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                                                                    EXHIBIT 4.10

                            AMENDED & RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                             URS CORPORATION -- OHIO

                               A Ohio Corporation
                 (Amended and Restated as of September 9, 2004)

                                   Article I.

                            MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS

      (a) ANNUAL MEETINGS. The annual meeting of the shareholders of this
corporation shall be held at the principal office of the corporation, in
Cleveland, Ohio, or any other location designated by the directors, on the third
Tuesday in January of each year, at 10:00 A.M., if not a legal holiday, but if a
legal holiday, then on the following Tuesday at the same hour, or at such other
time in the month of January as designated by the Board of Directors.

      (b) SPECIAL MEETINGS of the shareholders of this corporation shall be
called by the Secretary, pursuant to a resolution of the Board of Directors, or
upon the written request of two directors, or by shareholders representing 25%
of the shares issued and entitled to vote. Calls for special meetings shall
specify the time, place and object or objects thereof, and no business other
than that specified in the call therefor shall be considered at any such
meetings.

      (c) NOTICE OF MEETINGS. A written or printed notice of the annual or any
special meeting of the shareholders, stating the time and place and the objects
thereof shall be given to each shareholder entitled to vote at such meeting
appearing an the books of the corporation by personal delivery or by mailing
same to his address as the same appears on the records of the corporation or of
its Transfer Agent, or Agents, at least seven (7) day before any such meeting,
provided, however, that no failure or irregularity of notice of any annual
meeting shall invalidate the same or any proceeding thereat.

      All notices with respect to any shares to which persons are jointly
entitled may be given to that one of such persons who is named first upon the
books of the Corporation and notice so given shall be sufficient notice to all
the holders of such shares.

      (d) QUORUM. A majority in number of the shares authorized, issued and
outstanding, represented by the holders of record thereof, in person or by
proxy, shall be requisite to constitute a quorum at any meeting of shareholders,
but less than such majority may adjourn the meeting any business may be
transacted which might have been transacted if the meeting had been as
originally called.

      (e) PROXIES. Any shareholder entitled to vote at a meeting of shareholders
may be represented and vote thereat by proxy appointed by an instrument in
writing, subscribed by

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each shareholder, or by his duly authorized attorney, and submitted to the
Secretary at or before such meeting.

                                   Article II.

                                      SEAL

      The seal of the corporation shall be circular, about two inches in
diameter, with the name of the corporation engraved around the margin and the
word "SEAL" engraved across the center. It shall remain in the custody of the
Secretary, and it or a facsimile thereof shall be if affixed to all certificates
of the corporation's shares. If deemed advisable by the Board of Directors, a
duplicate seal may be kept and used by any other officer of the corporation, or
by any Transfer Agent of its shares.

                                  Article III.

                                     SHARES

      SECTION 1.--CERTIFICATES. Certificates evidencing the ownership of shares
of the corporation shall be issued to those entitled to them by transfer or
otherwise. Each certificate for shares shall bear a distinguishing number, the
signature of the President or Vice--President, and of the Secretary or an
Assistant Secretary, the seal of the corporation, and such recitals as may be
required by law. The certificates for shares shall be of such tenor and design
as the Board of Directors from time to time may adopt.

      SECTION 2.--TRANSFERS. (a) The shares may be transferred on the proper
books of the corporation by the registered holders thereof, or by their
attorneys legally constituted, or their legal representatives, by surrender of
the certificate therefor for cancellation and a written assignment of the shares
evidenced thereby. The Board of Directors may, from time to time, appoint such
Transfer Agents or Registrars of shares as it may deem advisable, and may define
their powers and duties.

      (b) All endorsements, assignments, transfers, share powers or other
instruments of transfer of securities standing in the name of the corporation
shall be executed for and in the name of the corporation by any two of the
following officers, to-wit: the President or a Vice-President, and the Treasurer
or Secretary, or an Assistant Treasurer or an Assistant Secretary; or by any
person or persons thereunto authorized by the Board of Directors.

      SECTION 3.--LOST CERTIFICATES. The Board of Directors may order a new
certificate or certificates of shares to be issued in place of any certificate
or certificates alleged to have been lost or destroyed, but in every such case
the owner of the lost certificate or certificates shall first cause to be given
to the corporation a bond, with surety or sureties satisfactory to the
corporation in such sum as said Board of Directors may in its discretion deem
sufficient as indemnity against any loss or liability that the corporation may
incur by reason of the issuance of such new certificates; but the Board of
Directors may, in its

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discretion, refuse to issue such new certificate save upon the order of some
court having jurisdiction in such matters pursuant to the statute made and
provided.

      SECTION 4.--CLOSING OF TRANSFER BOOKS. The share transfer books of the
corporation may be closed by order of the Board of Directors for a period not
exceeding ten (10) days prior to any meeting of the shareholders, and for a
period not exceeding ten (10) days prior to the payment of any dividend. The
times during which the books may be closed shall, from time to time, be fixed by
the Board of Directors.

                                   Article IV.

                                    DIRECTORS

      The authorized number of directors shall be determined from time to time
by resolution of the Board of Directors, provided that the Board of Directors
shall consist of at least one member. Whenever all the shares of the corporation
are owned beneficially and of record by either one or two shareholders, the
number of directors may be less than three but not less than the number of
shareholders. Whenever there are three or more shareholders, there must be at
least three directors.

      Directors shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which
they were elected and shall continue in office until their respective successors
have been duly elected and qualified.

                                   Article V.

                             VACANCIES IN THE BOARD

      A resignation from the Board of Directors shall be deemed to take effect
upon its receipt by the Secretary, unless some other time is specified therein.
In case of any vacancy in the Board of Directors, through death, resignation,
disqualification, or other cause deemed sufficient by the Board, by the
affirmative vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the remaining directors, may elect a
successor to hold office for the unexpired portion of the term of the director
whose place shall be vacant, and until the election and qualification of a
successor.

                                   Article VI.

                                REGULAR MEETINGS

      Regular meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held on such dates as
the Board may designate.

                                  Article VII.

                                SPECIAL MEETINGS

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      Special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be called by the
Secretary and held at the request of the President or any two of the directors.

                                  Article VIII.

                               NOTICE OF MEETINGS

      The Secretary shall give notice of each meeting of the Board of Directors,
whether regular or special, to each member of the Board.

                                Article VIII(A).

                                VOTE OF DIRECTORS

      Each member of the Board of Directors shall have one (1) vote. Except as
otherwise provided, the affirmative vote of a majority of the total number of
directors in office at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be necessary
to take official action. In the absence of a meeting the official action of the
Board of Directors may be taken by unanimous written consent of all the members
of the Board in office at that time.

                                   Article IX.

                                     QUORUM

      A majority of the Directors in office at the time shall constitute a
quorum at all meetings thereof.

                                   Article X.

                                PLACE OF MEETINGS

      The Board of Directors may hold its meetings at such place or places
within or without the State of Ohio as the Board may, from time to time,
determine.

                                   Article XI.

                                  COMPENSATION

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      Directors may be allowed such compensation and expenses as the Board of
Directors may determine. Members of either executive or special committees may
be allowed such additional compensation and expenses as the Board of Directors
may determine. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any
Director from serving the corporation in any other capacity and receiving
compensation therefor.

                                  Article XII.

                              ELECTION OF OFFICERS

      At the first meeting of the Board of Directors in each year (at which a
quorum shall be present) held next after the annual meeting of the shareholders,
and at any special meeting provided in Article VII, the Board of Directors shall
elect officers of the corporation (including the President) and designate and
appoint such subordinate officers and employees as it shall determine. They may
also appoint an executive committee or committees from their number and define
their powers and duties.

                                  Article XIII.

                                    OFFICERS

      The officers of this corporation shall be a President, who need not be a
director, and also one or more Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer who
may or may not be directors. Said officers shall be chosen by the Board of
Directors, and shall hold office for one year, and until their successors are
elected and qualified. Additional Vice-Presidents may be elected from time to
time as determined by the Directors who may also appoint one or more Assistant
Secretaries, and one or more Assistant Treasurers, and such other officers and
agents of the corporation as it may from time to time determine. The officers of
this corporation may also include a Chairman of the Board, and should there be a
Vice Chairman of the Board, both shall be Directors.

      Any officer or employee elected or appointed by the Board of Directors,
other than that of director, may be removed at any time upon vote of the
majority of the whole Board of Directors.

      The same person may hold more than one office, other than that of
President and Vice-President, or Secretary and Assistant Secretary, or Treasurer
and Assistant Treasurer.

      In case of the absence of any officer of the corporation, or for any other
reason which the Board of Directors may deem sufficient, the Board of Directors
may delegate the powers or duties of such officer to any other officer or to any
director, provided a majority of the whole Board of Directors concur therein.

                                  Article XIV.

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                               DUTIES OF OFFICERS

      (a) PRESIDENT. The President shall exercise, subject to the control of the
Board of Directors and the shareholders of the corporation, a general
supervision over the affairs of the corporation, and shall perform generally all
duties incident to the office and such other duties as may be assigned to him
from time to time by the Board of Directors.

      (b) VICE-PRESIDENT. The Vice-President shall perform all duties of the
President in his absence or during his inability to act, and shall have such
other and further powers, and shall perform such other and further duties as may
be assigned to him by the Board of Directors.

      (c) SECRETARY. The Secretary shall keep the minutes of all proceedings of
the Board of Directors and of the shareholders and make a proper record of the
same, which shall be attested by him. He shall keep such books as may be
required by the Board of Directors, and shall take charge of the seal of the
corporation, and generally perform such duties as may be required by the Board
of Directors.

      (d) TREASURER. The Treasurer shall have the custody of the funds and
securities of the corporation which may come into his hands, and shall do with
the same as may be ordered by the Board of Directors. When necessary or proper
he may endorse on behalf of the corporation for collection, checks, notes and
other obligations. He shall deposit the funds of the corporation to its credit
in such banks and depositaries as the Board of Directors may, from time to time,
designate. He shall submit to the annual meeting of the shareholders, a
statement of the financial condition of the corporation, and whenever required
by the Board of Directors, shall make and render a statement of his accounts,
and such other statements as may be required. He shall keep in books of the
corporation, full and accurate accounts of all moneys received and paid by him
for account of the corporation. He shall perform such other duties as may, from
time to time, be assigned to him by the Board of Directors.

      (e) CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Chairman of the Board, if present, shall
preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall, in general,
perform all duties incident to the office of the Chairman of the Board and such
other duties as may be assigned to him by the Board of Directors.

      (f) VICE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Vice Chairman of the Board, if
present, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors when the
Chairman of the Board is not present, and shall, in general, perform all duties
incident to the office of Vice Chairman of the Board, all duties of the Chairman
of the Board when he is not available, and such other duties as may be assigned
to the Vice Chairman of the Board by the Board of Directors.

                                   ARTICLE XV.

                                ORDER OF BUSINESS

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      1.    Call meeting to order.

      2.    Selection of chairman and secretary.

      3.    Proof of notice of meeting.

      4.    Roll call, including filing of proxies with secretary.

      5.    Appointment of tellers.

      6.    Reading and disposal of previously unapproved minutes.

      7.    Reports of officers and committees.

      8.    If annual meeting, or meeting called for that purpose, election of
            directors.

      9.    Unfinished business.

      10.   New business.

      11.   Adjournment.

      This order may be changed by the affirmative vote of a majority in
interest of the shareholders present.

                                  Article XVI.

                                   AMENDMENTS

      These regulations may be adopted, amended or repealed by the affirmative
vote of two-thirds (2/3) of the shares empowered to vote thereon at any meeting
called and held for that purpose, notice of which meeting has been given
pursuant to law, or without a meeting by the written assent of the owners of
two-thirds (2/3) of the shares of the corporation entitled to vote thereon.

      Thereupon, the following written assent to the adoption of the code of
regulations aforesaid was entered in these minutes and subscribed by all of the
shareholders of this corporation.

                                  Article XVII.

                               INDEMNIFICATION OF
                             OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

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      The Corporation shall indemnify any director or officer, or a former
director or officer, of the Corporation, or any person who is serving or has
served at its request as an officer or director of another corporation, against
expenses (including attorneys' fees), judgments, decrees, fines, penalties,
amounts paid in settlement and other liabilities incurred in connection with the
defense of any pending or threatened action, suit, or proceeding, whether
criminal, civil, administrative or investigative, to which such director or
officer is or could reasonably expect to be made a party by reason of being or
having been such director or officer, provided:

      (a)   that such person was not, and has not been adjudicated to have been,
            negligent or guilty of misconduct in the performance of his duty to
            the Corporation or the corporations of which he was a director or
            officer;

      (b)   that he acted in good faith in what he reasonably believed to be the
            best interests of the Corporation; and,

      (c)   that, in any matter, the subject of a criminal action, suit, or
            proceeding, he had no reasonable cause to believe that his conduct
            was unlawful.

      The determination as to (a), (b) and (c) above shall be made: (1) by the
Board of Directors by a majority vote of a quorum of directors, all of whom
shall be eligible to vote regardless of their present or past involvement as
parties to or threatened with such action, suit, or proceeding, or any other
action, suit, or proceeding arising from the same or similar operative facts or
(2) if such a quorum is not obtainable, or even if obtainable if a majority of
such quorum of directors so directs, by independent legal counsel (compensated
by the Corporation) to whom the matter may be referred by the directors.

      The Board of Directors, whether a disinterested quorum exists or not, may
advance expenses to any such person for the defense of any such action, suit, or
proceeding, or threat thereof, prior to any final disposition thereof, upon
receipt of a satisfactory undertaking by such person to repay such amount unless
it shall ultimately be determined that such person is entitled to
indemnification by the Corporation as herein authorized.

      The termination of any claim, action, suit, or proceeding by judgment,
order, settlement, conviction or plea of guilty of nolo contendere shall not
create a presumption that such person did not meet the standards of conduct
referred to above.

      To the extent that any such person has been successful on the merits, on
procedural grounds, or otherwise with respect to any such action, suit, or
proceeding, or in the defense of any claim, issued or matter therein, such
person shall be indemnified against expenses incurred in connection therewith
without the determination specified above.

      The indemnification provided by this Article shall not be deemed exclusive
of, or in any way to limit, any other rights to which any person indemnified may
be or may become entitled as a matter of law, by the articles, regulations,
agreements, insurance, vote of stockholders, or otherwise, with respect to
action in his official capacity, and shall continue

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as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, or employee, and shall
inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors and administrators of such person.

      The Corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any
person who is or was a director or officer, against any liability asserted
against him and incurred by him in such capacity, or arising out of his status
as such, whether or not the Corporation would have the power to indemnify him
against such liability under the provisions of this Article or of the Ohio
Revised Code.

                                 Article XVIII.

                                   FISCAL YEAR

      The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the
Board of Directors.<PAGE>

                                                                    EXHIBIT 4.11

                            AMENDED & RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                            URS CORPORATION SOUTHERN

                            A California Corporation
                 (Amended and Restated as of September 9, 2004)

                       (Formerly: Greiner, Inc. Southern)

                                    ARTICLE I

                                  Applicability

      Section 1. Applicability of Bylaws. These Bylaws govern, except as
otherwise provided by statute or its Articles of Incorporation, the management
of the business and the conduct of the affairs of the Corporation.

                                   ARTICLE II

                                     Offices

      Section 1. Principal Executive Office. The location of the principal
executive office of the Corporation is 11440 San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles,
California 90049.

                                   ARTICLE III

                            Meetings of Shareholders

      Section 1. Place of Meetings. Meetings of the shareholders shall be held
at any place within or without the State of California designated by the Board
of Directors.

      Section 2. Annual Meetings. An annual meeting of the shareholders shall be
held within 180 days following the end of the fiscal year of the Corporation at
a date and time designated by the Board of Directors. Directors shall be elected
at each annual meeting and any other proper business may be transacted thereat.

      Section 3. Special Meetings. (a) Special meetings of the shareholders may
be called by a majority of the Board of Directors, the President or the holders
of shares entitled to cast not less than 10 percent of the votes at such
meeting.

      (b) Any request for the calling of a special meeting of the shareholders
shall (1) be in writing, (2) specify the date and time thereof which date shall
be not less than 35 nor more than 60 days after receipt of the request, and (3)
be given either personally or by first-class mail, postage prepaid, or other
means of written communication to the President, any Vice

<PAGE>

President or Secretary of the Corporation. The officer receiving a proper
request to call a special meeting of the shareholders shall cause notice to be
given pursuant to the provisions of Section 4 of this article.

      Section 4. Notice of Annual, Special or Adjourned Meetings. (a) Whenever
any meeting of the shareholders is to be held, a written notice of such meeting
shall be given in the manner described in subdivision (c) of this section not
less than 10 nor more than 60 days before the date thereof to each shareholder
entitled to vote thereat. The notice shall state the place, date and hour of the
meeting and the general nature of the business to be transacted.

      (b) Notice need not be given of an adjourned meeting if the time and place
thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken.

      (c) Notice of any meeting of the shareholders or any report shall be given
either personally or by first-class mail, postage prepaid, or other means of
written communication, addressed to the shareholder at his address appearing on
the books of the Corporation.

      Section 5. Record Date. (a) The Board of Directors may fix a time in the
future as a record date for the determination of the shareholders (1) entitled
to notice of any meeting or to vote thereat, (2) entitled to receive payment of
any dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights or (3) entitled to
exercise any rights in respect of any other lawful action. The record date so
fixed shall be not more than 60 nor less than 10 days prior to the date of any
meeting of the shareholders nor more than 60 days prior to any other action.

      Section 6. Quorum; Action at Meetings. (a) A majority of the shares
entitled to vote at a meeting of the shareholders, represented in person or by
proxy, shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business thereat.

      (b) If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the majority of the
shares represented at the meeting and entitled to vote on any matter shall be
the act of the shareholders, unless the vote of a greater number is required by
Law or the Articles of Incorporation.

      Section 7. Adjournment. Any meeting of the shareholders may be adjourned
from time to time whether or not a quorum is present by the vote of a majority
of the shares represented thereat either in person or by proxy. At the adjourned
meeting the Corporation may transact any business which might have been
transacted at the original meeting.

      Section 8. Validation of Defectively Called, Noticed or Held Meetings. The
transactions of any meeting of the shareholders, however called and noticed, and
wherever held, are as valid as though had at a meeting duly held after regular
call and notice, if a quorum is present either in person or by proxy, and if,
either before or after the meeting, each of the persons entitled to vote
thereat, not present in person or by proxy, signs a written waiver of notice or
a consent to the holding of the meeting or an approval of the minutes thereof.
All such waivers, consents and approvals shall be tiled with the corporate
records or made a part of the minutes of the meeting.

<PAGE>

      Section 9. Voting for Election of Directors. Every shareholder entitled to
vote at any election of directors may cumulate his votes and give one candidate
a number of votes equal to the number of directors to be elected multiplied by
the number of votes to which his shares are entitled, or distribute his votes on
the same principle among as many candidates as he thinks fit.

      Section 10. Action by Written Consent. Any action which may be taken at
any annual or special meeting of the shareholders may be taken without a
meeting, without a vote and without prior notice, if a consent in writing,
setting forth the action so taken, is signed by the holders of outstanding
shares having not less than the minimum number of votes which would be necessary
to authorize or take such action at a meeting in which all shares entitled to
vote thereon were present and voted. All such consents shall be filed with the
Secretary of the Corporation and maintained with the corporate records.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    Directors

      Section 1. Number of Directors. The authorized number of directors shall
be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors,
provided that the Board of Directors shall consist of at least one member.

      Section 2. Election of Directors. Directors shall be elected at each
annual meeting of the shareholders.

      Section 3. Term of Office. Each director, including a director elected to
fill a vacancy, shall hold office until the expiration of the term for which he
is elected and until a successor has been elected.

      Section 4. Vacancies. (a) A vacancy in the Board of Directors exists
whenever any authorized position of director is not then filled by a duly
elected director.

      (b) Vacancies on the Board of Directors may be filled by a majority of the
directors then in office, whether or not less than a quorum, or by a sole
remaining director.

      (c) The shareholders may elect a director at any time to fill any vacancy
not filled by the directors.

      Section 5. Resignation. Any director may resign effective upon giving
written notice to the President, the Secretary or the Board of Directors of the
Corporation.

                                    ARTICLE V

                       Meetings of the Board of Directors

<PAGE>

      Section 1. Place of Meetings. Regular or special meetings of the Board of
Directors shall be held at any place within or without the State of California
which has been designated from time to time by the Board.

      Section 2. Other Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of
Directors shall be held without call at such time as shall be designated from
time to time by the Board. Notice of any such meeting is not required.

      Section 3. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of Directors
may be called at any time for any purpose or purposes by the President or any
vice president or the Secretary or any two directors. Notice shall be given of
any special meeting of the Board.

      Section 4. Notice of Special Meetings. Notice of the time and place of
special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be delivered personally or by
telephone to each director or sent to each director by first-class mail or
telegraph, charges prepaid. Such notice shall be given four days prior to the
holding of the special meeting if sent by mail or 48 hours prior to the holding
thereof if delivered personally or given by telephone or telegraph. The notice
or report shall be deemed to have been given at the time when delivered
personally to the recipient or deposited in the mail or sent by other means of
written communication.

      Section 5. Validation of Defectively Held Meetings. The transactions of
any meeting of the Board of Directors, however called and noticed or wherever
held, are as valid as though had at a meeting duly after regular call and notice
if a quorum is present and if, either before or after the meeting, each of the
directors not present signs a written waiver of notice, a consent to holding the
meeting or an approval of the minutes thereof.

      Section 6. Quorum; Action at Meetings; Telephone Meetings. (a) A majority
of the authorized number of directors shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business. Every act or decision done or made by a majority of the
directors present at a meeting duly held at which a quorum is present is the act
of the Board of Directors, unless action by a greater proportion of the
directors is required by law or the Articles of Incorporation.

      (b) A meeting at which a quorum is initially present may continue to
transact business notwithstanding the withdrawal of directors, if any action
taken is approved by at least a majority of the required quorum for such
meeting.

      (c) Members of the Board of Directors may participate in a meeting through
use of conference telephone or similar communications equipment so long as all
members participating in such meeting can hear one another.

      Section 7. Adjournment. A majority of the directors present, whether or
not a quorum is present, may adjourn any meeting to another time and place.

      Section 9. Action Without a Meeting. Any action required or permitted to
be taken by the Board of Directors may be taken without a meeting, if all
members of the Board individually or collectively consent in writing to such
action.

<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE VII

                                    Officers

      Section 1. Officers. The Corporation shall have as officers, a President,
a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Treasurer is the chief financial officer of the
Corporation. The Corporation may also have at the discretion of the Board, one
or more vice presidents, one or more assistant secretaries, one or more
assistant treasurers and such other officers as may be appointed in accordance
with the provisions of Section 3 of this Article. One person may hold two or
more offices.

      Section 2. Election of Officers. The officers of the Corporation shall be
chosen by the Board of Directors.

      Section 3. Subordinate Officers, Etc. The Board of Directors may appoint
by resolution, and may empower the Chairman of the Board, if there be such an
officer, or the President, to appoint such other officers as the business of the
Corporation may require, each of whom shall hold office for such period, have
such authority and perform such duties as are determined from time to time by
resolution of the Board or, in the absence of any such determination, as are
provided in these Bylaws. Any appointment of an officer shall be evidenced by a
written instrument filed with the Secretary of the Corporation and maintained
with the corporate records.

      Section 4. Removal and Resignation. (a) Any officer may be removed, either
with or without cause, by the Board of Directors.

      (b) Any officer may resign at any time effective upon giving written
notice to the President, any vice president or Secretary of the Corporation.

      Section 5. President. The President shall be the chief executive officer
and general manager of the Corporation and shall, subject to the control of the
Board, have general supervision, direction and control of the business and
affairs of the Corporation. He shall preside at all meetings of the shareholders
and at all meetings of the Board. He shall have the general powers and duties of
management usually vested in the office of president of a corporation, and shall
have such other powers and duties as may be prescribed from time to time by
resolution of the Board.

      Section 6. Vice President. In the absence or disability of the President,
the vice presidents in order of their rank as fixed by the Board of Directors
or, if not ranked, the Vice President designated by the Board, shall perform all
the duties of the President, and when so acting shall have all the powers of,
and be subject to all the restrictions upon, the President. The vice presidents
shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as from time to time
may be prescribed for them respectively by the Board or as the President may
from time to time delegate.

      Section 7. Secretary. (a) The Secretary shall keep or cause to be kept the
minute book, the share register and the seal, if any, of the Corporation.

<PAGE>

      (b) The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings
of the shareholders and of the Board of Directors required by these Bylaws or by
law to be given, and shall have such other powers and perform such other duties
as may be prescribed from time to time by the Board.

      Section 8. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall keep, or cause to be kept, the
books and records of account of the Corporation.

                                   ARTICLE VII

                               Records and Reports

      Section 1. Minute Book. The Corporation shall keep or cause to be kept in
written form at its principal executive office or such other place as the Board
of Directors may order, a minute book which shall contain a record of all
actions by its shareholders or Board.

      Section 2. Share Register -- Maintenance and Inspection. The Corporation
shall keep or cause to be kept at its principal executive office a share
register which shall contain the names of the shareholders and their addresses,
the number of shares held by each, the number and date of certificates issued
for the same and the number and date of cancellation of every certificate
surrendered for cancellation.

      Section 3. Books and Records of Account. The Corporation shall keep or
cause to be kept at its principal executive office a share register which shall
contain the names of the shareholders and their addresses, the number of shares
held by each, the number and date of certificates issued for the same and the
number and date of cancellation of every certificate surrendered for
cancellation.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                  Miscellaneous

      Section 1. Checks, Drafts, Etc. All checks, drafts or other orders for
payment of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness, and any assignment
or endorsement thereof, issued in the name of or payable to the Corporation,
shall be signed or endorsed by such person or persons and in such manner as,
from time to time, shall be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

      Section 2. Contracts, Etc. -- How Executed. The Board of Directors may
authorize any officer or officers, agent or agents, to enter into any contract
or execute any instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, and
such authority may be general or confined to specific instances; and, unless so
authorized or ratified by the Board, no officer, employee or other agent shall
have any power or authority to bind the Corporation by any contract or
engagement or to pledge its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or to
any amount.

<PAGE>

      Section 3. Certificates of Stock. All certificates shall be signed in the
name of the Corporation by the President and by the Secretary certifying the
number of shares owned by the shareholder.

      Section 4. Lost Certificates. Except as provided in this section, no new
certificate for shares shall be issued in lieu of an old certificate unless the
latter is surrendered to the Corporation and canceled at the same time. The
Board of Directors may in case any share certificate or certificate for any
other security is lost, stolen or destroyed, authorize the issuance of a new
certificate in lieu thereof, upon such terms and conditions as the Board may
require.

      Section 5. Representation of Shares of Other Corporations. Any person
designated by resolution of the Board of Directors or, in the absence of such
designation, the President or any vice president or the Secretary, or any other
person authorized by any of the foregoing, is authorized to vote on behalf of
the Corporation any and all shares of any other corporation or corporations,
foreign or domestic, owned by the Corporation.

                                    ARTICLE X

                                   Amendments

      Section 1. Amendments. New bylaws may be adopted or these Bylaws may be
amended or repealed by the affirmative vote of a majority of the outstanding
shares entitled to vote. Subject to the next preceding sentence, bylaws (other
than a bylaw or amendment thereof specifying or changing a fixed number of
directors or the maximum or minimum number, or changing from a fixed to a
variable board or vice versa) may be adopted, amended or repealed by the Board
of Directors.

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