Document:

EXHIBIT 10.5

 Exhibit 10.5 
 PROVIDENT BANK 
 SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT PLAN 
 (Section 409A Restatement) 
 Provident
Bank, a Maryland corporation (the “Company”), previously established this Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “Plan”) effective January 1, 2005, to provide specified benefits to a select group of management and
highly compensated employees of the Company. The Plan is intended to be a “top hat plan” described in ERISA Section 201(2). 
 The Plan supersedes any agreement providing supplemental retirement benefits that was entered into between an executive and the Company before January 1, 2005. 
 The original documentation of the Plan was prepared before final regulations under Code Section 409A were issued. This Section 409A Restatement
is adopted to comply with those final regulations. No benefits under the Plan are “grandfathered” for purposes of Section 409A. 
 ARTICLE 1 
 Definitions 
 1.1 Actuarial Equivalent means a benefit of equivalent value using the actuarial assumptions for similar purposes in effect under the Provident Bank Pension Plan as of the date of determination. 
 1.2 Beneficiary means the person(s) or entity designated as such in accordance with Article 11 of the Plan. 
 1.3 Benefit Percentage means the percentage of Final Average Compensation specified in the Participation Agreement. 
 1.4 Change in Control means either: (i) the dissolution or liquidation of the Company; (ii) a reorganization, merger or consolidation of
the Company with one or more corporations as a result of which the Company is not the surviving corporation; (iii) approval by the stockholders of the Company of any sale, lease, exchange or other transfer (in one or a series of transactions)
of all or substantially all of the assets of the Company; (iv) approval by the stockholders of the Company of any merger or consolidation of the Company in which the holders of voting stock of the Company immediately before the merger or
consolidation will not own fifty percent (50%) or more of the voting shares of the continuing or surviving corporation immediately after such merger or consolidation; or (v) a change of fifty percent (50%) (rounded to the next whole
person) in the membership of the Board of Directors of the Company within a twelve (12) month period, unless the election or nomination for election by stockholders of each 

 
new director within such period was approved by the vote of two-thirds (2/3) (rounded to the next whole person) of the directors then still in office
who were in office at the beginning of the twelve (12) month period. 
 1.5 Code means the Internal Revenue Code. 
 1.6 Company means Provident Bank, a Maryland corporation. 
 1.7 Committee — the Retirement Benefits Committee of the Company. 
 1.8 Compensation
Committee means the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of Provident Bankshares Corporation. 
 1.9 Disability –
A Participant is considered to have a Disability if he has been determined to be disabled under his Company-provided group long-term disability plan. 
 1.10 Disability Benefit means the benefit payable to the Participant upon his Termination of Employment by reason of Disability under Section 6.1. 
 1.11 Disability Benefit Eligibility Date means the later of (i) the Participant’s Retirement Eligibility Date, or (ii) the date of
cessation of benefits under the Participant’s Company-provided group long-term disability plan. 
 1.12 Eligible Executive means
those senior executives of the Company as may be designated by the Compensation Committee to be eligible to participate in the Plan. 
 1.13
ERISA means the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended. 
 1.14 Final Average Compensation means the
average annual base salary paid by the Company to the Participant during the thirty-six (36) month period ending immediately prior to the Participant’s Termination of Employment. 
 1.15 Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity means level annual payments over the lifetime of a Participant, with payments guaranteed to be
made for at least fifteen (15) years. 
 1.16 Participant means an Eligible Executive who has begun participation in the Plan
pursuant to Article 2. 
 1.17 Participation Agreement means the written agreement between the Company and Participant which specifies
the terms under which benefits are provided to the Participant under the Plan and which is incorporated by reference herein. The Participation Agreements as of January 1, 2005 are attached hereto as Exhibits A1-A3. 
 1.18 Retirement means Termination of Employment, other than by reason of death, on or after the Participant’s Retirement Eligibility Date.

  

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 1.19 Retirement Benefit means the benefit payable under Section 3.1 to a Participant whose
Termination of Employment is on or after his Retirement Eligibility Date. 
 1.20 Retirement Eligibility Date means the age specified
in the Participant’s Participation Agreement. 
 1.21 Termination Benefit means the benefit payable under Section 3.2 to a
Participant whose Termination of Employment precedes his Retirement Eligibility Date. 
 1.22 Termination of Employment means the date
of the cessation of the Participant’s employment with the Company for any reason whatsoever, whether voluntary or involuntary, including as a result of the Participant’s Retirement, death or Disability; provided that such cessation
constitutes a “separation from service,” as defined under Code Section 409A and the Treasury regulations thereunder. 
 1.23
Years of Service means the Participant’s period of employment with the Company commencing with his most recent date of hire, rounded (if necessary) to the next lowest whole number. 
 ARTICLE 2 
 Participation 
 2.1 Participation. Upon execution of a Participation Agreement by an Eligible Executive and the Company, the Eligible Executive becomes a
Participant as of the effective date specified in his Participation Agreement. 
 ARTICLE 3 
 Calculation of Retirement and Termination Benefit 
 3.1 Retirement Benefit. The Retirement Benefit is an annual amount, commencing after Retirement, payable as a Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity, equal to: 
 (a) the product of (1) the Participant’s Benefit Percentage and (2) the Participant’s Final Average Compensation, minus 

 (b) the annual amount that would be payable to the Participant under the Provident Bank Pension Plan if he began receiving benefits under
the Pension Plan upon Retirement in the form of a single life annuity, minus  
 (c) the annual amount of the Social Security old age
benefit that would be payable to the Participant if he began receiving Social Security benefits upon Retirement (and disregarding any cost-of-living adjustments for future years). If the Participant’s Retirement precedes the earliest date on
which he could receive Social Security old age retirement benefits, 

  

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then the Retirement Benefit will be reduced, starting in the year in which the Participant could first begin receiving Social Security old age retirement
benefits, by the annual amount of the Social Security old age retirement benefit that would be payable to the Participant if he began receiving Social Security benefits in that year (and disregarding any cost-of-living adjustments for future years).
The determination of the Social Security old age benefit is based on the Social Security Act and benefit levels in effect at Retirement and assuming the Participant earns no wages subject to Social Security after Retirement. 
 3.2 Termination Benefit. The Termination Benefit is an annual amount, commencing upon the Participant’s Retirement Eligibility Date, payable
as a Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity, determined in the same manner as the Retirement Benefit under Section 3.1, except that (i) “Retirement Eligibility Date” is substituted for “Retirement” in
Section 3.1(b) and (c); (ii) “Termination Benefit” is substituted for “Retirement Benefit” in Section 3.1(c); and (iii) the determination of the Social Security old age benefit that would be payable at the
Participant’s Retirement Eligibility Date assumes that, between his Termination of Employment date and his Retirement Eligibility Date, the Participant earns the same amount of annual wages he was earning in the last full calendar year prior to
(or ending with) his Termination of Employment date. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, a Participant’s Participation Agreement may provide for a reduced Benefit Percentage if the Participant has a Termination of Employment before
attaining his Retirement Eligibility Date with less than a stated number of Years of Service. However, such a Participant will receive a benefit using the maximum Benefit Percentage set forth in the Participation Agreement, regardless of the
Participant’s Years of Service, in the event of Termination of Employment (i) by reason of the Participant’s Retirement, Disability or death, or (ii) after a Change in Control. 
 ARTICLE 4 
 Payment of Retirement
and Termination Benefits 
 4.1 Retirement Benefit. Upon Retirement, a Participant will receive a Retirement Benefit, in an amount
calculated in accordance with Section 3.1. The benefit will be paid in the form of a Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity, unless the Participant makes a timely election to receive an optional form of payment under Section 4.3. The
initial payment will be made within ninety (90) days following the Participant’s Retirement, and subsequent payments will be made within ninety (90) days following each anniversary of his Retirement. Notwithstanding the preceding
sentence, if the Participant is a “Key Employee” as of the date of Retirement, the initial payment will not be made until the thirty (30) day period starting on the date that is six months after the date of Retirement. A Participant
is a “Key Employee” for the 12-month period beginning on any April 1 if the Participant is described in Code Section 416(i) (using the definition of compensation under T. Reg. §1.415(c)-2(d)(4)) at any time during the
12-month period ending on the preceding December 31. 
 4.2 Termination Benefit. Upon Termination of Employment prior to a
Participant’s Retirement Eligibility Date (other than by reason of Disability or death), the Participant will receive a Termination Benefit, in an amount calculated in accordance with Section 3.2. The benefit will be paid in the form of a
Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous 

  

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Annuity, unless the Participant makes a timely election to receive an optional form of payment under Section 4.3. The initial payment will be made
within ninety (90) days following the Participant’s Retirement Eligibility Date, and subsequent payments will be made within ninety (90) days following each anniversary of the Retirement Eligibility Date. Notwithstanding the preceding
sentence, if the Participant is a “Key Employee” (as defined in Section 4.1) as of his Termination of Employment date, the initial payment will not be made until the thirty (30) day period starting on the date that is six months
after the Participant’s Termination of Employment date. 
 4.3 Optional Forms of Payment. An election to have benefits paid in an
optional form of payment (or a change in an election already made) will be considered timely if the form provided for such purpose is submitted to the Administrator before the first payment is made. The following optional forms of payment are
available under the Plan: 
 Joint and 50% Survivor Annuity. Level annual payments will be made to the Participant over the
Participant’s lifetime and, upon the Participant’s death, level annual payments equal to 50% of the annual payments made to the Participant will be made to the Participant’s Beneficiary over the Beneficiary’s lifetime if such
Beneficiary survives the Participant. 
 Joint and 100% Survivor Annuity. Level annual payments will be made to the Participant over
the Participant’s lifetime and, upon the Participant’s death, level annual payments in the same amount will be made to the Participant’s Beneficiary over the Beneficiary’s lifetime if such Beneficiary survives the Participant.

 Each optional form of payment will be the Actuarial Equivalent of the Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity. 
 ARTICLE 5 
 Death Benefits

 5.1 Survivor Benefit Before Benefits Commence. If the Participant dies prior to commencement of benefits, the Company will pay
to the Participant’s Beneficiary a death benefit equal to the Actuarial Equivalent of the Participant’s accrued benefit as of the date of death. The death benefit will be paid in a single lump sum within ninety (90) days following the
Participant’s death. 
 5.2 Survivor Benefit After Benefits Commence. If the Participant dies after benefits have commenced under
the Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity but prior to completion of the minimum (15) year payout period, benefits will continue to be paid to the Participant’s Beneficiary over the balance of the fifteen (15) year minimum
benefit payout period. If the Participant is receiving benefits under an optional form of payment under Section 4.3, no death benefit is payable upon the death of the Participant unless the Participant predeceases his Beneficiary, in which case
the applicable survivor benefit is payable to such Beneficiary over the balance of the Beneficiary’s life. 
  

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 ARTICLE 6 
 Disability 
 6.1 Disability Benefit. Upon a Participant’s Termination of Employment by
reason of Disability prior to the Retirement Eligibility Date, the Participant will receive a Disability Benefit determined in the same manner as the Retirement Benefit under Section 3.1, except that (i) “Disability Benefit
Eligibility Date” is substituted for “Retirement” in Section 3.1(b) and (c), and (ii) “Disability Benefit” is substituted for “Retirement Benefit” in Section 3.1(c). The benefit will be paid in the
form of a Fifteen Year Certain and Continuous Annuity, unless the Participant makes a timely election to receive an optional form of payment under Section 4.3. The initial payment will be made within ninety (90) days following the
Participant’s Disability Benefit Eligibility Date, and subsequent payments will be made within ninety (90) days following each anniversary of the Disability Benefit Eligibility Date. 
 ARTICLE 7 
 Termination or Amendment 
 7.1 Termination. The Company may terminate the Plan at any time by action of the Compensation Committee. Termination of the Plan will not reduce
the accrued benefit of any Participant or Beneficiary as of the date of termination, but no additional benefits will be accrued after the date of termination. Upon termination, the Company will pay, or continue to pay, to each Participant or
Beneficiary the benefits such person would be entitled to receive under Articles 4, 5 or 6 of the Plan at the same time such benefits would otherwise have been payable under the terms of the Plan. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, payments
upon termination may be accelerated if the Plan is terminated and liquidated in accordance with T. Reg. §1.409A-3(j)(4)(ix). 
 7.2
Amendment. The Committee may amend the Plan at any time, including retroactively, except that action of the Compensation Committee is required for any amendment that materially increases the benefits of any Participant whose compensation
level is set by the Compensation Committee. The Committee will provide a report to the Compensation Committee of any Plan amendment the Committee adopts. No amendment may decrease or restrict a Participant’s then accrued benefit. No amendment
may adversely affect any Participant or Beneficiary who has become entitled to the payment of benefits under the Plan as of the date of the amendment. 
 ARTICLE 8 
 Other Benefits 
 8.1 Coordination with Other Benefits. The benefits provided for a Participant under this Plan are in addition to any other benefits available to
the Participant under any other plan or program for employees of the Company. The Plan will supplement but not supersede or amend any other such plan or program except as may otherwise be expressly provided. 
  

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 ARTICLE 9 
 Plan Administration 
 9.1 Committee Powers and Duties. This Plan is administered by the
Committee. The Committee has the same powers, duties and discretions with respect to this Plan as the Committee has under the relevant provisions of the Employees Retirement Savings Plan of Provident Bank (which are incorporated herein by
reference), including the power to delegate any of its responsibilities for the operation and administration of the Plan. 
 9.2 Indemnity
of Committee. The Company will indemnify and hold harmless the members of the Committee, and any other officer or employee of the Company who is or may be deemed to be a fiduciary of this Plan, against any and all claims, losses, damages,
expenses or liabilities arising from any action or failure to act with respect to this Plan, except in the case of willful misconduct by a Committee member or other officer or employee. 
 9.3 Company Information. To enable the Committee to perform its functions, the Company will supply full and timely information to the Committee on
all matters relating to the compensation of Participants, the date and circumstances of the Retirement, Disability, death or Termination of Employment of Participants, and such other pertinent information as the Committee may reasonably require.

 ARTICLE 10 
 Claims
Procedures 
 10.1 Presentation of Claim. Any Participant or Beneficiary (a “Claimant”) may deliver to the Committee a
written claim for a determination of the amounts distributable to such Claimant from the Plan. Any claim must state with particularity the determination desired by the Claimant. 
 10.2 Notification of Decision and Review of Denied Claims. All claims for benefits and reviews of denied claims will be handled in accordance with
the claims and review procedures set forth in the relevant portions of the Employees Retirement Savings Plan of Provident Bank, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
 10.3 Legal Action. A Claimant’s compliance with the foregoing provisions of this Article 10 is a mandatory prerequisite to a Claimant’s
right to commence any legal action with respect to any claim for benefits under this Plan. 
  

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 ARTICLE 11 
 Beneficiary Designation 
 11.1 Beneficiary. Before the date as of which benefit payments
begin, each Participant may at any time designate a Beneficiary(ies) (both primary and contingent) to receive any benefits payable under the Plan upon the death of a Participant. Only natural persons (humans) may be a Beneficiary. The Beneficiary
designated under this Plan may be the same as or different from the Beneficiary designation under any other plan of the Company in which the Participant participates. Only one primary Beneficiary may be designated under a Joint and Survivor Annuity.

 11.2 Beneficiary Designation. A Participant may only designate a Beneficiary(ies) by completing and signing a form provided by the
Committee or its designated agent and submitting it to the Committee or its designated agent. A Participant may change a Beneficiary designation by completing and signing a new form and submitting it to the Committee or its designated agent. Upon
submitting a new form to the Committee or its designated agent, all Beneficiary designations previously submitted are cancelled. The Committee may rely on the last Beneficiary designation form submitted by the Participant to the Committee or its
designated agent prior to the Participant’s death. No designation or change in designation of a Beneficiary is effective until submitted to the Committee or its designated agent. The Beneficiary designation under a Joint and Survivor Annuity
may not be changed after benefit payments begin. 
 11.3 No Beneficiary Designation. If a Participant fails to designate a Beneficiary
as provided in Sections 11.1 and 11.2, or if all designated Beneficiaries cannot be located or predecease the Participant or die prior to complete distribution of the Participant’s benefits, then the Participant’s surviving spouse will be
the designated Beneficiary. If the Participant has no surviving spouse, the benefits remaining under the Plan will be paid to the Participant’s estate. This Section 11.3 does not apply to the Beneficiary under a Joint and Survivor Annuity.

 11.4 Doubt as to Beneficiary. If the Committee has any doubt as to the identity or designation of a Beneficiary, the Committee may
cause the Company to withhold payments to the asserted Beneficiary until the matter is resolved to the Committee’s satisfaction. 
 11.5
Discharge of Obligations. The payment of benefits under the Plan to a Beneficiary fully and completely discharges the Company and the Committee from all further obligations under this Plan with respect to the Participant. 
  

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 ARTICLE 12 
 Miscellaneous 
 12.1 Trust. The Company is responsible for the payment of all benefits under
the Plan. At its discretion, the Company may establish one or more grantor trusts for the purpose of providing for payment of benefits under the Plan. Such trust or trusts may be irrevocable, but the assets thereof will in all events be subject to
the claims of the Company’s general creditors. Benefits paid to a Participant or Beneficiary from any such trust or trusts will be considered paid by the Company for purposes of meeting the obligations of the Company under the Plan. 

12.2 Unsecured General Creditor. Participants and Beneficiaries have no legal or equitable rights, interests or claims in any property or
assets of the Company on account of benefits under this Plan, and have only the rights of an unsecured general creditor. The Company’s obligation under the Plan is merely that of an unfunded and unsecured promise to pay money in the future.

 12.3 Company’s Liability. The Company’s liability for the payment of benefits is defined only by the Plan. The Company
has no obligation to a Participant or Beneficiary under the Plan except as expressly provided in the Plan. 
 12.4 Nonassignability;
Domestic Relations Orders. 
 (a) Neither a Participant, Beneficiary nor any other person has any right to assign, pledge or otherwise
encumber any benefits under this Plan. Except as provided in subsection (b), no benefits under this Plan, prior to actual payment, are subject to alienation for the payment of any debts owed by a Participant, Beneficiary or any other person, nor are
they transferable by operation of law in the event of divorce, bankruptcy or insolvency of a Participant, Beneficiary or any other person. 
 (b) Subsection (a) does not prohibit the transfer or assignment to a Participant’s spouse, former spouse or child of the right to receive all or a portion of the benefits payable to a Participant under this Plan, if such transfer
or assignment is made pursuant to a domestic relations order issued by a court that is legally binding on a Participant. Payment of benefits pursuant to an order may not be made before the earlier of (1) when benefits are actually paid to the
Participant or (2) a date specified in the order that is not before the earliest date that benefits could actually begin being paid to a Participant if he terminated employment. Any provision of an order for payment of benefits upon the
election of the spouse, former spouse or child cannot be given effect. Any payment of benefits pursuant to a domestic relations order will be subject to tax withholding as provided by law. If a domestic relations order is served on this Plan, it
will be processed in accordance with the rules for processing of qualified domestic relations orders set forth in the relevant provisions of the Employees Retirement Savings Plan of Provident Bank, which are incorporated herein by reference.

 12.5 Not a Contract of Employment. The Plan does not constitute a contract of employment between the Company and the Participant.
Such employment is “at will” employment that can be terminated at any time for any reason, with or without cause, unless expressly provided in a written employment agreement. Nothing in this Plan gives a Participant the right to be
retained in the service of the Company or to interfere with the right of the Company to discipline or discharge the Participant at any time. 
 12.6 Furnishing Information. A Participant or Beneficiary must cooperate with the Committee by furnishing any and all information requested by the Committee, and must take such other actions as may be requested in order to facilitate
the administration of the Plan and the payments of benefits hereunder. 
  

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 12.7 Terms. Any words used herein in the masculine shall be construed as though they were in the
feminine in all cases where they would so apply, and any words used herein in the singular or in the plural shall be construed as though they were used in the plural or the singular, in all cases where they would so apply. 
 12.8 Captions. The captions of the articles, sections and paragraphs of this Plan are for convenience only and do not control or affect the
meaning or construction of any of its provisions. 
 12.9 Governing Law. Subject to ERISA, this Plan will be construed and interpreted
according to the laws of the State of Maryland without regard to its conflict of laws principles. The Company intends that the Plan will comply with Code Section 409A, and the Plan should be interpreted, to the extent possible, to comply with
Section 409A. 
 12.10 Validity. In case any provision of this Plan is held to be illegal or invalid for any reason, said
illegality or invalidity will not affect the remaining parts hereof, but this Plan will be construed and enforced as if such illegal and invalid provision had never been inserted herein. 
 12.11 Notice. Any notice or filing required or permitted to be given to the Committee will be sufficient if in writing and hand delivered, or sent
by registered or certified mail, to the address below: 
 Retirement Benefits Committee 
 Provident Bank 
 114 East Lexington Street

 Baltimore, Maryland 21202 
 Such notice will
be deemed given as of the date of delivery or if delivery is made by mail, as of the date shown on the postmark on the receipt for registration or certification. 
 Any notice or filing required or permitted to be given to a Participant under this Plan will be sufficient if in writing and hand delivered, or sent by mail, to the last known address of the Participant. 

12.12 Successors. The provisions of this Plan will bind and inure to the benefit of the Company and its successors and assigns and the
Participant and the Participant’s Beneficiary. 
 12.13 Spouse’s Interest. Any asserted interest in the benefits under this
Plan held by a spouse who predeceases the Participant will automatically revert to the Participant and are not transferable by such spouse in any manner, including but not limited to such spouse’s will, nor will such interest pass under the
laws of intestate succession. 
  

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 12.14 Incompetent. If the Committee determines in its discretion that a benefit under this Plan is
to be paid to a minor, a person declared incompetent or to a person incapable of handling the disposition of that person’s property, the Committee may direct payment in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Employees Retirement Savings
Plan of Provident Bank, which are incorporated herein by reference. 
 12.15 Withholding of Taxes. The Company will withhold from all
benefit payments all federal, state and local income, employment and other taxes that the Company determines are required to be withheld under applicable law. 
 12.16 Distribution in the Event of Taxation. 
 (a) If any portion of a Participant’s benefit
under this Plan becomes taxable to the Participant prior to the time it would otherwise be payable due to failure of the Plan to satisfy Code Section 409A, a Participant may apply to the Committee for a distribution of that portion of his
benefit that has become taxable. Within 90 days after the Committee determines that a portion of the Participant’s benefit has become taxable, the Company will make a lump sum distribution to the Participant in an amount equal to the taxable
portion of his benefit (which amount will not exceed a Participant’s accrued benefit under the Plan). 
 (b) If any portion of a
Participant’s benefit under this Plan becomes subject to FICA tax before it is paid to the Participant, then notwithstanding the timing and method of benefit payment otherwise in effect for the Participant, the Committee may direct that future
benefit payments be accelerated so as to pay the Participant’s share of applicable FICA tax. Payments may also be accelerated so as to pay any income tax withholding obligation that arises due to acceleration for FICA purposes. 
 (c) Any distributions or payments under subsections (a) and (b) will reduce the remaining benefits to be paid under this Plan. 
 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Provident Bank has caused this Plan document to be executed by its duly authorized officer on
            , 2008. 
  

									
	WITNESS:	 		 	PROVIDENT BANK
				
	 	 		 	By:	 	 

  

 111988 Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan as Amended and Restated 12/17/2008

 Exhibit 10.(A) 
 AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION 
 1988 SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT PLAN 
 (as amended and restated December 17, 2008) 
 The purpose of this Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “Plan”) is to provide a further means whereby Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation (the “Company”) may attract, retain and encourage the
productive efforts of a select group of officers and senior executives who render valuable services to the Company constituting an important contribution towards the Company’s continued growth and success. The Plan provides retirement benefits
to participants who qualify for such benefits (generally described in Article III) and may also provide benefits to a surviving spouse following a qualifying participant’s death before retirement (generally described in Article IV). 

The terms and conditions of the Plan are as follows: 
 ARTICLE I 
 DEFINITIONS 
 The following terms when used in this Plan shall have the designated meaning, unless a different meaning is clearly required by the context. All other capitalized terms in the Plan shall have the meaning defined in
the Ampco-Pittsburgh Corporation Retirement Plan, as in effect from time to time (the “Retirement Plan”). 
 1.1 Cause means
the willful engaging by the Participant in misconduct which is materially injurious to the Company. For purposes of this definition, no act, or failure to act, on the Participant’s part shall be considered “willful” unless done, or
omitted to be done, by the Participant in bad faith and without reasonable belief that his action or omission was in the best interests of the Company. 
 1.2 Participant means an individual who has been designated as a Participant pursuant to Article II. 

 1.3 Qualified Plan Pension means all amounts paid or payable to or in respect of any Participant
(other than in respect of pre-tax or after-tax employee contributions) from the Retirement Plan or from any other plan which is tax-qualified under Internal Revenue Code section ( “IRC §”) 401(a) or 403(a) to which the Company, any
Affiliate, or any other prior employer of the Participant contributed. The Participant’s Qualified Plan Pension Benefit shall be expressed as a monthly amount in the same form (using the actuarial assumptions used in each such plan) and
commencing at the same time as the monthly benefit payable hereunder. 
 1.4 Early Retirement Date means the date a Participant
attains age fifty-five (55) and completes ten (10) years of Continuous Service. 
 1.5 Change in Control shall be deemed to
have occurred if: 
 (i) any “person” (as defined in Sections 13(d) and 14(d) of the Exchange Act) other than the
persons or the group of persons in control of the Company on the date hereof is or becomes the “beneficial owner” (as defined in Rule 13d-3 under the Exchange Act), directly or indirectly, of securities of the Company representing fifty
percent (50%) or more of the combined voting power of the Corporation’s then outstanding securities; 
 (ii) within any period of two consecutive years (not including any period prior to
the effective date of this Plan) there shall cease to be a majority of the Board comprised as follows: individuals who at the beginning of such period constitute the Board and any new director(s) whose election was approved by a vote of at least
two-thirds ( 2/3) of the directors then still in office who either were directors at the beginning of the period or whose
election or nomination for election was previously so approved; 
 (iii) the shareholders of the Company approve a
merger of, or consolidation involving, the Company in which (A) the Company’s Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share (such stock, or any other securities of the Company into which such stock shall have been converted through a
reincorporation, recapitalization or similar transaction, 

  

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hereinafter called “Common Stock of the Company”), is converted into shares or securities of another corporation, or into cash or other property,
or (B) the Common Stock of the Company is not converted as described in Clause (A), but in which more than forty percent (40%) of the Common Stock of the surviving corporation in the merger is owned by Shareholders other than those who
owned such amount prior to the merger; or any other transaction after which the Company’s Common Stock is no longer to be publicly traded; in each case, other than a transaction solely for the purpose of reincorporating the Company in another
jurisdiction or recapitalizing the Common Stock of the Company; or 
 (iv) the shareholders of the Company approve a plan of
complete liquidation of the Company, or an agreement for the sale or disposition by the Company of all or substantially all of the Company’s assets, either of which is followed by a distribution of all or substantially all of the proceeds to
the shareholders. 
 1.6 Good Reason means, without a Participant’s express written consent, the occurrence after a Change in
Control of any one or more of the following conditions, which condition continues without timely and complete remedy by the Company after notice, as provided below: 
 (i) the assignment to such Participant of duties inconsistent with such Participant’s duties, responsibilities and status immediately
before the Change in Control or a reduction or alteration in the nature or status of such Participant’s responsibilities from those in effect immediately before the Change in Control; 
 (ii) a reduction by the Company in such Participant’s base salary as in effect immediately before the Change in Control, a failure to
increase such base salary at the same intervals as prevailed before the Change in Control in an amount at least equal to the same percentage increase as the last increase prior to the Change in Control, or a reduction in bonus after the Change in
Control over the last bonus paid before the Change in Control unless there are equivalent reductions in bonuses for all executives of the 

  

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Company; 
 (iii) the requirement
that such Participant be based at a location in excess of twenty-five (25) miles from the location where such Participant is based immediately before the Change in Control; 
 (iv) the failure by the Company to continue in effect any of the Company’s employee benefit plans, policies, practices or
arrangements in which such Participant participates or under which such Participant is entitled to benefits, or the failure by the Company to continue such Participant’s therein or benefits thereunder on substantially the same basis, both in
terms of the amount of benefits provided and the level of such Participant’s participation relative to other participants, as existed immediately prior to the Change in Control; or 
 (v) the failure of the Company to obtain a satisfactory agreement from any successor to the Company to assume and agree to perform this
Plan; 
 The foregoing notwithstanding, the Participant shall notify the Company within 90 days of the initial existence of a particular condition described
above in this Section 1.6, and the Company shall have 30 days from such notice completely to remedy such particular condition so that the Participant is in the same position as if the condition had never occurred. If the Company timely and
completely remedies the condition as required above, then the particular occurrence of the particular condition for which the Participant gave notice shall no longer constitute Good Reason. 
 ARTICLE II 
 ELIGIBILITY 
 2.1 Original Participants. The individuals listed on Schedule A were Participants as of April 23, 1996. 
 2.2 New Participants. In addition to the individuals listed on Schedule A, the Board may, from time to time, designate other individuals as
Participants. 
  

 4 

 ARTICLE III 
 RETIREMENT BENEFITS 
 3.1 Normal Retirement Benefit. 
 (a) If a Participant’s employment is terminated voluntarily or involuntarily without Cause on or after his Normal Retirement Date, the Company will
pay the Participant, commencing on the first day of the seventh month coincident with, or next following, the date of such termination, a retirement benefit payable in the Normal Form, in the case of an unmarried Participant, or as a Qualified Joint
and Survivor Annuity, in the case of a married Participant, in an amount equal to (a) fifty percent (50%) of his Final Average Earnings (determined without regard to any limit on compensation under IRC § 401(a)(17)) less
(b) his Qualified Plan Pension Benefit. Notwithstanding the foregoing, prior to the date his participation becomes effective the Participant may irrevocably elect, on a form prescribed by the Committee, another form of payment, including a
survivor annuity with a designated contingent annuitant other than Participant’s spouse (and such elected form of payment does not become ineffective before the date such payments commence because of the death of such designated contingent
annuitant). However, the first monthly payment to the Participant in either the Normal Form, the Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity, or the survivor annuity with a designated contingent annuitant other than Participant’s spouse, shall equal
the sum of seven monthly payments plus interest (at the long-term Applicable Federal Rate, compounded monthly, in effect when payment is made) to account for the delay in commencement of payments required under IRC § 409A(a)(2)(B)(i). The
Retirement Plan’s requirements for spousal consent to the election of forms of payment, shall not apply to this Plan in any event. 
 (b) If a Participant’s employment has terminated as described in Section 3.1(a) and he shall die prior to the first day of the seventh month coincident with, or next following, the date of his termination of employment, then such
Participant’s benefits shall be distributed, or commenced, on the first day of such seventh month, as follows: 
  

 5 

 (1) If the benefits were to be payable in the Normal Form, a sum equal to the number of
monthly payments that would have been paid to the Participant in such form prior to his death, but for the six-month delay in payments, shall be payable in an lump sum (with interest calculated as described in Section 3.1(a)) to the
Participant’s surviving spouse, if any, otherwise to the personal representative of the Participant’s estate, and following such payment, no further benefit of any kind shall be payable to anyone under the Plan with respect to such
Participant. 
 (2) If the benefits were to be payable in the Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity Form, a sum equal to the
monthly payments that would have been paid to the Participant in such form prior to his death, but for the six-month delay in payments, shall be payable in a lump sum (with interest calculated as described in Section 3.1(a)) to the
Participant’s surviving spouse, together with a lump sum equal to the monthly Survivor Annuity payments (if any) that would have been payable to such surviving spouse (with interest calculated as described in Section 3.1(a)) prior to the
first day of such seventh month. Survivor Annuity payments shall then be made in due course to the surviving spouse commencing with the first day of such seventh month. However, should the surviving spouse not survive until the first day of such
seventh month, the lump sum (with interest) payable hereunder shall be paid to the Participant’s surviving spouse, if any, otherwise to the personal representative of the Participant’s estate, and following such payment, no further
benefit of any kind shall be payable to anyone under the Plan with respect to such Participant. 
 (3) If the benefits were to
be payable in the form of a survivor annuity with a designated contingent annuitant other than participant’s spouse, a lump sum equal to the monthly payments that would have been paid to the Participant (with interest calculated as described in
Section 3.1(a)) in such form prior to his death, but for the six-month delay in payments, shall be payable to the Participant’s designated contingent annuitant (if surviving), together with an a lump sum equal to the monthly survivor
annuity payments 

  

 6 

 
(if any) that would have been payable to such designated contingent annuitant (with interest calculated as described in Section 3.1(a)) prior to the
first day of such seventh month. Survivor annuity payments shall then be made in due course to the designated contingent annuitant commencing with the first day of such seventh month. However, should the designated continent annuitant not survive
until the first day of the seventh month, the lump sum payable hereunder shall be paid to the Participant’s surviving spouse, if any, otherwise to the personal representative of the Participant’s estate, and following such payment,
no further benefit of any kind shall be payable to anyone under the Plan with respect to such Participant. 
 (c) Pursuant to IRS Notice
2005-1, Q&A 19(c), the Preamble to Proposed Treasury Regulation § 1.409A-1 et seq., XI.C. (70 Fed. Reg. 57957, col. 3), and IRS Notice 2007-86, Section 3.01(B).02, an individual who is a Participant and an active employee of the
Company as of December 16, 2006, may irrevocably elect, on a form prescribed by and filed with the Committee, another form of payment with respect to his retirement benefit under the Plan, irrespective of whether or not he shall have earlier
filed, pursuant to Section 3.1(a), such an election prior to the effective date of his participation in the Plan. However, to make an election pursuant to this Section 3.1(c), the Participant must file the election form with the Committee
no later than December 31, 2008. 
 3.2 Early Retirement Benefit. If a Participant’s employment is terminated voluntarily or
involuntarily without Cause on or after his Early Retirement Date (and before his Normal Retirement Date), the Company will pay the Participant the retirement benefit provided or elected under Section 3.1, in the form of payment provided or
elected under Section 3.1, commencing on the first day of the seventh month coincident with, or next following, the date of such termination, and reduced for early payment to the extent provided in the Retirement Plan with respect to benefits
then payable thereunder in such form (whether or not the Participant elects to receive benefits from the Retirement Plan at such time or in such form), increased by interest, as described in Section 3.1(a), to account for the six-month delay in
commencement of 

  

 7 

 
payments required under IRC § 409A(a)(2)(B)(i). Payment of benefits under Section 3.2 shall be subject to the provisions of
Section 3.1(b). 
 3.3 Vesting. Except as provided in Section 3.5, Participants are vested in their benefits under the Plan
on their Early Retirement Date unless vested earlier as provided in Section 3.6. Except as provided in Section 3.6, if a Participant’s employment is terminated voluntarily or involuntarily before his Early Retirement Date, no benefits
will be payable to, or with respect to, the Participant under this Plan. 
 3.4 Disability Retirement Benefit. 
 (a) A Participant who has incurred a Disability shall be eligible to retire, if his period of Disability continues to or beyond his Normal Retirement
Date, on the date on which he ceases to receive benefits under the Disability Plan. Upon such retirement on or after his Normal Retirement Date, the Company will pay the Participant the retirement benefit provided under Section 3.1, in the form
of payment provided or elected under Section 3.1, commencing on the first day of the month coincident with or next following the date of such termination of employment. However, if the Participant is then a “key employee” within the
meaning of IRC § 416(i) without regard to paragraph (5) thereof, payment shall be commenced on the first day of the seventh month following such event. Furthermore, the first monthly payment to the Participant in either the Normal
Form, the Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity, or the survivor annuity with an annuitant other than participant’s spouse, shall equal the sum of seven monthly payments (with interest calculated as described in Section 3.1(a)) to account
for the six-month delay in commencement of payments required under IRC § 409A(a)(2)(B)(i)). 
 (b) If, before a Participant’s
Normal Retirement Date, but after his Early Retirement Date (i) the Participant recovers from the Disability, (ii) the Company offers the Participant the opportunity to resume active employment within thirty (30) days of the
Company’s receipt of notification from the insurer or third party administrator of the Company’s Long-Term Disability Plan, of the Participant’s recovery from Disability, and (iii) the Participant 

  

 8 

 
declines to resume active employment with the Company within thirty (30) days of the date of the Company’s offer, the Company will pay the
Participant the retirement benefit provided under Section 3.1, in the form of payment provided or elected under Section 3.1, commencing on the first day of the month coincident with or next following the date the Company is notified by the
Participant that he is declining such offer, and reduced for early payment to the extent provided in the Retirement Plan with respect to benefits then payable thereunder in such form (whether or not the Participant elects to receive benefits from
the Retirement Plan at such time or in such form). However, if the Participant is then a “key employee” within the meaning of IRC § 416(i) without regard to paragraph (5) thereof, payment shall be commenced on the first day
of the seventh month following such event and adjusted as provided in Section 3.4(a). 
 (c) If, before the Participant’s Normal
Retirement Date, but after his Early Retirement Date, the Participant recovers from the Disability and the Company does not offer the Participant the opportunity to resume active employment within thirty (30) days of the Company’s receipt
of notification of such recovery (as described in Section 3.4(b)), the Company will pay the Participant the retirement benefit provided under Section 3.1, in the form of benefit provided or elected under Section 3.1, commencing on the
first day of the month coincident with or next following the end of such thirty (30) day period, without any reduction for early payment. However, if the Participant is then a “key employee” within the meaning of IRC
§ 416(i) without regard to paragraph (5) thereof, payment shall be commenced on the first day of the seventh month following such event and adjusted as provided in Section 3.4(a). 
 (d) Payment of benefits under Sections 3.4(a), (b), or (c) shall be subject to the provisions of Section 3.1(b). 
 (e) If the Participant recovers from the Disability before his Early Retirement Date, and does not return to employment with the Company for any reason,
including a failure of the Company to offer the Participant the opportunity to resume active employment, no benefits will be payable to, or with respect to, the Participant under this Plan. 
 3.5 Termination for Cause. If the Company terminates the Participant’s 

  

 9 

 
employment for Cause, no benefits will be payable to the Participant under this Plan, whether or not he has attained his Early Retirement Date or Normal
Retirement Date. 
 3.6 Change in Control. Notwithstanding any provision herein to the contrary, if within twenty-four
(24) months after a Change in Control (i) the Company terminates a Participant’s employment without Cause or (ii) a Participant terminates his employment for Good Reason (which the Company has not remedied after receiving notice
from the Participant, pursuant to Section 1.6, of the existence of the condition constituting Good Reason), in either case on or after his completion of five (5) years of Continuous Service (including any period before a Change in
Control), the Company will pay the Participant a retirement benefit in the form of a lump sum payment, which shall be the amount (i) in the case of a Participant who has attained his Early Retirement Date on or before such termination date,
equal to the present value on such termination date of such retirement benefits (without any reduction for early retirement); and (ii) in the ease of a Participant who has not yet attained his Early Retirement Date, equal to the present value
on such termination date of the benefits to which such Participant would have been entitled hereunder if such termination date were such Participant’s Early Retirement Date (without any reduction for early retirement); provided, however, that
such amount shall be further discounted in the case of such Participant described in this clause (ii) so that such payment will be the present value on such termination date of the amount otherwise payable on the Participant’s Early
Retirement Date. The discount rates to be used to calculate the present value of the lump sum payments will be the lesser of PBGC interest rates in effect on the first day of the Company’s fiscal year or the date upon the Participant’s
termination of employment occurs. For purposes of the Plan, PBGC interest rates means the PBGC rates used to value the liabilities of qualified single employer plans terminating as of the applicable date. The actuarial basis for mortality used to
calculate the lump sum payments will be the PBGC mortality for healthy lives for qualified single employer plans terminating as of the applicable date. The lump sum amount so determined shall then be actuarially adjusted to account for the six-month
delay in commencement of payments required under IRC § 409A(a)(2)(B)(i). As required under IRC 

  

 10 

 
§ 409A(a)(2)(B)(i), the payment shall be subject to the six-month delay in payment described in Sections 3.1(a) and (b). Further, in the event of
the Participant’s death before delayed payment can be made, and following the payment of the lump sum amount herein provided, no further benefit of any kind shall be payable to anyone under the Plan with respect to such Participant. 

3.7 No Duplication. In no event shall benefits become payable to any Participant under more than one Section of this Article III. 

ARTICLE IV 
 PRE-RETIREMENT SURVIVOR
BENEFITS 
 4.1 Death After Age 55. If a married Participant dies (i) while employed by the Company, and (ii) after he
attains age fifty-five (55) and completes five (5) years of Continuous Service, the Company will pay the surviving spouse a retirement benefit equal to the monthly benefit to which the surviving spouse would have been entitled if the
Participant had retired on the day before the date of his death and had commenced receiving benefits with a Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity in effect, without any reduction for early payment. No payment shall be made to any person under the
benefit form provided or elected under Section 3.1. 
 4.2 Death Before Age 55. If a married Participant dies (i) while
employed by the Company, (ii) after he completes five (5) years of Continuous Service and (iii) before he attains age fifty-five (55), the Company will pay his surviving spouse a retirement benefit equal to the monthly benefit to
which the surviving spouse would have been entitled if the Participant had survived until the day following his attainment of age fifty-five (55), the Participant had retired on the day before the date of his death, and had commenced receiving
benefits with a Qualified Joint and Survivor Annuity in effect, without any reduction for early payment. No payment shall be made to any person under the benefit form provided or elected under Section 3.1. 
 4.3 Death After Termination of Employment. If a married Participant dies (i) after his employment is terminated voluntarily or involuntarily
and (ii) before his Early 

  

 11 

 
Retirement Date, no pre-retirement survivor benefits will be payable under this Article IV. 
 4.4 Commencement of Survivor Benefits. The retirement benefits under this Article IV shall commence on the first day of the month coincident with
or next following (i) the date of the Participant’s death (if the Participant dies after he attains age fifty-five (55)), or (ii) the date that he would have attained age fifty-five (55) (if the Participant dies before he attains
age fifty-five (55)). 
 ARTICLE V 
 CONDITIONS RELATED TO BENEFITS 
 5.1 Administration of Plan. The Committee shall administer the Plan and shall have
the sole and exclusive authority to interpret, construe and apply its provisions. The Committee shall have the power to establish, adopt and revise such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or advisable for the administration of the Plan
and the operation of the Committee’s activities in connection therewith. All decisions of the Committee shall be by vote or written consent of the majority of its members and shall be final and binding. Members of the Committee shall be
eligible to participate in the Plan while serving as a member of the Committee, but a member of the Committee shall not vote or act upon any matter which relates solely to such member or in his capacity as a Participant. 
 Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, if any benefit provided under this Plan is subject to the provisions of IRC § 409A
and the regulations issued thereunder, the provisions of the Plan shall be administered, interpreted and construed in a manner intended to comply with IRC § 409A and the regulations issued thereunder (or such provision shall be disregarded
to the extent that it cannot be so administered, interpreted or construed). It is intended that distribution events authorized under the Plan qualify as permissible distribution events for purposes of IRC § 409A, and the Plan shall be
interpreted and construed accordingly in order to comply with IRC § 409A. The Company reserves the right to accelerate, delay or 

  

 12 

 
modify distributions to the extent permitted under IRC § 409A. Notwithstanding any provision of the Plan to the contrary, in no event shall the
Committee (or any member thereof), or the Company (or its employees, officers, directors or affiliates) have any liability to any Participant (or any other person) due to the failure of the Plan to satisfy the requirements of IRC § 409A or any
other applicable law. 
 5.2 Grantor Trust. The Company may create a grantor trust (within the meaning of section 671 of the Code) in
connection with the adoption of this Plan and may, from time to time, contribute to such trust amounts determined by the Board, in its sole discretion. Notwithstanding the creation of such trust, the benefits hereunder shall be general obligations
of the Company. Payment of benefits from such trust shall, to that extent, discharge the Company’s obligations under this Plan. A Participant shall have only a contractual right as a general creditor of the Company to the amounts, if any,
payable hereunder and such right shall not be secured by any assets of the Company or the trust. 
 5.3 No Right to Company Assets.
Neither a Participant nor any other person shall acquire by reason of the Plan any right in or title to any assets, funds or property of the Company whatsoever including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, any specific funds or assets
which the Company may set aside in anticipation of a liability hereunder or any policy or policies of insurance on the life of a Participant owned by the Company. 
 5.4 No Employment Rights. Nothing herein shall constitute a contract of continuing employment or in any manner obligate the Company or any Affiliate to continue the service of a Participant, or obligate a
Participant to continue in the service of the Company or any Affiliate, and nothing herein shall be construed as fixing or regulating the compensation paid to a Participant. 
 5.5 Company’s Right to Terminate and Amend. The Company reserves the right in its sole discretion at any time to amend the Plan in any
respect or terminate the Plan. Notwithstanding the foregoing, (i) no such amendment or termination shall reduce the amount of the benefit theretofore accrued by any Participant or change the conditions required to be 

  

 13 

 
satisfied to receive payment of such past accrued benefit (including contingent spousal death benefits) based on the provisions of the Plan as theretofore in
effect (in each case, unless the Participant expressly consents thereto in writing) and (ii) no amendment to Section 3.6 shall be permitted during the 24-month period following a Change in Control. 
 5.6 Protective Provisions. The Participant shall cooperate with the Company by furnishing any and all information requested by the Company in
order to facilitate the payment of benefits hereunder. 
 5.7 No Third Party Rights. Nothing in this Plan or any trust established
pursuant to Section 5.2 shall be construed to create any rights hereunder in favor of the spouse or designated beneficiary of any Participant prior to the Participant’s death or in favor of any other person (other than the Company and any
Participant) or to limit the Company’s right to amend or terminate the Plan in any manner subject to the consent of the Participant to the extent provided in Section 5.5 notwithstanding that such amendment or termination might result in
such spouse or designated beneficiary receiving no benefits under the Plan. 
 ARTICLE VI 
 MISCELLANEOUS 
 6.1
Nonassignability. No rights or payments to any Participant or his spouse or designated beneficiary shall be subject in any manner to anticipation, alienation, sale, transfer, assignment, pledge, encumbrance or charge, whether voluntary or
involuntary, and no attempt so to anticipate, alienate, sell, transfer, assign, pledge, encumber or charge the same shall be valid, nor shall any such benefit or payment be in any way liable for or subject to the debts, contracts, liabilities,
engagements or torts of any person entitled to such benefit or payment or subject to levy, garnishment, attachment, execution or other legal or equitable process. No part of the amounts payable shall, prior to actual payment, be subject to seizure
or sequestration for the payment of any debts, judgments, alimony or separate maintenance owed by a Participant, his spouse or his designated beneficiary or be transferable by operation of law in the event of a 

  

 14 

 
Participant’s or his spouse’s or designated beneficiary’s bankruptcy or insolvency. 
 6.2 Withholding. To the extent required by law the Company shall be entitled to withhold from any payments due hereunder any federal, state and
local taxes required to be withheld in connection with such payment. 
 6.3 Gender and Number. Wherever appropriate herein, the
masculine shall mean the feminine and the singular shall mean the plural or vice versa. 
 6.4 Notice. Any notice required or
permitted to be made under the Plan shall be sufficient if in writing and hand delivered, or sent by registered or certified mail, to (a) in the case of notice to the Company or the Committee, the principal office of the Company, directed to
the attention of the Secretary of the Committee, and (b) in the case of a Participant or his spouse or his designated beneficiary, the Participant’s or such spouse’s or designated beneficiary’s mailing address maintained in the
Company’s personnel records. Such notice shall be deemed given as of the date of delivery or, if delivery is made by mail, as of the date shown on the postmark or on the receipt for registration or certification. 
 6.5 Partial Invalidity. In the event any provision of this Plan is held invalid, void or unenforceable, the same shall not affect, in any respect
whatsoever, the validity of any other provision of this Plan. 
 6.6 Applicable Law. Except to extent governed by U. S. law, including
IRC § 409A, this Plan shall be governed and construed in accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
  

 15 

 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Company has caused this
AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION 1988 SUPPLEMENTAL EXECUTIVE RETIREMENT PLAN (as amended and restated December 17, 2008) to be executed by its duly authorized officers and its corporate seal to be hereunto affixed, effective as of the
19th day of December, 2008 
  

			
	AMPCO-PITTSBURGH CORPORATION
		
	By:	 	/s/ Ernest G. Siddons
	Its:	 	President

  

			
	Attest:	 	 /s/ Rose Hoover

		 	Secretary
		
	[Seal]	 	

  

 16

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