Document:

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EXHIBIT 10.46
-------------

           FIFTH AMENDMENT TO THE RES-PBGC MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
                             DATED NOVEMBER 2, 1998

         THIS FIFTH AMENDMENT to the RES-PBGC Memorandum of Understanding by and
between the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and RES Holding Corporation, is
made and entered into as of the 31st day of March, 2000, by and between the
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and Republic Technologies International,
LLC.

                                   WITNESSETH
                                   ----------

WHEREAS, by last signature dated November 2, 1998, RES Holding Corporation
("RES") and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"); and

WHEREAS, all events under clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 1 of the MOU have
occurred, including the Combination of RES and RESI under a common ultimate
parent ("Ultimate Parent"), such Ultimate Parent being Republic Technologies
International, LLC ("RTI"); and

WHEREAS, under the MOU, RTI must make certain "Required Contributions,"
including a payment of $7,500,000 on January 1, 2000 and a payment of $7,500,000
on April 1, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective December 29, 1999, RTI and PBGC executed an Amendment of the
MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January 1,
2000 payment until March 15, 2000, while timely making the $2,000,000 payment;
and

WHEREAS, effective March 15, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Second Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until March 22, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 22, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Third Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until March 29, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 29, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Fourth Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until July 1, 2000; and

WHEREAS, PBGC has now agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the April 1,
2000 Required Contribution until April 12, 2000;

NOW THEREFORE, RTI and PBGC agree to the following:

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1.       Subsections (b) and (c) of section 3 of the MOU are amended as follows:
         the number in

the "Amount ($mill)" column in the row labeled "no later than 4/1/00" of each
table shall be "2.0" in lieu of "7.5." The parties hereto agree that as a
result, the Required Contribution which must be made no later than April 1,
2000, shall be $2,000,000.00.

2.       Subsections (b) and (c) of section 3 of the MOU are further amended --

         (a) to add a new row to each table after the current row labeled "no
later than 4/1/00," with the words "no later than 4/12/00" in the contribution
"Date" column, and "5.5" under the "Amount ($mill)" column.

3. Except as the MOU is modified by this Fifth Amendment and the prior four
Amendments, the MOU remains unchanged and in full force and effect, and the
parties hereby ratify and affirm the MOU as modified hereby.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have signed and agreed as of the date first
written above.

                             PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION

Date: March 31, 2000         By: /s/ Andrea E. Schneider
      --------------             -----------------------
                                 ANDREA E. SCHNEIDER, CHIEF NEGOTIATOR AND
                                 DIRECTOR CORPORATE FINANCE AND NEGOTIATIONS
                                 DEPARTMENT

                             REPUBLIC TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL,LLC

DATE: March 31, 2000         BY: /s/ Joseph F. Lapinsky
      --------------             ----------------------

                                       2<PAGE>   1

EXHIBIT 10.47
-------------

           SIXTH AMENDMENT TO THE RES-PBGC MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING
                             DATED NOVEMBER 2, 1998

         THIS SIXTH AMENDMENT to the RES-PBGC Memorandum of Understanding by and
between the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and RES Holding Corporation, is
made and entered into as of the 12th day of April, 2000, by and between the
Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and Republic Technologies International,
LLC.

                                   WITNESSETH
                                   ----------

WHEREAS, by last signature dated November 2, 1998, RES Holding Corporation
("RES") and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"); and

WHEREAS, all events under clauses (i) and (ii) of Section 1 of the MOU have
occurred, including the Combination of RES and RESI under a common ultimate
parent ("Ultimate Parent"), such Ultimate Parent being Republic Technologies
International, LLC ("RTI"); and

WHEREAS, under the MOU, RTI must make certain "Required Contributions,"
including a payment of $7,500,000 on January 1, 2000 and a payment of $7,500,000
on April 1, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective December 29, 1999, RTI and PBGC executed an Amendment of the
MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January 1,
2000 payment until March 15, 2000, while timely making the $2,000,000 payment;
and

WHEREAS, effective March 15, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Second Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until March 22, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 22, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Third Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until March 29, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 29, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Fourth Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until July 1, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 31, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Fifth Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the April 1,
2000 Required Contribution until April 12, 2000;

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NOW THEREFORE, RTI and PBGC agree to the following:

1.       to change the words in the new row added by the Fifth Amendment to each
         table, "no later than 4/12/00" in the contribution "Date" column, to
         read "no later than 7/1/00."

2.       Except as the MOU is modified by this Sixth Amendment and the prior
         five Amendments, the MOU remains unchanged and in full force and
         effect, and the parties hereby ratify and affirm the MOU as modified
         hereby.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have signed and agreed as of the date first
written above.

                                    PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION

Date: April 12, 2000                By: /s/ Andrea E. Schneider
      --------------                    -----------------------------
                                        ANDREA E. SCHNEIDER, CHIEF NEGOTIATOR
                                        AND DIRECTOR CORPORATE FINANCE AND
                                        NEGOTIATIONS DEPARTMENT

                                    REPUBLIC TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL,LLC

Date: April 12, 2000                By: /s/ Joseph F. Lapinsky
      --------------                    ----------------------------

                                       2<PAGE>   1

EXHIBIT 10.48
-------------

                 SEVENTH AMENDMENT TO THE RES-PBGC MEMORANDUM OF
                               UNDERSTANDING DATED
NOVEMBER 2, 1998

         THIS SEVENTH AMENDMENT to the RES-PBGC Memorandum of Understanding by
and between the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and RES Holding
Corporation, is made and entered into as of the 28 th day of June, 2000, by and
between the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation and Republic Technologies
International, LLC.

                                   WITNESSETH
                                   ----------

WHEREAS, by last signature dated November 2, 1998, RES Holding Corporation
("RES") and the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ("PBGC") entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding ("MOU"); and

WHEREAS, all events under clauses (I) and (ii) of Section 1 of the MOU have
occurred, including the Combination of RES and RESI under a common ultimate
parent ("Ultimate Parent"), such Ultimate Parent being Republic Technologies
International, LLC ("RTI"); and

WHEREAS, under the MOU, RTI must make certain "Required Contributions,"
including a payment of $7,500,000 on January 1, 2000, a payment of $7,500,000 on
April 1, 2000; and a payment of $7,500,000 on July 1, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective December 29, 1999, RTI and PBGC executed an Amendment of the
MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January 1,
2000 payment until March 15, 2000, while timely making the $2,000,000 payment;
and

WHEREAS, effective March 15, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Second Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until March 22, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 22, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Third Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until March 29, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 29, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Fourth Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the January
1, 2000 payment until July 1, 2000; and

WHEREAS, effective March 31, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Fifth Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the April 1,
2000 Required Contribution until April 12, 2000, while timely making the
$2,000,000 payment; and

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WHEREAS, effective April 12, 2000, RTI and PBGC executed a Sixth Amendment of
the MOU under which PBGC agreed to allow RTI to defer $5,500,000 of the April 1,
2000 Required Contribution until July 1, 2000;

NOW THEREFORE, RTI and PBGC agree to the following:

1.       PBGC will permit RTI to continue to defer $5,500,000 of the January 1,
         2000 Required Contribution and $5,500,000 of the April 1, 2000 Required
         Contribution until July 14, 2000;

2.       Of the $7,500,000 Required Contribution payable no later than July 1,
         2000, PBGC will allow RTI to pay $2,000,000 and defer the remaining
         $5,500,000 until July 14, 2000;

3.       The parties agree that as a result of this amendment, the Required
         Contribution that RTI must make by July 14, 2000 is $16,500,000. This
         amount is comprised of the three $5,500,000 Required Contributions
         deferred from January 1, April 1, and July 1, 2000.

4.       Subsections (b) and (c)  of section 3 of the MOU are further amended --

         (a) in the current row labeled "no later than 7/1/00" the number in the
corresponding "Amount ($mill)" column in each table shall be "2.0".

         (b) to add a new row to each table after the current row labeled "no
later than 7/1/00," with the words "no later than 7/14/00" in the contribution
"Date" column, and "16.5" under the "Amount ($mill)" column.

5.       Except as the MOU is modified by this Seventh Amendment and the prior
         six Amendments, the MOU remains unchanged and in full force and effect,
         and the parties ratify and affirm the MOU as herein modified.

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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have signed and agreed as of the date first
written above.

                               PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION

DATE: June 28, 2000            BY:/s/ Andrea E. Schneider
      -------------               --------------------------------------
                                  ANDREA E. SCHNEIDER, CHIEF NEGOTIATOR AND
                                  DIRECTOR CORPORATE FINANCE AND NEGOTIATIONS
                                  DEPARTMENT

                             REPUBLIC TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL, LLC

Date: June 28, 2000          By:  /s/ Joseph F. Lapinsky
      -------------               ----------------------

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