     been surrendered to the Corporation.

     .03  Loss or Destruction of Certificates.

     In case of loss or destruction of any certificate of shares, another may be
     issued in its place upon proof of such loss or destruction and upon the
     giving of a satisfactory bond of indemnity to the Corporation. A new
     certificate may be issued without requiring any bond, when in the judgment
     of the Board of Directors it is proper to do so.

VI.  BOOKS AND RECORDS.

     .01  Books of Accounts, Minutes and Share Register.

     The Corporation shall keep complete books and records of accounts and
     minutes of the proceedings of the Board of Directors and

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     shareholders and shall keep at its registered office, principal place of
     business, or at the office of its transfer agent or registrar a share
     register giving the names of the shareholders in alphabetical order and
     showing their respective addresses and the number of shares held by each.

     .02  Copies of Resolutions.

     Any person dealing with the Corporation may rely upon a copy of any of the
     records of the proceedings, resolutions, or votes of the Board of Directors
     or shareholders, when certified by the president or secretary.

VII. CORPORATE SEAL.

The following is an impression of the corporate seal of this Corporation:

VIII. LOANS.

Generally, no loans shall be made by the Corporation to its Officers or
Directors, unless first approved by two-thirds of the Directors. Loans shall be
permitted to be made to Officers, Directors and employees of the Company for
moving expenses, including the cost of procuring housing. Such loans shall be
subject to two-thirds consent of the Board of Directors.

IX.  INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS.

     .01  Indemnification.

     The Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is
     threatened to be made a party to any proceeding, whether civil, criminal,
     administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of
     the Corporation) by reason of the fact that such person is or was a
     Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or
     was serving at the request of the Corporation as a Director, Trustee,
     Officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
     venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorneys'
     fees), judgment, fines and amounts paid in settlement actually and
     reasonably incurred by such person in connection with such action, suit or
     proceeding if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person
     reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
     Corporation, and with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no
     reasonable cause to believe such person's conduct was unlawful. The
     termination of any action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order,
     settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its
     equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did
     not act in good faith and in a manner which such person reasonably believed
     to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the Corporation, and with
     respect to any criminal action proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe
     that such person's conduct was unlawful.

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     .02  Derivative Action

     The Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party or is
     threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed
     action or suit by or in the right of the Corporation to procure a judgment
     in the Corporation's favor by reason of the fact that such person is or was
     a Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is
     or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a Director, Trustee,
     Officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint
     venture, trust or other enterprise, against expenses (including attorney's
     fees) and amount paid in settlement actually and reasonably incurred by
     such person in connection with the defense or settlement of such action or
     suit if such person acted in good faith and in a manner such person
     reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
     Corporation, and, with respect to amounts paid in settlement, the
     settlement of the suit or action was in the best interests of the
     Corporation; provided, however, that no indemnification shall be made in
     respect of any claim, issue or matter as to which such person shall have
     been adjudged to be liable for gross negligence or willful misconduct in
     the performance of such person's duty to the Corporation unless and only to
     the extent that, the court in which such action or suit was brought shall
     determine upon application that, despite circumstances of the case, such
     person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for such expenses as
     such court shall deem proper. The termination of any action or suit by
     judgment or settlement shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the
     person did not act in good faith and in a manner which such person
     reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the
     Corporation.

     .03  Successful Defense.

     To the extent that a Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or Agent of the
     Corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise, in whole or in
     part in defense of any action, suit or proceeding referred to in Paragraphs
     .01 and .02 above, or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein,
     such person shall be indemnified against expenses (including attorneys'
     fees) actually and reasonably incurred by such person in connection
     therewith.

     .04  Authorization.

     Any indemnification under Paragraphs .01 and .02 above (unless ordered by a
     court) shall be made by the Corporation only as authorized in the specific
     case upon a determination that indemnification of the Director, Trustee,
     Officer, employee or agent is proper in the circumstances because such
     person has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in Paragraphs
     .01 and .02 above. Such determination shall be made (a) by the Board of
     Directors of the Corporation by a majority vote of a quorum consisting of
     Directors who were not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, or (b)
     is such a quorum is not obtainable, by a majority vote of the Directors who
     were not parties to such action, suit or proceeding, or (c) by independent
     legal counsel (selected by one or more of the Directors, whether or not a
     quorum

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<PAGE>

     and whether or not disinterested) in a written opinion, or (d) by the
     Shareholders. Anyone making such a determination under this Paragraph .04
     may determine that a person has met the standards therein set forth as to
     some claims, issues or matters but not as to others, and may reasonably
     prorate amounts to be paid as indemnification.

     .05  Advances.

     Expenses incurred in defending civil or criminal action, suit or proceeding
     shall be paid by the Corporation, at any time or from time to time in
     advance of the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding as
     authorized in the manner provided in Paragraph .04 above upon receipt of an
     undertaking by or on behalf of the Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or
     agent to repay such amount unless it shall ultimately be by the Corporation
     is authorized in this Section.

     .06  Nonexclusivity.

     The indemnification provided in this Section shall not be deemed exclusive
     of any other rights to which those indemnified may be entitled under any
     law, bylaw, agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested Directors or
     otherwise, both as to action in such person's official capacity and as to
     action in another capacity while holding such office, and shall continue as
     to a person who has ceased to be a Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or
     agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors, and
     administrators of such a person.

     .07  Insurance.

     The Corporation shall have the power to purchase and maintain insurance on
     behalf of any person who is or was a Director, Trustee, Officer, employee
     or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the
     Corporation as a Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or agent of another
     corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise, against
     any liability assessed against such person in any such capacity or arising
     out of such person's status as such, whether or not the corporation would
     have the power to indemnify such person against such liability.

     .08  "Corporation" Defined.

     For purposes of this Section, references to the "Corporation" shall
     include, in addition to the Corporation, any constituent corporation
     (including any constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or
     merger which, if its separate existence had continued, would have had the
     power and authority to indemnify its Directors, Trustees, Officers,
     employees or agents, so that any person who is or was a Director, Trustee,
     Officer, employee or agent of such constituent corporation or of any entity
     a majority of the voting stock of which is owned by such constituent
     corporation or is or was serving at the request of such constituent
     corporation as a Director, Trustee, Officer, employee or agent of the
     corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or

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<PAGE>

     other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under the provisions of
     this Section with respect to the resulting or surviving Corporation as such
     person would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its
     separate existence had continued.

X.   AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS.

     .01  By the Shareholders.

     These Bylaws may be amended, altered, or repealed at any regular or special
     meeting of the shareholders if notice of the proposed alteration or
     amendment is contained in the notice of the meeting.

     .02  By the Board of Directors.

     These Bylaws may be amended, altered, or repealed by the affirmative vote
     of two-thirds of the entire Board of Directors at any regular or special
     meeting of the Board.

XI.  FISCAL YEAR.

The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be set by resolution of the Board of
Directors.

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