Document:

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                                                                   EXHIBIT 10.16

                          SECURITIES PURCHASE AGREEMENT

         This Securities Purchase Agreement is entered into and dated as of
October 31, 2002 (this "AGREEMENT"), among Millennium Cell Inc., a Delaware
corporation (the "COMPANY"), and the investors signatory hereto (each such
investor is a "Purchaser" and all such investors are, collectively, the
"Purchasers").

         WHEREAS, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this
Agreement and pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the "SECURITIES ACT"), and Rule 506 promulgated thereunder, the Company desires
to issue and sell to the Purchasers, and the Purchasers, severally and not
jointly, desire to purchase from the Company, certain securities of the Company
pursuant to the terms set forth herein.

         NOW, THEREFORE, IN CONSIDERATION of the mutual covenants contained in
this Agreement, and for other good and valuable consideration the receipt and
adequacy of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and the Purchasers agree
as follows:

                                   ARTICLE I.
                                  DEFINITIONS

         1.1      Definitions. As used in this Agreement, the following terms
shall have the meanings set forth in this Section 1.1:

                  "AFFILIATE" means any Person that, directly or indirectly
through one or more intermediaries, controls or is controlled by or is under
common control with a Person, as such terms are used in and construed under Rule
144.

                  "BANK" mean Wachovia Bank, National Association.

                  "BUSINESS DAY" means any day except Saturday, Sunday and any
day which shall be a federal legal holiday or a day on which banking
institutions in the State of New York or the State of New Jersey are authorized
or required by law or other governmental action to close.

                  "CLOSING" means the closing of the purchase and sale of the
Shares and Closing Warrants pursuant to Section 2.1.

                  "CLOSING DATE" means the date of the Closing.

                  "CLOSING WARRANT" means the Common Stock purchase warrant, in
the form of Exhibit D, issuable to each Purchaser at the Closing to purchase the
aggregate number of Underlying Shares indicated below such Purchaser's name on
its signature page to this Agreement.

                  "COMMISSION" means the Securities and Exchange Commission.

                  "COMMON STOCK" means the common stock of the Company, $.001
par value per share, and any securities into which such common stock may
hereafter be reclassified.

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                  "COMMON STOCK EQUIVALENTS" means any securities of the Company
or the Subsidiaries which would entitle the holder thereof to acquire Common
Stock, including without limitation, any debt, preferred stock or other
instrument that is at any time convertible into or exchangeable for, or
otherwise entitles the holder thereof to receive, Common Stock.

                  "COMPANY COUNSEL" means Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger
&Vecchione, P.C.

                  "DEBENTURES" means collectively the Unsecured Debentures, the
Secured Debentures and the Exchange Debentures.

                  "EFFECTIVE DATE" means the date that a Registration Statement
required by the Registration Rights Agreement is first declared effective by the
Commission.

                  "EXCHANGE ACT" means the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended.

                  "EXCHANGE DEBENTURES" means the unsecured convertible
debentures, issuable to Pine Ridge upon exchange of a portion of the outstanding
principal amount of the Secured Debentures issued to it subject to the terms
thereof, in the form of Exhibit C hereto.

                  "FIRST REGISTRATION STATEMENT" means a registration statement
meeting the requirements set forth in the Registration Rights Agreement and
covering the resale by the applicable Purchasers of the Shares and the
Underlying Shares issuable upon exercise of the Closing Warrant and the First
Warrant and conversion of the Unsecured Debentures.

                  "FIRST SETTLEMENT DATE" means the second Business Day
immediately following the date on which the conditions set forth in Section
2.3(b) are satisfied by the Company or waived by Pine Ridge.

                  "FIRST WARRANT" means the Common Stock purchase warrant, in
the form of Exhibit E, issuable to Pine Ridge on the First Settlement Date,
pursuant to Section 2.3(a), to purchase the aggregate number of Underlying
Shares indicated below Pine Ridge's name on its signature page to this
Agreement.

                  "LETTER OF CREDIT" means the letter of credit issuable by the
Bank on or prior to the Second Settlement Date, in the form of Exhibit H hereto,
in an amount equal to the aggregate principal amount of Secured Debentures being
issued on the Second Settlement Date.

                  "PERSON" means an individual or corporation, partnership,
trust, incorporated or unincorporated association, joint venture, limited
liability company, joint stock company, government (or an agency or subdivision
thereof) or other entity of any kind.

                  "PINE RIDGE" means Pine Ridge Financial, Inc.

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                  "PROCEEDING" means an action, claim, suit, investigation or
proceeding (including, without limitation, an investigation or partial
proceeding, such as a deposition), whether commenced or threatened in writing.

                  "PURCHASER COUNSEL" means Bryan Cave LLP.

                  "PURCHASER PERCENTAGE" means, with respect to a Purchaser, the
percentage equal to the product of (x) a fraction, the numerator of which shall
be the aggregate purchase price paid by such Purchaser for Shares under this
Agreement and the denominator of which shall be the aggregate purchase price
paid by all Purchasers for Shares under this Agreement and (y) 100.

                  "REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT" means the Registration Rights
Agreement, dated as of the date of this Agreement, among the Company and the
Purchasers, in the form of Exhibit G hereto.

                  "REGISTRATION STATEMENT" shall have the meaning set forth in
the Registration Rights Agreement.

                  "REQUIRED MINIMUM" means, as of any date, the maximum
aggregate number of shares of Common Stock then issued or potentially issuable
in the future pursuant to the Transaction Documents, including any Underlying
Shares issuable upon exercise of conversion in full of all Warrants and
Debentures and assuming that: (a) the Debentures are held until their respective
maturity dates and all interest on the Debentures is accreted to the principal
amount of the Debentures, (b) the maximum number of Underlying Shares is issued
pursuant to the Warrants, (c) the maximum principal amount of the Secured
Debentures is issued, and (d) the Conversion Price (as defined in the
Debentures) will be adjusted to 50% of the Initial Conversion Price (as defined
in the Debentures) pursuant to the terms of the Debentures.

                  "RULE 144" means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission
pursuant to the Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time,
or any similar rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having
substantially the same effect as such Rule.

                  "SECOND SETTLEMENT DATE" means the second Business Day
immediately following the date on which the conditions set forth in Section
2.4(b) are satisfied by the Company or waived by Pine Ridge.

                  "SECOND WARRANT" means the Common Stock purchase warrant, in
the form of Exhibit F, issuable to Pine Ridge on the Second Settlement Date,
pursuant to Section 2.4(a), to purchase the aggregate number of Underlying
Shares indicated below Pine Ridge's name on its signature page to this
Agreement.

                  "SECURED DEBENTURES" means the secured convertible debentures
due on the third anniversary of the issuance date thereof, issuable to Pine
Ridge, subject to the terms hereof, on the Second Settlement Date, in the form
of Exhibit B hereto, in the aggregate principal amount of the aggregate purchase
price payable therefor.

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                  "SECURITIES" means the Shares, the Debentures, the Warrants
and the Underlying Shares issued or issuable (as applicable) to the applicable
Purchaser pursuant to the Transaction Documents.

                  "SHAREHOLDER APPROVAL" means the approval of a majority of the
total votes cast on the proposal in person or by proxy voting in favor of
issuance of Shares and the maximum number of Underlying Shares upon conversion
of the Debentures and exercise of the Warrants as well as certain shares of
Common Stock and the maximum number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon
exercise of certain warrants, each issued on June 19, 2002, in excess of 20% of
the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding on June 19, 2002, pursuant to
the rules of Nasdaq.

                  "SHARES" means the shares of Common Stock issuable to each
Purchaser on the Closing Date pursuant to the terms hereof.

                  "SHARES INVESTMENT AMOUNT" means, with respect to each
Purchaser, the purchase price for the Shares issuable to such Purchaser, as
indicated below such Purchaser's name on its signature page to this Agreement.

                  "SUBSIDIARY" means any subsidiary of the Company that is
required to be listed in Schedule 3.1(a).

                  "TRADING DAY" means: (i) a day on which the Common Stock is
traded on a Trading Market, or (ii) if the Common Stock is not listed on a
Trading Market, a day on which the Common Stock is traded in the
over-the-counter market, as reported by the OTC Bulletin Board, or (iii) if the
Common Stock is not quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board, a day on which the Common
Stock is quoted in the over-the-counter market as reported by the National
Quotation Bureau Incorporated (or any similar organization or agency succeeding
its functions of reporting prices); provided, that in the event that the Common
Stock is not listed or quoted as set forth in (i), (ii) and (iii) hereof, then
Trading Day shall mean a Business Day.

                  "TRADING MARKET" means any of the New York Stock Exchange, the
American Stock Exchange, the Nasdaq National Market or the Nasdaq SmallCap
Market.

                  "TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS" means this Agreement, the Registration
Rights Agreement, the Warrants, the Debentures, the Transfer Agent Instructions
and any other documents or agreements executed or delivered in connection with
the transactions contemplated hereunder.

                  "TRANSFER AGENT INSTRUCTIONS" means the Company's transfer
agent instructions in the form of Exhibit H.

                  "UNDERLYING SHARES" means the shares of Common Stock issuable
upon: (i) conversion of the Debentures and (ii) exercise of the Warrants.

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                  "UNSECURED CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS" refers to cash and
cash-equivalent balances that is not pledged to collateralize the Letter of
Credit, if any, or otherwise available for use by the Company in its operations,
excluding the deferred royalty income described in Schedule 3.1(x).

                   "UNSECURED DEBENTURES" means $3,500,000 in aggregate
principal amount of convertible debentures due June 30, 2003, issuable to Pine
Ridge, subject to the terms hereof, on the First Settlement Date, in the form of
Exhibit A hereto.

                  "UNSECURED INDEBTEDNESS" means any indebtedness of the
Company, excluding any Secured Debentures, any other similar outstanding secured
debentures of the Company issued to Ballard Power Systems, Inc. and any
outstanding deferred royalty income described in Schedule 3.1(x).

                  "WARRANTS" means, collectively, the Closing Warrants, the
First Warrants and the Second Warrants issuable to the applicable Purchasers in
accordance with this Agreement.

                                   ARTICLE II.
                                PURCHASE AND SALE

         2.1      Closing. Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in
this Agreement, at the Closing, the Company shall issue and sell to the
Purchasers, and the Purchasers shall, severally and not jointly, purchase from
the Company, the Shares and the Closing Warrants for an aggregate purchase price
of $1,000,000.  The Closing shall take place at the offices of Purchaser Counsel
concurrently with the execution and delivery of this Agreement by the parties or
at such other location or time as the parties may agree.

         2.2      Closing Deliveries. (a) At the Closing, the Company shall
deliver or cause to be delivered to each Purchaser the following:

                           (i)      this Agreement duly executed by the Company;

                           (ii)     a stock certificate, registered in the name
of such Purchaser, evidencing a number of Shares equal to the quotient obtained
by dividing: (i) such Purchaser's Shares Investment Amount by (ii) $1.6984;

                           (iii)    a Closing Warrant, registered in the name of
such Purchaser, pursuant to which such Purchaser shall have the right to acquire
on the terms set forth therein, the number of Underlying Shares indicated below
such Purchaser's name on its signature page to this Agreement;

                           (iv)     the legal opinion of Company Counsel, in
agreed form, addressed to the Purchasers;

                           (v)      the Registration Rights Agreement duly
executed by the Company; and

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                           (vi)     the Transfer Agent Instructions duly
executed by the Company and acknowledged by the Company's transfer agent.

                  (b)      At the Closing, each Purchaser shall deliver or cause
to be delivered to the Company the following:

                           (i)      this Agreement duly executed by such
Purchaser;

                           (ii)     such Purchaser's Shares Investment Amount,
in United States dollars, by wire transfer to an account designated in writing
by the Company for such purpose less the applicable amount pursuant to Section
5.1 hereof; and

                           (iii)    the Registration Rights Agreement duly
executed by such Purchaser.

         2.3      First Settlement Date; Unsecured Debentures and First
Warrants. (a) If each of the conditions set forth in Section 2.3(b) have been
either satisfied by the Company or waived by Pine Ridge, then on the First
Settlement Date, the Company shall issue to Pine Ridge, the Unsecured Debentures
and the First Warrants for an aggregate purchase price of $3,500,000. On the
First Settlement Date, the Company will deliver to Pine Ridge: (1) the Unsecured
Debentures, registered in the name of Pine Ridge, in the aggregate principal
amount indicated below its name on its signature page to this Agreement and (2)
the First Warrant, registered in the name of Pine Ridge, pursuant to which Pine
Ridge shall have the right to acquire the aggregate number of Underlying Shares
indicated below its name on its signature page to this Agreement. Pine Ridge
will, against delivery of its Unsecured Debentures and First Warrant, deliver to
the Company, the amount indicated below its name on its signature page to this
Agreement, in United States dollars in immediately available funds by wire
transfer to an account designated in writing by the Company for such purpose.

                  (b)      Conditions Precedent to the Purchase of Unsecured
Debentures and First Warrants. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary
contained in this Agreement, the obligation of Pine Ridge to purchase the
Unsecured Debentures and the First Warrant on the First Settlement Date is
subject to the satisfaction by the Company or waiver by Pine Ridge of each of
the following conditions:

                           (i)      Accuracy of the Company's Representations
and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company contained in
this Agreement shall be true and correct as of the date when made and as of the
First Settlement Date, as though made on and as of the First Settlement Date
(other than representations and warranties which relate to a specific date
(which shall not include representations and warranties relating to the "date
hereof") which representations and warranties shall be true as of such specific
date).

                           (ii)     Performance by the Company. The Company
shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all
covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Transaction Documents to be
performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company between the Closing Date
and the First Settlement Date.

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                           (iii)    First Registration Statement. The First
Registration Statement shall have been declared effective under the Securities
Act by the Commission no later than the 90th day following the Closing Date and
shall have remained effective (and the prospectus therein shall have remained
available for use by the applicable Purchasers to resell Shares and Underlying
Shares issuable upon exercise of the Closing Warrants and the First Warrants and
conversion of the Unsecured Debentures thereunder) at all times, not subject to
any actual or threatened stop order or subject to any actual or threatened
suspension at any time prior to the First Settlement Date.

                           (iv)     No Injunction. Since the Closing Date, no
statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall
have been enacted, entered, promulgated, amended, modified or endorsed by any
court of governmental authority of competent jurisdiction or governmental
authority, stock market or trading facility which prohibits the consummation of
any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

                           (v)      Adverse Changes. Since the Closing Date, no
event or series of events which reasonably would be expected to have or result
in a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets or condition
(financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.

                           (vi)     Compliance Certificate. The Company shall
have delivered to Pine Ridge, an officer's certificate stating that the
conditions specified in clauses (i)-(v) above have been satisfied.

         2.4      Second Settlement Date; Secured Debentures and Second
Warrants. (a) If each of the conditions set forth in Section 2.4(b) have been
either satisfied by the Company or waived by Pine Ridge, then on the Second
Settlement Date, the Company shall issue to Pine Ridge, the Secured Debentures
and the Second Warrants for an aggregate purchase price of $8,500,000. On the
Second Settlement Date, the Company will deliver to Pine Ridge: (1) the Secured
Debentures, registered in the name of Pine Ridge, in the aggregate principal
amount indicated below its name on its signature page to this Agreement and (2)
the Second Warrant, registered in the name of Pine Ridge, pursuant to which Pine
Ridge shall have the right to acquire the aggregate number of Underlying Shares
indicated below its name on its signature page to this Agreement. Pine Ridge
will, against delivery of its Secured Debentures and Second Warrant, deliver to
the Company, the amount indicated below its name on its signature page to this
Agreement, in United States dollars in immediately available funds by wire
transfer to an account designated in writing by the Company for such purpose.

                  (b)      Conditions Precedent to the Purchase of Secured
Debentures. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this
Agreement, the obligation of Pine Ridge to purchase the Secured Debentures on
the Second Settlement Date is subject to the satisfaction by the Company or
waiver by Pine Ridge of each of the following conditions:

                           (i)      First Settlement Date. Pine Ridge shall have
purchased the Unsecured Debentures on the First Settlement Date.

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                           (ii)     Accuracy of the Company's Representations
and Warranties. The representations and warranties of the Company contained in
this Agreement shall be true and correct as of the date when made and as of the
Second Settlement Date, as though made on and as of the Second Settlement Date
(other than representations and warranties which relate to a specific date
(which shall not include representations and warranties relating to the "date
hereof") which representations and warranties shall be true as of such specific
date), provided, that the representation pursuant to Section 3.1(x) shall state
that "As of the Second Settlement Date, except as disclosed in Schedule 3.1(x)
to the Purchase Agreement, no indebtedness of the Company is senior to the
Debentures then outstanding in right of payment, whether with respect to
interest or upon liquidation or dissolution, or otherwise other than the
reimbursement obligations of the Company to the Bank pursuant to the Letter of
Credit."

                           (iii)    Performance by the Company. The Company
shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with all
covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Transaction Documents to be
performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company between the Closing Date
and the Second Settlement Date.

                           (iv)     First Registration Statement. The First
Registration Statement shall have been declared effective under the Securities
Act by the Commission and shall have remained effective (and the prospectus
therein shall have remained available for use by the applicable Purchasers to
resell Shares and Underlying Shares issuable upon exercise of the Closing
Warrants and the First Warrants and conversion of the Unsecured Debentures
thereunder) at all times, not subject to any actual or threatened stop order or
subject to any actual or threatened suspension at any time prior to the Second
Settlement Date.

                           (v)      No Injunction. Since the Closing Date, no
statute, rule, regulation, executive order, decree, ruling or injunction shall
have been enacted, entered, promulgated, amended, modified or endorsed by any
court of governmental authority of competent jurisdiction or governmental
authority, stock market or trading facility which prohibits the consummation of
any of the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.

                           (vi)     Adverse Changes. Since the Closing Date, no
event or series of events which reasonably would be expected to have or result
in a material adverse effect on the results of operations, assets or condition
(financial or otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole.

                           (vii)    Letter of Credit. The Company shall have
obtained the Letter of Credit.

                           (viii)   Shareholder Approval The Company shall have
obtained the Shareholder Approval by January 31, 2003.

                           (ix)     Compliance Certificate. The Company shall
have delivered to Pine Ridge, an officer's certificate stating that the
conditions specified in clauses (i)-(viii) above have been satisfied.

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                                  ARTICLE III.
                         REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES

         3.1      Representations and Warranties of the Company. The Company
hereby makes the following representations and warranties to the Purchasers:

                  (a)      Subsidiaries. The Company has no direct or indirect
subsidiaries other than those listed in Schedule 3.1(a). Except as disclosed in
Schedule 3.1(a), the Company owns, directly or indirectly, all of the capital
stock of each Subsidiary free and clear of any lien, charge, security interest,
encumbrance, right of first refusal or other restriction (collectively,
"LIENS"), and all the issued and outstanding shares of capital stock of each
Subsidiary are validly issued and are fully paid, non-assessable and free of
preemptive and similar rights. If the Company has no subsidiaries, then
references in the Transaction Documents to the Subsidiaries will be disregarded.

                  (b)      Organization and Qualification. Each of the Company
and the Subsidiaries is an entity duly incorporated or otherwise organized,
validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction of its
incorporation or organization (as applicable), with the requisite power and
authority to own and use its properties and assets and to carry on its business
as currently conducted. Each of the Company and the Subsidiaries is duly
qualified to conduct business and is in good standing as a foreign corporation
or other entity in each jurisdiction in which the nature of the business
conducted or property owned by it makes such qualification necessary, except
where the failure to be so qualified or in good standing, as the case may be,
could not, individually or in the aggregate have or reasonably be expected to
result in: (i) a material adverse effect on the legality, validity or
enforceability of any Transaction Document, (ii) a material adverse effect on
the results of operations, assets, business or condition (financial or
otherwise) of the Company and the Subsidiaries, taken as a whole, or (iii) a
material adverse effect on the Company's ability to perform fully on a timely
basis its obligations under any Transaction Document (any of (i), (ii) or (iii),
a "MATERIAL ADVERSE EFFECT"). Except as could not have or could not reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, neither the Company nor any
Subsidiary is in violation of any of the provisions of its respective
certificate or articles of incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or
charter documents.

                  (c)      Authorization; Enforcement. The Company has the
requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and to consummate the
transactions contemplated by each of the Transaction Documents and otherwise to
carry out its obligations thereunder. The execution and delivery of each of the
Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by it of the
transactions contemplated thereby have been duly authorized by all necessary
action on the part of the Company and no further action is required by the
Company. Each Transaction Document has been (or upon delivery will be) duly
executed by the Company and, when delivered in accordance with the terms hereof,
will constitute the valid and binding obligation of the Company enforceable
against the Company in accordance with its terms.

                  (d)      No Conflicts. The execution, delivery and performance
of the Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by the Company
of the transactions

                                       -9-

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contemplated thereby do not and will not: (i) conflict with or violate any
provision of the Company's or any Subsidiary's certificate or articles of
incorporation, bylaws or other organizational or charter documents, or (ii)
subject to obtaining the Required Approvals (as defined below), conflict with,
or constitute a default (or an event that with notice or lapse of time or both
would become a default) under, or give to others any rights of termination,
amendment, acceleration or cancellation (with or without notice, lapse of time
or both) of, any agreement, credit facility, debt or other instrument
(evidencing a Company or Subsidiary debt or otherwise) or other understanding to
which the Company or any Subsidiary is a party or by which any property or asset
of the Company or any Subsidiary is bound or affected, or (iii) result in a
violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment, injunction, decree or
other restriction of any court or governmental authority to which the Company or
a Subsidiary is subject (including federal and state securities laws and
regulations), or by which any property or asset of the Company or a Subsidiary
is bound or affected (except to the extent that stockholder approval may be
required pursuant to the rules of the NASDAQ for the issuance for a number of
Underlying Shares together with the Shares as well as shares of Common Stock and
shares of Common Stock underlying certain warrants issued on June 19, 2002
greater than 19.99% of the number of shares of Common Stock outstanding
immediately prior to June 19, 2002 (the "19.99% RULE"); except in the case of
each of clauses (ii) and (iii), such as could not, individually or in the
aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse
Effect.

                  (e)      Filings, Consents and Approvals. Neither the Company
nor any Subsidiary is required to obtain any consent, waiver, authorization or
order of, give any notice to, or make any filing or registration with, any court
or other federal, state, local or other governmental authority or other Person
in connection with the execution, delivery and performance by the Company of the
Transaction Documents, other than: (i) the filing with the Commission of the
Registration Statements, (ii) the filings required by Section 4.8, (iii) the
application with the Trading Market on which the Common Stock is listed for the
listing of the Shares and Underlying Shares for trading thereon in the time and
manner required thereby, (iv) to the extent that the stockholder approval
required pursuant to the 19.99% Rule and (v) as required by blue sky filings
(collectively, the "REQUIRED APPROVALS").

                  (f)      Issuance of the Securities. The Securities have been
duly authorized and, when issued and paid for in accordance with the Transaction
Documents, will be duly and validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable, free
and clear of all Liens. The Company has reserved from its duly authorized
capital stock a number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to the applicable
Purchasers upon conversion or exercise of the Debentures or Warrants and such
number of reserved shares of Common Stock shall be at least equal to the
Required Minimum calculated as of the date hereof.

                  (g)      Capitalization. The number of shares and type of all
authorized, issued and outstanding capital stock of the Company is set forth in
Schedule 3.1(g). No securities of the Company are entitled to preemptive or
similar rights, and no Person has any right of first refusal, preemptive right,
right of participation, or any similar right to participate in the transactions
contemplated by the Transaction Documents. Except as a result of the purchase
and sale of the

                                      -10-

<PAGE>

Securities and except as disclosed in Schedule 3.1(g), there are no outstanding
options, warrants, script rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any
character whatsoever relating to, or securities, rights or obligations
convertible into or exchangeable for, or giving any Person any right to
subscribe for or acquire, any shares of Common Stock, or contracts, commitments,
understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any Subsidiary is or may
become bound to issue additional shares of Common Stock, or securities or rights
convertible or exchangeable into shares of Common Stock. Except as disclosed in
Schedule 3.1(g), the issuance and sale of the Securities will not obligate the
Company to issue shares of Common Stock or other securities to any Person (other
than the Purchasers) and will not result in a right of any holder of Company
securities to adjust the exercise, conversion, exchange or reset price under
such securities.

                  (h)      SEC Reports; Financial Statements. The Company has
filed all reports required to be filed by it under the Securities Act and the
Exchange Act, including pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) thereof, for the two
years preceding the date hereof (or such shorter period as the Company was
required by law to file such reports) (the foregoing materials being
collectively referred to herein as the "SEC REPORTS" and, together with the
Schedules to this Agreement, the "DISCLOSURE MATERIALS") on a timely basis or
has received a valid extension of such time of filing and has filed any such SEC
Reports prior to the expiration of any such extension. The Company has delivered
to the Purchasers a copy of all SEC Reports filed within the 10 days preceding
the date hereof. As of their respective dates, the SEC Reports complied in all
material respects with the requirements of the Securities Act and the Exchange
Act and the rules and regulations of the Commission promulgated thereunder, and
none of the SEC Reports, when filed, contained any untrue statement of a
material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein
or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the
circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. The financial
statements of the Company included in the SEC Reports comply in all material
respects with applicable accounting requirements and the rules and regulations
of the Commission with respect thereto as in effect at the time of filing. Such
financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles applied on a consistent basis during the periods involved
("GAAP"), except as may be otherwise specified in such financial statements or
the notes thereto, and fairly present in all material respects the financial
position of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries as of and for the
dates thereof and the results of operations and cash flows for the periods then
ended, subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal, immaterial,
year-end audit adjustments.

                  (i)      Material Changes. Since the date of the latest
audited financial statements included within the SEC Reports, except as
specifically disclosed in Schedule 3.1 (i) and the SEC Reports: (i) there has
been no event, occurrence or development that has had or that could reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect, (ii) the Company has not
incurred any liabilities (contingent or otherwise) other than: (A) trade
payables and accrued expenses incurred in the ordinary course of business
consistent with past practice and (B) liabilities not required to be reflected
in the Company's financial statements pursuant to GAAP or required to be
disclosed in filings made with the Commission, (iii) the Company has not altered
its method of accounting or the identity of its auditors, (iv) the Company has
not declared or made any

                                      -11-

<PAGE>

dividend or distribution of cash or other property to its stockholders or
purchased, redeemed or made any agreements to purchase or redeem any shares of
its capital stock and (v) the Company has not issued any equity securities to
any officer, director or Affiliate, except pursuant to existing Company stock
option plans.  The Company does not have pending before the Commission any
request for confidential treatment of information.

                  (j)      Litigation. There is no action, suit, inquiry, notice
of violation, proceeding or investigation pending or, to the knowledge of the
Company, threatened against or affecting the Company, any Subsidiary or any of
their respective properties before or by any court, arbitrator, governmental or
administrative agency or regulatory authority (federal, state, county, local or
foreign) (collectively, an "ACTION") which: (i) adversely affects or challenges
the legality, validity or enforceability of any of the Transaction Documents or
the Securities or (ii) could, if there were an unfavorable decision,
individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably be expected to result in a
Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3.1(j), neither the
Company nor any Subsidiary, nor any officer thereof, is or has been, nor any
director thereof is or has been for the last three years, the subject of any
Action involving a claim of violation of or liability under federal or state
securities laws or a claim of breach of fiduciary duty. There has not been, and,
to the knowledge of the Company, there is not pending or contemplated, any
investigation by the Commission involving the Company or any current or former
director that was a director of the Company at any time during the last three
years or officer of the Company. The Commission has not issued any stop order or
other order suspending the effectiveness of any registration statement filed by
the Company or any Subsidiary under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.

                  (k)      Compliance. Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary
(i) is in default under or in violation of (and no event has occurred that has
not been waived that, with notice or lapse of time or both, would result in a
default by the Company or any Subsidiary under), nor has the Company or any
Subsidiary received notice of a claim that it is in default under or that it is
in violation of, any indenture, loan or credit agreement or any other agreement
or instrument to which it is a party or by which it or any of its properties is
bound (whether or not such default or violation has been waived), (ii) is in
violation of any order of any court, arbitrator or governmental body, or (iii)
is or has been in violation of any statute, rule or regulation of any
governmental authority, including without limitation all foreign, federal, state
and local laws relating to taxes, environmental protection, occupational health
and safety, product quality and safety and employment and labor matters, except
in each case as could not, individually or in the aggregate, have or reasonably
be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect.

                  (l)      Patents and Trademarks. The Company and the
Subsidiaries have, or have rights to use, patents, patent applications,
trademarks, trademark applications, service marks, trade names, copyrights,
licenses and other similar rights that are necessary or material for use in
connection with their respective businesses as described in the SEC Reports and
which the failure to so have could have, or reasonably be expected to result in,
a Material Adverse Effect (collectively, the "INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS").
Neither the Company nor any Subsidiary has received a written notice that the
Intellectual Property Rights used by the Company or any Subsidiary violates or
infringes upon the rights of any Person which if determined adversely to

                                      -12-

<PAGE>

the Company would, individually or in the aggregate have a Material Adverse
Effect. To the knowledge of the Company, all such Intellectual Property Rights
are enforceable and there is no existing infringement by another Person of any
of the Intellectual Property Rights.

                  (m)      Transactions With Affiliates and Employees. Except as
set forth in SEC Reports and except as set forth on the attached Schedule
3.1(m), none of the officers or directors of the Company and, to the knowledge
of the Company, none of the employees of the Company is presently a party to any
transaction with the Company or any Subsidiary (other than for services as
employees, officers and directors), including any contract, agreement or other
arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for
rental of real or personal property to or from, or otherwise requiring payments
to or from any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the
Company, any entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a
substantial interest or is an officer, director, trustee or partner.

                  (n)      Internal Accounting Controls. The Company and the
Subsidiaries maintain a system of internal accounting controls sufficient to
provide reasonable assurance that (i) transactions are executed in accordance
with management's general or specific authorizations, (ii) transactions are
recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in
conformity with generally accepted accounting principles and to maintain asset
accountability, (iii) access to assets is permitted only in accordance with
management's general or specific authorization, and (iv) the recorded
accountability for assets is compared with the existing assets at reasonable
intervals and appropriate action is taken with respect to any differences.

                  (o)      Solvency. Based on the financial condition of the
Company as of the Closing Date, (i) the Company's fair saleable value of its
assets exceeds the amount that will be required to be paid on or in respect of
the Company's existing debts and other liabilities (including known contingent
liabilities) as they mature; (ii) the Company's assets do not constitute
unreasonably small capital to carry on its business for the current fiscal year
as now conducted and as proposed to be conducted including its capital needs
taking into account the particular capital requirements of the business
conducted by the Company, and projected capital requirements and capital
availability thereof; and (iii) the current cash flow of the Company, together
with the proceeds the Company would receive, were it to liquidate all of its
assets, after taking into account all anticipated uses of the cash, would be
sufficient to pay all amounts on or in respect of its debt when such amounts are
required to be paid. The Company does not intend to incur debts beyond its
ability to pay such debts as they mature (taking into account the timing and
amounts of cash to be payable on or in respect of its debt).

                  (p)      Certain Fees. Except for fees or commissions payable
by the Company to Banc of America Securities LLC, no brokerage or finder's fees
or commissions are or will be payable by the Company to any broker, financial
advisor or consultant, finder, placement agent, investment banker, bank or other
Person with respect to the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. The
Purchasers shall have no obligation with respect to any fees or with respect to
any claims made by or on behalf of other Persons for fees of a type contemplated
in this Section that may be due in connection with the transactions contemplated
by this Agreement.

                                      -13-

<PAGE>

                  (q)      Private Placement. Assuming the accuracy of the
Purchasers representations and warranties set forth in Section 3.2(b)-(e), no
registration under the Securities Act is required for the offer, issuance and
sale of the Securities by the Company to the Purchasers as contemplated hereby.

                  (r)      Form S-3 Eligibility. The Company is eligible to
register the resale of shares of Common Stock for resale by the Purchasers under
Form S-3 promulgated under the Securities Act.

                  (s)      Listing and Maintenance Requirements. The Company has
not, in the two years preceding the date hereof, received notice (written or
oral) from any Trading Market on which the Common Stock is or has been listed or
quoted to the effect that the Company is not in compliance with the listing or
maintenance requirements of such Trading Market. Except as set forth in Schedule
3.1 (s) the Company is, and has no reason to believe that it will not in the
foreseeable future continue to be, in compliance with all such listing and
maintenance requirements. The issuance and sale of the Securities hereunder does
not contravene the rules and regulations of the Trading Market and, except as
contemplated in this Agreement, no approval of the shareholders of the Company
is required for the Company to issue and deliver to the Purchasers the maximum
number of Securities contemplated by this Agreement assuming exercise of the
Warrants and conversion of the Debentures on the date hereof.

                  (t)      Registration Rights. Except as described in Schedule
3.1(t), the Company has not granted or agreed to grant to any Person any rights
(including "piggy back" registration rights) to have any securities of the
Company registered with the Commission or any other governmental authority that
have not been satisfied.

                  (u)      Investment Company. The Company is not, and is not an
Affiliate of, an "investment company" within the meaning of the Investment
Company Act of 1940, as amended.

                  (v)      Application of Takeover Protections. The Company and
its Board of Directors have taken all necessary action, if any, in order to
render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison
pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti
takeover provision under the Company's Certificate of Incorporation (or similar
charter documents) or the laws of its state of incorporation that is or could
become applicable to the Purchasers as a result of the Purchasers and the
Company fulfilling their obligations or exercising their rights under the
Transaction Documents, including without limitation the Company's issuance of
the Securities and the Purchasers' ownership of the Securities.

                  (w)      Disclosure. The Company confirms that neither it nor
any other Person acting on its behalf has provided any of the Purchasers or
their agents or counsel with any information that constitutes or might
constitute material, non-public information. The Company understands and
confirms that the Purchasers will rely on the foregoing representations in
effecting transactions in securities of the Company. All disclosure provided to
the Purchasers regarding the Company, its business and the transactions
contemplated hereby, including the Schedules to this Agreement, furnished by or
on behalf of the Company are true and correct and

                                      -14-

<PAGE>

do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state any
material fact necessary in order to make the statements made therein, in light
of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.

                  (x)      Seniority. As of the date of this Agreement, except
as set forth in Schedule 3.1 (x), no indebtedness of the Company is senior to
the Debentures in right of payment, whether with respect to interest or upon
liquidation or dissolution, or otherwise.

         3.2      Representations and Warranties of the Purchasers. Each
Purchaser hereby, for itself and for no other Purchaser, represents and warrants
to the Company as follows:

                  (a)      Organization; Authority. Such Purchaser is an entity
duly organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the
jurisdiction of its organization with the requisite corporate or partnership
power and authority to enter into and to consummate the transactions
contemplated by the Transaction Documents to which it is a party and otherwise
to carry out its obligations thereunder. The purchase by such Purchaser of the
Securities issued or issuable to it pursuant to the terms hereof has been duly
authorized by all necessary corporate action on the part of such Purchaser. Each
of this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement has been duly executed
by such Purchaser, and, when delivered by such Purchaser in accordance with the
terms hereof, will constitute the valid and legally binding obligation of such
Purchaser, enforceable against it in accordance with its terms.

                  (b)      Investment Intent. Such Purchaser is acquiring the
Securities issued or issuable to it as principal for its own account for
investment purposes only and not with a view to or for distributing or reselling
such Securities or any part thereof, without prejudice, however, to such
Purchaser's right, subject to the provisions of this Agreement, at all times to
sell or otherwise dispose of all or any part of such Securities pursuant to an
effective registration statement under the Securities Act or under an exemption
from such registration and in compliance with applicable federal and state
securities laws. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed a representation or
warranty by such Purchaser to hold the Securities issued or issuable to it for
any period of time. Such Purchaser is acquiring the Securities issued or
issuable to it hereunder in the ordinary course of its business. Such Purchaser
does not have any agreement or understanding, directly or indirectly, with any
Person to distribute any of the Securities issued or issuable to it.

                  (c)      Purchaser Status. At the time such Purchaser was
offered the Securities issued or issuable to it, it was, and at the date hereof
it is, and as of each date of exercise of Warrants, it will be, an "accredited
investor" as defined in Rule 501(a) under the Securities Act. Such Purchaser has
not been formed solely for the purpose of acquiring the Securities issued or
issuable to it. Such Purchaser is not a registered broker-dealer under Section
15 of the Exchange Act.

                  (d)      Experience of such Purchaser. Such Purchaser, either
alone or together with its representatives, has such knowledge, sophistication
and experience in business and financial matters so as to be capable of
evaluating the merits and risks of the prospective investment in the Securities
issued or issuable to it, and has so evaluated the merits and risks of

                                      -15-

<PAGE>

such investment. Such Purchaser is able to bear the economic risk of an
investment in the Securities issued or issuable to it and, at the present time,
is able to afford a complete loss of such investment.

                  (e)      General Solicitation. Such Purchaser is not
purchasing the Securities issued or issuable to it as a result of any
advertisement, article, notice or other communication regarding the Securities
issued or issuable to it published in any newspaper, magazine or similar media
or broadcast over television or radio or presented at any seminar or any other
general solicitation or general advertisement.

                  (f)      Access to Information. Such Purchaser acknowledges
that it has reviewed the Disclosure Materials and has been afforded (i) the
opportunity to ask such questions as it has deemed necessary of, and to receive
answers from, representatives of the Company concerning the terms and conditions
of the offering of the Securities issued or issuable to it and the merits and
risks of investing in the Securities issued or issuable to it; (ii) access to
information about the Company and the Subsidiaries and their respective
financial condition, results of operations, business, properties, management and
prospects sufficient to enable it to evaluate its investment; and (iii) the
opportunity to obtain such additional information that the Company possesses or
can acquire without unreasonable effort or expense that is necessary to make an
informed investment decision with respect to the investment. Neither such
inquiries nor any other investigation conducted by or on behalf of such
Purchaser or its representatives or counsel shall modify, amend or affect such
Purchaser's right to rely on the truth, accuracy and completeness of the
Disclosure Materials and the Company's representations and warranties contained
in the Transaction Documents.

         The Company acknowledges and agrees that no Purchaser makes or has made
any representations or warranties with respect to the transactions contemplated
hereby other than those specifically set forth in this Section 3.2.

                                   ARTICLE IV.
                         OTHER AGREEMENTS OF THE PARTIES

         4.1      Transfer Restrictions. Securities may only be disposed of in
compliance with state and federal securities laws. In connection with any
transfer of the Securities other than pursuant to an effective registration
statement, to the Company, to an Affiliate of a Purchaser who is an "accredited
investor" as defined in Rule 501(a) under the Securities Act or in connection
with a pledge as contemplated in Section 4.1(b), the Company may require the
transferor thereof to provide to the Company an opinion of counsel selected by
the transferor, the form and substance of which opinion shall be reasonably
satisfactory to the Company, to the effect that such transfer does not require
registration of such transferred Securities under the Securities Act. As a
condition of transfer, any such transferee shall agree in writing to be bound by
the terms of this Agreement and shall have the rights of a Purchaser under this
Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement.

                  (b)      The Purchasers agree to the imprinting, so long as is
required by this Section 4.1(b), of the following legend on the certificates
evidencing the Securities:

                                      -16-

<PAGE>

                  [NEITHER] THESE SECURITIES [NOR THE SECURITIES INTO WHICH
                  THESE SECURITIES ARE CONVERTIBLE/EXERCISABLE] HAVE [NOT] BEEN
                  REGISTERED WITH THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION OR THE
                  SECURITIES COMMISSION OF ANY STATE IN RELIANCE UPON AN
                  EXEMPTION FROM REGISTRATION UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933,
                  AS AMENDED (THE "SECURITIES ACT"), AND, ACCORDINGLY, MAY NOT
                  BE OFFERED OR SOLD EXCEPT PURSUANT TO AN EFFECTIVE
                  REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OR PURSUANT TO
                  AN AVAILABLE EXEMPTION FROM, OR IN A TRANSACTION NOT SUBJECT
                  TO, THE REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS OF THE SECURITIES ACT AND IN
                  ACCORDANCE WITH APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS AS EVIDENCED
                  BY A LEGAL OPINION OF COUNSEL TO THE TRANSFEROR TO SUCH
                  EFFECT, THE SUBSTANCE OF WHICH SHALL BE REASONABLY ACCEPTABLE
                  TO THE COMPANY. THESE SECURITIES [AND THE SECURITIES ISSUABLE
                  UPON CONVERSION/EXERCISE OF THESE SECURITIES] MAY BE PLEDGED
                  IN CONNECTION WITH A BONA FIDE MARGIN ACCOUNT OR OTHER LOAN
                  SECURED BY SUCH SECURITIES.

                  The Company acknowledges and agrees that a Purchaser may from
time to time pledge pursuant to a bona fide margin agreement or grant a security
interest in some or all of the Securities issued or issuable to it and, if
required under the terms of such arrangement, such Purchaser may transfer
pledged or secured Securities to the pledgees or secured parties. Such a pledge
or transfer would not be subject to approval of the Company and no legal opinion
of the pledgee, secured party or pledgor shall be required in connection
therewith, provided, that the Company's transfer agent may require a legal
opinion to issue a certificate in the name of such pledgee or secured party if
such pledgee or secured party requires registration of the applicable Securities
in its name. Further, no notice shall be required of such pledge. At the
appropriate Purchaser's expense, the Company will execute and deliver such
reasonable documentation as a pledgee or secured party of Securities may
reasonably request in connection with a pledge or transfer of the Securities
including the preparation and filing of any required prospectus supplement under
Rule 424(b)(3) of the Securities Act or other applicable provision of the
Securities Act to appropriately amend the list of Selling Stockholders
thereunder.

                  (c)      Certificates evidencing the Shares or Underlying
Shares shall not contain any legend (including the legend set forth in Section
4.1(b)): (i) while a registration statement (including the Registration
Statement) covering the resale of such Shares or Underlying Shares is effective
under the Securities Act, or (ii) following any sale of such Shares or
Underlying Shares pursuant to Rule 144, or (iii) if such Shares or Underlying
Shares are eligible for sale under Rule 144(k), or (iv) if such legend is not
required under applicable requirements of the Securities Act (including judicial
interpretations and pronouncements issued by the Staff of the Commission). The
Company shall cause its counsel to issue the legal opinion included in the
Transfer Agent Instructions to the Company's transfer agent on the Effective
Date. If all or any portion of a Warrant or Debenture is exercised or converted
at a time when there is a effective registration statement to cover the resale
of the Underlying Shares, such Underlying Shares shall be issued

                                      -17-

<PAGE>

free of all legends. The Company agrees that following the Effective Date or at
such time as such legend is no longer required for Shares or Underlying Shares
under this Section 4.1(c), it will, no later than three Trading Days following
the delivery by a Purchaser to the Company or the Company's transfer agent of a
certificate representing Shares or Underlying Shares issued with a restrictive
legend, deliver or cause to be delivered to such Purchaser a certificate
representing such Shares or Underlying Shares that is free from all restrictive
or other legends. The Company may not make any notation on its records or give
instructions to any transfer agent of the Company that enlarge the restrictions
on transfer set forth in this Section.

         4.2      Unconditional Performance. The Company acknowledges that the
issuance of the Securities will result in dilution of the outstanding shares of
Common Stock.  The Company further acknowledges that its obligations under the
Transaction Documents, including without limitation its obligation to issue the
Underlying Shares pursuant to the Transaction Documents, are unconditional and
absolute and not subject to any right of set off, counterclaim, delay or
reduction, regardless of the effect of any such dilution or any claim that the
Company may have against any Purchaser and shall only be subject to a
non-appealable order of the Commission.

         4.3      Furnishing of Information. As long as any Purchaser owns the
Securities issued or issuable to it, the Company covenants to timely file (or
obtain extensions in respect thereof and file within the applicable grace
period) all reports required to be filed by the Company after the date hereof
pursuant to the Exchange Act. Upon the request of any such Person, the Company
shall deliver to such Person a written certification of a duly authorized
officer as to whether it has complied with the preceding sentence. As long as
any Purchaser owns the Securities issued or issuable to it, if the Company is
not required to file reports pursuant to such laws, it will prepare and furnish
to the Purchasers and make publicly available in accordance with Rule 144(c)
such information as is required for the Purchasers to sell the Securities under
Rule 144.

         4.4      Integration. The Company shall not, and shall use its best
efforts to ensure that no Affiliate of the Company shall, sell, offer for sale
or solicit offers to buy or otherwise negotiate in respect of any security (as
defined in Section 2 of the Securities Act) that would be integrated with the
offer or sale of the Securities in a manner that would require the registration
under the Securities Act of the sale of the applicable Securities to the
Purchasers, or that would be integrated with the offer or sale of the applicable
Securities for purposes of the rules and regulations of any Trading Market, if
such integration would result in a violation of any such rule or regulation.

         4.5      Listing of Securities. The Company shall: (i) in the time and
manner required by each Trading Market on which the Common Stock is listed,
prepare and file with such Trading Market an additional shares listing
application covering the Shares and the Underlying Shares, (ii) take all steps
necessary to cause such shares to be approved for listing on each Trading Market
on which the Common Stock is listed as soon as possible thereafter, (iii)
provide to the Purchasers evidence of such listing, and (iv) maintain the
listing of such shares on each such Trading Market or another eligible
securities market.

                                      -18-

<PAGE>

         4.6      Reservation of Shares. The Company shall maintain a reserve
from its duly authorized shares of Common Stock to comply with its conversion
and exercise obligations under the Debentures and Warrants pursuant to the
Transaction Documents. If on any date the Company would be, if notice of
exercise or conversion were to be delivered on such date, precluded from issuing
the number of Underlying Shares, as the case may be, issuable upon exercise in
full of all of the Warrants and issuable upon conversion in full of the
Debentures due to the unavailability of a sufficient number of authorized but
unissued or reserved shares of Common Stock, then the Board of Directors of the
Company shall promptly prepare and mail to the stockholders of the Company proxy
materials requesting authorization to amend the Company's certificate of
incorporation to increase the number of shares of Common Stock which the Company
is authorized to issue so as to provide enough shares for issuance of the
Underlying Shares. In connection therewith, the Board of Directors shall (a)
adopt proper resolutions authorizing such increase, (b) recommend to and
otherwise use its best efforts to promptly and duly obtain stockholder approval
to carry out such resolutions (and hold a special meeting of the stockholders as
soon as practicable, but in any event not later than the 60th day after delivery
of the proxy materials relating to such meeting) and (c) within five Business
Days of obtaining such stockholder authorization, file an appropriate amendment
to the Company's certificate of incorporation to evidence such increase.

         4.7      Subsequent Placements and Registration Statements.

                  (a)     From the date hereof through and including the date
the First Registration Statement is declared effective by the Commission, the
Company will not: (i) directly or indirectly, offer, sell or grant any option to
purchase (or announce any offer, sale, grant or any option to purchase) any of
its Common Stock Common Stock Equivalents, or (ii) file a registration statement
(other than on a Form S-8 and pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement)
with the Commission with respect to any securities of the Company.

                  (b)     The Company will not, directly or indirectly, offer,
sell or issue any Common Stock or Common Stock Equivalents, in a transaction
intended to be exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act
(a "SUBSEQUENT PRIVATE PLACEMENT") from the Closing Date until the earlier to
occur of (x) fifteen months from the Closing Date, or (y) with respect to each
individual Purchaser, the date on which such Purchaser no longer holds 20% or
more of the Securities (including Underlying Shares), issued or issuable to such
Purchaser pursuant to the Transaction Documents, unless (i) the Company delivers
to each of the Purchasers a written notice (the "SUBSEQUENT PRIVATE PLACEMENT
NOTICE") of its intention to effect such Subsequent Private Placement, which
Subsequent Private Placement Notice shall describe in reasonable detail the
proposed terms of such Subsequent Private Placement, the amount of proceeds
intended to be raised thereunder, the Person with whom such Subsequent Private
Placement is proposed to be effected, and attached to which shall be a term
sheet or similar document relating thereto and (ii) such Purchaser shall not
have notified the Company by 6:30 p.m. (New York City time) on the tenth Trading
Day after its receipt of the Subsequent Placement Notice of its willingness to
provide (or to cause its designee to provide), subject to completion of mutually
acceptable documentation, up to the greater of 20% of such financing or six
million dollars ($6,000,000) (the "SUBSEQUENT FINANCING AMOUNT") to the Company
on the

                                      -19-

<PAGE>

same terms set forth in the Subsequent Private Placement Notice. If the
Purchasers shall fail to so notify the Company of their willingness to
participate in the Subsequent Financing Amount, the Company may effect the
remaining portion of such Subsequent Placement on the terms and to the Persons
set forth in the Subsequent Private Placement Notice. The Company shall provide
the Purchasers with a second Subsequent Private Placement Notice and the
Purchasers will again have the right of first refusal set forth above in this
paragraph (b), if the Subsequent Placement subject to the initial Subsequent
Private Placement Notice is not consummated for any reason on the terms set
forth in such Subsequent Placement Notice within 45 Trading Days after the date
of the initial Subsequent Placement Notice with the Person identified in the
Subsequent Placement Notice. If the Purchasers indicate a willingness to provide
financing in excess of the Subsequent Financing Amount, then each Purchaser will
be entitled to provide financing pursuant to such Subsequent Placement Notice up
to an amount equal to such Purchaser's Percentage, but the Company shall not be
required to accept financing from the Purchasers in an amount in excess of the
Subsequent Financing Amount.

                  (c)      The restrictions contained in Section 4.7(a) and
(b) shall not apply to any grant or issuance by the Company of, or the filing by
the Company of any registration statement relating thereto following the date
the First Registration Statement is declared effective by the Commission, any of
the following:

                           (i)      Any grant of an option or warrant for
Common Stock or issuance of any shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of any
options or warrants to employees, officers and directors of or consultants to
the Company pursuant to any stock option plan, employee stock purchase plan or
similar plan or incentive or consulting arrangement approved by the Company's
board of directors;

                           (ii)     Any rights or agreements to purchase
Common Stock Equivalents outstanding on the date hereof and as specified in
Schedule 3.1(g) (but not as to any amendments or other modifications to the
number of Common Stock issuable thereunder, the terms set forth therein, or the
exercise price set forth therein);

                           (iii)    Any Common Stock or Common Stock
Equivalents issued for consideration other than cash pursuant to a merger,
consolidation, acquisition or other similar business combination;

                           (iv)     Any issuances of Common Stock or
Common Stock Equivalents to a Person which is or will be, itself or through its
subsidiaries, an operating company in a business related to or complementary
with the business of the Company and in which the Company receives reasonably
material benefits in addition to the investment of funds, but shall not include
a transaction in which the Company is issuing securities primarily for the
purpose of raising capital or to an entity whose primary business is investing
in securities;

                           (v)      Any Common Stock Equivalents that
entitle the holders thereof to acquire up to 500,000 shares of Common Stock
issued pursuant to any equipment leasing arrangement;

                                      -20-

<PAGE>

                           (vi) Any Common Stock or Common Stock
Equivalents issued to pay all or a portion of any investment banking, finders or
similar fee or commission, which entitles the holders thereof to acquire shares
of Common Stock at a price not less than the market price of the Common Stock on
the date of such issuance and which is not subject to any adjustments other than
on account of stock splits and reverse stock splits;

                           (vii)    The issuance of any Warrants or
Debentures or any shares of Common Stock issued upon: (x) the exercise of the
Warrants or any similar warrant issued pursuant to this Agreement, (y) the
exercise of any warrants issued by the Company on June 19, 2002 pursuant to the
Previous Agreement (as defined herein) and (z) the conversion of the Debentures;
or

                           (viii)   a bona fide underwritten public
offering of the Common Stock resulting in gross proceeds in excess of $15
million to the Company (it being understood that equity line transactions,
including any on going warrant financing, or any similar arrangements shall not
constitute a bona fide underwritten public offering of the Common Stock for the
purposes hereof).

         4.8      Securities Laws Disclosure; Publicity. The Company shall,
within one Business Day after each of the Closing Date, the First Settlement
Date and the Second Settlement Date, issue a press release or file a Current
Report on Form 8-K reasonably acceptable to the Purchasers disclosing all
material terms of the transactions contemplated hereby. The Company and the
Purchasers shall consult with each other in issuing any press releases with
respect to the transactions contemplated hereby. Notwithstanding the foregoing,
other than in any registration statement filed pursuant to the Registration
Rights Agreement and filings related thereto, the Company shall not publicly
disclose the name of any Purchaser, or include the name of any Purchaser in any
filing with the Commission or any regulatory agency or Trading Market, without
the prior written consent of such Purchaser, except to the extent such
disclosure is required by law or Trading Market regulations, in which case the
Company shall provide the Purchasers with prior notice of such disclosure.

         4.9      Non-Public Information. The Company covenants and agrees that
neither it nor any other Person acting on its behalf will provide any Purchaser
or its agents or counsel with any information that the Company believes
constitutes material non-public information, unless prior thereto such Purchaser
shall have executed a written agreement regarding the confidentiality and use of
such information. The Company understands and confirms that each Purchaser shall
be relying on the foregoing representations in effecting transactions in
securities of the Company.

         4.10     Use of Proceeds. The Company shall not use any of the net
proceeds from the sale of the Securities hereunder for the satisfaction of any
portion of the Company's debt (other than payment of trade payables in the
ordinary course of the Company's business and prior practices), to redeem any
Company equity or equity equivalent securities or to extend any loans to its
Affiliates.

         4.11     Indemnification of Purchasers. The Company hereby indemnifies
and holds the Purchasers and their directors, officers, shareholders, partners,
employees and agents (each, a

                                      -21-

<PAGE>

"PURCHASER PARTY") harmless from any and all losses, liabilities, obligations,
claims, contingencies, damages, costs and expenses, including all judgments,
amounts paid in settlements, court costs and reasonable attorneys' fees and
costs of investigation (collectively, "Losses") that any such Purchaser Party
may suffer or incur as a result of or relating to any misrepresentation, breach
or inaccuracy, or any allegation by a third party that, if true, would
constitute a breach or inaccuracy, of any of the representations, warranties,
covenants or agreements made by the Company in this Agreement or in the other
Transaction Documents. The Company will reimburse such Purchaser for its
reasonable legal and other expenses (including the cost of any investigation,
preparation and travel in connection therewith) incurred in connection
therewith, as such expenses are incurred. The Company and the Purchaser Party
may not, without the prior written consent of the other, agree to any settlement
of any claim or action with respect to which the Company is required to
indemnify the Purchaser Party pursuant to this Section 4.11.

         4.12     Shareholders Rights Plan. No claim will be made or
enforced by the Company or any other Person that any Purchaser is an "Acquiring
Person" under any shareholders rights plan or similar plan or arrangement in
effect or hereafter adopted by the Company, or that any Purchaser could be
deemed to trigger the provisions of any such plan or arrangement, by virtue of
receiving Shares or Underlying Shares under the Transaction Documents or under
any other agreement between the Company and the Purchasers.

         4.13     Letter of Credit. No later than the Second Settlement
Date, as material inducement for Pine Ridge to purchase the Secured Debentures,
the Company shall obtain the Letter of Credit from the Bank. The failure of the
Company to comply with any part of this covenant shall be deemed by Pine Ridge
to be a material violation of this Agreement.

         4.14     Shareholder Approval. The Company shall use its best efforts
to obtain the Shareholder Approval no later than January 31, 2003. The failure
of the Company to comply this covenant shall be deemed by Pine Ridge to be a
material violation of this Agreement.

         4.15     Ratio of Cash and Cash-Equivalents to Unsecured Indebtedness.
At all times when there shall be any principal amount of Unsecured Debentures or
Exchange Debentures outstanding, the Company will not permit the ratio of its
Unsecured Cash and Cash-Equivalents balances to Unsecured Indebtedness to be
less than 1.25 to 1. On the 15th day of each month immediately following the
First Settlement Date when there shall be any principal amount of Unsecured
Debentures or Exchange Debentures outstanding, the Company will cause its
principal executive officer, principal financial officer or principal accounting
officer to deliver to Pine Ridge a certified statement to evidence that such
ratio is being maintained pursuant to the terms hereof. If the Company becomes
aware of a violation of this covenant at the close of any Business Day, the
Company shall disclose such violation to Pine Ridge within two Business Days.

         4.16     Previous Securities Purchase Agreement. With respect to
those certain shares of Common Stock and Common Stock Purchase Warrants
(collectively, the "PREVIOUS SECURITIES") issued and sold pursuant to that
certain Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of

                                      -22-

<PAGE>

June 19, 2002 among the Company and the Purchasers (the "PREVIOUS AGREEMENT"),
it is hereby agreed and understood that: (i) all rights and obligations of the
respective parties under the Previous Agreement with respect to the Previous
Securities shall remain in full force and effect and (ii) there shall be no
rights or obligations under the Previous Agreement with respect to any
securities other than the Previous Securities.

                                   ARTICLE V.
                                  MISCELLANEOUS

         5.1      Fees and Expenses. The Company has agreed to pay $50,000 at
the Closing to the Purchasers as reimbursement for their legal and other fees
and expenses incurred in connection with the investigation and negotiation of
the transaction and the preparation and negotiation of the Transaction
Documents. Accordingly, in lieu of the foregoing payment, the Company, on the
Closing Date, will direct that the aggregate amount that the Purchasers are to
pay for the Shares and Closing Warrants at the Closing, will be reduced by
$50,000. Other than as specified above, each party shall pay the fees and
expenses of its advisers, counsel, accountants and other experts, if any, and
all other expenses incurred by such party incident to the negotiation,
preparation, execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement. The Company
shall pay all transfer agent fees, stamp taxes and other taxes and duties levied
in connection with the issuance of any Securities.

         5.2      Entire Agreement. The Transaction Documents, together with
the Exhibits and Schedules thereto, contain the entire understanding of the
parties with respect to the subject matter hereof and supersede all prior
agreements and understandings, oral or written, with respect to such matters,
which the parties acknowledge have been merged into such documents, exhibits and
schedules. At or after the Closing, and without further consideration, the
Company will execute and deliver to the Purchasers such further documents as may
be reasonably requested in order to give practical effect to the intention of
the parties under the Transaction Documents.

         5.3      Notices. Any and all notices or other communications or
deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing
and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of
transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the
facsimile number specified in this Section prior to 6:30 p.m. (New York City
time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission,
if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile
number specified in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later
than 6:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the Trading Day
following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight
courier service, or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is
required to be given. The addresses for such notices and communications are
those set forth on the signature pages hereof, or such other address as may be
designated in writing hereafter, in the same manner, by such Person.

         5.4    Amendments; Waivers. No provision of this Agreement may be
waived or amended except in a written instrument signed, in the case of an
amendment, by the Company

                                      -23-

<PAGE>

and each of the Purchasers or, in the case of a waiver, by the party against
whom enforcement of any such waiver is sought. No waiver of any default with
respect to any provision, condition or requirement of this Agreement shall be
deemed to be a continuing waiver in the future or a waiver of any subsequent
default or a waiver of any other provision, condition or requirement hereof, nor
shall any delay or omission of either party to exercise any right hereunder in
any manner impair the exercise of any such right.

         5.5      Construction. The headings herein are for convenience
only, do not constitute a part of this Agreement and shall not be deemed to
limit or affect any of the provisions hereof. The language used in this
Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express
their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against
any party.

         5.6      Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding
upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their successors and permitted
assigns. The Company may not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations
hereunder without the prior written consent of the Purchasers. Any Purchaser may
assign its rights under this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement to
any Person to whom such Purchaser assigns or transfers any Securities.

         5.7      No Third-Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended
for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and
permitted assigns and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be
enforced by, any other Person, except as otherwise set forth in Section 4.11.

         5.8      Governing Law; Venue; Waiver of Jury Trial. All questions
concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this
Agreement shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance with the
internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the principles of
conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all Proceedings concerning the
interpretations, enforcement and defense of the transactions contemplated by
this Agreement and any other Transaction Documents (whether brought against a
party hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders,
employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal
courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan. Each party hereto
hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and
federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the
adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any
transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to
the enforcement of the any of the Transaction Documents), and hereby irrevocably
waives, and agrees not to assert in any Proceeding, any claim that it is not
personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such Proceeding
is improper. Each party hereto hereby irrevocably waives personal service of
process and consents to process being served in any such Proceeding by mailing a
copy thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with
evidence of delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it
under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and
sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall
be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted
by law. Each party hereto hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent
permitted by applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal
proceeding arising out of or relating to this

                                      -24-

<PAGE>

Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby. If either party shall
commence a Proceeding to enforce any provisions of a Transaction Document, then
the prevailing party in such Proceeding shall be reimbursed by the other party
for its attorneys fees and other costs and expenses incurred with the
investigation, preparation and prosecution of such Proceeding.

         5.9      Survival. The representations, warranties, agreements and
covenants contained herein shall survive the Closing and the Settlement Date, as
applicable, and the delivery, conversion and exercise of the Securities, as
applicable.

         5.10     Execution. This Agreement may be executed in two or more
counterparts, all of which when taken together shall be considered one and the
same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by
each party and delivered to the other party, it being understood that both
parties need not sign the same counterpart. In the event that any signature is
delivered by facsimile transmission, such signature shall create a valid and
binding obligation of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is
executed) with the same force and effect as if such facsimile signature page
were an original thereof.

         5.11     Severability. If any provision of this Agreement is held
to be invalid or unenforceable in any respect, the validity and enforceability
of the remaining terms and provisions of this Agreement shall not in any way be
affected or impaired thereby and the parties will attempt to agree upon a valid
and enforceable provision that is a reasonable substitute therefor, and upon so
agreeing, shall incorporate such substitute provision in this Agreement.

         5.12     Rescission and Withdrawal Right. Notwithstanding anything
to the contrary contained in (and without limiting any similar provisions of)
the Transaction Documents, whenever any Purchaser exercises a right, election,
demand or option under a Transaction Document and the Company does not timely
perform its related obligations within the periods therein provided, then such
Purchaser may rescind or withdraw, in its sole discretion from time to time upon
written notice to the Company, any relevant notice, demand or election in whole
or in part without prejudice to its future actions and rights.

         5.13     Replacement of Securities. If any certificate or instrument
evidencing any Securities is mutilated, lost, stolen or destroyed, the Company
shall issue or cause to be issued in exchange and substitution for and upon
cancellation thereof, or in lieu of and substitution therefor, a new certificate
or instrument, but only upon receipt of evidence reasonably satisfactory to the
Company of such loss, theft or destruction and customary and reasonable
indemnity, if requested. The applicants for a new certificate or instrument
under such circumstances shall also pay any reasonable third-party costs
associated with the issuance of such replacement Securities.

         5.14     Remedies. In addition to being entitled to exercise all
rights provided herein or granted by law, including recovery of damages, each of
the Purchasers and the Company will be entitled to specific performance under
the Transaction Documents. The parties agree that monetary damages may not be
adequate compensation for any loss incurred by reason of any breach of
obligations described in the foregoing sentence and hereby agrees to waive in
any

                                      -25-

<PAGE>

action for specific performance of any such obligation the defense that a remedy
at law would be adequate.

         5.15     Payment Set Aside. To the extent that the Company makes a
payment or payments to any Purchaser pursuant to any Transaction Document or a
Purchaser enforces or exercises its rights thereunder, and such payment or
payments or the proceeds of such enforcement or exercise or any part thereof are
subsequently invalidated, declared to be fraudulent or preferential, set aside,
recovered from, disgorged by or are required to be refunded, repaid or otherwise
restored to the Company, a trustee, receiver or any other person under any law
(including, without limitation, any bankruptcy law, state or federal law, common
law or equitable cause of action), then to the extent of any such restoration
the obligation or part thereof originally intended to be satisfied shall be
revived and continued in full force and effect as if such payment had not been
made or such enforcement or setoff had not occurred.

         5.16     Independent Nature of Purchasers' Obligations and Rights.
The rights and obligations of each Purchaser under any Transaction Document are
several and not joint with the rights and obligations of the other Purchaser and
a Purchaser shall not be responsible in any way for the performance of the
obligations of the other Purchaser under any Transaction Document. Nothing
contained herein or in any Transaction Document, and no action taken by any
Purchaser pursuant thereto shall constitute the Purchasers as a partnership, an
association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a
presumption that the Purchasers are in any way acting in concert with respect to
such obligations or the transactions contemplated by the Transaction Documents.
Each Purchaser shall be entitled to independently protect and enforce its
rights, including without limitation the rights arising out of this Agreement or
out of the other Transaction Documents, and it shall not be necessary for the
other Purchaser to be joined as an additional party in any proceeding for such
purpose.

                   [REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     SIGNATURE PAGES FOR PURCHASERS FOLLOW]

                                      -26-

<PAGE>

                  IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this
Securities Purchase Agreement to be duly executed by their respective authorized
signatories as of the date first indicated above.

                             MILLENNIUM CELL INC.

                             By:  /s/ Norman R. Harpster, Jr.
                                  ---------------------------
                             Name:  Norman R. Harpster, Jr.
                             Title: Chief Financial Officer

                             Address for Notice:

                             1 Industrial Way West
                             Eatontown, NJ 07724
                             Facsimile No.: (732) 542-4010
                             Attn: Chief Financial Officer

                             With a copy to:
                             Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger
                             &Vecchione, P.C
                             One Riverfront Plaza
                             Newark, NJ 07102-5496
                             Phone (973) 596-4500
                             Fax     (973) 596-0545
                             Attn: Alyce C. Halchak

                   [REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                      SIGNATURE PAGES OF PURCHASERS FOLLOW]

                                      -27-

<PAGE>

                             PINE RIDGE FINANCIAL, INC.

                             By:    /s/Kenneth L. Henderson
                                    -----------------------
                             Name:  Kenneth L. Henderson
                             Title: Attorney-in-Fact

                             Shares Investment Amount:               $  500,000

                             Number of Shares to be acquired:           294,395

                             Maximum Number of Underlying Shares
                             issuable under Closing Warrant:             73,599

                             Purchase Price for Unsecured Debentures $3,500,000

                             Maximum Number of Underlying Shares
                             issuable under First Warrant:              242,678

                             Purchase Price for Secured Debentures   $8,500,000

                             Maximum Number of Underlying Shares

                             issuable under Second Warrant:             589,376

                             Address for Notice:

                             c/o Cavallo Capital Corp.
                             660 Madison Avenue, 18th Floor
                             New York, NY 10021
                             Facsimile No.: (212) 651-9010
                             Attn.: Avi Vigder and Eldad Gal

                             With a copy to:
                             Bryan Cave LLP
                             1290 Avenue of the Americas
                             New York, NY  10104
                             Facsimile No.: (212) 541-4630 and (212) 541-1432
                             Attn: Eric L. Cohen, Esq.

                                      -28-

<PAGE>

                             ZLP MASTER TECHONOLOGY FUND, LTD

                             By:    /S/ Stuart J. Zimmer
                                    --------------------
                             Name:  Stuart J. Zimmer
                             Title: Director

                             Shares Investment Amount:                  $500,000

                             Number of Shares to be acquired:            294,395

                             Maximum Number of Underlying Shares
                             issuable under Closing Warrant:              73,599

                             Purchase Price for Unsecured Debentures         n/a

                             Maximum Number of Underlying Shares
                             issuable under First Warrant:                   n/a

                             Purchase Price for Secured Debentures           n/a

                             Maximum Number of Underlying Shares
                             issuable under Second Warrant:                  n/a

                             Address for Notice:

                             c/o Zimmer Lucas Partners, LLC
                             45 Broadway - 28th Floor
                             New York, NY  10006
                             Attn: John Lee
                             Fax: 212-440-0750

                             With a copy to:
                             Bryan Cave LLP
                             1290 Avenue of the Americas
                             New York, NY  10104
                             Facsimile No.: (212) 541-4630 and (212) 541-1432
                             Attn: Eric L. Cohen, Esq.

                                      -29-<PAGE>

                                                                   EXHIBIT 10.17

                                                                       EXHIBIT G

                          REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT

         This Registration Rights Agreement (this "AGREEMENT") is made and
entered into as of October 31, 2002, by and among Millennium Cell Inc., a
Delaware corporation (the "COMPANY"), and the purchasers signatory hereto (each,
including their respective successors and assigns, a "PURCHASER" and
collectively, the "PURCHASERS").

         This Agreement is made pursuant to the Securities Purchase Agreement,
dated as of the date hereof among the Company and the Purchasers (the "PURCHASE
AGREEMENT").

         The Company and the Purchasers hereby agree as follows:

         1.       Definitions. Capitalized terms used and not otherwise defined
herein that are defined in the Purchase Agreement shall have the meanings given
such terms in the Purchase Agreement. As used in this Agreement, the following
terms shall have the meanings set forth in this Section 1:

         "ADDITIONAL REGISTRATION STATEMENT" means a registration statement
filed pursuant to the terms hereof in connection with each Target Date and which
covers the resale of 200% of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion
in full of the Exchange Debentures issuable on the applicable Exchange Date.

         "CLOSING WARRANT" shall have the meaning set forth in the Purchase
Agreement.

         "DEBENTURES" means the Unsecured Debentures, the Secured Debentures and
the Exchange Debentures.

         "EFFECTIVE DATE" means, with respect to any Registration Statement, the
date that the Commission first declares effective such Registration Statement.

         "EFFECTIVENESS DATE" means: (a) with respect to the First Registration
Statement, the earlier of: (i) the 90th day following the Closing Date and (ii)
the fifth Trading Day following the date on which the Company is notified by the
Commission that such Registration Statement will not be reviewed or is no longer
subject to further review and comments, (b) with respect to the Second
Registration Statement, the earlier of: (i) the 90th day following the Second
Settlement Date and (ii) the fifth Trading Day following the date on which the
Company is notified by the Commission that such Registration Statement will not
be reviewed or is no longer subject to further review and comments, (c) with
respect to an Additional Registration Statement, the earlier of: (i) the 90th
day following the applicable Target Date and (ii) the fifth Trading Day
following the date on which the Company is notified by the Commission that such
Registration Statement will not be reviewed or is

<PAGE>

no longer subject to further review and comments, and (d) with respect to any
additional Registration Statements that may be required pursuant to Section 3(d)
hereof, the earlier of: (i) the 90th day following the date on which the Company
first knows, or reasonably should have known, that such additional Registration
Statement is required under Section 3(d) and (ii) the fifth Trading Day
following the date on which the Company is notified by the Commission that such
additional Registration Statement will not be reviewed or is no longer subject
to further review and comments.

         "EFFECTIVENESS PERIOD" shall have the meaning set forth in Section
2(a).

         "EXCHANGE DATE" shall have the meaning set forth in the Secured
Debentures.

         "FILING DATE" means: (a) with respect to the First Registration
Statement, the 30th day following the Closing Date, (b) with respect to the
Second Registration Statement, the 30th day following the Second Settlement
Date, (c) with respect to an Additional Registration Statement, the 30th day
following the applicable Target Date, (d) with respect to any additional
Registration Statements that may be required pursuant to Section 3(d) hereof,
the 30th day following the date on which the Company first knows, or reasonably
should have known, that such additional Registration Statement is required under
Section 3(d).

         "FIRST REGISTRATION STATEMENT" means a registration statement filed
pursuant to the terms hereof and which covers the resale of: (i) the Shares,
(ii) the shares of Common Stock issuable upon conversion in full of the
Unsecured Debentures issued on the First Settlement Date and (iii) exercise in
full of the Closing Warrants and the First Warrants, and which shall include no
less than 2,625,724 shares of Common Stock.

         "FIRST SETTLEMENT DATE" shall have the meaning set forth in the
Purchase Agreement.

         "FIRST WARRANTS" shall have the meaning set forth in the Purchase
Agreement.

         "HOLDER" or "HOLDERS" means the holder or holders, as the case may be,
from time to time of Registrable Securities.

         "INDEMNIFIED PARTY" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5(c).

         "INDEMNIFYING PARTY" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5(c).

         "LOSSES" shall have the meaning set forth in Section 5(a).

         "PROCEEDING" means an action, claim, suit, investigation or proceeding
(including, without limitation, an investigation or partial proceeding, such as
a deposition), whether commenced or threatened in writing.

         "PROSPECTUS" means the prospectus included in a Registration Statement
(including, without limitation, a prospectus that includes any information
previously omitted from a prospectus filed as part of an effective registration
statement in reliance upon Rule 430A promulgated under the

<PAGE>

Securities Act), as amended or supplemented by any prospectus supplement, with
respect to the terms of the offering of any portion of the Registrable
Securities covered by the Registration Statement, and all other amendments and
supplements to the Prospectus, including post-effective amendments, and all
material incorporated by reference or deemed to be incorporated by reference in
such Prospectus.

         "REGISTRABLE SECURITIES" means the Shares and the Underlying Shares,
together with any securities issued or issuable upon any stock split, dividend
or other distribution, recapitalization or similar event with respect to the
foregoing.

         "REGISTRATION STATEMENT" means, collectively, the First Registration
Statement, the Second Registration Statement, any Additional Registration
Statement and any additional registration statements contemplated by Section
3(d), including (in each case) the Prospectus, amendments and supplements to
such registration statement or Prospectus, including pre- and post-effective
amendments, all exhibits thereto, and all material incorporated by reference or
deemed to be incorporated by reference in such registration statement.

         "RULE 144" means Rule 144 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the
Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar
rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the
same effect as such Rule.

         "RULE 415" means Rule 415 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the
Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar
rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the
same effect as such Rule.

         "RULE 424" means Rule 424 promulgated by the Commission pursuant to the
Securities Act, as such Rule may be amended from time to time, or any similar
rule or regulation hereafter adopted by the Commission having substantially the
same effect as such Rule.

         "SECOND REGISTRATION STATEMENT" means a registration statement filed
pursuant to the terms hereof and which covers the resale of the shares of Common
Stock issuable upon exercise in full of the Second Warrants, and which shall
include no less than 589,376 shares of Common Stock.

         "SECOND SETTLEMENT DATE" shall have the meaning set forth in the
Purchase Agreement.

         "SECOND WARRANTS" shall have the meaning set forth in the Purchase
Agreement.

         "SECURED DEBENTURES" shall have the meaning set forth in the Purchase
Agreement.

         "SHARES" means all shares of Common Stock issued to the Purchasers
pursuant to the Purchase Agreement on the Closing Date.

<PAGE>

         "SPECIAL COUNSEL" means Bryan Cave LLP.

         "TARGET DATE" means, so long as any there shall be any outstanding
principal amount of Secured Debentures, each date on which the outstanding
principal amount of Unsecured Debentures or Exchange Debentures shall be reduced
to less than $1,000,000.

         "UNDERLYING SHARES" means shares of Common Stock issuable upon
conversion in full of the Debentures and exercise in full of the Warrants.

         "UNSECURED DEBENTURES" shall have the meaning set forth in the Purchase
Agreement.

         "WARRANTS" means the Closing Warrants, the First Warrants and the
Second Warrants.

         2.       Registration.

                  (a)      On or prior to each Filing Date, the Company shall
prepare and file with the Commission a Registration Statement covering the
resale of the applicable Registrable Securities for an offering to be made on a
continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415. Each Registration Statement shall be on
Form S-3 (except if the Company is not then eligible to register for resale the
Registrable Securities on Form S-3, in which case such registration shall be on
another appropriate form in accordance herewith) and shall contain (except if
otherwise agreed by the Holders) the "Plan of Distribution" attached hereto as
Annex A. The Company shall use its best efforts to cause each Registration
Statement to be declared effective under the Securities Act as promptly as
possible after the filing thereof, but in any event prior to the applicable
Effectiveness Date, and shall use its best efforts to keep such Registration
Statement continuously effective under the Securities Act until the date which
is two years after the date that a Registration Statement is declared effective
by the Commission or such earlier date when all Registrable Securities covered
by the Registration Statement have been sold or may be sold without volume
restrictions pursuant to Rule 144(k) as determined by the counsel to the Company
pursuant to a written opinion letter to such effect, addressed and acceptable to
the Company's transfer agent and the affected Holders (the "EFFECTIVENESS
PERIOD").

                  (b)      If: (a) a Registration Statement is not filed on or
prior to its Filing Date (if the Company files a Registration Statement without
affording the Holder the opportunity to review and comment on the same as
required by Section 3(a), the Company shall not be deemed to have satisfied
clause (a)), or (b) the Company fails to file with the Commission a request for
acceleration in accordance with Rule 461 promulgated under the Securities Act,
within five Trading Days of the date that the Company is notified (orally or in
writing, whichever is earlier) by the Commission that the Registration Statement
will not be "reviewed," or not subject to further review, or (c) the Company
fails to respond to any comments made by the Commission within ten Trading Days
after the receipt of such comments, or (d) a Registration Statement filed
hereunder is not declared effective by the Commission by the 30(th) day
following its Effectiveness Date, or (e) after its

<PAGE>

Effective Date, the Registration Statement ceases to be effective as to all
Registrable Securities to which it is required to relate, or the Holders are not
permitted to utilize the Prospectus thereunder to resell Registrable Securities,
for an aggregate of 20 Trading Days for all such events, or (f) an amendment to
the Registration Statement is not filed by the Company with the Commission
within ten Trading Days of the Commission's notifying the Company that such
amendment is required in order for the Registration Statement to be declared
effective (any such failure or breach being referred to as an "EVENT", and for
purposes of clauses (a) and (d), the date on which such Event occurs, or for
purposes of clause (b) the date on which such five Trading Day period is
exceeded, or for purposes of clauses (c) and (f) the date which such ten Trading
Day period is exceeded, or, for purposes of clause (e) the date on which such
twenty Trading Day period is exceeded, being referred to as "EVENT DATE"), then:
(x) on each such Event Date and on the first monthly anniversary of each such
Event Date, the Company shall pay to each Holder an amount in cash, as
liquidated damages and not as a penalty, equal to 1% of the aggregate amounts
paid by such Holder pursuant to the Purchase Agreement; and (y) on each
subsequent monthly anniversary of each such Event Date (if the applicable Event
shall not have been cured by such date) until the applicable Event is cured, the
Company shall pay to each Holder an amount in cash, as liquidated damages and
not as a penalty, equal to 2% of the aggregate amounts paid by such Holder
pursuant to the Purchase Agreement. If the Company fails to pay any liquidated
damages pursuant to this Section in full within seven days after the date
payable, the Company will pay interest thereon at a rate of 12% per annum (or
such lesser maximum amount that is permitted to be paid by applicable law) to
the Holder, until such liquidated damages are paid in full. The liquidated
damages pursuant to the terms hereof shall apply on a pro-rata basis for any
portion of a month prior to the cure of an Event.

                  (c)      Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in
this Agreement, if the Commission refuses to permit the inclusion of the
Underlying Shares issuable upon conversion of an Exchange Debenture
(collectively, the "EXCLUDED SHARES") in an Additional Registration Statement
filed by the Company in accordance with this Agreement, then the parties agree
that the Company may remove the Excluded Shares from such Additional
Registration Statement. In such event: (x) the Company shall have no further
obligation to file a Registration Statement relating to the Excluded Shares, (y)
the applicable principal amount of Secured Debentures will not be exchanged for
an Exchange Debenture pursuant to Section 7 of the Secured Debentures and (z)
the Holder shall continue to be entitled to all of its rights and remedies under
the Secured Debentures (including, without limitations, pursuant to Section
9(b)(ii) of the Secured Debentures). Exclusively for purposes of calculating the
liquidated damages specified in Section 2(b) applicable to Excluded Shares, an
Event relating to an Additional Registration Statement which initially included
Excluded Shares shall be deemed cured on the date the Company advises the
Commission that it will remove the Excluded Shares from the Additional
Registration Statement. The parties further agree that any liquidated damages
incurred on other Registrable Securities will be unaffected thereby.

         3.       Registration Procedures

         In connection with the Company's registration obligations hereunder,
the Company shall:

                  (a)      Not less than four Trading Days prior to the filing
of the Registration

<PAGE>

Statement or any related Prospectus or any amendment or supplement thereto
(except for any reports filed under the Exchange Act), the Company shall, (i)
furnish to the Holders and the Special Counsel copies of each proposed
Registration Statement, related Prospectus and any amendments or supplements
thereto which documents will be subject to the review of such Holders and the
Special Counsel, and (ii) cause its officers and directors, counsel and
independent certified public accountants to respond to such inquiries as shall
be necessary, in the reasonable opinion of respective counsel to conduct a
reasonable investigation within the meaning of the Securities Act. The Company
shall not file the Registration Statement or any such Prospectus or any
amendments or supplements thereto to which the Holders of a majority of the
Registrable Securities and the Special Counsel shall reasonably object.

                  (b)      (i) Prepare and file with the Commission such
amendments, including post-effective amendments, to the Registration Statement
and the Prospectus used in connection therewith as may be necessary to keep the
Registration Statement continuously effective as to the applicable Registrable
Securities for the Effectiveness Period and prepare and file with the Commission
such additional Registration Statements in order to register for resale under
the Securities Act all of the Registrable Securities; (ii) cause the related
Prospectus to be amended or supplemented by any required Prospectus supplement,
and as so supplemented or amended to be filed pursuant to Rule 424; (iii)
respond as promptly as reasonably possible, and in any event within ten Trading
Days, to any comments received from the Commission with respect to the
Registration Statement or any amendment thereto and, as promptly as reasonably
possible provide the Holders true and complete copies of all correspondence from
and to the Commission relating to the Registration Statement; and (iv) comply in
all material respects with the provisions of the Securities Act and the Exchange
Act with respect to the disposition of all Registrable Securities covered by the
Registration Statement during the applicable period in accordance with the
intended methods of disposition by the Holders thereof set forth in the
Registration Statement as so amended or in such Prospectus as so supplemented.

                  (c)      Notify the Holders of Registrable Securities to be
sold and the Special Counsel as promptly as reasonably possible (and, in the
case of (i)(A) below, not less than three Trading Days prior to such filing) and
(if requested by any such Person) confirm such notice in writing no later than
one Trading Day following the day (i)(A) when a Prospectus or any Prospectus
supplement or post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement is proposed
to be filed; (B) when the Commission notifies the Company whether there will be
a "review" of the Registration Statement and whenever the Commission comments in
writing on such Registration Statement (the Company shall provide true and
complete copies thereof and all written responses thereto to each of the
Holders); and (C) with respect to the Registration Statement or any
post-effective amendment, when the same has become effective; (ii) of any
request by the Commission or any other Federal or state governmental authority
for amendments or supplements to the Registration Statement or Prospectus or for
additional information; (iii) of the issuance by the Commission of any stop
order suspending the effectiveness of the Registration Statement covering any or
all of the Registrable Securities or the initiation of any Proceedings for that
purpose; (iv) of the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to
the suspension of the qualification or exemption from qualification of any of
the Registrable Securities for sale in any jurisdiction, or the initiation or
threatening of any

<PAGE>

Proceeding for such purpose; and (v) of the occurrence of any event or passage
of time that makes the financial statements included in the Registration
Statement ineligible for inclusion therein or any statement made in the
Registration Statement or Prospectus or any document incorporated or deemed to
be incorporated therein by reference untrue in any material respect or that
requires any revisions to the Registration Statement, Prospectus or other
documents so that, in the case of the Registration Statement or the Prospectus,
as the case may be, it will not contain any untrue statement of a material fact
or omit to state any material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to
make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were
made, not misleading.

                  (d)      File additional Registration Statements if the number
of Registrable Securities at any time exceeds 85% of the number of shares of
Common Stock then registered in a Registration Statement.

                  (e)      Use its best efforts to avoid the issuance of, or, if
issued, obtain the withdrawal of (i) any order suspending the effectiveness of
the Registration Statement, or (ii) any suspension of the qualification (or
exemption from qualification) of any of the Registrable Securities for sale in
any jurisdiction, at the earliest practicable moment.

                  (f)      Furnish to each Holder and the Special Counsel,
without charge, at least one conformed copy of the Registration Statement and
each amendment thereto, including financial statements and schedules, all
documents incorporated or deemed to be incorporated therein by reference, and
all exhibits to the extent requested by such Person (including those previously
furnished or incorporated by reference) promptly after the filing of such
documents with the Commission.

                  (g)      Promptly deliver to each Holder and the Special
Counsel, without charge, as many copies of the Prospectus or Prospectuses
(including each form of prospectus) and each amendment or supplement thereto as
such Persons may reasonably request. The Company hereby consents to the use of
such Prospectus and each amendment or supplement thereto by each of the selling
Holders in connection with the offering and sale of the Registrable Securities
covered by such Prospectus and any amendment or supplement thereto.

                  (h)      Prior to any public offering of Registrable
Securities, use its best efforts to register or qualify or cooperate with the
selling Holders and the Special Counsel in connection with the registration or
qualification (or exemption from such registration or qualification) of such
Registrable Securities for offer and sale under the securities or Blue Sky laws
of such jurisdictions within the United States as any Holder requests in
writing, to keep each such registration or qualification (or exemption
therefrom) effective during the Effectiveness Period and to do any and all other
acts or things necessary or advisable to enable the disposition in such
jurisdictions of the Registrable Securities covered by the Registration
Statement; provided, that the Company shall not be required to qualify generally
to do business in any jurisdiction where it is not then so qualified or subject
the Company to any material tax in any such jurisdiction where it is not then so
subject.

                  (i)      Cooperate with the Holders to facilitate the timely
preparation and

<PAGE>

delivery of certificates representing Registrable Securities to be delivered to
a transferee pursuant to the Registration Statement, which certificates shall be
free, to the extent permitted by the Purchase Agreement, of all restrictive
legends, and to enable such Registrable Securities to be in such denominations
and registered in such names as any such Holders may request.

                  (j)      Upon the occurrence of any event contemplated by
Section 3(c)(v), as promptly as reasonably possible, prepare a supplement or
amendment, including a post-effective amendment, to the Registration Statement
or a supplement to the related Prospectus or any document incorporated or deemed
to be incorporated therein by reference, and file any other required document so
that, as thereafter delivered, neither a Registration Statement nor such
Prospectus will contain an untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state
a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the
statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made,
not misleading.

                  (k)      Comply with all applicable rules and regulations of
the Commission.

                  (l)      The Company may require each selling Holder to
furnish to the Company a certified statement as to the number of shares of
Common Stock beneficially owned by such Holder and, if requested by the
Commission, the controlling person thereof.

         4.       Registration Expenses. All fees and expenses incident to the
performance of or compliance with this Agreement by the Company shall be borne
by the Company whether or not any Registrable Securities are sold pursuant to a
Registration Statement. The fees and expenses referred to in the foregoing
sentence shall include, without limitation, (i) all registration and filing fees
(including, without limitation, fees and expenses (A) with respect to filings
required to be made with the Eligible Market on which the Common Stock is then
listed for trading, and (B) in compliance with applicable state securities or
Blue Sky laws), (ii) printing expenses (including, without limitation, expenses
of printing certificates for Registrable Securities and of printing prospectuses
if the printing of prospectuses is reasonably requested by the holders of a
majority of the Registrable Securities included in a Registration Statement),
(iii) messenger, telephone and delivery expenses, (iv) Securities Act liability
insurance, if the Company so desires such insurance, and (v) fees and expenses
of all other Persons retained by the Company in connection with the consummation
of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. In addition, the Company
shall be responsible for all of its internal expenses incurred in connection
with the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement
(including, without limitation, all salaries and expenses of its officers and
employees performing legal or accounting duties), the expense of any annual
audit and the fees and expenses incurred in connection with the listing of the
Registrable Securities on any securities exchange as required hereunder.

<PAGE>

         5.       Indemnification

                  (a)      Indemnification by the Company. The Company shall,
notwithstanding any termination of this Agreement, indemnify and hold harmless
each Holder, the officers, directors, agents and employees of each of them, each
Person who controls any such Holder (within the meaning of Section 15 of the
Securities Act or Section 20 of the Exchange Act) and the officers, directors,
agents and employees of each such controlling Person, to the fullest extent
permitted by applicable law, from and against any and all losses, claims,
damages, liabilities, costs (including, without limitation, reasonable costs of
preparation and reasonable attorneys' fees) and expenses (collectively,
"Losses"), as incurred, arising out of or relating to any untrue or alleged
untrue statement of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any
Prospectus or any form of prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto
or in any preliminary prospectus, or arising out of or relating to any omission
or alleged omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or
necessary to make the statements therein (in the case of any Prospectus or form
of prospectus or supplement thereto, in light of the circumstances under which
they were made) not misleading, except to the extent, but only to the extent,
that (1) such untrue statements or omissions are based solely upon information
regarding such Holder furnished in writing to the Company by such Holder
expressly for use therein, or to the extent that such information relates to
such Holder or such Holder's proposed method of distribution of Registrable
Securities and was reviewed and expressly approved in writing by such Holder
expressly for use in the Registration Statement, such Prospectus or such form of
Prospectus or in any amendment or supplement thereto (it being understood that
the Holder has approved Annex A hereto for this purpose) or (2) in the case of
an occurrence of an event of the type specified in Section 3(c)(ii)-(v), the use
by such Holder of an outdated or defective Prospectus after the Company has
notified such Holder in writing that the Prospectus is outdated or defective and
prior to the receipt by such Holder of the Advice contemplated in Section 6(d)
or (3) with respect to the Prospectus delivery requirements under the Securities
Act, this indemnity shall not inure to the benefit of such Holder on account of
any Loss arising from the sale of Registrable Securities to any Person if a copy
of the Prospectus was not sent or given by or on behalf of such Holder to such
Person with or prior to the written confirmation of the sale involved and the
alleged omission or alleged untrue statement was corrected in the Prospectus at
the time of such confirmation, unless the failure to send or deliver the
Prospectus resulted from the Company's failure to comply with Section 3(j)
hereof. The Company shall notify the Holders promptly of the institution, threat
or assertion of any Proceeding of which the Company is aware in connection with
the transactions contemplated by this Agreement.

                  (b)      Indemnification by Holders. Each Holder shall,
severally and not jointly, indemnify and hold harmless the Company, its
directors, officers, agents and employees, each Person who controls the Company
(within the meaning of Section 15 of the Securities Act and Section 20 of the
Exchange Act), and the directors, officers, agents or employees of such
controlling Persons, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, from and
against all Losses, as incurred, arising solely out of or based solely upon: (x)
such Holder's failure to comply with the prospectus delivery requirements of the
Securities Act in reselling Registrable Securities or (y) any untrue statement
of a material fact contained in the Registration Statement, any Prospectus, or
any form of prospectus, or in any amendment or supplement thereto, or arising
solely out of or based solely upon

<PAGE>

any omission of a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to
make the statements therein not misleading to the extent, but only to the
extent, that such untrue statement or omission is contained in any information
so furnished in writing by such Holder to the Company specifically for inclusion
in such Registration Statement or such Prospectus or to the extent that (1) such
untrue statements or omissions are based solely upon information regarding such
Holder furnished in writing to the Company by such Holder expressly for use
therein, or to the extent that such information relates to such Holder or such
Holder's proposed method of distribution of Registrable Securities and was
reviewed and expressly approved in writing by such Holder expressly for use in
the Registration Statement (it being understood that the Holder has approved
Annex A hereto for this purpose), such Prospectus or such form of Prospectus or
in any amendment or supplement thereto or (2) in the case of an occurrence of an
event of the type specified in Section 3(c)(ii)-(v), the use by such Holder of
an outdated or defective Prospectus after the Company has notified such Holder
in writing that the Prospectus is outdated or defective and prior to the receipt
by such Holder of the Advice contemplated in Section 6(d). In no event shall the
liability of any selling Holder hereunder be greater in amount than the dollar
amount of the net proceeds received by such Holder upon the sale of the
Registrable Securities giving rise to such indemnification obligation.

                  (c)      Conduct of Indemnification Proceedings. If any
Proceeding shall be brought or asserted against any Person entitled to indemnity
hereunder (an "Indemnified Party"), such Indemnified Party shall promptly notify
the Person from whom indemnity is sought (the "Indemnifying Party") in writing,
and the Indemnifying Party shall assume the defense thereof, including the
employment of counsel reasonably satisfactory to the Indemnified Party and the
payment of all fees and expenses incurred in connection with defense thereof;
provided, that the failure of any Indemnified Party to give such notice shall
not relieve the Indemnifying Party of its obligations or liabilities pursuant to
this Agreement, except (and only) to the extent that it shall be finally
determined by a court of competent jurisdiction (which determination is not
subject to appeal or further review) that such failure shall have proximately
and materially adversely prejudiced the Indemnifying Party.

         An Indemnified Party shall have the right to employ separate counsel in
any such Proceeding and to participate in the defense thereof, but the fees and
expenses of such counsel shall be at the expense of such Indemnified Party or
Parties unless: (1) the Indemnifying Party has agreed in writing to pay such
fees and expenses; (2) the Indemnifying Party shall have failed promptly to
assume the defense of such Proceeding and to employ counsel reasonably
satisfactory to such Indemnified Party in any such Proceeding; or (3) the named
parties to any such Proceeding (including any impleaded parties) include both
such Indemnified Party and the Indemnifying Party, and such Indemnified Party
shall have been advised by counsel that a conflict of interest is likely to
exist if the same counsel were to represent such Indemnified Party and the
Indemnifying Party (in which case, if such Indemnified Party notifies the
Indemnifying Party in writing that it elects to employ separate counsel at the
expense of the Indemnifying Party, the Indemnifying Party shall not have the
right to assume the defense thereof and such counsel shall be at the expense of
the Indemnifying Party). The Indemnifying Party shall not be liable for any
settlement of any such Proceeding effected without its written consent, which
consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. No Indemnifying Party shall, without
the prior written consent of the Indemnified Party, effect any

<PAGE>

settlement of any pending Proceeding in respect of which any Indemnified Party
is a party, unless such settlement includes an unconditional release of such
Indemnified Party from all liability on claims that are the subject matter of
such Proceeding.

         All fees and expenses of the Indemnified Party (including reasonable
fees and expenses to the extent incurred in connection with investigating or
preparing to defend such Proceeding in a manner not inconsistent with this
Section) shall be paid to the Indemnified Party, as incurred, within ten Trading
Days of written notice thereof to the Indemnifying Party (regardless of whether
it is ultimately determined that an Indemnified Party is not entitled to
indemnification hereunder; provided, that the Indemnifying Party may require
such Indemnified Party to undertake to reimburse all such fees and expenses to
the extent it is finally judicially determined that such Indemnified Party is
not entitled to indemnification hereunder).

                  (d)      Contribution. If a claim for indemnification under
Section 5(a) or 5(b) is unavailable to an Indemnified Party (by reason of public
policy or otherwise), then each Indemnifying Party, in lieu of indemnifying such
Indemnified Party, shall contribute to the amount paid or payable by such
Indemnified Party as a result of such Losses, in such proportion as is
appropriate to reflect the relative fault of the Indemnifying Party and
Indemnified Party in connection with the actions, statements or omissions that
resulted in such Losses as well as any other relevant equitable considerations.
The relative fault of such Indemnifying Party and Indemnified Party shall be
determined by reference to, among other things, whether any action in question,
including any untrue or alleged untrue statement of a material fact or omission
or alleged omission of a material fact, has been taken or made by, or relates to
information supplied by, such Indemnifying Party or Indemnified Party, and the
parties' relative intent, knowledge, access to information and opportunity to
correct or prevent such action, statement or omission. The amount paid or
payable by a party as a result of any Losses shall be deemed to include, subject
to the limitations set forth in Section 5(c), any reasonable attorneys' or other
reasonable fees or expenses incurred by such party in connection with any
Proceeding to the extent such party would have been indemnified for such fees or
expenses if the indemnification provided for in this Section was available to
such party in accordance with its terms.

         The parties hereto agree that it would not be just and equitable if
contribution pursuant to this Section 5(d) were determined by pro rata
allocation or by any other method of allocation that does not take into account
the equitable considerations referred to in the immediately preceding paragraph.
Notwithstanding the provisions of this Section 5(d), no Holder shall be required
to contribute, in the aggregate, any amount in excess of the amount by which the
proceeds actually received by such Holder from the sale of the Registrable
Securities subject to the Proceeding exceeds the amount of any damages that such
Holder has otherwise been required to pay by reason of such untrue or alleged
untrue statement or omission or alleged omission.

         The indemnity and contribution agreements contained in this Section are
in addition to any liability that the Indemnifying Parties may have to the
Indemnified Parties.

         6.       Miscellaneous

<PAGE>

                  (a)      Remedies. In the event of a breach by the Company or
by a Holder, of any of their obligations under this Agreement, each Holder or
the Company, as the case may be, in addition to being entitled to exercise all
rights granted by law and under this Agreement, including recovery of damages,
will be entitled to specific performance of its rights under this Agreement. The
Company and each Holder agree that monetary damages would not provide adequate
compensation for any losses incurred by reason of a breach by it of any of the
provisions of this Agreement and hereby further agrees that, in the event of any
action for specific performance in respect of such breach, it shall waive the
defense that a remedy at law would be adequate.

                  (b)      No Piggyback on Registrations. Except as and to the
extent specified in Schedule 6(b) hereto, neither the Company nor any of its
security holders (other than the Holders in such capacity pursuant hereto) may
include securities of the Company in the Registration Statement other than the
Registrable Securities, and, except as and to the extent specified in Schedule
6(b) hereto, the Company shall not after the date hereof enter into any
agreement providing any such right to any of its security holders. Except as and
to the extent specified in Schedule 6(b) hereto, the Company has not previously
entered into any agreement granting any registration rights with respect to any
of its securities to any Person which have not been fully satisfied.

                  (c)      Compliance. Each Holder covenants and agrees that it
will comply with the prospectus delivery requirements of the Securities Act as
applicable to it in connection with sales of Registrable Securities pursuant to
the Registration Statement.

                  (d)      Discontinued Disposition. Each Holder agrees by its
acquisition of such Registrable Securities that, upon receipt of a notice from
the Company of the occurrence of any event of the kind described in Section
3(c), such Holder will forthwith discontinue disposition of such Registrable
Securities under a Registration Statement until such Holder's receipt of the
copies of the supplemented Prospectus and/or amended Registration Statement or
until it is advised in writing (the "Advice") by the Company that the use of the
applicable Prospectus may be resumed, and, in either case, has received copies
of any additional or supplemental filings that are incorporated or deemed to be
incorporated by reference in such Prospectus or Registration Statement. The
Company may provide appropriate stop orders to enforce the provisions of this
paragraph.

                  (e)      Piggy-Back Registrations. If at any time during the
Effectiveness Period there is not an effective Registration Statement covering
all of the applicable Registrable Securities and the Company shall determine to
prepare and file with the Commission a registration statement relating to an
offering for its own account or the account of others under the Securities Act
of any of its equity securities, other than on Form S-4 or Form S-8 (each as
promulgated under the Securities Act) or their then equivalents relating to
equity securities to be issued solely in connection with any acquisition of any
entity or business or equity securities issuable in connection with stock option
or other employee benefit plans, then the Company shall send to each Holder
written notice of such determination and, if within fifteen days after receipt
of such notice, any such Holder shall so request in writing, the Company shall
include in such registration statement all or any part of such Registrable
Securities such holder requests to be registered, subject to customary
underwriter cutbacks applicable to all holders of registration rights.

<PAGE>

                  (f)      Previous Registration Rights Agreement. With respect
to those certain shares of Common Stock and Common Stock Purchase Warrants
(collectively, the "PREVIOUS SECURITIES") sold pursuant to that certain
Securities Purchase Agreement dated as of June 19, 2002 among the Company and
the Purchasers and pursuant to which the Company and the Purchasers entered into
that certain Registration Rights Agreement dated as of June 19, 2002 (the
"PREVIOUS AGREEMENT"), it is hereby agreed and understood that: (i) all
registration rights and obligations of the respective parties with respect to
the Previous Securities pursuant to the Previous Agreement shall remain in full
force and effect and (ii) there shall be no registration rights or obligations
with respect to any securities other than the Previous Securities pursuant to
the Previous Agreement.

                  (g)      Amendments and Waivers. The provisions of this
Agreement, including the provisions of this sentence, may not be amended,
modified or supplemented, and waivers or consents to departures from the
provisions hereof may not be given, unless the same shall be in writing and
signed by the Company and the Holders of 60% of the then outstanding Registrable
Securities.

                  (h)      Notices. Any and all notices or other communications
or deliveries required or permitted to be provided hereunder shall be in writing
and shall be deemed given and effective on the earliest of (a) the date of
transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the
facsimile number specified in this Section prior to 6:30 p.m. (New York City
time) on a Trading Day, (b) the next Trading Day after the date of transmission,
if such notice or communication is delivered via facsimile at the facsimile
number specified in this Section on a day that is not a Trading Day or later
than 6:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Trading Day, (c) the Trading Day
following the date of mailing, if sent by U.S. nationally recognized overnight
courier service, or (d) upon actual receipt by the party to whom such notice is
required to be given. The addresses for such notices and communications are
those set forth on the signature pages hereof, or such other address as may be
designated in writing hereafter, in the same manner, by such Person.

                  (i)      Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall inure to
the benefit of and be binding upon the successors and permitted assigns of each
of the parties and shall inure to the benefit of each Holder. The Company may
not assign its rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent
of each Holder. Each Holder may assign their respective rights hereunder in the
manner and to the Persons as permitted under the Purchase Agreement.

                  (j)      Execution and Counterparts. This Agreement may be
executed in any number of counterparts, each of which when so executed shall be
deemed to be an original and, all of which taken together shall constitute one
and the same Agreement. In the event that any signature is delivered by
facsimile transmission, such signature shall create a valid binding obligation
of the party executing (or on whose behalf such signature is executed) the same
with the same force and effect as if such facsimile signature were the original
thereof.

                  (k)      Governing Law; Venue; Waiver of Jury Trial. All
questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation
of this Agreement shall be governed by and construed and enforced in accordance
with the internal laws of the State of New York, without regard to the
principles of conflicts of law thereof. Each party agrees that all

<PAGE>

Proceedings concerning the interpretations, enforcement and defense of the
transactions contemplated by this Agreement (whether brought against a party
hereto or its respective affiliates, directors, officers, shareholders,
employees or agents) shall be commenced exclusively in the state and federal
courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan. Each party hereto
hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and
federal courts sitting in the City of New York, Borough of Manhattan for the
adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any
transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein (including with respect to
the enforcement of the any of this Agreement), and hereby irrevocably waives,
and agrees not to assert in any Proceeding, any claim that it is not personally
subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such Proceeding is improper.
Each party hereto hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and
consents to process being served in any such Proceeding by mailing a copy
thereof via registered or certified mail or overnight delivery (with evidence of
delivery) to such party at the address in effect for notices to it under this
Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient
service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed
to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law.
Each party hereto hereby irrevocably waives, to the fullest extent permitted by
applicable law, any and all right to trial by jury in any legal proceeding
arising out of or relating to this Agreement or the transactions contemplated
hereby. If either party shall commence a Proceeding to enforce any provisions of
this Agreement, then the prevailing party in such Proceeding shall be reimbursed
by the other party for its attorneys fees and other costs and expenses incurred
with the investigation, preparation and prosecution of such Proceeding.

                  (l)      Cumulative Remedies. The remedies provided herein are
cumulative and not exclusive of any remedies provided by law.

                  (m)      Severability. If any term, provision, covenant or
restriction of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be
invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable, the remainder of the terms, provisions,
covenants and restrictions set forth herein shall remain in full force and
effect and shall in no way be affected, impaired or invalidated, and the parties
hereto shall use their reasonable efforts to find and employ an alternative
means to achieve the same or substantially the same result as that contemplated
by such term, provision, covenant or restriction. It is hereby stipulated and
declared to be the intention of the parties that they would have executed the
remaining terms, provisions, covenants and restrictions without including any of
such that may be hereafter declared invalid, illegal, void or unenforceable.

                  (n)      Headings. The headings in this Agreement are for
convenience of reference only and shall not limit or otherwise affect the
meaning hereof.

                  (o)      Independent Nature of Holders' Obligations and
Rights. The obligations of each Holder hereunder is several and not joint with
the obligations of any other Holder hereunder, and no Holder shall be
responsible in any way for the performance of the obligations of any other
Holder hereunder. Nothing contained herein or in any other agreement or document
delivered at any closing, and no action taken by any Holder pursuant hereto or
thereto, shall be deemed to constitute the Holders as a partnership, an
association, a joint venture or any other kind of entity, or create a
presumption that the Holders are in any way acting in concert with respect to
such

<PAGE>

obligations or the transactions contemplated by this Agreement. Each Holder
shall be entitled to protect and enforce its rights, including without
limitation the rights arising out of this Agreement, and it shall not be
necessary for any other Holder to be joined as an additional party in any
proceeding for such purpose.

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                           SIGNATURE PAGES TO FOLLOW]

<PAGE>

         IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this Registration Rights
Agreement as of the date first written above.

                           MILLENNIUM CELL INC.

                           By: /S/ Norman R. Harpster, Jr.
                               ---------------------------
                               Name:  Norman R. Harpster, Jr.
                               Title: Chief Financial Officer

                           Address for Notice:
                           1 Industrial Way West
                           Eatontown, NJ 07724
                           Facsimile No: (732) 542-4010
                           Attn: Chief Financial Officer

                           With a copy to:
                           Gibbons, Del Deo, Dolan, Griffinger & Vecchione, P.C.
                           One Riverfront Plaza
                           Newark, NJ 07102-5496
                           Phone (973) 596-4500
                           Fax   (973) 596-0545
                           Attn: Alyce Halchak, Esq.

                   [REMAINDER OF PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                    SIGNATURE PAGES OF PURCHASERS TO FOLLOW]

<PAGE>

                           PINE RIDGE FINANCIAL, INC.

                           By:       /S/ Kenneth L. Henderson
                                     ------------------------
                           Name:     Kenneth L. Henderson
                           Title:    Attorney-in-Fact

                           Address for Notice:

                           c/o Cavallo Capital Corp.
                           660 Madison Avenue, 18th Floor
                           New York, NY 10022
                           Facsimile No.: (212) 651-9010
                           Attn.: Avi Vigder and Eldad Gal

                           With a copy to:
                           Bryan Cave LLP
                           1290 Avenue of the Americas
                           New York, NY  10104
                           Facsimile No.: (212) 541-4630 and (212) 541-1432
                           Attn: Eric L. Cohen, Esq.

<PAGE>

                           ZLP MASTER TECHONOLOGY FUND, LTD

                           By:      /S/ Stuart J. Zimmer
                                    --------------------
                           Name:    Stuart J. Zimmer
                           Title:   Director

                           Address for Notice:

                           c/o Zimmer Lucas Partners, LLC
                           45 Broadway - 28th Floor
                           New York, NY  10006
                           Attn: John Lee
                           Fax: 212-440-0750

                           With a copy to:
                           Bryan Cave LLP
                           1290 Avenue of the Americas
                           New York, NY  10104
                           Facsimile No.: (212) 541-4630 and (212) 541-1432
                           Attn: Eric L. Cohen, Esq.

<PAGE>

                                                                         Annex A

                              Plan of Distribution

         The selling stockholders and any of their pledgees, assignees and
successors-in-interest may, from time to time, sell any or all of their shares
of Common Stock on any stock exchange, market or trading facility on which the
shares are traded or in private transactions. These sales may be at fixed or
negotiated prices. The selling stockholders may use any one or more of the
following methods when selling shares:

-    ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which the broker-dealer
     solicits purchasers;

-    block trades in which the broker-dealer will attempt to sell the shares as
     agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to
     facilitate the transaction;

-    purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer
     for its account;

-    an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the applicable
     exchange;

-    privately negotiated transactions;

-    short sales

-    broker-dealers may agree with the selling stockholders to sell a specified
     number of such shares at a stipulated price per share;

-    a combination of any such methods of sale; and

-    any other method permitted pursuant to applicable law.

         The selling stockholders may also sell shares under Rule 144 under the
Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus.

         Broker-dealers engaged by the selling stockholders may arrange for
other brokers-dealers to participate in sales. Broker-dealers may receive
commissions or discounts from the selling stockholders (or, if any broker-dealer
acts as agent for the purchaser of shares, from the purchaser) in amounts to be
negotiated. The selling stockholders do not expect these commissions and
discounts to exceed what is customary in the types of transactions involved.

         The selling stockholder may from time to time pledge or grant a
security interest in some or all of the Shares or common stock or Warrant owned
by them and, if they default in the performance of their secured obligations,
the pledgees or secured parties may offer and sell the

<PAGE>

shares of common stock from time to time under this prospectus, or under an
amendment to this prospectus under Rule 424(b)(3) or other applicable provision
of the Securities Act of 1933 amending the list of selling stockholders to
include the pledgee, transferee or other successors in interest as selling
stockholders under this prospectus.

         The selling stockholders also may transfer the shares of common stock
in other circumstances, in which case the transferees, pledgees or other
successors in interest will be the selling beneficial owners for purposes of
this prospectus.

         The Selling Stockholders and any broker-dealers or agents that are
involved in selling the shares may be deemed to be "underwriters" within the
meaning of the Securities Act in connection with such sales. In such event, any
commissions received by such broker-dealers or agents and any profit on the
resale of the shares purchased by them may be deemed to be underwriting
commissions or discounts under the Securities Act. The selling stockholders have
informed the Company that it does not have any agreement or understanding,
directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the Common Stock.

         The Company has agreed to indemnify the selling stockholders against
certain losses, claims, damages and liabilities, including liabilities under the
Securities Act.

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