Document:

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                                                                     Exhibit 4.4

                                     FORM OF
                    COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION, INC.
                      NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT

NO. OF SHARES SUBJECT TO THIS AGREEMENT:    [TOTAL OPTIONS]

EXPIRATION DATE:                                     MARCH 31, 2004

         THIS NON-QUALIFIED STOCK OPTION AGREEMENT (this "AGREEMENT") is made
and entered into as of March 31, 1999, by and between COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC
CORPORATION, INC., a Virginia corporation (the "COMPANY"), and [FIRST NAME]
[LAST NAME] (the "OPTIONEE").

         1.   GRANT OF OPTION. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth
herein, and without regard to any termination of Optionee's employment or other
affiliation with the Company, on March 31, 1999 (the "DATE OF GRANT"), the
Company granted to the Optionee an option to purchase (the "OPTION") all or any
part of an aggregate of [[TOTAL OPTIONS]] shares of common stock of the
Company, $1.00 par value per share ("COMMON STOCK") (which, together with any
securities issued with respect to those shares by way of stock dividend, stock
split, share transfer, merger, consolidation, or other change in capitalization,
whether before or after the date of exercise of the Option, are referred to as
"PURCHASE SHARES"), at the purchase price of [[PRICE]] per share ("EXERCISE
PRICE"). This Option is not intended to be an incentive stock option under
Section 422 of the Code.

         2.   TERMS AND CONDITIONS. This Option is subject to the following
terms and conditions:

              (a)  EXPIRATION DATE. This Option shall expire on March 31, 2004
("EXPIRATION DATE"). No part of this Option may be exercised after that date.

              (b)  EXERCISE OF OPTION BY OPTIONEE. This Option shall be
immediately exercisable as of the Date of Grant with respect to all shares. Once
the Option has become exercisable, it will remain so until the Expiration Date
subject to Section 2(c) hereof. This option can be exercised only with respect
to full shares and only with respect to a minimum of 100 shares at the time of
any exercise. A partial exercise of this Option shall not affect the Optionee's
right to exercise this Option with respect to the remaining shares, subject to
the conditions of this Agreement.

              (c)  EXERCISE OF OPTION UPON THE OPTIONEE'S DEATH. If the Optionee
dies before the Expiration Date, this Option may be exercised for the number of
shares the Optionee was entitled to purchase on the date of his death by the
Optionee's estate, personal representative, person(s) or entity to whom his
rights under this Option shall pass by will or the laws of descent and
distribution. The estate, personal representative, or other such person or
entity must exercise the Option in accordance with the procedures set forth in
this Agreement no later than the earlier of (i) three (3) months after the date
of the Optionee's death, or (ii) the Expiration Date.

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              (d)  METHOD OF EXERCISING OPTION AND PAYMENT FOR SHARES. This
Option, or any portion thereof, shall be exercised by written notice delivered
to the attention of the Company's Secretary at the Company's principal office.
The exercise date shall be (i) the date of postmark, in the case of notice by
mail, or (ii) the date of delivery, if delivered in person. The exercise notice
shall be accompanied by payment of the Exercise Price in full and any required
Tax Withholding (as defined in Section 6 below). As a condition to exercise of
this Option, the Optionee shall, in the Company's sole discretion, enter into
the Company's Shareholders Agreement, if any, then in effect. Payment shall be
made in cash, in the form of currency or check or other cash equivalent
acceptable to the Company.

         3.   NONTRANSFERABILITY. The Option may not be transferred except by
will or by the laws of descent and distribution. During the Optionee's lifetime,
the Option may be exercised only by the Optionee.

         4.   REDEMPTION OF PURCHASE SHARES. Upon the Optionee's separation from
service with the Company or an Affiliate, the Company shall have the option (but
not the obligation) to purchase any Purchase Shares that have been acquired upon
exercise of the Option, and the Optionee, his estate, personal representative,
or other person or entity who acquires the shares by will or by the laws of
descent and distribution shall be required to sell such shares to the Company.
The redemption price for the Purchase Shares will be the Fair Market Value
(defined below) of the shares on the date of redemption. The Company's
acquisition of the Purchase Shares, and payment of the redemption price, to the
Optionee, his representative or other person(s) or entity will occur on a date
determined by the Company (which, in the event of the Optionee's death, will be
no earlier than three months after the date of death) and will be completed no
later than six (6) months after the date of separation from service. For purpose
of this Agreement, "Fair Market Value" shall mean the last reported sales prices
of the Common Stock on the Nasdaq National Market on the date as of which fair
market value is to be determined or, in the absence of any reported sales of
Common Stock on such date, on the first preceding date on which any such sale
shall have been reported. If Common Stock is not listed on the Nasdaq National
Market on the date as of which fair market value is to be determined, the Board
of Directors of the Company or any successor thereto (the "Board") shall
determine in good faith the fair market value in whatever manner it considers
appropriate.

         5.   TRANSFER OF SHARES. Prior to the consummation of an initial public
offering that is registered under the 1933 Act (but subject to Section 15
hereof), the Optionee shall not transfer, or permit the transfer of, any of his
Purchase Shares, except in accordance with SECTION 4 of this Agreement. Any
non-authorized transfer of shares will be void and of no legal force.

         6.   WITHHOLDING TAXES. If the Company shall be required to withhold
any federal, state, local or foreign tax ("TAX WITHHOLDING") in connection with
any exercise of the Option, Optionee shall, as a condition of delivery of the
Purchase Shares, pay the tax or make provisions that are satisfactory to the
Company for the payment thereof concurrent with the payment of the Exercise
Price.

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         7.   NO RIGHTS AS A SHAREHOLDER. The Optionee shall have no rights as a
shareholder with respect to the Common Stock until the Optionee has exercised
the Option, paid the Exercise Price, and paid any Tax Withholding in accordance
with the requirements of this Agreement.

         8.   REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF OPTIONEE. Optionee represents
and warrants to the Company that:

              (a)  AGREES TO TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT. Optionee has received a
copy of this Agreement, has read and understands the terms of this Agreement,
and agrees to be bound by their terms and conditions. Optionee acknowledges that
there may be adverse tax consequences upon acquisition of the Purchase Shares,
and that Optionee should consult a tax adviser prior to such acquisition or
disposition.

              (b)  UNREGISTERED STOCK. Optionee acknowledges and understands
that any shares of Common Stock acquired upon the exercise of this Option will
not be registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended ("1933 ACT"), or
any applicable state securities laws by reason of claimed exemptions from
registration thereunder which depend in part on Optionee's investment intentions
and is aware that no federal or state agency has made any review, finding or
determination regarding the Common Stock nor any recommendation or endorsement
of the Common Stock as an investment, and Optionee must forego the security, if
any, that such a review would provide.

              (c)  PARTY TO INTEREST; KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE. Optionee is the
sole party in interest with respect to the Common Stock subject to the Option
and has sufficient knowledge and experience in financial and business matters to
enable Optionee to evaluate the merits and risks of this investment. Optionee My
understands the substantial risks associated with the Company's business.

              (d)  SPECULATIVE NATURE OF PURCHASE. Optionee recognizes the
speculative nature and the high risk of loss associated with the acquisition of
Common Stock upon the exercise of this Option and the operation of the Company
and affirms that Optionee is willing and able to bear the high risk of this
investment for an indefinite period of time.

              (e)  RESTRICTED SECURITIES. Optionee acknowledges that the shares
of Common Stock acquired upon the exercise of this Option will be "restricted"
securities under the 1933 Act, and that Optionee will therefore not be able to
transfer, sell, assign or otherwise dispose of the shares unless the shares are
registered under the 1933 Act and applicable state securities laws or unless an
exemption is available. In addition to any legend required by any Shareholders'
Agreement, Optionee acknowledges that the certificate(s) representing any shares
of Common Stock acquired upon the exercise of this Option may bear a restrictive
legend as follows:

              The shares represented by this certificate have not been
              registered under the Securities Act of 1933 or any state
              securities laws. These shares may not be

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              sold, exchanged, made subject to a security interest, pledged,
              hypothecated or otherwise transferred without an effective
              registration statement for such shares under the Securities Act of
              1933 and applicable state securities laws, or an opinion of
              counsel acceptable to the corporation that such registration is
              not required.

              The securities represented by this certificate are subject to the
              terms and conditions of a Stockholders Agreement, by and among
              Company and the stockholders of Company, which Agreement includes
              certain restrictions on transfer. A copy of such Stockholders
              Agreement is on file and available for inspection at the principal
              office of Company, and no transfer of the interests represented by
              this certificate shall be valid or effective unless or until the
              terms and conditions of such Agreement shall have been complied
              with.

         9.   REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF COMPANY. The Company represents
and warrants to the Optionee that:

              (a)  AUTHORITY. This Agreement has been duly authorized and is a
valid and binding instrument against the Company, enforceable in accordance with
its terms.

              (b)  COMPLIANCE WITH LAW. The Company shall make reasonable
efforts to comply with all applicable federal and state securities laws;
PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement,
the Option shall not be exercisable if the exercise thereof would result in a
violation of any such laws.

              (c)  PURCHASE SHARES. Upon the Optionee's payment for the Purchase
Shares and any Tax Withholding, the Purchase Shares shall be duly authorized and
issued, fully paid and nonassessable, and the Purchase Shares shall have good
marketable title, free and clear of all liens, security interests and other
encumbrances. Once payment has been made for the Purchase Shares and any Tax
Withholding, the Company will release the applicable certificate to the
Optionee. The Optionee shall have the right to vote the Purchase Shares and
receive dividends thereon after the Exercise Price and any Tax Withholding has
been paid to the Company and prior to their forfeiture.

         10.  SURVIVAL OF REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. All representations,
warranties, covenants, and agreements contained herein or made in writing by the
Optionee or the Company in connection with the transaction contemplated hereby,
except any representation, warranty or

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agreement as to which compliance may have been appropriately waived, shall
survive the execution and delivery of this Agreement.

         11.  RIGHT TO TERMINATE EMPLOYMENT AND ADJUST COMPENSATION. This Option
does not confer upon the Optionee any right to continued employment with the
Company or an Affiliate (as applicable), nor does any provision of this
Agreement limit in any way any right that the Company or an Affiliate may
otherwise have to terminate the employment or adjust the compensation of the
Optionee at any time.

         12.  CHANGE IN CAPITAL STRUCTURE. The terms of this Option, including
the number of Purchase Shares covered thereby and the Exercise Price thereof,
shall be adjusted if the Company determines, in its sole discretion, that such
adjustment is required in the event the Company effects one or more stock
dividends, stock split-ups, subdivisions or consolidations of shares or other
similar changes in capitalization, whether subject to an agreement of merger,
consolidation or share exchange between the Company and an unaffiliated party,
or otherwise, and in all events subject to the terms of Section 13 of this
Agreement. The issuance by the Company of shares of stock of any class, or
securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, for cash or property,
or for labor or services either upon direct sale or upon the exercise of rights
or warrants to subscribe therefor, or upon conversion of shares or obligations
of the Company convertible into such shares or other securities, shall not
affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the
terms of this Option.

         13.  MERGER, CONSOLIDATIONS, ACQUISITIONS OR DISSOLUTION OF THE
COMPANY. In the event of the merger or consolidation of the Company with or into
another unaffiliated entity, or the acquisition by another unaffiliated entity
or person of all or substantially all of the Company's assets or more than fifty
percent (50%) of the Company's then outstanding voting stock, or the
liquidation, dissolution, or winding up of the Company (other than in a
restructuring transaction which results in the continuation of the Company's
business by an affiliated entity), then the Exercise of the Option, and
Optionee's rights thereunder, shall be subject to the applicable terms and
conditions of the agreement by and between the Company and such unaffiliated
entity or person (including without limitation an agreement and plan of merger)
governing such transaction.

         14.  FRACTIONAL SHARES. Fractional shares shall not be issued
hereunder, and when any provision hereof may entitle Optionee to a fractional
share, such fraction shall be disregarded.

         15.  LOCK-UP AGREEMENT. Notwithstanding anything contrary in this
Agreement, in the event the Company's Common Stock is registered under the 1933
Act in an initial public offering (a "Public Security"), Optionee agrees, if
requested by the Company's underwriters, to execute a lockup agreement pursuant
to which the Optionee agrees, for a period of 180 days (or such longer or
shorter period as may be required by the Company's underwriters) following, the
date such Common Stock becomes a Public Security, not to sell, transfer or
otherwise dispose of any Purchase Shares held by the Optionee.

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         16.  RELATION TO OTHER BENEFITS. Any economic or other benefit to the
Optionee under this Agreement shall not be taken into account in determining any
benefits to which the Optionee may be entitled under any profit-sharing,
retirement or other benefit or compensation plan maintained by the Company or
any subsidiary and shall not affect the amount of any life insurance coverage
available to any beneficiary under any life insurance plan covering, employees
of the Company or any subsidiary.

         17.  NOTICE. Any notice or other communication given pursuant to this
Agreement shall be in writing and shall be personally delivered or mailed by
United States registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, return receipt
requested, if to the Optionee, at the address on the signature page hereto, and
if to the Company, at the following address:

         18.  Any such notice shall be deemed to have been given (a) on the date
of postmark, in the case of notice by mail, or (b) on the date of delivery, if
delivered in person.

         19.  BINDING EFFECT. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to
the benefit of legatees, distributees, and personal representatives of the
Optionees and the successors of the Company.

         20.  COUNTERPARTS. This Agreement may be executed in any number of
counterparts, each signed by different persons and all of said counterparts
together shall constitute one and the same instrument, and such instrument shall
be deemed to have been made, executed and delivered on the date first
herein-above written, irrespective of the time or times when the same or any
counterparts hereof actually may have been executed and delivered. This
Agreement shall become effective when the Company shall have executed and
delivered a counterpart hereof to the Optionee and the Optionee shall have
executed and delivered a counterpart hereof to the Company.

         21.  SEVERABILITY. In the event that one or more of the provisions of
this Agreement shall be invalidated for any reason by a court of competent
jurisdiction, any provision so invalidated shall be deemed to be separable from
the other provisions hereof, and the remaining provisions hereof shall continue
to be valid and fully enforceable.

         22.  ENTIRE AGREEMENT. This Agreement shall constitute the entire
agreement with respect to the subject matter hereof.

         23.  HEADING. The section, subsection and paragraph headings utilized
throughout this Agreement are for convenience and reference only, and the words
contained herein shall not be held to expand, modify, amplify or aid in the
interpretation, construction, or meaning of this Agreement.

         24.  CONSTRUCTION. The construction of this Agreement shall be vested
in the Board, and the Board's construction shall be final and conclusive.

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         25.  GOVERNING LAW. This Agreement shall be governed by the laws of the
Commonwealth of Virginia.

         This Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement is executed by the Company as
of this 31st day of March, 1999.

                                  COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION, INC.

                                  By:
                                     --------------------------------------
                                     Christine B. Whitman
                                     Chief Executive Officer

The undersigned Optionee hereby acknowledges receipt of an executed original of
this Non-Qualified Stock Option Agreement and accepts the Option granted
hereunder, subject to the terms and conditions set forth above.

                                  Signature:                     Date:
                                            ---------------------     ----------
                                            [FIRST NAME] [LAST NAME]
                                            [ADDRESS]
                                            [CITY], [STATE]  [ZIP]

                                        7<PAGE>

                                                                     Exhibit 4.5

                                     Form of

                       Commonwealth Scientific Corporation

                             INCENTIVE STOCK OPTION

      COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION (the "Company") a Virginia
corporation, hereby certifies that

                        -------------------------------
                              (name of employee)

an employee of the Company (the "Employee"), is entitled to purchase from the
Company

                        -------------------------------
                              (number of shares)

fully-paid and non-assessable shares of the Company's Common Stock (the
"Shares"), at a price per share of

                                 $____________
                         (exercise price (per share))

(the "Exercise Price"), subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein and
in the Company's 1984 Employee Stock Option Plan (the "Plan") adopted by the
Company's Directors February 22, 1984, and by its Stockholders December 27,
1984, and amended as of May 7, 1987.

      1. PREMISES. This option is granted pursuant to the Plan, in recognition
of the Employee's faithful and effective services to the Company, as an
inducement for Employee to acquire or increase his/her proprietary interest in
the Company, and as an added incentive to advance the interests of the Company.

      2. OPTION PERIOD. Subject to Section 5, the period for exercising this
option (the "Exercise Period") shall be the period beginning two years and
ending five years from the date the option is granted, except that:

      (a)   If Employee retires during, but more than three months before the
            expiration of, the Exercise Period, such option shall be exercisable
            only during the three months following such retirement.

      (b)   If Employee dies during the Exercise Period, such option shall be
            exercisable by the executors, administrators, legatees or
            distributees of his/her estate only during the 12 months following
            his/her death, but in no event after the expiration of the Exercise
            Period.
<PAGE>

      (c)   If Employee ceases to be an employee of the Company for any cause
            other than retirement or death, such option shall terminate as of
            the date of the cessation of employment.

Subject to Section 5 and clauses (a), (b) and (c) of this Section 2, an option
may be exercised at any time and from time to time, in whole or in part, during
the Exercise Period.

      3. PAYMENT FOR SHARES. Full payment for Share purchased, together with the
amount of any tax or excise due in respect of the sale and issue thereof, shall
be made in cash or by certified or bank cashier's check at the time of the
exercise of the option. The Company will issue no certificates for Shares until
full payment therefor has been made, and Employee shall have none of the rights
of a stockholder until certificates for the Shares purchased are issued to
him/her.

      4. NONASSIGNABILITY. (a) Options granted pursuant to this plan shall be
nontransferable except by will or pursuant to laws of descent and distribution,
and shall be exercisable, during an Employee's lifetime, only by him/her.

      (b) Certificates for any Shares issued pursuant to this option shall bear
a notice on the face thereof to the effect that such Shares have not been
registered under state or federal securities laws and may not be transferred
unless so registered or, in the opinion of counsel satisfactory to the Company,
there are applicable exemptions from the registration requirements of such laws.

      5. CONDITIONS TO EXERCISE OF OPTION. (a) As a condition of exercise, the
Company may require Employee to (a) represent, warrant and agree, in form and
substance satisfactory to the Company, that he/she is acquiring the Shares for
his/her own account, for investment and not with a view to or in connection with
any distribution, (b) agree to restrictions on transfer in form and substance
satisfactory to the Company, and (c) agree to an endorsement which makes
appropriate reference to such representations, warranties, agreements and
restrictions on the certificate representing the Shares.

      (b) No option shall be exercised if the exercise and the issuance of
Shares pursuant hereto would be contrary to law or to the regulations of any
duly constituted authority having jurisdiction.

      6. EFFECT OF CHANGES IN COMMON STOCK. If the Company shall combine,
subdivide or reclassify the Shares of Common Stock which have been or may be
optioned, or shall declare thereon any dividend payable in shares of Common
Stock, or shall reclassify or take any other action of a similar nature
affecting the Common Stock, then the number and class of Shares which may be
purchased pursuant to this option and the Option Price per Share shall be
adjusted to such extent as the Board may determine is necessary to preserve
unimpaired the rights of the Employee, and such determination shall be
conclusive and binding upon the Employee.

                                      2
<PAGE>

      7. REORGANIZATION. In case of any one or more reclassification, changes or
exchanges of outstanding shares of Common Stock or other stock (other than as
provided in Section 6), or consolidations of the Company with, or mergers of the
Company into other corporations, or other recapitalizations or reorganizations
(other than transactions in which the Company continues to exist and which do
not result in any reclassification, change or exchange of outstanding shares of
the Company), or in case of any one or more sales or conveyances to another
corporation of the property of the Company as an entirety, or substantially as
an entirety (any and all of which are hereinafter called "Reorganization"), the
Employee shall have the right, upon any subsequent exercise hereof, to acquire
the same kind and amount of securities and property which he/she would then hold
if Employee had exercised such option immediately before the first of any such
Reorganization, and continued to hold all securities and property which came to
him/her as a result of that and subsequent Reorganizations, less all securities
and property surrendered or cancelled pursuant to any of same, the adjustment
rights in Sections 6 and 7 being continuing and cumulative, except that,
notwithstanding any provision of clauses (a) or (b) in Section 2 to the
contrary, the Board shall have the right in connection with any such
Reorganization, to terminate the Exercise Period upon not less than 30 days'
written notice to the Employee and in such event this option (except to the
extent one of the events referred to in clauses (a) and (b) of Section 2 have
occurred), may be exercised only to the extent thereby permitted, in each case
only at a time prior to such Reorganization. A liquidation shall be deemed a
Reorganization for the foregoing purposes.

      THIS OPTION shall be construed in accordance with the laws of the
Commonwealth of Virginia.

Dated:                              COMMONWEALTH
                                    SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION

Attest:                             By:
                                        -----------------------------
                                        George R. Thompson, President

--------------------------
Thomas Hennigan, Secretary

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