Document:

Exhibit

[***] = Certain information contained in this document, marked by brackets, has been omitted because it is both not material and would be competitively harmful if publicly disclosed.

Exhibit 10.44

CONSENT AND EIGHTH AMENDMENT TO  
SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED CREDIT AGREEMENT AND 
NINTH AMENDMENT TO AMENDED AND RESTATED  
CASH DIVERSION AND COMMITMENT FEE GUARANTY 

This CONSENT AND EIGHTH AMENDMENT TO SECOND AMENDED AND RESTATED CREDIT AGREEMENT AND NINTH AMENDMENT TO AMENDED AND RESTATED CASH DIVERSION AND COMMITMENT FEE GUARANTY, dated as of December 30, 2019 (this “Amendment”), is entered into among the undersigned in connection with (a) that certain Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of March 27, 2018, among Sunrun Hera Portfolio 2015-A, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, as Borrower (the “Borrower”), the financial institutions as Lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Lenders”), and Investec Bank PLC, as Administrative Agent for the Lenders (in such capacity, the “Administrative Agent”) and as Issuing Bank (in such capacity, the “Issuing Bank”) (the “Credit Agreement” and as amended by this Amendment, the “Amended Credit Agreement”) and (b) the Cash Diversion and Commitment Fee Guaranty (as in effect prior to the date hereof, the “Guaranty” and as amended by this Amendment, the “Amended Guaranty”). Capitalized terms which are used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings ascribed to such terms in the Amended Credit Agreement and the rules of construction set forth in Section 1.02 of the Credit Agreement apply to this Amendment. 
W I T N E S S E T H
WHEREAS, the Borrower wishes to obtain, and the Administrative Agent and the Required Lenders wish to provide, consent to the acquisition by the Borrower of Sunrun Cygnus Manager 2019, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company and a Tax Equity Holdco (such acquisition, the “Tax Equity Holdco Acquisition”); and
WHEREAS, the Borrower and the Sponsor also wish to make, and the undersigned also wish to agree to make, certain additional amendments to the Credit Agreement and the Guaranty as provided herein.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the mutual agreements, provisions and covenants contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties hereto agree as follows:
I.    Amendments to the Credit Agreement.  Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in Article IV below, the following amendments to the Credit Agreement are hereby accepted and agreed by the parties hereto:
1.    Amendment to Section 1.01.  
(a)    The following are hereby added as new defined terms to Section 1.01 of the Credit Agreement in the appropriate alphabetical order:

““Cygnus 2019 LLCA” shall mean that certain Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Sunrun Cygnus Owner 2019, LLC, dated as of September 13, 2019, entered into by and between Sunrun Cygnus Manager 2019, LLC and [***]”
““Cygnus 2019 Purchase Agreement” shall mean that certain Master Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 13, 2019, entered into between Sponsor and Sunrun Cygnus Owner 2019, LLC.”
“General PBI Payments” shall mean (i) PBI Payments made in respect of performance based incentive programs of [***] and (ii) any other PBI Payments that the Borrower requests, and the Administrative Agent agrees, to treat as General PBI Payments. 
““Non-Recurring Payments” shall have the meaning set forth in the definition of General Account.”
(b)    The definition of “General Account” is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows: 
““General Account” shall mean one or more deposit accounts that is segregated from each other account of an Operator and held by such Operator with an Acceptable Bank:
		
	(i)
	which are under the exclusive dominion and control of the Sponsor, a Manager or an Operator, subject to such Operator’s agreement (A) to segregate the amounts in each such account from its own funds as trustee for the beneficiaries of the funds deposited therein and (B) not to grant a Lien over such account or the amounts deposited therein;

		
	(ii)
	which are not subject to any Lien of a third party; 

		
	(iii)
	into which Customers have made payment of non-recurring ACH and credit card payments (“Non-Recurring Payments”); and

		
	(iv) 
	into which PBI Obligors have made General PBI Payments.”

(c)    The definition of “PBI Obligor” is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows: 
“PBI Obligor” shall mean (i) [***], in relation to Projects located in [***], (ii) [***], in relation to Projects located in [***], (iii) [***], in relation to Projects located in [***] or (iv) any other Person required to make a PBI Payment under or in respect of the related PBI Document, which meets the Credit Requirements or is otherwise approved by the Administrative Agent and the Required Lenders.

(d)    The definition of “PBI Payments” is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows: 
“PBI Payments” shall mean, with respect to a Project and the related PBI Documents, all payments due by the related PBI Obligor under or in respect of such PBI Documents in respect of performance based incentive programs of [***] or any other States which have been approved by the Administrative Agent.
2.    Amendment to Section 5.23(b).  Section 5.23(b) of the Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:
“(b)    All rights to the PBI Payments and the related PBI Documents in respect of the Eligible Projects are either the property of the applicable Opco ab initio or have been assigned by the Sponsor or any applicable Affiliate to the applicable Opco and all conditions to payment by the PBI Obligor under such PBI Documents have been satisfied and such payments are not subject to any offset.”
3.    Amendment to Section 6.16.  Section 6.16 of the Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

“6.16    Collateral Accounts; Collections.
(a)    The Borrower shall maintain, and shall cause its Subsidiaries to maintain, in full force and effect each of the Collateral Accounts in accordance with the terms of the Loan Documents.
(b)    The Borrower shall, and shall cause each Relevant Party to, ensure that at all times each counterparty to a Project Document is directed to pay all Rents or other payments due to a Relevant Party under such Project Document (other than General PBI Payments or Non-Recurring Payments) in accordance with the terms of the Loan Documents.
(c)    The Borrower shall, and shall cause each Loan Party to, remit any amounts received by it or received by third parties (other than pursuant to the terms of the Loan Documents) on its behalf to the appropriate Collateral Account for deposit in accordance with the terms of the Loan Documents.
(d)    The Borrower shall ensure that all General PBI Payments and Non-Recurring Payments are paid either to a Relevant Party or to a General Account and, if paid to a General Account, that any such payment is transferred to a Relevant Party or a Collateral Account within five (5) Business Days of the receipt thereof.”  
4.    Amendment to Section 6.18(b).  Section 6.18(b) of the Credit Agreement is hereby amended and restated in its entirety as follows:

“(b)    To the extent not otherwise owned by the applicable Opco, the Borrower shall ensure that the Sponsor (or any applicable Affiliate) assigns to the applicable Opco all rights to receive the PBI Payments and the related PBI Documents in respect of each Eligible Project.”
5.    New Section 7.28.  Article VII of the Credit Agreement is hereby amended by inserting the following as a new Section 7.28:
“The Borrower shall not cause or otherwise permit any [***] Project (as defined in the Cygnus 2019 Purchase Agreement) or [***] Project (as defined in the Cygnus 2019 Purchase Agreement) to be treated as an Eligible Project.” 
II.    Amendment to the Cash Diversion and Commitment Fee Guaranty. Subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in Article IV below, the definition of “Cash Diversion” in Section 1.01 of the Guaranty is hereby amended by (i) replacing the period at the end of clause (hh) with the text “;” and (ii) inserting the following as a new clauses (ii), (jj) and (kk):
“(ii)    if, for any quarterly period preceding a Calculation Date, expenses, including, without limitation, operations and maintenance expenses and payments under any production guarantee, incurred in connection with any and all [***] Projects (as defined in the Cygnus 2019 Purchase Agreement) exceed aggregate revenues from such [***] Projects, in the amount of such excess; 
(jj)    any [***] required to be made pursuant to Section 4.01(i)(v) of the Cygnus 2019 LLCA; and
(kk)    any failure by the Borrower to ensure that (or Guarantor to cause) any General PBI Payment paid to a General Account is transferred to a Relevant Party or a Collateral Account in accordance with Section 6.16(d) of the Credit Agreement.”
III.    Limited Consent.  At the request of the Borrower and subject to the satisfaction of the conditions set forth in Article IV below, the Administrative Agent and each of the undersigned Lenders hereby consents and agrees to the Tax Equity Holdco Acquisition, for which consent of the Administrative Agent and the Required Lenders is required pursuant to Section 2.05(b)(iii) of the Amended Credit Agreement (the “Consent”).  The Consent granted pursuant to this Article III is limited precisely as written and shall not extend to any other provision of the Credit Agreement or the Amended Credit Agreement.
IV.    Conditions Precedent to Effectiveness.  The amendments contained in Articles I and II and the Consent contained in Article III shall not be effective until the date (such date, the “Amendment Effective Date”) that:
1.    the Administrative Agent shall have received copies of this Amendment executed by the Borrower, the Sponsor and the Required Lenders, and acknowledged by the Administrative Agent; and 

2.    the Borrower shall have paid all fees, costs and expenses of the Administrative Agent and the Lenders incurred in connection with the execution and delivery of this Amendment (including third-party fees and out-of-pocket expenses of the Lenders’ counsel and other advisors or consultants retained by the Administrative Agent).
V.    Representations and Warranties. Each of the Borrower and, as applicable, the Sponsor represents and warrants to each Agent and each Lender Party that the following statements are true, correct and complete in all respects as of the Amendment Effective Date:
1.    Power and Authority; Authorization.  Each of the Borrower and the Sponsor has all requisite power and authority to execute, deliver and perform its obligations under this Amendment and the Borrower has all requisite power and authority to perform its obligations under the Amended Credit Agreement and the Sponsor has all requisite power and authority to perform its obligations under the Amended Guaranty.  Each of the Borrower and the Sponsor has duly authorized, executed and delivered this Amendment.
2.    Enforceability.  Each of this Amendment and the Amended Credit Agreement is a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Borrower, enforceable against the Borrower in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that enforceability may be limited by (i) applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights, (ii) the effect of general equitable principles (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law) or (iii) implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing.  Each of this Amendment and the Amended Guaranty is a legal, valid and binding obligation of the Sponsor, enforceable against the Sponsor in accordance with its terms, except to the extent that enforceability may be limited by (i) applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, moratorium, reorganization or other similar laws affecting the enforcement of creditors’ rights, (ii) the effect of general equitable principles (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law) or (iii) implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing
3.    Credit Agreement and Guaranty Representations and Warranties. Each of the representations and warranties set forth in the Credit Agreement (with respect to the Borrower) and the Guaranty (with respect to the Sponsor) is true and correct in all respects both before and after giving effect to this Amendment, except to the extent that any such representation and warranty relates solely to any earlier date, in which case such representation and warranty is true and correct in all respects as of such earlier date.
4.    Defaults. No event has occurred or is continuing as of the date hereof, or will result from the transactions contemplated hereby as of the date hereof, that would constitute an Event of Default or a Default.
5.    Cygnus 2019 [***].  (a) Each of the conditions set forth in Section 4.06(t)(i) of the Cygnus 2019 LLCA have been satisfied, (b) all PV Systems (as defined in the Cygnus 2019 LLCA) that are (or will be) owned, by Sunrun Cygnus Owner 2019, LLC are (or will be) insured under the [***] (as defined in the Cygnus 2019 LLCA), (c) all premiums required to be paid under the [***] with respect to the PV Systems that are owned by Sunrun Cygnus Owner 2019, LLC have been paid by Sponsor and (d) no further payments under the [***] will be required to continue the 

effectiveness of the [***] for any currently existing or any future PV Systems of Sunrun Cygnus Owner 2019, LLC.
VI.    Limited Amendment.  Except as expressly set forth herein, this Amendment shall not, by implication or otherwise, limit, impair, constitute a waiver of or otherwise affect the rights and remedies of the Lenders or the other Secured Parties under the Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document, and shall not alter, modify, amend or in any way affect any of the terms, conditions, obligations, covenants or agreements contained in the Credit Agreement or any other provision of the Credit Agreement or any other Loan Document, and each of the Borrower and the Sponsor acknowledges and agrees that each of the Loan Documents to which it is a party or otherwise bound shall continue in full force and effect and that all of its obligations thereunder shall be valid and enforceable and shall not be impaired or limited by the execution or effectiveness of this Amendment.  From and after the Amendment Effective Date, all references to (i) the Credit Agreement in any Loan Document shall, unless expressly provided otherwise, refer to the Amended Credit Agreement and (ii) the Guaranty in any Loan Document shall, unless expressly provided otherwise, refer to the Amended Guaranty.  
VII.    Miscellaneous.
1.    Counterparts.  This Amendment may be executed in one or more duplicate counterparts and by facsimile or other electronic delivery and by different parties on different counterparts, each of which shall constitute an original, but all of which shall constitute a single document and when signed by all of the parties listed below shall constitute a single binding document.
2.    Severability.  In case any one or more of the provisions contained in this Amendment should be invalid, illegal or unenforceable in any respect, the validity, legality and enforceability of the remaining provisions shall not in any way be affected or impaired thereby, and the parties hereto shall enter into good faith negotiations to replace the invalid, illegal or unenforceable provision.
3.    Governing Law, etc..  THIS AMENDMENT SHALL BE GOVERNED BY, AND CONSTRUED UNDER, THE LAWS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK.  The provisions in Sections 12.08(b) through (d) and Section 12.09 of the Amended Credit Agreement shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to this Amendment and the parties hereto.
4.    Loan Document.  This Amendment shall be deemed to be a Loan Document for all purposes of the Amended Credit Agreement and each other Loan Document.
5.    Headings.  Paragraph headings have been inserted in this Amendment as a matter of convenience for reference only and it is agreed that such paragraph headings are not a part of this Amendment and shall not be used in the interpretation of any provision of this Amendment.
6.    Execution of Documents.  The undersigned Lenders hereby authorize and instruct the Administrative Agent to execute and deliver this Amendment.

[Signature Pages Follow]

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Amendment to be duly executed and delivered by their duly authorized officers as of the day and year first above written.
SUNRUN HERA PORTFOLIO 2015-A, LLC,
 
as Borrower
By:  Sunrun Hera Portfolio 2015-B, LLC
Its:   Sole Member
By:  Sunrun Hera Holdco 2015, LLC
Its:   Sole Member
By:  Sunrun Inc.
Its:   Sole Member

By: /s/ Robert Komin, Jr.    
Name: Robert Komin, Jr.
Title: Chief Financial Officer

SUNRUN INC.,
as Guarantor

By: /s/ Robert Komin, Jr.    
Name: Robert Komin, Jr.
Title: Chief Financial Officer

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

INVESTEC BANK PLC, 
as Administrative Agent

By:     /s/ Andrew Nosworthy    
Name:  Andrew Nosworthy
Title:  Authorised Signatory

By:     /s/ Andrew Neil    
Name:  Andrew Neil
Title:  Authorised Signatory

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

INVESTEC BANK PLC, 
as Issuing Bank

By:     /s/ Andrew Nosworthy    
Name:  Andrew Nosworthy
Title:  Authorised Signatory

By:     /s/ Andrew Neil    
Name:  Andrew Neil
Title:  Authorised Signatory

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

INVESTEC BANK PLC, 
as Lender

By:     /s/ Andrew Nosworthy    
Name:  Andrew Nosworthy
Title::  Authorised Signatory

By:     /s/ Andrew Neil    
Name:  Andrew Neil
Title:  Authorised Signatory

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

KEYBANK NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, 
as Lender

By: /s/ Lisa A. Ryder    
Name:  Lisa A. Ryder
Title:  Senior Vice President

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

TRUST BANK SUCCESSOR BY MERGER TO SUNTRUST BANK, 
as Lender

By: /s/ Brian Kunitake    
Name:  Brian Kunitake
Title:  Director

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

SILICON VALLEY BANK, 
as Lender

By: /s/ Chaitali (“Tai”) Pimputkar    
Name:  Chaitali (“Tai”) Pimputkar
Title:  Vice President II

DEUTSCHE BANK AG, NEW YORK BRANCH, 
as Lender

By:     /s/ Robin Cresswell    
Name:  Robin Cresswell
Title::  Managing Director

By:     /s/ Jeremy Eisman    
Name:  Jeremy Eisman
Title:  Managing Director

ING CAPITAL LLC, 
as Lender

By:     /s/ Thomas Cantello    
Name:  Thomas Cantello
Title:  Managing Director

By:     /s/ Henry Miller    
Name:  Henry Miller
Title:  Director

ABN AMRO CAPITAL USA LLC, 
as Lender

By:     /s/ Amit Wynalda    
Name: Amit Wynalda
Title:  Executive Director

By:     /s/ Ross Briggs    
Name: Ross Briggs
Title:  Director

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

SUNRUN GAIA PORTFOLIO 2016-A, LLC,
 
as Lender
By:  Sunrun Gaia Holdco 2016, LLC
Its:   Sole Member
By:  Sunrun Inc.
Its:   Sole Member

By: /s/ Robert Komin, Jr.    
Name: Robert Komin, Jr.
Title: Chief Financial Officer

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]

EAST WEST BANK, 
as Lender

By:     /s/ Christopher Simeone    
Name:  Christopher Simeone
Title:  First Vice President

[Signature Page to Consent and Eighth Amendment (2nd A&R AF Credit Agreement)]aumn_Ex4_5

		
			Exhibit 4.5
		

		
			 
		

		
			DESCRIPTION OF REGISTRANT’S SECURITIES
		

		
			REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12
		

		
			OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1934
		

		
			The following is a  description of each class of securities of Golden Minerals Company that is registered under Section 12 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. For a complete description of the terms and provisions of such securities, refer to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, as amended (“Certificate of Incorporation”), our bylaws (“Bylaws”), and applicable provisions of Delaware law.  We have summarized certain portions of the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws below.  This summary is not complete.  The Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws are incorporated by reference as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  You should read the Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws in their entirety.
		

		
			Common Stock
		

		
			Authorized Shares
		

		
			We are authorized to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, and 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share.  All of our outstanding shares of common stock are fully paid and non-assessable.  There is no preferred stock currently issued and outstanding.
		

		
			Dividend Rights
		

		
			Holders of our common stock will be entitled to receive dividends when, as and if declared by our board, out of funds legally available for their payment, subject to the rights of holders of any preferred stock that we may issue.
		

		
			Voting Rights
		

		
			Holders of our common stock are entitled to one vote per share in all matters as to which holders of common stock are entitled to vote. Holders of not less than a majority of all of the shares of the stock entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders constitute a quorum unless otherwise required by law.
		

		
			Election of Directors
		

		
			Our directors are elected by a plurality of the votes cast by the holders of our common stock in a meeting at which a quorum is present. “Plurality” means that the individuals who receive the largest number of votes cast are elected as directors, up to the maximum number of directors to be chosen at the meeting. Our stockholders may vote to remove any director for cause by the affirmative vote of a majority of the voting power of outstanding common stock.
		

		
			Liquidation
		

		
			In the event of any liquidation, dissolution or winding up of Golden Minerals, holders of our common stock have the right to receive ratably and equally all of the assets remaining after payment of liabilities and liquidation preferences of any preferred stock then outstanding.
		

		
			Redemption
		

		
			Our common stock is not redeemable or convertible.
		

		
			Preemptive Rights
		

		
			Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights in connection with any future issuance of common stock.
		

		
			
		

		
			

		 

		

		
			Warrants
		

		
			As of December 31, 2019, we had warrants outstanding to purchase 14,653,846 shares of our common stock as follows:
		

			
	
			
				 ·
			

			
	
			
			May 2016 warrants to purchase 1,500,000 shares of common stock at $0.75 per share, exercisable on November 7, 2016 and expiring in November 2021;

			
	
			
				 ·
			

			
	
			
			Series A warrants to purchase 8,653,846 shares of common stock at $0.35 per share, exercisable on January 17, 2020 and expiring in January 2025; and

			
	
			
				 ·
			

			
	
			
			Series B warrants to purchase 4,500,000 shares of common stock at $0.35 per share, exercisable on January 17, 2020 and expiring in May 2022.

		
			The number of shares of our common stock to be received upon the exercise of each warrant discussed above may be adjusted from time to time upon the occurrence of certain events. For more information, refer to the Warrant Agreement set forth as Exhibit 4.2 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Form of Series A Warrant set forth as Exhibit 4.3 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the Form of Series B Warrant set forth as Exhibit 4.4 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K, respectively.
		

		
			Anti-Takeover Effects of our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
		

		
			Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws contain provisions that may delay, defer or discourage another party from acquiring control of us. We expect that these provisions, some of which are summarized below, will discourage coercive takeover practices or inadequate takeover bids. These provisions are also designed to encourage persons seeking to acquire control of us to first negotiate with the board of directors, which we believe may result in an improvement of the terms of any such acquisition in favor of our shareholders. However, they also give the board of directors the power to discourage acquisitions that some shareholders may favor.
		

		
			Special Meetings of Stockholders.  Under our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, special meetings of stockholders may be called only by our board of directors, other than special meetings called solely for the purpose of removing directors for cause, which may be called by requests of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock.
		

		
			No Stockholder Action by Written Consent.  Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws do not permit stockholders to act by written consent
		

		
			Advance Notice Requirements for Stockholder Proposals.  Our Bylaws establish advance notice procedures with respect to stockholder proposals and the nomination of candidates for election as directors, other than nominations made by or at the direction of the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors.
		

		
			Undesignated Preferred Stock.  The authorization of undesignated, or “blank check,” preferred stock will make it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change control of our company.
		

		
			Amendment to Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws.  The affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of our issued and outstanding common stock, voting as a single class, is generally required to amend or repeal our Certificate of Incorporation.  The affirmative vote of holders of not less than 66 2/3% of our outstanding common stock is required to approve amendments to provisions of our Certificate of Incorporation dealing with the exculpation of our directors and the indemnification of our directors and officers. Subject to our Bylaws, our board of directors may from time to time make, amend, supplement or repeal our Bylaws by vote of a majority of our board of directors.
		

		
			Delaware Anti-Takeover Statute
		

		
			We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Section 203 is an anti-takeover
		

		
			
		

		
			

		 

		

		
			law. In general, Section 203 prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date that the person became an interested stockholder, unless the business combination or the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder is approved in a prescribed manner. Generally, a business combination includes a merger, asset or stock sale, or another transaction resulting in a financial benefit to the interested stockholder. Generally, an interested stockholder is a person who, together with affiliates and associates, owns 15% or more of the corporation’s voting stock. The existence of this provision may have an anti-takeover effect with respect to transactions that are not approved in advance by our board of directors, including discouraging attempts that might result in a premium over the market price for the shares of our common stock held by stockholders.

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