Document:

Exhibit 4.1

                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

                                       OF

                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

      FIRST: The name of the corporation is Advanced Marketing Services, Inc.

      SECOND: Its registered office in the State of Delaware is located at 229
South State Street, in the City of Dover, County of Kent 19901. The name of its
registered agent at such address is United States Corporation Company.

      THIRD: The purpose of the corporation is to engage in any lawful act or
activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation
Law of Delaware.

      FOURTH: The total number of shares of stock which the corporation shall
have authority to issue is twenty million (20,000,000) shares of capital stock,
having a par value of $.01 per share.

      FIFTH: The name and mailing address of the incorporator is as follows:

      Mary Anne Hood                         555 South Flower Street, 37th Floor
                                             Los Angeles, California  90071

      SIXTH: In furtherance and not in limitation of the powers conferred by
statute, the Board of Directors is expressly authorized:

            To make, alter or repeal the Bylaws of the corporation.

            To authorize and cause to be executed mortgages and liens upon the
real and personal property of the corporation.

            To set apart out of any of the funds of the corporation available
for dividends a reserve or reserves for any proper purpose and to abolish any
such reserve in the manner in which it was created.

            When and as authorized by the affirmative vote of the holders of a
majority of the stock issued and outstanding having voting power given at a
stockholders meeting, duly called for that purpose, or when authorized by the
written consent of the holders of a majority of the voting stock issued and
outstanding, to sell, lease or exchange all of the property and assets of the
corporation, including its good will, upon such terms and conditions and for
such consideration, which may be in whole or in part shares of stock in, and/or
other securities of, any other corporation or corporations, as the Board of
Directors all deem expedient and in the best interests of the corporation.

<PAGE>

      SEVENTH: Meetings of stockholders may be held outside the State of
Delaware, if the Bylaws so provide. The books of the corporation may be kept
(subject to any statutory provision) outside the State of Delaware at such place
or places as may be designated from time to time by the Board of Directors or in
the Bylaws of the corporation.

      EIGHTH: The corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or
repeal any provision contained in this Certificate of Incorporation, in the
manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, and all rights conferred upon
stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation.

      NINTH: Whenever a compromise or arrangement is proposed between this
corporation and its creditors or any class of them and/or between this
corporation and its stockholders or any class of them, any court of equitable
jurisdiction within the State of Delaware may, on the application in a summary
way of this corporation or of any creditor or stockholder thereof or on the
application of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under
the provisions of Section 291 of Title 8 of the Delaware Code or on the
application of trustees in dissolution or of any receiver or receivers appointed
for this corporation under the provisions of Section 279 of Title 8 of the
Delaware Code order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors, and/or of
the stockholders or class of stockholders of this corporation, as the case may
be, to be summoned in such manner as the said court directs. If a majority in
number representing three-fourths in value of the creditors or class of
creditors, and/or of the stockholders or class of stockholders of this
corporation, as the case may be, agree to any compromise or arrangement and to
any reorganization of this corporation as a consequence of such compromise or
arrangement, the said compromise or arrangement and the said reorganization
shall, if sanctioned by the court to which the said application has been made,
be binding on all the creditors or class of creditors, and/or on all the
stockholders or class of stockholders, of this corporation, as the case may be,
and also on this corporation.

      TENTH: A director of this corporation shall not be personally liable to
the corporation or any stockholder for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary
duty as a director, except that, pursuant to Section 102(7) of the Delaware
General Corporation Law, this Article Tenth shall not eliminate or limit a
director's liability (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the
corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or
which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under
Section 174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) for any transaction
from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.

      Notwithstanding the foregoing, if the Delaware General Corporation Law is
hereafter amended to authorize the further elimination or limitation of the
liability of a director, then the liability of a director of the corporation
shall be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware
General Corporation Law, as so amended from time to time.

      Any repeal or a modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article
Tenth shall not increase the personal liability of any director of this
corporation for any act or occurrence taking place prior to such repeal or
modification, or otherwise adversely affect any right or protection of a
director of the corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification.

<PAGE>

      The corporation shall, to the fullest extent permitted by Section 145 of
the Delaware General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time, indemnify
all persons who are eligible for indemnification pursuant thereto. The
provisions of this Article Tenth shall not be deemed to limit or preclude
indemnification of a director by the corporation for any liability of a director
which has not been eliminated by the provisions of this Article Tenth.

      The undersigned, being the incorporator hereinabove named, for the purpose
of forming a corporation to do business both within and without the State of
Delaware and in pursuance of the Delaware General Corporation Law, does hereby
make and file this Certificate of Incorporation.

                                                     /s/ MARY ANNE HOOD
                                                     ---------------------------
                                                     MARY ANNE HOOD

<PAGE>

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT
                                       TO
                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
                                       OF
                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

      The undersigned, being the sole Incorporator of Advanced Marketing
Services, Inc. (the "Corporation"), does hereby certify as follows:

      FIRST:      The Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation is amended
                  by striking Article FOURTH in its entirety and replacing
                  therefor the following:

                  "The total number of shares of stock which the Corporation
                  shall have authority to issue is twenty million (20,000,000)
                  shares of capital stock, having a par value of $.001 per
                  share."

      SECOND:     The Corporation has not received any payment for any of its
                  capital stock and the foregoing amendment was duly adopted by
                  the sole Incorporator of the Corporation in accordance with
                  the provisions of Section 241 of the General Corporation Laws
                  of the State of Delaware.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have signed this Certificate of Amendment as of the
14th day of May, 1987.

                                                    /s/ MARY ANNE HOOD
                                                    ----------------------------
                                                    Mary Anne Hood, Incorporator

<PAGE>

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT
                                       TO
                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
                                       OF
                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

      The undersigned, being the President and Secretary, respectively, of
Advanced Marketing Services, Inc. (the "Corporation"), do hereby certify as
follows:

      FIRST:      The Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation is amended
                  by striking Article TENTH in its entirety and replacing
                  therefor the following:

                  "A director of this corporation shall not be personally liable
                  to the corporation or any stockholder for monetary damages for
                  breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except that, pursuant
                  to Section 102(7) of the Delaware General Corporation Law,
                  this Article Tenth shall not eliminate or limit a director's
                  liability (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty
                  to the corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or
                  omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional
                  misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section
                  174 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or (iv) for any
                  transaction from which the director derived an improper
                  personal benefit.

                  Any repeal or a modification of the foregoing provisions of
                  this Article Tenth shall not increase the personal liability
                  of any director of this corporation for any act or occurrence
                  taking place prior to such repeal or modification, or
                  otherwise adversely affect any right or protection of a
                  director of the corporation existing at the time of such
                  repeal or modification.

                  The corporation shall, to the fullest extent permitted by
                  Section 145 (except for Section 145(f)) of the Delaware
                  General Corporation Law, as amended from time to time,
                  indemnify all persons who are eligible for indemnification
                  pursuant thereto. The provisions of this Article Tenth shall
                  not be deemed to limit or preclude indemnification of a
                  director by the corporation for any liability of a director
                  which has not been eliminated by the provisions of this
                  Article Tenth."

      SECOND:     The Corporation has not received any payment for any of its
                  capital stock and the foregoing amendment was duly adopted by
                  the Board of Directors of the Corporation in accordance with
                  the provisions of Section 241 of the General Corporation Law
                  of the State of Delaware.

<PAGE>

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have executed this Certificate of
Amendment as of the 28th day of May, 1987.

                                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

                                            /s/ CHARLES C. TILLINGHAST
                                        By: ------------------------------------
                                            Charles C. Tillinghast, III
                                            President

ATTEST

/s/ CYNTHIA B. TILLINGHAST
---------------------------
Cynthia B. Tillinghast
Secretary

<PAGE>

                       CERTIFICATE OF OWNERSHIP AND MERGER

                                       OF

                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

                           (a California corporation)

                                      into

                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

                            (a Delaware corporation)

      It is hereby certified that:

      1. ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC. (hereinafter called the "Surviving
Corporation") is a corporation of the State of Delaware, and, as the owner of
all of the outstanding shares of stock of ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a
California corporation (the "Subsidiary"), does hereby merge the Subsidiary with
and into itself pursuant to the laws of the States of California and Delaware,
the laws of each of which permit such a merger.

      2. The following is the text of resolutions adopted on the 21st day of
May, 1987 by the Board of Directors of the Surviving Corporation with respect to
the merger:

      RESOLVED, that ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a California
      corporation, shall be merged with and into this Corporation, which shall
      be the surviving corporation, and that all of the estate, rights,
      privileges, powers and franchises and all of the property, real, personal
      and mixed of ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a California corporation,
      shall be vested in and held, possessed, and enjoyed by this Corporation as
      fully and entirely and without change or diminution as the same were
      before held, possessed and enjoyed by ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a
      California corporation, in its own name; and it is further

      RESOLVED, that this Corporation shall assume all of the obligations of
      ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a California corporation, as of the
      effective date of the said merger; and it is further

      RESOLVED, that the Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws of this
      Corporation shall survive as the Certificate of Incorporation and By-Laws
      of the surviving corporation; and it is further

      RESOLVED, that this Corporation shall cause to be executed and filed
      and/or recorded the documents prescribed by the laws of the State of
      California and the State of Delaware, and by the laws of any other
      appropriate jurisdiction, and will cause to be performed all necessary
      acts in order to effect and accomplish the aforesaid merger.

<PAGE>

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Corporation has caused this Certificate to be
   signed by its President and Secretary at San Diego, California on May 28,
   1987.

                                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.
                                        a Delaware corporation

                                            /s/ CHARLES C. TILLINGHAST
                                        By: ------------------------------------
                                            Charles C. Tillinghast, III
                                            President

                                            /s/ CYNTHIA B. TILLINGHAST
                                        By: ------------------------------------
                                            Cynthia B. Tillinghast
                                            Secretary

STATE OF CALIFORNIA  )
                     )  ss:
COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO  )

      On this 28th day of May, 1987 there personally appeared before me, a
Notary Public duly authorized by the laws of this jurisdiction to take
acknowledgements of deeds, Charles C. Tillinghast, III and Cynthia B.
Tillinghast who are the President and Secretary, respectively, of ADVANCED
MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a Delaware corporation, and who each acknowledge that
the foregoing instrument as executed is the act and deed of the said
corporation, and that their signing of such instrument on behalf of said
corporation is their own free act and deed.

                                            /s/ PEGGY A. BAKER
                                            ------------------------------------
                                            Notary Public

<PAGE>

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

                                       OF

                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

      ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a corporation organized and existing
under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware:

      DOES HEREBY CERTIFY:

      FIRST: That at a meeting of the Board of Directors of ADVANCED MARKETING
SERVICES, resolutions were duly adopted setting forth proposed amendments of the
Certificate of Incorporation of said corporation, declaring said amendments to
be advisable and calling for such amendments to be considered at the next annual
meeting of the stockholders of said corporation. The resolutions setting forth
the proposed amendments are as follows:

            RESOLVED, that the Certificate of Incorporation of this corporation
      be amended by adding Article ELEVENTH, which shall read as follows:

            "ELEVENTH: (1) The number of directors of the corporation shall be
      not less than three nor more than fifteen, the exact number to be fixed
      from time to time solely by resolution of the Board of Directors, acting
      by not less than a majority of the directors then in office, and to be
      fixed initially at six.

            (2) The Board of Directors shall be divided into three classes, with
      the term of office of one class expiring each year. At the annual meeting
      of stockholders in 1992 two directors of the first class shall be elected
      to hold office for a term expiring at the 1993 annual meeting, two
      directors of the second class shall be elected to hold office for a term
      expiring at the 1994 annual meeting and two directors of the third class
      shall be elected to hold office for a term expiring at the 1995 annual
      meeting. Commencing with the annual meeting of stockholders in 1993, each
      class of directors whose term shall then expire shall be elected to hold
      office for a three-year term and until the election and qualification of
      their respective successors in office. In case of any increase or decrease
      in the number of directors, the number of directors in each class shall be
      as nearly equal as possible. Election of directors need not be by ballot
      unless the Bylaws so provide.

            (3) Newly created directorships resulting from any increase in the
      authorized number of directors or any vacancies in the Board of Directors
      resulting from death, resignation, retirement, disqualification, removal
      from office or other cause shall be filled solely by the Board of
      Directors, acting by not less than a majority of the directors then in
      office. Any director so chosen shall hold office until the next election
      of the class for which such director shall have been chosen and until his
      successor shall be elected and qualified. No decrease in the number of
      directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent director.

            (4) At any annual meeting of stockholders of the corporation, or at
      any special meeting of stockholders of the corporation the notice of which

<PAGE>

      shall state that the removal of a director or directors is among the
      purposes of the meeting, the holders of capital stock entitled to vote
      thereon, present in person or by proxy, by vote of a majority of the
      outstanding shares thereof, voting together as a single class, may remove
      such director or directors for cause, or, by vote of at least 80% of the
      outstanding shares thereof, voting together as a single class, may remove
      such director or directors other than for cause.

            (5) Notwithstanding any other provision of this Certificate of
      Incorporation or the Bylaws of the corporation (and notwithstanding the
      fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, this Certificate of
      Incorporation or the Bylaws of the corporation), the affirmative vote of
      the holders of at least 80% of the combined voting power of the then
      outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of
      directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to alter,
      amend, adopt any provision inconsistent with or repeal this Article
      Eleventh."

            RESOLVED, that the Certificate of Incorporation of this corporation
      be amended by adding Article TWELFTH, which shall read as follows:

            "TWELFTH: No action required to be taken or which may be taken at
      any annual or special meeting of stockholders of the corporation may be
      taken without a meeting, and the power of stockholders to consent in
      writing, without such a meeting, to the taking of any action is
      specifically denied.

            Notwithstanding any other provision of this Certificate of
      Incorporation or the Bylaws of the corporation (and notwithstanding the
      fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, this Certificate of
      Incorporation or the Bylaws of the corporation), the affirmative vote of
      the holders of at least 80% of the combined voting power of the then
      outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of
      directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to alter,
      amend, adopt any provision inconsistent with or repeal this Article
      Twelfth."

            RESOLVED, that the Certificate of Incorporation of this corporation
      be amended by adding Article THIRTEENTH, which shall read as follows:

            "THIRTEENTH: Special meetings of the stockholders for any purpose or
      purposes shall be called solely by resolution of the Board of Directors,
      acting by not less than a majority of the entire Board, and the power of
      stockholders to call a special meeting is specifically denied. The place
      and notice of any special meeting shall be as set forth in the Bylaws. No
      business shall be transacted and no corporate action shall be taken at a
      special meeting of the stockholders other than that stated in the notice
      of meeting.

            Notwithstanding any other provision of this Certificate of
      Incorporation or the Bylaws of the corporation (and notwithstanding the
      fact that a lesser percentage may be specified by law, this Certificate of
      Incorporation or the Bylaws of the corporation), the affirmative vote of
      the holders of at least 80% of the combined voting power of the then
      outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of
      directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to alter,

<PAGE>

      amend, adopt any provision inconsistent with or repeal this Article
      Thirteenth."

      SECOND: That thereafter, pursuant to resolution of its Board of Directors,
an annual meeting of the stockholders of said corporation was duly called and
held, upon notice in accordance with Section 222 of the General Corporation law
of the State of Delaware at which meeting the necessary number of shares as
required by statute were voted in favor of these amendments.

      THIRD: That said amendments were duly adopted in accordance with the
provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of
Delaware.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, said corporation has caused this certificate to be
signed by its President and its Secretary, this 26th day of August, 1991.

                                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

                                            /s/  CHARLES C. TILLINGHAST
                                        By: ------------------------------------
                                            Charles C. Tillinghast, III
                                            President

                                                /s/ JON S. FISH
                                        ATTEST: --------------------------------
                                                Jon S. Fish, Secretary

<PAGE>

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

                                       OF

                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

      ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a corporation organized and existing
under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware,

      DOES HEREBY CERTIFY:

      FIRST: That at a meeting of the Board of Directors of ADVANCED MARKETING
SERVICES, a resolution was duly adopted setting forth a proposed amendment of
the Certificate of Incorporation of said corporation, declaring said amendment
to be advisable and calling for such amendments to be considered at the next
annual meeting of the stockholders of said corporation. The resolution setting
forth the proposed amendment is as follows:

            RESOLVED, that the Certificate of Incorporation of this corporation
      be amended by adding Article FOURTEENTH, which shall read as follows:

            "FOURTEENTH: To the extent that the laws of California govern the
      affairs of the corporation at any time and from time to time by virtue of
      the application of Section 2115 of the California General Corporation Law,
      the following provisions shall be applicable:

            (A) The liability of the directors of the corporation for monetary
      damages shall be eliminated to the fullest extent permissible under
      California law.

            (B) The corporation is authorized to provide indemnification of
agents, as that term is defined in Section 317 of the California General
Corporation Law for breach of duty to the corporation and its shareholders, in
excess of that expressly permitted by said Section 317, under any bylaw,
agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, to the
fullest extent such indemnification may be authorized hereby, subject to the
limits on such excess indemnification set forth in Section 204 of the California
General Corporation Law. The corporation is further authorized to provide
insurance for agents as set forth in Section 317 of the California General
Corporation Law, provided that, in cases where the corporation owns all or a
portion of the shares of the company issuing the insurance policy, the company
and/or the policy must meet one of the two sets of conditions set forth in
Section 317, as amended. Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions
of this Paragraph B of this Article Fourteenth by the shareholders of this
corporation shall not adversely affect any right or protection of an agent of
the corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification."

      SECOND: That thereafter, pursuant to resolution of its Board of Directors,
an annual meeting of the stockholders of said corporation was duly called and
held, upon notice in accordance with Section 222 of the General Corporation law
of the State of Delaware at which meeting the necessary number of shares as
required by statute were voted in favor of this amendment.

<PAGE>

      THIRD: That said amendment was duly adopted in accordance with the
provisions of Section 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of
Delaware.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, said corporation has caused this certificate to be
signed by its President and its Secretary, this 26th day of August, 1991.

                                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

                                            /s/ CHARLES C. TILLINGHAST
                                        By: ------------------------------------
                                            Charles C. Tillinghast, III
                                            President

                                                /s/ JON S. FISH
                                        ATTEST: --------------------------------
                                                Jon S. Fish, Secretary

<PAGE>

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT

                                       OF

                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

                                       OF

                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

      Advanced Marketing Services, Inc., a corporation organized and existing
under and by virtue of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (the
"Corporation"), does hereby certificate that:

      FIRST: The Board of Directors of the Corporation adopted, declared
advisable and then proposed for adoption by the stockholders of the Corporation,
the following resolution to amend the Corporation's Certificate of Incorporation
(the "Amendment"):

            RESOLVED, that Article FOURTH be deleted in its entirety and in lieu
      thereof be replaced with the following new Article FOURTH:

            "FOURTH: the total number of shares of stock which the Corporation
      shall have authority to issue is One Hundred Million (100,000,000) shares
      of Common Stock, par value $.001 per share ("Common Stock").

      SECOND: The foregoing amendment was approved, in accordance with Section
242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, by the stockholders
of the Corporation, at the Corporation's annual meeting of stockholders held on
July 27, 2000, by stockholders of the Corporation entitled to vote thereon
holding the requisite number of shares as prescribed by statute and by the
Certificate of Incorporation for the taking of such action.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Corporation has caused this Certificate to be
signed by its President and Chief Executive Officer and attested to by its
Assistant Secretary this 27th day of July 2000.

                                        /s/ MICHAEL M. NICITA
                                        ----------------------------------------
                                        Michael M. Nicita
                                        President and Chief Executive Officer

Attest:

/s/ EDWARD J. LEONARD
-------------------------
Edward J. Leonard
Assistant SecretaryExhibit 4.2

                              AMENDED AND RESTATED

                                     BYLAWS

                                       OF

                        ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC.

                                    ARTICLE I

                                PLACE OF BUSINESS

SECTION 1. The registered office shall be in the City of Dover, County of Kent,
State of Delaware.

SECTION 2. The Corporation may also have offices at such other places both
within and without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from time
to time determine or the business of the Corporation may require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                            MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS

SECTION 1. PLACE. All meetings of shareholders shall be held at any place within
or without the State of Delaware which may be designated either by the Board of
Directors or by the written consent of all shareholders entitled to vote
thereat, given either before or after the meeting, and filed with the Secretary
of the Corporation; provided, however, that the place of meeting shall be
specified in the notice calling the meeting, and that no change in the place of
meeting shall be made within ten (10) days next before the day on which an
election of Directors is to be held.

SECTION 2. ANNUAL.

      a. Annual meetings shall be held at such date and time as the directors
may from time to time fix. At such meetings directors shall be elected, reports
of the affairs of the Corporation shall be considered, and any other business
may be transacted which is within the powers of the shareholders.

      b. If the election of Directors shall not be held on the day here
designated for any annual meeting, or at any adjournment of such meeting, the
Board of Directors shall call a special meeting of the shareholders as soon as
conveniently possible thereafter. At such meeting the election of Directors
shall take place, and such election and any other business transacted thereat
shall have the same force and effect as at an annual meeting duly called and
held.

      c. Business shall be transacted at the annual meeting only if it is (i)
specified in the notice of meeting (or any supplement thereto) given by or at
the direction of the Board of Directors, (ii) otherwise properly brought before

<PAGE>

the meeting by or at the direction of the Board of Directors or (iii) brought
before the meeting by a shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting
who gives advance notice as hereafter provided.

      Any such shareholder may bring such business before the meeting only if
written notice of such shareholder's intent to do so is transmitted to, and
received by, the Secretary of the Corporation at the principal place of business
of the Corporation not later than 75 days prior to the anniversary of the date
of the immediately preceding annual meeting which was specified in the initial
formal notice of such meeting (but if the date of the forthcoming annual meeting
is more than 30 days after such anniversary date, such written notice will also
be timely if received by the Secretary by the later of the 75th day prior to the
forthcoming meeting date and the close of business on the 30th day following the
date on which the Corporation makes public disclosure of the meeting date). Each
notice given by such shareholder shall set forth: (i) a brief description of the
business desired to be brought before the meeting and the reasons for conducting
such business at the meeting; (ii) the name and address of the shareholder who
intends to propose such business; (iii) a representation that the shareholder is
a holder of record, setting forth the shares so held, and intends to appear in
person or by proxy as a holder of record at the meeting to propose such
business; and (iv) any material interest of the shareholder in such business.

      If the facts show that business was not properly brought before the
meeting in accordance with the foregoing provisions, the chairman of the meeting
shall so determine and declare to the meeting, whereupon such business shall not
be transacted. Public disclosure of the date of a forthcoming meeting may be
made by the Corporation in the same fashion prescribed in Article III, Section
3(b).

SECTION 3. SPECIAL. Special meetings of the shareholders may be called only as
provided in the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation.

SECTION 4. NOTICE OF MEETINGS; WAIVER. Each shareholder of record entitled to
vote at the meeting shall be given in person, or by mail, or by prepaid
telegram, written or printed notice of the purpose or purposes, and the time and
place within or without the State of Delaware, of every meeting of shareholders.
Such notice shall be delivered not less than ten (10) days nor more than sixty
(60) days before the meeting. If mailed, notice is given when deposited in the
United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the shareholder at his address
as it appears on the records of the Corporation unless the shareholder shall
have requested of the Secretary, in writing, that notice intended for him be
mailed to some other address, in which case the notice shall be transmitted to
the address so designated. No publication of the notice of meeting shall be
required. A shareholder may waive the notice of meeting by attendance, either in
person or by proxy, at the meeting, or by so stating in writing, either before
or after such meeting. Attendance at a meeting for the express purpose of
objecting that the meeting was not lawfully called or convened shall not,
however, constitute a waiver of notice. Except where otherwise required by law,
notice need not be given of any adjourned meeting of the shareholders.

SECTION 5. AFFIDAVIT OF NOTICE. Whenever any shareholder entitled to vote has
been absent from any meeting of shareholders whether annual or special, an
affidavit of the secretary or an assistant secretary or the transfer agent of
the Corporation to the effect that notice has been duly given shall in the
absence of fraud be prima facie evidence that due notice of such meeting was
given to such shareholder, as required by law and the Bylaws of the Corporation.

<PAGE>

SECTION 6. CONSENT TO SHAREHOLDERS' MEETINGS. The transactions of any meeting of
shareholders, however called and noticed, shall be valid as though had at a
meeting held after regular call and notice, if a quorum be present either in
person or by proxy, and if, either before or after the meeting, each of the
shareholders entitled to vote, not present in person or by proxy, signs a
written waiver of notice, or a consent to the holding of such meeting, or an
approval of the minutes thereof. All such waivers, consents or approvals shall
be filed with the corporate records or made a part of the minutes of the
meeting.

SECTION 7. QUORUM AND VOTE REQUIREMENTS. The holders of a majority of the shares
entitled to vote thereat, present in person, or represented by proxy, shall
constitute a quorum at all meetings of the shareholders for the transaction of
business except as otherwise provided by law. If, however, such majority shall
not be present or represented at any meeting of the shareholders, the
shareholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person, or by proxy, shall
have the power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, until the requisite
amount of voting shares shall be present. At such adjourned meeting at which the
requisite amount of voting shares shall be represented, any business may be
transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally
notified. If a quorum is present the affirmative vote of the majority of the
shares represented and voting at the meeting on any matter shall be the act of
the shareholders, unless the vote of a greater number or voting by classes is
required by law or the Certificate of Incorporation.

SECTION 8. CLOSING OF TRANSFER BOOKS; RECORD DATE.

      a. In order to determine the holders of record of the Corporation's stock
who are entitled to notice of meetings, to vote at a meeting or adjournment
thereof, and to receive payment of any dividend, or to make a determination of
the shareholders of record for any other proper purpose, the Board of Directors
of the Corporation may order that the Stock Transfer Books be closed for a
period not to exceed sixty (60) days. If the purpose is to determine who is
entitled to notice of a meeting and to vote at such meeting, the Stock Transfer
Books shall be closed for at least ten (10) days preceding such meeting.

      b. In lieu of closing the Stock Transfer Books, the Board of Directors may
fix a date as the record date for such determination of shareholders. Such date
shall be no more than sixty (60) days prior to the date of the action which
requires such determination, nor in the case of a shareholders' meeting, shall
it be less than ten (10) days in advance of such meeting.

      c. If the Stock Transfer Books are not closed and no record date is fixed
by the Board of Directors for a determination of the shareholders of record
entitled to notice or to vote at a meeting of shareholders, then the record date
for such determination of shareholders shall be the day next preceding the day
on which notice of the meeting is mailed, and for any other purpose, the record
date for such determination of shareholders shall be the day on which the
resolution of the Board of Directors relating thereto is adopted.

      d. When a determination of shareholders entitled to vote at any meeting
has been made as provided in this section, such determination shall apply to any
adjournment of such meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may
fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

<PAGE>

SECTION 9. VOTING LIST.

      a. A complete list of the shareholders of the Corporation entitled to vote
at the ensuing meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address
of, and number of shares owned by each shareholder shall be prepared by the
Secretary or other officer or the Transfer Agent of the Corporation having
charge of the Stock Transfer Books. This list shall be kept on file for a period
of at least ten (10) days prior to the meeting either at a place within the city
where the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of
the meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be
held, and shall be subject to inspection during the ordinary business hours for
any purpose germane to the meeting by any shareholder. Such list shall also be
produced and kept open at the time and place of the meeting and shall be subject
to the inspection of any shareholder during the whole time of the meeting.

      b. The original Stock Transfer Books shall be prima facie evidence as to
who are the shareholders entitled to examine such list or to vote at any meeting
of the shareholders.

      c. If shares stand of record in the names of two or more persons, whether
fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, husband
and wife as community property, tenants by the entirety, voting trustees,
persons entitled to vote under a shareholder voting agreement or otherwise, or
if two or more persons (including proxyholders) have the same fiduciary
relationship respecting the same shares, unless the secretary of the corporation
is given written notice to the contrary and is furnished with a copy of the
instrument or order appointing them or creating the relationship wherein it is
so provided, their acts with respect to voting shall have the following effect:

            (i) If only one votes, such act binds all;

            (ii) If more than one vote, the act of the majority so voting binds
      all;

            (iii) If more than one vote, but the vote is evenly split on any
      particular matter, each faction may vote the securities in question
      proportionately.

If the instrument so filed or the registration of the shares shows that any such
tenancy is held in unequal interests, a majority or even split for the purpose
of this section shall be a majority or even split in interest.

      d. Failure to comply with the requirements of this section shall not
affect the validity of any action taken at such meeting of the shareholders.

SECTION 10. PROXIES. Every person entitled to vote or execute consents may do so
either in person or by one or more agents authorized by a written proxy executed
by the person or his duly authorized agent and filed with the Secretary of the
Corporation, but no proxy shall be valid or acted upon after three years from
its date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. Nothing contained in
this Section shall be deemed to restrict the use of proxies transmitted by
telegram, cablegram or other electronic means which are otherwise permitted by
Title 8, Section 212(c) and (d) of the Delaware Code.

<PAGE>

SECTION 11. PRESIDING OFFICER; ORDER OF BUSINESS; CONDUCT OF MEETING.

      a. Meetings of the shareholders shall be presided over by such person as
shall be designated by the Board of Directors or if no designation is made, then
by the President. The Secretary of the Corporation, or in his absence, an
Assistant Secretary, shall act as secretary of the meeting.

      b. Subject to the following, meetings of shareholders shall generally
follow accepted rules of parliamentary procedure.

            (1) The chairman of the meeting shall have absolute authority over
      matters of procedure and there shall be no appeal from the ruling of the
      chairman. If the chairman, in his absolute discretion, deems it advisable
      to dispense with the rules of parliamentary procedure as to any one
      meeting of shareholders or a part thereof, the chairman shall so state and
      shall clearly state the rules under which the meeting or appropriate part
      thereof shall be conducted.

            (2) If disorder shall arise which prevents continuation of the
      legitimate business of the meeting, the chairman may quit the chair and
      announce the adjournment of the meeting; and upon his so doing, the
      meeting is immediately adjourned.

            (3) The chairman may ask or require that anyone not a bona fide
      shareholder or proxy leave the meeting.

            (4) A resolution or motion shall be only considered for a vote if
      proposed by a shareholder or duly authorized proxy, and seconded by an
      individual, who is a shareholder or a duly authorized proxy, other than
      the individual who proposed the resolution or motion.

                                   ARTICLE III

                             DIRECTORS -- MANAGEMENT

SECTION 1. POWERS. Subject to the limitation of the Articles of Incorporation,
of the Bylaws and of the laws of the State of Delaware as to actions to be
authorized or approved by the shareholders, all corporate powers shall be
exercised by or under authority of, and the business and affairs of this
corporation shall be controlled by, a Board of Directors.

SECTION 2. NUMBER OF DIRECTORS. The number of directors who shall constitute the
whole board shall be established in accordance with the Certificate of
Incorporation of the Corporation.

SECTION 3. ELECTION AND TENURE OF OFFICE.

      a. Directors shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting of the
shareholders or at a special meeting called for that purpose, to serve for the
term or terms specified in the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation,

<PAGE>

or until his or her successor is elected and has qualified, or until his or her
earlier resignation or removal. A director's term of office shall begin
immediately after election.

      b. Nominations for election of directors at an annual meeting or a special
meeting called for the purpose of electing directors may be made either by the
Board of Directors or by any shareholder of record entitled to vote for the
election of directors who gives advance notice as hereafter provided.

      Any such shareholder may nominate persons for election as directors only
if written notice of such shareholder's intent to make such nomination is
transmitted to, and received by, the Secretary of the Corporation at the
principal place of business of the Corporation not later than (i) in the case of
any annual meeting, 75 days prior to the anniversary of the date of the
immediately preceding annual meeting which was specified in the initial formal
notice of such meeting (but if the date of the forthcoming annual meeting is
more than 30 days after such anniversary date, such written notice will also be
timely if received by the Secretary by the later of the 75th day prior to the
forthcoming meeting date and the close of business on the 30th day following the
date on which Corporation first makes public disclosure of the meeting date) and
(ii) in the case of a special meeting, the close of business on the 15th day
following the date on which the Corporation first makes public disclosure of the
meeting date. Each notice given by such shareholder shall set forth: (i) the
name and address of the shareholder who intends to make the nomination and of
the person or persons to be nominated; (ii) a representation that the
shareholder is a holder of record, setting forth the shares so held, and intends
to appear in person or by proxy as a holder of record at the meeting to nominate
the person or persons specified in the notice; (iii) a description of all
arrangements or understandings between such shareholder and each nominee
proposed by the shareholder and any other person or persons (identifying such
person or persons) pursuant to which the nomination or nominations are to be
made by the shareholder; (iv) such other information regarding each nominee
proposed by such shareholder as would be required to be included in a proxy
statement filed pursuant to the proxy rules of the Securities and Exchange
Commission; and (v) the consent of each nominee to serve as a director of the
Corporation if so elected.

      If the facts show that a nomination was not made in accordance with the
foregoing provisions, the chairman of the meeting shall so determine and declare
to the meeting, whereupon the defective nomination shall be disregarded. Public
disclosure of the date of a forthcoming meeting may be made by the Corporation
for the foregoing purposes not only by the giving of the formal notice of the
meeting but also by notice to a national securities exchange or to the National
Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. Automated Quotation System ("NASDAQ")
(if the Corporation's common stock is then listed on such exchange or quoted on
NASDAQ), by filing a report under Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange
Act of 1934 (if the Corporation is then subject thereto), by a mailing to
stockholders or by a general press release.

SECTION 4. VACANCIES. Vacancies in the Board of Directors may be filled only as
provided in the Certificate of Incorporation of the Corporation.

SECTION 5. PLACE OF MEETINGS. Meetings of the Board of Directors shall be held
at any place within or without the State of Delaware, as designated for this

<PAGE>

purpose, from time to time, by resolution of the Board of Directors or written
consent of all of the members of the Board. Any meeting shall be valid, wherever
held, if approved by the written consent of all members of the Board of
Directors, given either before or after the meeting and filed with the Secretary
of the Corporation.

SECTION 6. TELEPHONIC MEETINGS. Members of the Board of Directors may
participate in a meeting of such Board by means of conference telephone or
similar communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in
the meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this
Article III, Section 6 shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

SECTION 7. REGULAR MEETINGS. Until otherwise determined by a majority of the
Board of Directors, the regular meetings of the Board of Directors of this
Corporation shall not be held and, in lieu thereof, special meetings of this
Corporation's Board of Directors shall be held at such time and place as may be
appropriately designated, either by this Board of Directors or pursuant to
Article III, Section 7, of the Bylaws of this Corporation.

SECTION 8. SPECIAL MEETINGS AND NOTICE THEREOF. Special meetings of the Board of
Directors for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the Chairman
of the Board, the President or, if he is absent or unable or refuses to act, by
any Vice President or by any two directors.

      Written notice of the time and place of special meetings shall be
delivered personally to the directors or sent to each director by letter or by
telegram, charges prepaid, addressed to him at his address as it is shown upon
the records of the Corporation or, if it is not so shown on such records or is
not readily ascertainable, at the place in which the meetings of the directors
are regularly held. In case such notice is mailed or telegraphed, it shall be
deposited in the United States mail or delivered to the telegraph company in the
place in which the principal office of the corporation is located at least three
days prior to the time of the holding of the meeting. In case such notice is
delivered as above provided, it shall be so delivered at least two days prior to
the time of the holding of such meeting. Such mailing, telegraphing or delivery
as above provided shall be due, legal and personal notice to such director.

SECTION 9. WAIVER OF NOTICE. When all the directors are present at any
directors' meeting, however called or noticed, and sign a written consent
thereto on the records of such meeting, or, if a majority of the directors are
present, and if those not present sign in writing a waiver of notice of such
meeting, whether prior to or after the holding of such meeting, which said
waiver shall be filed with the Secretary of the Corporation, the transactions
thereof are as valid as if had at a meeting regularly called and noticed.

SECTION 10. NOTICE OF ADJOURNMENT. Notice of the time and place of holding an
adjourned meeting need not be given to absent directors if the time and place be
fixed at the meeting adjourned.

SECTION 11. QUORUM. A majority of the number of directors as fixed by the
Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws shall be necessary to constitute a quorum
for the transaction of business, and the action of a majority of the directors

<PAGE>

present at any meeting at which there is a quorum when duly assembled, is valid
as a corporate act; provided that a minority of the directors, in the absence of
a quorum, may adjourn the meeting from time to time, but may not transact any
business.

SECTION 12. DIRECTORS ACTING WITHOUT A MEETING. Any action required or permitted
to be taken by the Board of Directors under any provision of this Article may be
taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board shall individually or
collectively consent in writing to such action. Such written consent or consents
shall be filed with the minutes of the proceedings of the Board. Such action by
written consent shall have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote of such
directors.

SECTION 13. INDEMNIFICATION.

      (a) RIGHT TO INDEMNIFICATION. Each person who was or is made a party or is
threatened to be made a party to or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or
proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative
(hereinafter a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he is or was a
Director, officer or employee of the Corporation or is serving at the request of
the Corporation as a director, an office or employee of another corporation or
of a partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise including service
with respect to employee benefit plans (hereinafter an "indemnitee"), whether
the basis of such proceeding is alleged action in an official capacity as a
director, officer or employee or in any other capacity while serving as a
Director, officer, employee or agent, shall be indemnified and held harmless by
the Corporation to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware General
Corporation Law, against all expense, liability and loss (including attorneys'
fees, judgments, fines, ERISA excise taxes or penalties and amounts paid in
settlement) reasonably incurred or suffered by such indemnitee in connection
therewith and such indemnification shall continue as to an indemnitee who has
ceased to be a Director, officer or employee and shall inure to the benefit of
the indemnitee's heirs, executors and administrators; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that,
except as provided in paragraph (b) hereof with respect to proceedings to
enforce rights to indemnification, the Corporation shall indemnify any such
indemnitee in connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) initiated by such
indemnitee only if such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized by the Board
of Directors of the Corporation. Expenses incurred in defending any such
proceeding may be paid by the Corporation in advance of its final disposition
(hereinafter an "advancement of expenses"); PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that, if the
Delaware General Corporation Law requires, an advancement of expenses incurred
by an indemnitee in his capacity as a Director or officer (and not in any other
capacity in which service was or is rendered by such indemnitee, including
without limitation, service to an employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon
delivery to the Corporation of an undertaking, by or on behalf of such
indemnitee, to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be
determined by final judicial decision from which there is no further right to
appeal that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for such expenses
under this Section or otherwise (hereinafter an "undertaking").

      (b) RIGHT OF INDEMNITEE TO BRING SUIT. If a claim under paragraph (a) of
this Section is not paid in full by the Corporation within sixty (60) days after
a written claim has been received by the Corporation, except in the case of a
claim for an advancement of expenses, in which case the applicable period shall
be twenty (20) days, the indemnitee may at any time thereafter bring suit

<PAGE>

against the Corporation to recover the unpaid amount of the claim. If successful
in whole or in part in any such suit or in a suit brought by the Corporation to
recover an advancement of expenses pursuant to the terms of an undertaking, the
indemnitee shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting or
defending such suit. In (i) any suit brought by the indemnitee to enforce a
right to indemnification hereunder (but not in a suit brought by the indemnitee
to enforce a right to an advancement of expenses) it shall be defense that, and
(ii) any suit by the Corporation to recover an advancement of expenses pursuant
to the terms of an undertaking, the Corporation shall be entitled to recover
such expenses upon a final adjudication that, the indemnitee has not met the
applicable standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation
Law. The failure of the Corporation (including its Board of Directors,
independent legal counsel, or its stockholders) to have made a determination
prior to the commencement of such suit that indemnification of the indemnitee is
proper in the circumstances because the indemnitee has met the applicable
standard of conduct set forth in the Delaware General Corporation Law, shall not
create a presumption that the indemnitee has not met the applicable standard of
conduct or, in the case of such a suit brought by the indemnitee, be a defense
to such suit.

      (c) NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS. The rights to indemnification and to the
advancement of expenses conferred in this Section shall not be exclusive of any
other right which any person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute,
agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

      (d) INSURANCE. The Corporation may maintain insurance, at its expense, to
protect itself and any Director, officer or employee of the Corporation or
another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or other enterprise
against any expense, liability or loss, whether or not the Corporation would
have the power to indemnify such person against such expense, liability or loss
under the Delaware General Corporation Law.

      (e) INDEMNIFICATION OF AGENTS OF THE CORPORATION. The Corporation may, to
the extent authorized from time to time by the Board of Directors, grant rights
to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses to any agent of the
Corporation to the fullest extent of the provisions of this Section with respect
to the indemnification and advancement of expenses of directors, officers and
employees of the Corporation.

SECTION 14. COMPENSATION. Directors, and members of any committee of the Board
of Directors, shall be entitled to such reasonable compensation for their
services as Directors and members of any such committee as shall be fixed from
time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors and shall also be entitled
to reimbursement for any reasonable expenses incurred in attending such
meetings. The compensation of Directors may be on such basis as is determined by
the resolution of the Board of Directors. Any Director receiving compensation
under these provisions shall not be barred from serving the Corporation in any
other capacity and receiving reasonable compensation for such other services.

SECTION 15. COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors, by a resolution or resolutions
adopted by a majority of the members of the whole Board, may appoint an
Executive Committee and such other committees as it may deem appropriate. Each
such committee shall consist of one or more members of the Board of Directors.
Any such committee shall have and may exercise all the powers and authority of

<PAGE>

the Board of Directors in the management of the business and affairs of the
Corporation, and may authorize the seal of the Corporation to be affixed to all
papers which may require it; but no such committee shall have the power or
authority in reference to amending the Certificate of Incorporation, adopting an
agreement of merger or consolidation, recommending to the shareholders the sale,
lease or exchange of all or substantially all of the Corporation's property and
assets, recommending to the shareholders a dissolution of the Corporation or a
revocation of a dissolution, or amending the Bylaws of the Corporation; and,
unless the resolution, Bylaws, or Certificate of Incorporation expressly so
provides, no such committee shall have the power or authority to declare a
dividend or to authorize the issuance of stock. A majority of any such committee
may determine its action and may fix the time and place of its meetings, unless
provided otherwise by the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors shall have
the power at any time to fill vacancies in, to change the size or membership of
and to discharge any such committee. No member of any committee shall continue
to be a member of it after he ceases to be a Director of the Corporation.

      Each such committee shall keep a written record of its acts and
proceedings and shall submit such record to the Board of Directors at each
regular meeting thereof and at such other times as requested by the Board of
Directors. Failure to submit such record, or failure of the Board to approve any
action indicated herein will not, however, invalidate such action to the extent
it has been carried out by the Corporation prior to the time the record of such
action was, or should have been, submitted to the Board of Directors as herein
provided.

SECTION 16. INDEMNIFICATION OF AGENTS OF THE CORPORATION; PURCHASE OF LIABILITY
INSURANCE. This Section shall apply at any time and from time to time only to
the extent that the laws of California govern the affairs of the Corporation by
virtue of the application of Section 2115 of the California General Corporation
Law.

      a. For purposes of this Section, "agent" means any person who is or was a
director, officer, employee or other agent of the Corporation, or is or was
serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or
agent of another foreign or domestic corporation, partnership, joint venture,
trust or other enterprise, or was a director, officer, employee or agent of a
foreign or domestic corporation that was a predecessor corporation of the
Corporation or of another enterprise at the request of such predecessor
corporation; and "proceeding" means any threatened, pending or completed action
or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative.

      b. The Corporation shall indemnify each of its directors, officers and
employees, acting in any capacity as an agent of the Corporation, to the fullest
extent permissible under the California General Corporation Law, as now in
effect or as hereafter amended, including those circumstances in which
indemnification would otherwise be discretionary, against any and all costs,
charges, expenses, liabilities and losses (including, without limitation,
attorneys' fees, judgments, fines, amounts paid in settlement and ERISA excise
taxes or penalties, and including attorneys' fees and any expenses of
establishing a right to indemnification under this subsection (b)) reasonably
incurred or suffered by such person in connection with any proceedings, whether
brought by or in the right of the Corporation or otherwise, in which such person
may be involved, as a party or otherwise, by reason of such person being or
having been an agent of the Corporation, and such right of indemnification shall
inure to the benefit of such person's heirs, executors, personal representatives
and estate.

<PAGE>

      Expenses incurred in defending any proceeding shall be advanced by the
Corporation before the final disposition of the proceeding upon receipt of a
written undertaking by or on behalf of an agent covered by this subsection (b)
to repay the amount of the advance if it shall be determined ultimately that the
agent is not entitled to be indemnified as authorized by these bylaws, law, the
Certificate of Incorporation or agreement.

      The termination of any proceeding by judgment, order, settlement,
conviction or upon a plea of nolo contendere shall not, of itself, create a
presumption that a person is not entitled to indemnification hereunder. The
Corporation shall determine whether a person is entitled to indemnification
hereunder by any of the following: (i) a majority vote of a quorum consisting of
directors who are not parties to the involved proceeding, (ii) if such quorum of
directors is not obtainable, by independent legal counsel, selected by the
Corporation in a written opinion, or (iii) approval by the affirmative vote of a
majority of the shares of the Corporation entitled to vote represented at a duly
held meeting at which a quorum is present; provided, that, for purposes of
determining the required quorum of any meeting of shareholders called to approve
indemnification of such person and the vote, the shares owned by the person to
be indemnified shall not be considered outstanding and shall not be entitled to
vote thereon.

      The rights of a person covered by this subsection (b) to bring suit
against the Corporation shall include the following:

            (i) In the case of a director, if there has been no determination by
      the Corporation, or if the Corporation determines, that the director
      substantively would not be permitted to be indemnified in whole or in part
      under the California General Corporation Law, such director shall have the
      right to bring suit seeking an initial determination by the court or
      challenging any such determination by the Corporation or any aspect
      thereof, and the Corporation, by this subsection (b), consents to service
      of process and to appear in any such proceeding. Any determination by the
      Corporation otherwise shall be conclusive and binding on the Corporation
      and such director.

            (ii) If a claim for advances under this subsection (b) is not paid
      in full by the Corporation within 30 days after a written claim and
      appropriate undertaking have been received by the Corporation, such person
      may at any time thereafter bring suit against the Corporation to recover
      the unpaid amount. If successful, in whole or in part, such person shall
      be entitled to be paid also the expenses of prosecuting such claim.

      In any action brought by a person to enforce a right of indemnification
hereunder, or by the Corporation to recover payments by the Corporation of
expenses incurred by such person in connection with a proceeding in advance of
its final disposition, the burden of proving that such person is not entitled to
be indemnified under this subsection (b) or otherwise shall be on the
Corporation. Neither the failure of the Corporation to have made a determination
prior to the commencement of a proceeding that indemnification of a person
covered by this subsection (b) is proper in the circumstances because such
person has met the applicable standard of conduct under the California General
Corporation Law, nor an actual determination by the Corporation that such person
has not met such applicable standard of conduct, shall create a presumption that
such person has not met the applicable standard of conduct or, in the case of an
action brought by such person, be a defense to the action.

<PAGE>

      c. The Corporation shall have the power, but except as provided in
subsection (b) above shall not be obligated, to indemnify each of its agents to
the fullest extent permissible under the California General Corporation Law, as
now in effect or as hereafter amended, including those circumstances in which
indemnification would otherwise be discretionary, against any and all costs,
charges, expenses, liabilities and losses (including, without limitation,
attorneys' fees, judgments, fines and ERISA excise taxes or penalties)
reasonably incurred or suffered by such person in connection with any
proceedings, whether brought by or in the right of the Corporation or otherwise,
in which such person may be involved, as a party or otherwise, by reason of such
person being or having been an agent of the Corporation, and any such
indemnification shall inure to the benefit of such person's heirs, executors,
personal representatives and estate.

      Expenses incurred in defending any proceeding may, in the discretion of
the Corporation, be advanced by the Corporation before the final disposition of
the proceeding upon receipt of a written undertaking by or on behalf of an agent
covered by this subsection (c) to repay the amount of the advance if it shall be
determined ultimately that the agent is not entitled to be indemnified as
authorized by these Bylaws, law, the Certificate of Incorporation or agreement.

      The termination of any proceeding by judgment, order, settlement,
conviction or upon a plea of nolo contendere, shall not, of itself, create a
presumption that a person is not eligible to be indemnified hereunder, The
Corporation shall determine whether a person seeking indemnification hereunder
is eligible to be so indemnified and whether the Corporation shall indemnify
such person or shall provide advances to such person by any of the following at
the Corporation's sole option: (i) majority vote of a quorum consisting of
directors who are not parties to the involved proceeding, (ii) if such a quorum
is not obtainable, by independent legal counsel selected by the Corporation in a
written opinion, or (iii) approval by the affirmative vote of a majority of the
shares of the Corporation entitled to vote represented at a duly held meeting at
which a quorum is present; provided, that, for purposes of determining the
required quorum of any meeting of shareholders called to approve indemnification
of or advances to such person, the shares owned by the person to be indemnified
or to whom advances are to be made shall not be considered outstanding and shall
not be entitled to vote thereon. Any such determination by the Corporation shall
be conclusive and binding on the Corporation and such person.

      d. The indemnification provided for in this Section 16 shall not be deemed
exclusive of any other rights to indemnification which any person may have or
hereafter acquire under any statute, provision of the Certificate of
Incorporation or Bylaws, agreement, vote of shareholders or disinterested
directors or otherwise. The right of indemnification under subsection (b) above
shall be deemed to create contractual rights in favor of persons entitled to
indemnification thereunder. The provisions of this Section 16 shall be
applicable to claims commenced after the adoption hereof, whether arising from
acts or omissions occurring before or after the adoption hereof.

      e. Neither the amendment nor repeal of this Section 16, nor the adoption
of any provision of the Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws or of any statute
inconsistent with this Section 16, shall adversely affect any right or
protection of a director, officer or agent of the Corporation existing at the
time of such amendment, repeal or adoption of such a provision.

<PAGE>

      f. Upon and in the event of a determination by the Board of Directors of
the Corporation to purchase such insurance, the Corporation shall purchase and
maintain insurance on behalf of any agent of the Corporation against any
liability asserted against or incurred by the agent in such capacity or arising
out of the agent's status as such whether or not the Corporation would have the
power to indemnify the agent against such liability under the provisions of this
Section.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    OFFICERS

SECTION 1. NUMBER. The officers of the Corporation shall be a President, one or
more Executive, Senior, Group (or like) or general Vice Presidents, a Treasurer
and/or Chief Financial Officer, a Secretary and one or more Assistant
Secretaries. The Board of Directors may also appoint a Chairman of the Board.
Any person may hold two or more offices.

SECTION 2. ELECTION; TERM OF OFFICE. The principal officers shall be chosen
annually by the Board of Directors at the first meeting held after the annual
meeting of shareholders, or as soon thereafter as is conveniently possible. No
one of said officers except the President and the Chairman of the Board need be
Directors. Each officer shall serve until his successor shall have been chosen
and qualified, or until his death, resignation or removal.

SECTION 3. SUBORDINATE OFFICERS, ETC. The Board of Directors may appoint such
other officers as the business of the Corporation may require, each of whom
shall hold office for such period, have such authority and perform such duties
as are provided in the Bylaws or as the Board of Directors may from time to time
determine.

SECTION 4. RESIGNATION AND REMOVAL. Any officer may be removed, either with or
without cause, at any time by a majority vote of the Board of Directors then in
office whenever in its judgment the best interests of the Corporation will be
served by so doing. Any officer or agent may also be removed by any officer
having the authority to choose or appoint the officer or agent with or without
cause.

      Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Board
of Directors or to the President, or to the Secretary of the Corporation. Any
such resignation shall take effect at the date of the receipt of such notice or
at any later time specified therein; and unless otherwise specified therein the
acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.

SECTION 5. VACANCIES. The Board of Directors shall have the power to fill any
vacancies in any office occurring for any reason.

SECTION 6. CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD. The Chairman of the Board, if such an officer
be elected, shall, if present, preside at meetings of the Board of Directors and
exercise and perform such other powers and duties as may be from time to time
assigned by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the Bylaws. If there is no
President, the Chairman of the Board shall in addition be the Chief Executive
Officer of the Corporation and shall have the powers and duties prescribed in
Section 7 of this Article IV.

<PAGE>

SECTION 7. PRESIDENT. Subject to such supervisory powers, if any, as may be
given by the Board of Directors to the Chairman of the Board, if there be such
an officer, the President shall be the Chief Executive Officer of the
Corporation and shall, subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have
general supervision, direction and control of the business and officers of the
Corporation. He shall preside at all meetings of the shareholders and in the
absence of the Chairman of the Board, or if there be none, at all meetings of
the Board of Directors. The President shall be ex officio a member of all the
standing committees, including the Executive Committee, if any, and shall have
the general powers and duties of management usually vested in the office of
President of a corporation, and shall have such other powers and duties as may
be prescribed by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.

SECTION 8. VICE PRESIDENTS. In the absence or disability of the President, the
Vice Presidents in order of their rank as fixed by the Board of Directors, or if
not ranked, the Vice President designated by the Board of Directors, shall
perform all the duties of the President, and when so acting shall have all the
powers of, and be subject to all the restrictions upon, the President. The Vice
Presidents shall have such other powers and perform such other duties as from
time to time may be prescribed for them by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.

SECTION 9. SECRETARY. The Secretary shall:

            (1) Keep, or cause to be kept, a book of minutes at the principal
office or such other place as the Board of Directors may order, of all meetings
of directors and shareholders, with the time and place of holding, whether
regular or special, and if special, how authorized, the notice thereof given,
the names of those directors and shareholders present, the names of those
present at the directors' meeting, the number of shares present or represented
at shareholders' meetings and the proceedings thereof;

            (2) Keep, or cause to be kept, at the principal office or at the
office of the Corporation's Transfer Agent, a share register, or a duplicate
share register, showing the names of the shareholders and their addresses; the
number and classes of shares held by each; the number and date of certificates
issued for the same: the number and date of cancellation of every certificate
surrendered for cancellation;

            (3) Give or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of
shareholders and the Board of Directors, as required by the Bylaws or Bylaw to
be given;

            (4) Keep the seal of the Corporation in safe custody, and shall have
such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the
Board of Directors or the Bylaws.

SECTION 10. ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. Each Assistant Secretary (if one or more
Assistant Secretaries be elected or appointed) shall assist the Secretary in his
duties, and shall perform such other duties as the Board of Directors, Executive
Committee, President, or Secretary may from time to time assign to him. At the
request of the Secretary, any Assistant Secretary may, in the case of the
absence or inability to act of the Secretary, temporarily act in his place. In
the case of death of the Secretary or in the case of his absence or inability to

<PAGE>

act temporarily in his place, the Assistant Secretary to perform duties of the
Secretary shall be designated by the President any Vice President.

SECTION 11. CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER. The Chief Financial Officer shall:

            (1) Keep and maintain, or cause to be kept and maintained, adequate
and correct accounts of the properties and business transactions of the
Corporation, including accounts of its assets, liabilities, receipts,
disbursements, gains, losses, capital, surplus and surplus shares. Any surplus,
including earned surplus, paid-in surplus and surplus arising from a reduction
of stated capital, shall be classified according to source and shown in a
separate account. The books of account shall at all times be open for inspection
by any director;

            (2) Deposit all monies and other valuables in the names and to the
credit of the Corporation with such depositories as may be designated by the
Board of Directors;

            (3) Disburse the funds of the Corporation as may be ordered by the
Board of Directors;

            (4) Render to the President and directors, when they request it, an
account of all of his or her transactions as Chief Financial Officer and of the
financial condition of the Corporation;

            (5) Have such other powers and perform such other duties as may be
prescribed by the Board of Directors or the Bylaws.

SECTION 12. SALARIES. The salaries for the principal officers of the Corporation
shall be fixed, from time to time, by the Board of Directors. No officer shall
be disqualified from receiving a salary by reason of his also being a director
of the Corporation.

                                    ARTICLE V

                          RECORDS--REPORTS-- INSPECTION

SECTION 1. RECORDS. The Corporation shall maintain adequate and correct
accounts, books and records of its business and properties. All of such books,
records and accounts shall be kept at its principal place of business as fixed
by the Board of Directors from time to time.

SECTION 2. INSPECTION. The share register or duplicate share register, the books
of account, and minutes of proceedings of the shareholders and directors shall
be open to inspection upon the written demand of any shareholder or the holder
of a voting trust certificate, at any reasonable time, and for a purpose
reasonably related to his or her interests as a shareholder, and shall be
exhibited at any time when required by the demand of 10 percent of the shares
represented at any shareholders' meeting. Such inspection may be made in person
or by an agent or attorney, and shall include the right to make extracts. Demand
for inspection other than at a shareholders' meeting shall be made in writing
upon the President, Secretary or Assistant Secretary of the Corporation.

<PAGE>

SECTION 3. CHECKS, DRAFTS, ETC. All checks, drafts or other orders for payment
of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of or
payable to the Corporation, shall be signed or endorsed by such person or
persons and in such manner as, from time to time, shall be determined by
resolution of the Board of Directors.

SECTION 4. LOANS. No loans shall be contracted on behalf of the Corporation and
no evidences of indebtedness shall be issued in its name unless authorized by a
resolution of the Board of Directors. Such authority may be general or confined
to specific instances.

SECTION 5. DEPOSITS. The Board of Directors shall select banks, trust companies
or other depositories in which all funds of the Corporation not otherwise
employed shall, from time to time, be deposited to the credit of the
Corporation.

SECTION 6. VOTING SECURITIES HELD BY THE CORPORATION. Unless otherwise ordered
by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board or the President shall have
full power and authority on behalf of the Corporation to attend and to act and
to vote at any meeting of security holders of other corporations in which the
Corporation may hold securities which the Corporation might have possessed and
exercised if it had been present. The Board of Directors may, from time to time,
confer like powers upon any other person or persons.

SECTION 7. CONTRACTS, ETC. The Board of Directors, except as the Bylaws or
Certificate of Incorporation otherwise specifically provide, may authorize any
officer or officers, agent or agents, to enter into any contract or execute any
instrument in the name of and on behalf of the Corporation, and such authority
may be general or confined to specific instances; and unless so authorized by
the Board of Directors, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power or
authority to bind the Corporation by any contract or agreement or to pledge its
credit to render it liable for any purpose or to any amount.

SECTION 8. INSPECTION OF BYLAWS. The Corporation shall keep in its principal
office for the transaction of business the original or a copy of the Bylaws as
amended or otherwise altered to date, certified by the Secretary, which shall be
open to inspection by the shareholders at all times during business hours.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                              CERTIFICATES OF STOCK

SECTION 1. CERTIFICATES OF STOCK. Certificates representing shares of the
Corporation shall be in such form as may be determined by the Board of
Directors. Every shareholder shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by
or in the name of the Corporation by the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the
Board of Directors, or the President or the Vice President, and by the Treasurer
or an Assistant Treasurer, or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary of such
Corporation, certifying the number of shares owned by him in such corporation.
If such certificate is countersigned (1) by a transfer agent other than the
Corporation or its employee, or (2) by a registrar other than the Corporation or
its employee, the signatures of the officers of the Corporation may be
facsimiles. In case any officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has
been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer before such

<PAGE>

certificate is issued, it may be issued by the Corporation with the same effect
as if he were such officer at the date of issuance.

      All certificates for shares of each class or series within a class shall
be consecutively numbered. The name of the person owning the shares represented
thereby with the number of shares and the date of issue shall be entitled on the
books of the Corporation. All certificates surrendered to the Corporation for
transfer shall be cancelled and no new certificate shall be issued until the
former certificate for a like number of shares shall have been surrendered and
cancelled.

SECTION 2. TRANSFER.

      a. Upon surrender to the Secretary or transfer agent of the Corporation of
a certificate for shares duly endorsed or accompanied by proper evidence of
succession, assignment or authority to transfer, it shall be the duty of the
Corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled thereto, cancel
the old certificate and record the transaction upon its books.

      b. A person in whose name shares of stock stand on the books of the
Corporation shall be deemed the owner thereof as regards the Corporation;
provided that whenever any transfer of shares shall be made for collateral
security, and not absolutely, and written notice thereof shall be given to the
Secretary of the Corporation or its transfer agent, if any, such fact shall be
stated in the entry of the transfer.

      When a transfer of shares is requested and there is reasonable doubt as to
the right of the person seeking the transfer, the Corporation or its transfer
agent, before recording the transfer of the shares on its books or issuing any
certificate therefor, may require from the person seeking the transfer
reasonable proof of his right to the transfer. If there remains a reasonable
doubt of the right to the transfer, the Corporation may refuse a transfer unless
the person gives adequate security or a bond of indemnity executed by a
corporate surety or by two individual sureties satisfactory to the Corporation
as to form, amount, and responsibility of the sureties. The bond shall be
conditioned to protect the Corporation, its officers, transfer agents, and
registrars, or any of them, against loss, damage, expense, or other liability to
the owner of the shares by reason of the recordation of the transfer of the
issuance of a new certificate for shares.

SECTION 3. LOST OR DESTROYED CERTIFICATES.

      a. Where the holder of a share certificate claims that the certificate has
been lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken, the Corporation shall issue a new
certificate in place of the original certificate if the owner so requests before
the Corporation has notice that the share has been acquired by a bona fide
purchaser; and, at the discretion of the Board of Directors, files with the
Corporation a sufficient indemnity bond; and satisfies any other reasonable
requirements imposed by the Board of Directors.

      b. Where a share certificate has been lost, apparently destroyed, or
wrongfully taken and the owner fails to notify the Corporation of that fact
within a reasonable time after he has notice of it, and the Corporation
registers a transfer of the share represented by the security before receiving

<PAGE>
such a notification, the owner is precluded from asserting against the
Corporation any claim for registering the transfer or any claim to a new
security.

      c. If, after the issue of a new security as a replacement for a lost,
destroyed, or wrongfully taken certificate, a bona fide purchaser of the
original certificate presents it for registration of transfer, the Corporation
must register the transfer unless registration would result in overissue. In
addition to any rights on the indemnity bond, the Corporation may recover the
new security from the person to whom it was issued or any person taking under
him except a bona fide purchaser.

SECTION 4. TRANSFER AGENTS AND REGISTRARS. The Board of Directors may appoint
one or more transfer agents or transfer clerks, and one or more registrars which
shall be an incorporated bank or trust company, either domestic or foreign, who
shall be appointed at such times and places as the requirements of the
Corporation may necessitate and the Board of Directors may designate.

                                   ARTICLE VII

                                    DIVIDENDS

      The Board of Directors may from time to time declare, and the Corporation
may pay, dividends on its outstanding shares in the manner and upon the terms
and conditions provided by law and its Certificate of Incorporation and in
accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                WAIVER OF NOTICE

      Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under the provisions
of these Bylaws or under the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation or
under the provisions of the General Corporation Laws of the State of Delaware,
waiver thereof in writing, signed by the person or persons entitled to such
notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed
equivalent to the giving of such notice.

                                   ARTICLE IX

                                   AMENDMENTS

SECTION 1. POWER OF SHAREHOLDERS. These Bylaws may be repealed or amended, or
new Bylaws may be adopted at such annual meeting, or at any other meeting of the
shareholders, called for that purpose by the Board of Directors, by a vote of
the holders of at least 80% of the combined voting power of the then outstanding
shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting
together as a single class, or such other vote as may at any time and from time
to time may be required pursuant to Paragraph C of Article Fifteenth of the
Certificate of Incorporation.

<PAGE>

SECTION 2. POWER OF DIRECTORS. Subject to the right of shareholders as provided
in Section 1 of this Article IX to adopt, amend or repeal Bylaws, Bylaws may be
adopted, amended or repealed by the Board of Directors.

SECTION 3. RECORD OF AMENDMENTS. Whenever an amendment or new Bylaw is adopted,
it shall be copied in the Book of Bylaws with the original Bylaws, in the
appropriate place. If any Bylaw is repealed, the fact of repeal with the date of
the meeting at which the repeal was enacted or written assent was filed shall be
stated in said book.

                                    ARTICLE X

                                      SEAL

      The Corporation shall adopt and use a corporate seal consisting of a
circle setting forth on its circumference the name of the Corporation and
showing the State of Incorporation.

                                   ARTICLE XI

                                   FISCAL YEAR

      The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by resolution of the
Board of Directors.

                                      * * *

                            CERTIFICATE OF SECRETARY

      I, Jon S. Fish, hereby certify that I am the duly elected, qualified and
acting Secretary of Advanced Marketing Services, Inc., and that the above and
foregoing Bylaws of Advanced Marketing Services, Inc., have been duly and
regularly adopted and amended and restated as the Bylaws of Advanced Marketing
Services, Inc.

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand as of the 25th day of
September 1991.

                                        /s/ JON S. FISH
                                        ----------------------------------------
                                        Jon S. Fish, Secretary

Source: [{"source": "alea-institute/alea-institute/kl3m-data-edgar-agreements/train-00028-of-00352.parquet"}, [{"source": "alea-institute/alea-institute/kl3m-data-edgar-agreements/train-00028-of-00352.parquet"}]]