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Exhibit 4.2

DESCRIPTION OF REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
NeuroPace, Inc. (“we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company”) has one class of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”): our common stock. The following summary of the terms of our common stock is based upon our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws. This summary does not purport to be complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by express reference to, the applicable provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, copies of which are filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to our latest Annual Report on Form 10-K or Quarterly Report filed on Form 10-Q. We encourage you to read our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws and the applicable provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law (the “DGCL”) for more information.
DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK
General
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.001 par value per share, and 10,000,000 shares of convertible preferred stock, par value $0.001 per share. 
Common stock
Voting rights 
Each holder of common stock is entitled to one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors. Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our stockholders will not have cumulative voting rights. Because of this, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election. 
Dividend rights 
Subject to preferences that may apply to any then-outstanding convertible preferred stock, the holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably those dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by the board of directors out of legally available funds. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. 
Liquidation rights 
In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities and the satisfaction of any liquidation preference granted to the holders of any then-outstanding shares of convertible preferred stock. 
Preemptive or similar rights 
Holders of common stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of convertible preferred stock that we may designate in the future.
Convertible preferred stock 
Under our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors may, without further action by our stockholders, fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of up to an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of convertible preferred stock in one or more series and authorize their issuance. These rights, preferences and privileges could include dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, any or all of which may be greater than the rights of common stock. Any issuance of convertible preferred stock could adversely affect the voting power of holders of common stock and the likelihood that such holders would receive dividend payments and payments on liquidation. In addition, the issuance of convertible preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deterring or preventing a change of control or other corporate action.  

Anti-takeover provisions 
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law 
We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions: 
•    before such date, the board of directors of the corporation approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder; 
•    upon completion of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding, but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder, those shares owned (i) by persons who are directors and also officers and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or 
•    on or after such date, the business combination is approved by the board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder. 
In general, Section 203 defines a “business combination” to include the following: 
•    any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder; 
•    any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of 10% or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder; 
•    subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder; 
•    any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or 
•    the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loans, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation. 
In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as an entity or person who, together with the person’s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns or within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation. 
A Delaware corporation may “opt out” of these provisions with an express provision in its original certificate of incorporation or an express provision in its amended and restated certificate of incorporation or amended and restated bylaws resulting from a stockholders’ amendment approved by at least a majority of the outstanding voting shares. We have not opted out of these provisions. As a result, mergers or other takeover or change in control attempts of us may be discouraged or prevented. 
Certificate of incorporation and bylaws 
Among other things, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws: 
•    permit our board of directors to issue up to 10,000,000 shares of convertible preferred stock, with any rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate, including the right to approve an acquisition or other change of control; 
•    provide that the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors; 

•    provide that our board of directors will be classified into three classes of directors; 
•    provide that, subject to the rights of any series of convertible preferred stock to elect directors, directors may only be removed for cause, which removal may be effected, subject to any limitation imposed by law, by the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of our then-outstanding shares of the capital stock entitled to vote generally at an election of directors; 
•    provide that all vacancies, including newly created directorships, may, except as otherwise required by law, be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of directors then in office, even if less than a quorum; 
•    require that any action to be taken by our stockholders must be effected at a duly called annual or special meeting of stockholders and not be taken by written consent or electronic transmission; 
•    provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders or to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide advance notice in writing, and also specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice; 
•    provide that special meetings of our stockholders may be called only by the chairperson of our board of directors, our chief executive officer or by our board of directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of authorized directors; and 
•    not provide for cumulative voting rights, therefore allowing the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors to elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose. 
The amendment of any of these provisions would require approval by the holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of our then-outstanding capital stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting together as a single class. 
The combination of these provisions will make it more difficult for our existing stockholders to replace our board of directors as well as for another party to obtain control of us by replacing our board of directors. Since our board of directors has the power to retain and discharge our officers, these provisions could also make it more difficult for existing stockholders or another party to effect a change in management. In addition, the authorization of undesignated convertible preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue convertible preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change our control. 
These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and its policies and to discourage coercive takeover practices and inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to reduce our vulnerability to hostile takeovers and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy fights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and may have the effect of delaying changes in our control or management. As a consequence, these provisions may, amongst other things, also inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our stock. 
Choice of forum 
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation will provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware lacks subject matter jurisdiction, any state court located within the State of Delaware or, if all such state courts lack subject matter jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware) is the sole and exclusive forum for the following types of actions or proceedings under Delaware statutory or common law: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action arising pursuant to the DGCL, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. The provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any claim for which the federal district courts of the United States of America have exclusive jurisdiction. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims.
To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated certificate of 

incorporation further provides that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. 
Exchange listing 
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “NPCE.” 
Transfer agent and registrar 
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc. The transfer agent’s address is 51 Mercedes Way, Edgewood, New York 11717.Document

Exhibit 4.22

DESCRIPTION OF EVOFEM BIOSCIENCES, INC.'S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

As of December 31, 2021, Evofem Biosciences, Inc. had two classes of securities registered under Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"): common stock, $0.0001 par value per share and Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Rights, $0.0001 par value per share.

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references to "we", "us", the "Company", or "Evofem" in this Exhibit 4.22 refer to Evofem Biosciences, Inc.

DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

The following description of our common stock and preferred stock summarizes the material terms and provisions of our common stock and the preferred stock. For the complete terms of our common stock and preferred stock, please refer to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws, each as amended to date, that are incorporated by reference into the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. The terms of our capital stock may also be affected by the Delaware General Corporation Law (the "DGCL"). The summary below is qualified in its entirety by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, as in effect at the time of any offering of securities under this prospectus.

General

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes us to issue up to 500,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share.

Common Stock

Voting

Each holder of our common stock is entitled to one vote for each share on all matters submitted to a vote of the stockholders, including the election of directors. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws do not provide for cumulative voting rights. Because of this absence of cumulative voting, the holders of a majority of the shares of common stock entitled to vote in any election of directors can elect all of the directors standing for election, if they should so choose.

Dividends

Subject to preferences that may be applicable to any then outstanding preferred stock, holders of common stock are entitled to receive ratably those dividends, if any, as may be declared from time to time by our board of directors (our "Board of Directors") out of legally available funds.

Liquidation

In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding up, holders of common stock will be entitled to share ratably in the net assets legally available for distribution to stockholders after the payment of all of our debts and other liabilities and the satisfaction of any liquidation preferences that may be granted to the holders of any then outstanding shares of preferred stock.

Rights and Preferences

Holders of common stock have no preemptive, conversion or subscription rights, and there are no redemption or sinking fund provisions applicable to the common stock. The rights, preferences, and privileges of the holders of common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of shares of any series of preferred stock, which we may designate and issue in the future.

Fully-paid

All of the outstanding shares of our common stock are, and the shares of common stock issued upon the conversion of any securities convertible into our common stock will be, fully paid and non-assessable. The shares of common stock offered by this prospectus or upon the conversion of any preferred stock or debt securities or exercise of any warrants offered pursuant to this prospectus, when issued and paid for, will also be, fully paid and non-assessable.

Stock Exchange Listing

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol "EVFM."

Preferred Stock

Our Board of Directors has the authority, without further action by the stockholders, to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and:
1.to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series;
2.to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon; and
3.to increase or decrease the number of authorized shares of any such series (but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding).

Our Board of Directors may authorize the issuance of preferred stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our common stock. In connection with the Company’s prior entry into a rights agreement (the “Rights Agreement”) with Philadelphia Stock Transfer, as rights agent, the Board approved a certificate of designation setting forth the rights, preferences and limitations of 1,000,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. This certificate was filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware on March 24, 2020. The Rights Agreement expired in accordance with its terms on March 24, 2021, and no shares of Series A Preferred Stock were ever issued. The issuance of preferred stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, delay, defer or prevent a change of control of the Company and may adversely affect the market price of the common stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of common stock. We have no current plans to issue any shares of preferred stock.

If we offer a specific series of preferred stock under this prospectus, we will describe the terms of the preferred stock in the prospectus supplement for such offering and will file a copy of the restated certificate establishing the terms of the preferred stock with the SEC. To the extent required, this description will include:
•the title and stated value;
•the number of shares offered, the liquidation preference, if any, per share and the purchase price;
•the dividend rate(s), period(s) and/or payment date(s), or method(s) of calculation for such dividends;
•whether dividends will be cumulative or non-cumulative and, if cumulative, the date from which dividends will accumulate;
•the procedures for any auction and remarketing, if any;
•the provisions for a sinking fund, if any;
•the provisions for redemption, if applicable;
•any listing of the preferred stock on any securities exchange or market;
•whether the preferred stock will be convertible into our common stock, and, if applicable, the conversion price (or how it will be calculated) and conversion period;

•whether the preferred stock will be exchangeable into debt securities, and, if applicable, the exchange price (or how it will be calculated) and exchange period;
•voting rights, if any, of the preferred stock;
•a discussion of any material and/or special United States federal income tax considerations applicable to the preferred stock;
•the relative ranking and preferences of the preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the affairs of the Company; and
•any material limitations on issuance of any class or series of preferred stock ranking pari passu with or senior to the series of preferred stock as to dividend rights and rights upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company.

Series B Preferred Stock

     In connection with a registered direct offering completed in October 2021, the Company filed Certificates of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations (the “Certificates of Designation”) with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware to designate 5,000 shares of Series B-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B-1 Preferred Stock”), and 5,000 shares of Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Series B-2 Preferred Stock”; collectively with the Series B-1 Preferred Stock, the “Series B Preferred Stock”). As of December 31, 2021, there were no shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock issued and outstanding, and 5,000 shares of Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock were issued and outstanding. 

Each share of Series B-2 Preferred Stock is convertible (subject to a customary 19.99% exchange cap limitation and a customary 4.99%/9.99% beneficial ownership limitation), at the holder’s option, into shares of the Company’s common stock As of February 28, 2022, the Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock may be converted into shares of the Company’s common stock at any time at a conversion price per share equal to the greater of $0.392, or the price computed as the product of 0.85 multiplied by the arithmetic average of the closing sale prices of a share of the Company’s common stock during the five consecutive trading-day period immediately preceding the conversion date. The $0.392 portion of the Series B-2 Convertible Preferred Stock conversion price is subject to continued adjustment for certain dilutive issuances until late April 2022. 

Each holder of shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock is entitled to receive dividends on a pari passu basis, when and if declared, on an as-converted-basis with the holders of shares of the Company’s common stock, and each share of Series B-2 Preferred Stock carries a liquidation preference equal to $1,000.00 per share for any voluntary or involuntary liquidation or winding up of the Company as well as for certain deemed liquidation events described in the Certificates of Designation.

The holders of the Series B-2 Preferred Stock will not have the right to vote on any matter presented to the holders of the Company’s common stock but, the Company may not take the following actions without the prior consent of the holders of at least a majority of the shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock then outstanding: (i) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B-1 Preferred Stock or Series B-2 Preferred Stock or alter or amend the Certificates of Designation, (ii) amend the Company’s certificate of incorporation in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of the Series B-1 Preferred Stock or Series B-2 Preferred Stock, (iii) increase the number of authorized shares of Series B-1 Preferred Stock or Series B-2 Preferred Stock, or (iv) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.

Commencing in October 2025 and unless prohibited by Delaware law, the Company will be required to redeem the issued and outstanding shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock within 60 days following the request of the holders of a majority of the then issued and outstanding shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock at a price of $1,000 per share. If Delaware law then prohibits the Company from completing a redemption of all the then outstanding shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock, the Company will be required to ratably redeem the maximum number of shares of Series B-2 Preferred Stock on a pro rata basis as permitted by Delaware law.

There is no established trading market for the Series B Preferred Stock, and the Company does not intend to list the Series B Preferred Stock on any securities exchange or nationally recognized trading system. Without a trading market, the liquidity of the Series B Preferred Stock may be extremely limited. 

Registration Rights Agreements

On January 17, 2018, in connection with the Merger, we entered into a registration rights agreement with certain of our stockholders, including funds managed by Invesco Ltd., discretionary investment funds managed by Woodford Investment Management as discretionary investment manager, and funds managed by Domain Partners VII, L.P. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, we were required to file a registration statement with respect to shares of our capital stock, (the "Registrable Securities"), held by the stockholders who are party to this agreement. Subject to limited exceptions, we are required to maintain the effectiveness of this registration statement until the Registrable Securities covered by this registration have been disposed of or are no longer Registrable Securities. In addition, the rights holders have the right to demand we effect the registration of any or all the Registrable Securities and/or effectuate the distribution of any or all their Registrable Securities subject to certain exceptions and limitations. The rights holders also have customary piggyback registration rights, subject to the limitations set forth in the registration rights agreement. In connection with these obligations, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-223731) on March 16, 2018 and amended on March 27, 2018, which was declared effective on April 3, 2018.

On April 10, 2019, in connection with a securities purchase agreement and private placement (the "2019 Private Placement"), we entered into a registration rights agreement with PDL BioPharma, Inc., a Delaware corporation, funds discretionally managed by Invesco Asset Management Ltd. and funds managed by Woodford Investment Management Limited. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, we were required to (i) file a registration statement with the SEC within 30 days following the first closing of the 2019 Private Placement (the "First Closing") registering for resale the shares of our common stock issued in the First Closing and the shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued in the First Closing (the "First Closing Registration Statement"), (ii) use our commercially reasonable efforts to have the First Closing Registration Statement declared effective, (iii) file a registration statement with the SEC within 30 days following the second closing of the 2019 Private Placement (the "Second Closing") registering for resale the shares of our common stock issued in the Second Closing and the shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants issued in the Second Closing (the "Second Closing Registration Statement"), (iv) use our commercially reasonable efforts to have the Second Closing Registration Statement declared effective and (v) maintain the effectiveness of the First Closing Registration Statement and Second Closing Registration Statement until all registrable securities have been sold or may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

The registration rights agreement contains customary terms and conditions for transactions of this type, and includes liquidated damages penalties in the event that we fail to satisfy or maintain the specified filing and effectiveness time periods in the registration rights agreement.

In connection with these obligations, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-231126) on April 30, 2019 which was declared effective on May 7, 2019, and filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-232303) on June 24, 2019 which was declared effective on July 2, 2019.

On April 23, 2020, we entered into a securities purchase and security agreement with certain institutional investors and their designated agent pursuant to which issued and sold to these purchasers convertible senior secured promissory notes in an aggregate principal amount of up to $25.0 million and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. These purchasers may require us to enter into a registration rights agreement pursuant to which we would grant these purchasers certain demand resale registration rights with respect to the common stock issuable upon conversion of their notes and warrants. The rights under the registration rights agreement will terminate upon the earlier of the tenth anniversary of the date of the agreement or automatically once all applicable registrable securities (i) have been sold pursuant to an effective registration statement, (ii) have been sold by these purchasers pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act or (iii) may be resold by these purchasers without limitations as to volume or manner or sale pursuant to Rule 144.

On October 14, 2020, in connection with a securities purchase agreement and private placement of convertible promissory notes, we entered into a registration rights agreement with Adjuvant Global Health Technology Fund, L.P., and Adjuvant Global Health Technology Fund DE, L.P. Pursuant to the registration rights agreement, we are required to file a registration statement with the SEC within 30 days following the conversion of notes purchased in the private placement with an outstanding balance of at least $5 million registering for resale the shares of our common stock issued upon conversion of these notes. Subject to limited exceptions, we are required to use our commercially reasonable efforts to have this registration statement declared effective, and to maintain the effectiveness of this registration statement until all applicable registrable securities have been sold or may be sold without volume or manner-of-sale restrictions pursuant to Rule 144 under the Securities Act.

Possible Anti-Takeover Effects of Delaware Law and Our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws

Provisions of the DGCL and our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make it more difficult to acquire the Company by means of a tender offer, a proxy contest or otherwise, or to remove incumbent officers and directors. These provisions, summarized below, are expected to discourage certain types of coercive takeover practices and takeover bids that our Board of Directors may consider inadequate and to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of the company to first negotiate with our Board of Directors. We believe that the benefits of increased protection of our ability to negotiate with the proponent of an unfriendly or unsolicited proposal to acquire or restructure the company outweigh the disadvantages of discouraging takeover or acquisition proposals because, among other things, negotiation of these proposals could result in an improvement of their terms.

Classified Board

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that our Board of Directors is divided into three classes. The directors designated as Class I directors have terms that will expire at the annual meeting of stockholders in 2024. The directors designated as Class II directors will have terms expiring at the annual meeting of stockholders in 2022, and the directors designated as Class III directors will have terms expiring at the annual meeting of stockholders in 2023. Directors for each class will be elected at the annual meeting of stockholders held in the year in which the term for that class expires and thereafter will serve for a term of three years. At any meeting of stockholders for the election of directors at which a quorum is present, the election will be determined by a plurality of the votes cast by the stockholders entitled to vote at the election. Under the classified board provisions, it would take at least two elections of directors for any individual or group to gain control of our Board of Directors. Accordingly, these provisions could discourage a third party from initiating a proxy contest, making a tender offer or otherwise attempting to gain control of the Company.

Removal of Directors

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that our stockholders may only remove our directors with cause, as defined in the amended and restated bylaws.

Amendment

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws provide that the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 80% of our voting stock then outstanding is required to amend certain provisions relating to the number, term, election and removal of our directors, stockholder notice procedures, the calling of special meetings of stockholders and the indemnification of directors.

Size of Board and Vacancies

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the number of directors on our Board of Directors is fixed exclusively by our Board of Directors. Newly created directorships resulting from any increase in our authorized 

number of directors will be filled by a majority of the members of our Board of Directors then in office, provided that a majority of the entire Board of Directors, or a quorum, is present and any vacancies in our Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal from office or other cause will be filled generally by the majority vote of our remaining directors in office, even if less than a quorum is present.

Special Stockholder Meetings

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides that only the Chairman of our Board of Directors, our Chief Executive Officer or our Board of Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of the total number of directors it would have if there were no vacancies may call special meetings of our stockholders.

Stockholder Action by Unanimous Written Consent

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation expressly eliminates the right of our stockholders to act by written consent other than by unanimous written consent.

Requirements for Advance Notification of Stockholder Nominations and Proposals

Our amended and restated bylaws provide advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and nomination of candidates for election as directors other than nominations made by or at the direction of our Board of Directors or a committee of our Board of Directors.

No Cumulative Voting

The DGCL provides that stockholders are denied the right to cumulate votes in the election of directors unless our certificate of incorporation provides otherwise. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation does not provide for cumulative voting.

Undesignated Preferred Stock

The authority that is possessed by our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock could potentially be used to discourage attempts by third parties to obtain control of the company through a merger, tender offer, proxy contest, or otherwise by making it more difficult or more costly to obtain control of the company. Our Board of Directors may issue additional shares of preferred stock with voting rights or conversion rights that, if exercised, could adversely affect the voting power of the holders of common stock.

Authorized but Unissued Shares

Our authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock will be available for future issuance without stockholder approval. We may use additional shares for a variety of purposes, including future public offerings to raise additional capital, to fund acquisitions and as employee compensation. The existence of authorized but unissued shares of common stock and preferred stock could render more difficult or discourage an attempt to obtain control of the Company by means of a proxy contest, tender offer, merger or otherwise.

The above provisions may deter a hostile takeover or delay a change in control or management of the Company.

Transfer Agent and Registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our capital stock is Philadelphia Stock Transfer, Inc. The transfer agent and the registrar's address is 2320 Haverford Road, Suite 230, Ardmore, Pennsylvania 19003.

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