Document:

EXHIBIT 4(e)

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT
                                       OF
                       RESTATED ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
                                       OF
                               PHARMOS CORPORATION
                              A Nevada Corporation

The undersigned hereby certify as follows:

     1. That they are the  President  and  Secretary,  respectively,  of Pharmos
Corporation, a Nevada Corporation (the "Corporation");

     2. That the original  Articles of  Incorporation  of the  Corporation  were
filed in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on the 20th
day of December, 1982;

     3. That the Restated  Articles of  Incorporation  of the  Corporation  were
filed in the Office of the Secretary of State of the State of Nevada on the 29th
day of October, 1992;

     4.  That  capital  has  been  paid to the  Corporation,  and  stock  of the
Corporation has been issued;

     5. That at a meeting of the Corporation's  Board of Directors (the "Board")
held  on May 7,  1999,  the  Board  unanimously  consented  to and  approved  an
amendment  (the  "Amendment")  to the first  paragraph of Article  FOURTH of the
Corporation's  Restated  Articles of Incorporation to increase the Corporation's
authorized capital stock to 80 million shares of Common Stock.

     6. That at a meeting of the Corporation's  stockholders held on October 13,
1999,  the  Corporation's  stockholders  voted  for  the  Amendment,  and  that,
therefore,  the first paragraph of Article FOURTH of the Corporation's  Restated
Articles of Incorporation is amended to read as follows:

          "FOURTH.  The total  number of shares of stock  which the  corporation
     shall have  authority  to issue is  eighty-one  million two  hundred  fifty
     thousand (81,250,000), of which stock eighty million (80,000,000) shares of
     the par value of three cents  ($0.03)  each,  amounting in the aggregate to
     Two Million Four Hundred  Thousand  Dollars  ($2,400,000),  shall be Common
     Stock,  and of which one  million two hundred  fifty  thousand  (1,250,000)
     shares of the par  value of three  cents  ($0.03)  each,  amounting  in the
     aggregate to Thirty-Seven Thousand Five Hundred Dollars ($37,500), shall be
     Preferred Stock."

<PAGE>

     IN WITNESS  WHEREOF,  the  undersigned  have executed this  Certificate  of
Amendment  of Restated  Articles of  Incorporation  on this 20th day of October,
1999.

                                        ------------------------
                                        Gad Riesenfeld
                                        President

                                        ------------------------
                                        Robert W. Cook
                                        SecretaryEXHIBIT 4(i)

                              AMENDED AND RESTATED
                                     BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                               PHARMOS CORPORATION
                             (A Nevada Corporation)

                                (As of May 1997)

                                    ARTICLE I

                                     Office

     Section  1.  Principal  and  Other  Offices.  The  principal  office of the
Corporation shall be located in the City of Alachua, County of Alachua, State of
Florida. The Corporation may have offices at such other places within or without
the State of  Florida or within or  without  the  United  States as the Board of
Directors from time to time may designate or the business of the Corporation may
require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                                  Stockholders

     Section 1. Place of Meetings.  Special and annual  meetings of stockholders
shall be held at the principal  office of the Corporation or at such other place
within or without the State of New York as fixed by the Board of  Directors  and
set forth in the notice of the meeting.

     Section 2. Annual  Meetings.  The annual meeting of  stockholders  shall be
held for the election of directors and the transaction of such other business as
properly may come before it on the second Tuesday of October of each year or any
such other day as the Board of Directors may agree upon.

     Section 3. Special  Meetings.  Special meetings of stockholders  other than
those  regulated  by  statute  may be  called at any time by a  majority  of the
members of the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board of Directors or the
President  and  shall  be  called  by any one of them or by the  Secretary  upon
receipt  of a written  request  to do so,  specifying  the  matter  or  matters,
appropriate for action at such a meeting proposed to be presented at the meeting
and signed by holders of record of a majority  of the shares of the  Corporation
issued and  outstanding  that would be entitled  to vote on such  matters if the
meeting  were held on the day such  request is received  and the record date for
such meeting were the close of business on the preceding  day. No business other
than that  specified  in the notice of the meeting  shall be  transacted  at any
meeting of stockholders

<PAGE>

except  with the  unanimous  consent  of all  stockholders  entitled  to  notice
thereof.

     Section 4. Notices.  Written notice of the annual  meeting of  stockholders
stating the place,  date and hours shall be given personally or by mail not less
than ten (10) nor more than  fifty (50) days  before the date of the  meeting to
each  stockholder  entitled  to vote at such  meeting.  Written  notice  of each
special meeting of stockholders stating the place, date and hour indicating that
it is issued by or at the direction of the person or persons calling the meeting
and stating the  purpose or  purposes  for which the meeting is called  shall be
given personally or by mail not less than ten (10) nor more than fifty (50) days
before the date of the  meeting  to each  stockholder  entitled  to vote at such
meeting.  Written  notice of a meeting,  if mailed,  shall be deemed  given when
deposited  in the  United  States  mail,  postage  prepaid,  and  directed  to a
stockholder at his address as it appears on the record of  stockholders.  At any
meeting at which any  stockholders  are present without  protesting prior to the
conclusion  of the  meeting  the lack of  notice  of such  meeting  and of which
stockholders not present have waived notice in writing, the giving of the notice
specified above may be dispensed with.

     Section 5.  Quorum.  Except as  otherwise  provided in the  Certificate  of
Incorporation  or as otherwise  required by law, at any meeting of  stockholders
the  holders of  one-third  of the shares  entitled to vote  thereat  present in
person  or by  proxy  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for the  transaction  of any
business; provided, however, when a specified item of business is required to be
voted on by a class or series,  voting as a class,  the holders of a majority of
the shares of such class or series shall constitute a quorum for the transaction
of such  specified  item of  business.  Once a quorum is present in person or by
proxy to organize a meeting,  such quorum shall not be broken by the  subsequent
withdrawal of any  stockholders.  Stockholders  present in person or by proxy at
any meeting may  adjourn  the  meeting  despite the absence of a quorum.  At any
adjourned  meeting,  any  business  may be  transacted  which  might  have  been
transacted at the meeting as originally called.

     Section 6. Voting.  At every meeting of stockholders each stockholder shall
be entitled  to vote in person or by proxy  appointed  by a written  instrument.
Every  stockholder  of record  shall be  entitled  to one vote for  every  share
standing in his name on the record of stockholders on the record date. Except as
otherwise  provided in the Certificate of Incorporation  and these By-Laws,  all
corporate action to be taken by vote of the stockholders  shall be authorized by
a  majority  of the votes cast at a meeting of  stockholders  by the  holders of
shares entitled to vote thereon.

     Section 7. Record Date.  For the purposed of determining  the  stockholders
entitled  to  notice  of or to  vote  at  any  meeting  of  stockholders  or any
adjournment  thereof,  or to express  consent to or  dissent  from any  proposal
without a meeting,  or for the purpose of determining  stockholders  entitled to
receive  payment  of any  divided or the  allotment  of any  rights,  or for the
purpose of any other action,  the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a date
as the record date for any such  determination of stockholders.  Such date shall
not be more than fifty nor less than ten days  before the date of such  meeting,
nor more than fifty days prior to any other action.  If no record date is fixed,
the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at
a  stockholders'  meeting  shall  be at the  close of  business  on the day next
preceding  the day on which  notice is given,  or, if notice is  waived,  at the
close of  business  on the day next  preceding  the day on which the  meeting is
held; the record date for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on
the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto.

<PAGE>

     Section 8.  Proxies.  Every  stockholders  entitled to vote at a meeting of
stockholders  or to express  consent or dissent or action  without a meeting may
authorize  another person or persons to act for him by proxy.  Every proxy shall
be in writing and shall be signed by the stockholder or his attorney-in-fact. No
proxy  shall be valid  after  the  expiration  of six (6)  months  from the date
thereof unless (a) the proxy is coupled with an interest, or (b) the stockholder
specifies  in the proxy the length of time for which it is to continue in force,
which may not exceed seven (7) years from the date of its creation.  Every proxy
shall be revocable at the option of the  stockholder  executing the proxy except
as otherwise provided by law.

     Section 9.  Written  Consents.  Whenever  under any  provision  of law, the
Certificate  of  Incorporation  or the  By-Laws,  stockholders  are  required or
permitted to take any action by vote, such action may be taken without a meeting
on written  consent  setting  forth the action so taken signed by the holders of
all  outstanding  shares  entitled  to vote  thereon;  provided,  however,  this
provision  shall not alter or modify any  provision of law, the  Certificate  of
Incorporation  or the By-Laws under which the written  consent of the holders of
less than all outstanding shares is sufficient for corporate action.

     Section 10.  Stockholders'  List. A list of  stockholders  as of the record
date,  certified by the corporate office responsible for its preparation or by a
transfer  agent,  shall be  produced  at any  meeting of  stockholders  upon the
request thereat or prior thereto of any stockholder. If the right to vote at any
meeting is challenged,  the inspectors of election, or person presiding thereat,
shall require such list of  stockholders to be produced as evidence of the right
of the persons  challenged to vote at such  meeting,  and all persons who appear
from such  list to be  stockholder  entitled  to vote  thereat  may vote at such
meeting.

                                   ARTICLE III

                                    Directors

     Section 1. Duties and Powers. The Board of Directors shall have control and
management  of the affairs and  business of the  Corporation.  Directors  in all
cases shall act as a board, regularly convened.  Except as otherwise provided by
law or the Certificate of Incorporation,  in the transaction of business the act
of a majority of the  directors  present at the time of the vote at a meeting at
which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of Directors.

     Section 2.  Qualifications.  Each director  shall be at least eighteen (18)
years of age.

     Section 3.  Number.  The number of directors  of the  Corporation  shall be
fixed  from time to time by the vote of a majority  of the entire  Board then in
office  and the number  thereof  may  thereafter  by like vote be  increased  or
decreased to such greater or lesser number,  except that the number of directors
shall not be less than three unless all the shares of the  Corporation are owned
beneficially and of record by less than three  stockholders,  then the number of
directors may be the number of stockholders of the Corporation.

<PAGE>

     Section 4.  Election  and Term.  Directors  shall be elected at each annual
meeting of  stockholders by a plurality of the votes cast at said meeting by the
holders of shares entitled to vote in such an election. Each director shall hold
office  until the  expiration  of the term for which he is elected and until his
successor has been elected and qualified or he resigns or is removed.

     Section 5.  Meetings.  The annual  meeting of each newly  elected  Board of
Directors  shall be held at the  place of the  annual  meeting  of  stockholders
immediately  following  the annual  meeting of  stockholders  for the purpose of
electing officers and for the transaction of such other business as properly may
come before the meeting.  Special  meetings of the Board of  Directors  shall be
held upon  notice to the  members of the Board of  Directors.  A majority of the
directors present,  whether or not a quorum is present,  may adjourn any meeting
of directors to another time and place.

     Section 6.  Quorum.  A  majority  of the entire  Board of  Directors  shall
constitute a quorum for the  transaction of business or of any specified item of
business.  The vote of a majority of the Board of Directors  present at the time
of a vote, if a quorum is present at such time, shall be the act of the Board of
Directors.

     Section 7.  Notices.  All meetings of the Board of Directors  shall be held
upon written notice to the directors at the call of the President, the Secretary
or any two or more  directors.  Notice  of a meeting  of the Board of  Directors
shall state the place,  date and hour of the  meeting  and shall  indicate it is
issued by or at the  direction  of the person or persons  calling  the  meeting.
Written  notice to each director  shall be given  personally or by mail not less
than 10 (10) nor more than twenty (20) days before the date of the  meeting.  If
given by mail,  such notice shall be deemed  given when  deposited in the United
States mail, postage prepaid and addressed to each director at his address as it
appears on the  Corporation's  records or at such other  address as the director
may have furnished the Corporation for that purpose.

     Section  8.  Newly  Created  Directorships  and  Vacancies.  Newly  created
directorships  resulting  from an increase in the number of members of the Board
of Directors  and  vacancies  occurring in the Board of Directors  and vacancies
occurring  in the Board of  Directors  for any reason may be filled by vote of a
majority  of the  directors  then in  office,  although  less than a  quorum.  A
director  elected  to fill a vacancy  shall be  elected  to hold  office for the
unexpired term of his  predecessor  and until his successor has been elected and
qualified or his resignation or removal.

     Section 9. Removal. Any or all of the directors may be removed for cause or
without cause by vote of stockholders  representing  not less than two-thirds of
the voting power of the issued and  outstanding  stock  entitled to vote. If the
Certificate  of  Incorporation   provides  for  the  election  of  directors  by
cumulative  voting,  then no director may be removed from office except upon the
vote of stockholders  owning sufficient shares to have prevented such director's
election in the first instance.

     Section 10. Resignation. Any director may resign at any time. A resignation
shall be written and shall take effect at the time specified therein. If no time
is so specified,  a resignation

<PAGE>

shall take effect at the time of its receipt by the  President  or  Secretary of
the Corporation.  The acceptance of a resignation shall not be necessary to make
it effective. No resignation shall discharge any accrued obligation or duty of a
director.

     Section 11. Compensation.  Directors, at such, shall not receive any salary
for their  services as directors.  By  resolution  of the Board of Directors,  a
fixed sum and expense of  attendance,  if any, may be allowed for  attendance at
each regular or special meeting of the Board of Directors.  Nothing contained in
the By-Laws  shall  preclude any director  from serving the  Corporation  in any
capacity in addition to a director and receiving compensation therefor.

     Section 12. Contracts or Other Transactions with Directors.  No contract or
other  transaction  between the  Corporation and one or more of its directors or
between the Corporation and any other  corporation,  firm,  association or other
entity in which one or more of its directors are directors or officers or have a
substantial  financial interest shall be either void or voidable for such reason
alone or by reason  alone that such  director  or  directors  are present at the
meeting of the Board of Directors,  or of a committee  thereof,  which  approves
such  contract  or  transaction  or by reason  alone that his or their votes are
counted for such purpose:

          1. If the fact of such common  directorship,  officership or financial
     interest is  disclosed  in good faith or known to the Board of Directors or
     committee  and is noted in the  minutes,  and the  Board  of  Directors  or
     committee  approves such contract or transaction  by a vote  sufficient for
     such purpose without counting the vote or votes of such interested director
     or  directors  or,  if  the  votes  of  the  disinterested   directors  are
     insufficient  to constitute an act of the Board,  by unanimous  vote of the
     disinterested directors; or

          2. If such common  directorship,  officership or financial interest is
     disclosed  in good  faith  or known to the  stockholders  entitled  to vote
     thereon  and  such  contract  or  transaction  is  approved  by vote of the
     stockholders; or

          3. If the contract or  transaction  is fair and  reasonable  as to the
     Corporation  at the  time it is  approved  by the  Board  of  Directors,  a
     committee or the stockholders.

     Common or interested  directors may be counted in determining  the presence
of a quorum  at a  meeting  of the  Board or a  committee  which  approves  such
contract or transaction.

     Section  13.  Chairman.  At all  meetings  of the  Board of  Directors  the
Chairman of the Board of Directors,  elected at the annual  meeting of the Board
of Directors, shall preside.

     Section 14. Committees.  The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by a
majority of the entire board,  may designate from among its members an executive
committee and other  committees  each consisting of three (3) or more directors.
Each committee  shall serve at the direction and at the pleasure of the Board of
Directors.  To the extent  provided  in the  resolution  adopted by the Board of
Directors,  each  committee may have all the authority of the Board of Directors
except as prohibited by law.

<PAGE>

     Section 15. Written Consents.  Any action required or permitted to be taken
by the  Board of  Directors  or any  Committee  thereof  may be taken  without a
meeting if all the members of the Board of Directors or the Committee consent in
writing to the adoption of a resolution authorizing the action.

     Section 16.  Participation  by  Telephone.  Any one or more  members of the
Board of Directors or any committee  thereof may participate in a meeting of the
Board of  Directors  or such  committee  by means of a  conference  telephone or
similar  communications  equipment  allowing  all persons  participating  in the
meeting to hear each other at the same time.  Participation  by such means shall
constitute presence in person at a meeting.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    Officers

     Section 1. Number.  The officers of the  Corporation  shall be a President,
one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer.  Each officer shall be
elected  by the Board of  Directors.  The Board of  Directors  may also  elect a
Chairman  of the  Board  of  Directors,  a  Comptroller,  one or more  Assistant
Secretaries,  one or more Assistant Treasurers and such other officers as it may
from time to time deem appropriate.

     Section 2. Election and Term. Each officer shall be elected or appointed by
the  Board of  Directors  to hold  office  until  the  meeting  of the  Board of
Directors following the next annual meeting of stockholders.  Each officer shall
hold office for such term and until his  successor is elected or  appointed  and
qualified or until he resigns or is removed.

     Section 3. Chairman of the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board of
Directors, if such office be occupied,  shall have such powers and duties as the
By-Laws or the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.

     Section 4. President.  The President shall, in general,  supervise,  manage
and control the business and affairs of the  Corporation  subject to the control
of the Board of Directors. He shall preside at all meetings of stockholders.  He
shall perform all duties  customarily  incident to the office of  President.  He
also shall be an ex-officio member of all standing committees.

     Section 5. Vice President.  The Vice President in the absence or disability
of the  President,  shall  perform  the  duties and  exercise  the powers of the
President.  The Vice  President  shall have such powers and shall  perform  such
duties as may be delegated to him by the President or prescribed by the Board of
Directors.  If there is more than one Vice President,  each Vice President shall
have the  powers  and  authority  as  prescribed  by the  President  or Board of
Directors.

     Section 6. Secretary.  The Secretary shall keep the minutes of all meetings
of the Board of Directors and  stockholders.  He shall give or cause to be given
notice of all  meetings of  directors  and  stockholders  and all other  notices
required by law or the By-Laws. In the event of his absence or refusal to do so,
any such notice may be given by any person so directed by the President

<PAGE>

or by the  directors or by the  stockholders  upon whose  request the meeting is
called.  He shall have charge of the corporate books and records.  He shall have
custody  of the  seal  of the  Corporation  and  shall  affix  the  seal  to all
instruments  requiring  such seal when  authorized by the directors or President
and shall attest the same. In general,  he shall perform all duties  customarily
incident to the office of Secretary.

     Section 7.  Treasurer.  The  Treasurer,  shall have custody of all valuable
documents of the Corporation. He shall enter or cause to be entered in the books
of the Corporation to be kept for the purpose, full and accurate accounts of all
moneys received and paid out of account of the Corporation and, when required by
the President or Board of  Directors,  shall render a statement of his accounts.
He shall keep or cause to be kept such other books as will show a true record of
the expenses,  losses,  gains, assets and liabilities of the Corporation.  He at
all  reasonable  times shall  exhibit his books and accounts to any directors of
the  Corporation  upon  application  at the  office  of the  Corporation  during
business hours. In general, he shall perform all duties customarily  incident to
the office of Treasurer.

     Section 8.  Resignation.  Any officer may resign at any time. A resignation
shall be written and shall take effect at the time specified therein. If no time
is so  specified a  resignation  shall take effect at the time of its receipt by
the President or Secretary of the  Corporation.  The acceptance of a resignation
shall not be necessary to make it effective.  No resignation shall discharge any
accrued obligation or duty of an officer.

     Section  9.  Removal.  Any  officer  elected or  appointed  by the Board of
Directors  may be removed by the Board of  Directors at any time with or without
cause.

     Section 10.  Vacancies.  If the office of any officer becomes  vacant,  the
Board of Directors  may appoint any qualified  person to fill such vacancy.  Any
person so appointed  shall hold office for the unexpired term of his predecessor
and until his  successor  is  elected or  appointed  and  qualified  or until he
resigns or is removed.

                                    ARTICLE V

                                     Shares

     Section 1. Shares.  The shares of the Corporation shall be represented by a
certificate or certificates,  numbered  consecutively,  in such form as shall be
approved  by the Board of  Directors.  The  certificates  shall be signed by the
Chairman of the Board of Directors or the President or Vice President and by the
Secretary  or Treasurer  or  Assistant  Secretary or Assistant  Treasurer of the
Corporation.  If such certificate is countersigned by (a) a transfer agent other
than the  Corporation  or its  employee,  or (b) by a  registrar  other than the
Corporation or its employee,  the officers' signatures on the certificate may be
facsimiles.  Each  certificate  shall state upon the face thereof:  (a) that the
Corporation is formed under the laws of the State of Nevada; (b) the name of the
person or person to whom  issued;  (c) the number  and class of shares,  and the
designation of the series,  if any, which such certificate  represents;  and (d)
the par value of each share  represented by such certificate or a statement that
the shares are without par value.  If the  Corporation  is  authorized  to issue
shares of more than one class,  each certificate  representing  shares shall set
forth  upon  the

<PAGE>

face or back of the  certificate,  or  shall  state  that the  Corporation  will
furnish to any stockholder  upon request and without charge, a full statement of
the designations,  relative rights, preferences and limitations of the shares of
each class  authorized  to be issued and, if the  Corporation  is  authorized to
issue any  class of  preferred  shares in  series,  the  designations,  relative
rights,  preferences and limitations of each such series so far as the same have
been fixed and the  authority  of the board to  designate  and fix the  relative
rights, preferences and limitations of other series.

     Section 2. Lost, Destroyed and Stolen  Certificates.  Any person claiming a
certificate  representing shares to be lost,  apparently destroyed or wrongfully
taken shall execute an affidavit or  affirmation of such fact,  shall  advertise
the same in such manner as the Board of Directors  may  require,  and shall give
the  Corporation  an indemnity  bond in such form and with one or more  sureties
satisfactory  to the  Board  in  such  amount  as the  Board  of  Directors  may
determine,  which  shall  be at  least  double  the  par  value  of  the  shares
represented  by such  certificate,  to protect  it or any person  injured by the
issue of the new certificate  from any liability or expense which it or they may
incur by reason of the original certificate remaining  outstanding.  Thereupon a
new  certificate  may be  issued of the same  tenor  and for the same  number of
shares as the one alleged to be lost,  destroyed or wrongfully taken certificate
has been acquired by a bona fide purchaser.

     Section 3. Transfer.  Shares of the Corporation  shall be transferable only
upon the books of the  Corporation by the holders  thereof in person or by their
duly authorized attorneys or legal  representatives.  Upon any transfer, the old
certificates duly endorsed or accompanied by evidence of succession,  assignment
or authority to transfer  shall be  surrendered  to the  Corporation by delivery
thereof for cancellation to the person in charge of the list of stockholders and
the  transfer  books and ledgers or to such other  person as the  directors  may
designate. New certificates thereupon shall be issued. A record shall be made of
each  transfer.  Whenever a transfer is made for  collateral  security,  and not
absolutely,  such fact shall be  expressed  in the entry of the  transfer on the
record of stockholders of the Corporation.  No shares will be transferred on the
books of the Corporation in violation of a share transfer restriction imposed by
the Corporation or a private share transfer restriction known to the Corporation
and conspicuously endorsed on the share certificate.

     Section 4. Record.  The Corporation  shall keep its office in this state or
at the  office  of the  transfer  agent or  registrar  in this  state,  a record
containing the names and addresses of all stockholders,  the number and class of
shares  held by each and the date when they  respectively  become  the owners of
record  thereof in written form or in any other form capable of being  converted
into written form within a reasonable  time. The Corporation  shall be protected
in  treating  the  persons  in  whose  names  shares  stand  on  the  record  of
stockholders as the owners thereof for all purposes.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                                  Miscellaneous

     Section 1. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the  Corporation  shall be fixed
by resolution of the Board of Directors.

     Section  2.  Dividends.   The  Board  of  Directors  may  declare  and  the
Corporation

<PAGE>

may pay, on its outstanding shares,  dividends in cash or its shares or bonds or
its  property,  including  the  shares  or  bonds of  other  corporations.  Such
dividends  may be declared  or paid out of surplus  only and upon such terms and
conditions as may be provided by the  Certificate  of  Incorporation  or by law.
Before the declaration  and payment of any dividend,  there may be set aside out
of the surplus  available for dividends such sum or sums as the directors,  from
time to time, in their absolute discretion deem proper as a reserve fund to meet
contingencies,  or for equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any
property of the  Corporation,  or for such other purposes as the directors shall
deem conducive to the interests of the Corporation.

     Section 3. Seal. The seal of the Corporation  shall be circular in form and
have  inscribed   thereon  the  name  of  the  Corporation,   the  year  of  its
organization,  and the words "Corporate Seal" and "Nevada". The seal shall be in
the charge of the  Secretary.  If and when so directed by the Board of Directors
or the President,  a duplicate of the seal may be kept and used by the Secretary
or  Treasurer.  The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile  thereof to be
affixed or impressed or reproduced in any other manner.

     Section 4. Notices and Waivers. Whenever communication with any stockholder
or  director  is  unlawful  under any  statute  of the State of Nevada or of the
United  States  or  any  such  statute,  then  the  giving  of  such  notice  or
communication to such person shall not be required and there shall be no duty to
apply for license or other permission to do so. Notice of a meeting shall not be
required to be given to any  stockholder or director who submits a signed waiver
of  notice,  in person or by proxy,  whether  before or after the  meeting.  The
presence  of a  stockholder  or director  at a meeting  and such  person's  oral
consent   entered  on  the  minutes,   or  such  person's  taking  part  in  the
deliberations  at such meeting without  objection,  shall  constitute  waiver of
notice by such person.

     Section 5. Obligations.  All obligations of the Corporation shall be signed
by such officers of the Corporation or by such other person or persons as may be
authorized by the Board of Directors.

     Section 6. Indemnification.

     (a) Subject to  Subsection  (c) of this  Section 6, the  Corporation  shall
indemnify  any person who was or is a party or is  threatened to be made a party
to any  threatened,  pending or completed  action,  suit or proceeding,  whether
civil, criminal,  administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in
the  right  of the  Corporation)  by  reason  of the  fact  that  he is or was a
director, officer, employee or agent of the Corporation, or is or was serving at
the  request of the  Corporation  as a director,  officer,  employee or agent of
another  corporation,  partnership,  joint venture,  trust or other  enterprise,
against expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments,  fines and amounts paid
in settlement  actually and reasonably  incurred by him in connection  with such
action,  suit or  proceeding  if he  acted  in good  faith  and in a  manner  he
reasonably  believed  to be in or not  opposed  to  the  best  interests  of the
Corporation,  and,  with respect to any criminal  action or  proceeding,  had no
reasonable  cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.  The  termination  of any
action, suit or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement,  conviction or upon a
plead of nolo  contendere  or its  equivalent  shall not,  of  itself,  create a
presumption  that the person  did not act in good faith and in a manner  that he
reasonably  believed  to be in or not  opposed  to  the  best  interests  of the
Corporation,  and,  with  respect  to any  criminal  action or  proceeding,  had

<PAGE>

reasonable cause to believe that his conduct was unlawful.

     (b) Subject to  Subsection  (c) of this  Section 6, the  Corporation  shall
indemnify  any person who was or is a party or is  threatened to be made a party
to any threatened, pending or completed action or suit by or in the right of the
Corporation  to procure a judgment in its favor by reason of the fact that he is
or was a director,  officer, employee or agent of the Corporation,  or is or was
serving at the request of the  Corporation as a director,  officer,  employee or
agent  of  another  corporation,  partnership,  joint  venture,  trust  or other
enterprise against expenses (including  attorneys' fees) actually and reasonably
incurred by him in  connection  with the defense or settlement of such action or
suit if he acted in good faith and in a manner he  reasonably  believed to be in
or not  opposed  to the  best  interests  of the  Corporation;  except  that  no
indemnification  shall be made with respect to any claim,  issue or matter as to
which such  person  shall  have been  adjudged  to be liable to the  Corporation
unless  and only to the extent  that the court in which such  action or suit was
brought shall  determine upon  application  that,  despite the  adjudication  of
liability  but in view of all the  circumstances  of the  case,  such  person is
fairly and  reasonably  entitled to indemnity for such expenses  which the court
deems proper.

     (c) Any  indemnification  under this  Section  (unless  ordered by a court)
shall be made by the Corporation  only as authorized in the specific case upon a
determination that indemnification of the director,  officer,  employee or agent
is proper in the  circumstances  because he has met the  applicable  standard of
conduct set forth in Subsection (a) or Subsection  (b), as the case may be. Such
determination  shall be made (i) by the Board of Directors by a majority vote of
a quorum  consisting of directors  who were not parties to such action,  suit or
proceeding, or (ii) if such quorum is not obtainable,  or, even if obtainable, a
quorum of disinterested directors so directs, or (iii) by the Board of Directors
upon the opinion in writing of independent legal counsel opinion, or (iv) by the
stockholders.  To the extent,  however,  that a director,  officer,  employee or
agent of the  Corporation  has been  successful  on the merits or  otherwise  in
defense of any action, suit or proceeding  described above, or in defense of any
claim,  issue  or  matter  herein,  he  shall be  indemnified  against  expenses
(including   attorneys'  fees)  actually  and  reasonably  incurred  by  him  in
connection  therewith,  without the necessity of  authorization  in the specific
case.

     (d) Notwithstanding  any contrary  determination in the specific case under
Subsection  (c) of this  Section  6,  and  notwithstanding  the  absence  of any
determination thereunder, any director,  officer, employee or agent may apply to
any court of competent  jurisdiction for indemnification to the extent otherwise
permissible  under  Subsections (a) and (b) of this Section 6. The basis of such
indemnification  by a  court  shall  be  a  determination  by  such  court  that
indemnification  of the  director,  officer,  employee or agent is proper in the
circumstances  because he has met the applicable  standards of conduct set forth
in Subsections 9(a) and (b) of this Section 6, as the case may be. Notice of any
application for indemnification pursuant to this Section 6 shall be given to the
Corporation promptly upon the filing of such application.

     (e) Expenses incurred in defending or investigating a threatened or pending
action,  suit or  proceeding  may be paid by the  Corporation  in advance of the
final  disposition  of  such  action,  suit or  proceeding  upon  receipt  of an
undertaking by or on behalf of the director, officer, employee or agent to repay
such amount if it shall  ultimately be determined  that he is not entitled to be
indemnified by the Corporation as authorized i this Section 6.

<PAGE>

     (f) The  indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by or granted
pursuant to this Section 6 shall not be deemed  exclusive of any other rights to
which those seeking  indemnification  or advancement of expenses may be entitled
under any By-law,  agreement,  contract,  vote of stockholders or  disinterested
directors  or pursuant to the  direction  (howsoever  embodied)  of any court of
competent jurisdiction or otherwise,  both as to action in his official capacity
and as to action in another capacity while holding such office. It is the policy
of the Corporation that  indemnification of the persons specified in Subsections
(a) and (b) of this Section 6 shall be made to the fullest  extent  permitted by
law.  The  provisions  of this  Section 6 shall not be  deemed to  preclude  the
indemnification of any person who is not specified in Subsections (a) and (b) of
this Section 6 but  whomever  the  Corporation  has the power or  obligation  to
indemnify  under the provisions of the General  Corporation  Law of the State of
Nevada, or otherwise.

     (g) The  Corporation  may purchase and maintain  insurance on behalf of any
person who is or was a director,  officer, employee or agent of the Corporation,
or is or was serving at the request of the Corporation,  or is or was serving at
the  request of the  Corporation  as a director,  officer,  employee or agent of
another  corporation,  partnership,  joint  venture,  trust or other  enterprise
against  any  liability  asserted  against  him and  incurred by him in any such
capacity,  or arising out of his status as such,  whether or not the Corporation
would have the power or the  obligation to indemnify him against such  liability
under the provisions of this Section 6.

     (h) For purposes of this Section 6, references to "the  Corporation"  shall
include, in addition to the resulting corporation,  any constituent  corporation
(including  any  constituent of a constituent)  absorbed in a  consolidation  or
merger which, if its separate existence had continued,  would have had power and
authority to indemnify its directors,  officers, and employees or agents so that
any  person  who is or was a  director,  officer,  employee  or  agent  of  such
constituent corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent
corporation as a director,  officer,  employee or agent of another  corporation,
partnership,  joint venture, trust or other enterprise,  shall stand in the same
position under the provisions of this Section 6 with respect to the resulting or
surviving  corporation  as he  would  have  with  respect  to  such  constituent
corporation if its separate existence had continued.

     (i) The indemnification and advancement of expenses provided by, or granted
pursuant to, this Section 6 shall,  unless otherwise provided when authorized or
ratified,  continue  as to a person  who has ceased to be a  director,  officer,
employee  or agent and shall inure to the  benefit of the heirs,  executors  and
administrators of such a person.

     Section 7. Control  Share  Acquisition  Act. The  provisions  of the Nevada
Control Share Acquisition Act, Nevada Revised Statutes 78.378-78.3793, shall not
apply to the corporation.

<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE VII

                              Amendment and Repeal

     Section 1.  Amendment  and  Repeal.  By-Laws  may be  amended,  repealed or
adopted  at any  meeting  of  stockholders;  or at any  meeting  of the Board of
Directors.

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