Document:

EXHIBIT 4.3

                            CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT
                                     OF THE
                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
                              OF ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

                        UNDER SECTION 805 OF THE BUSINESS
                                 CORPORATION LAW

         WE,  the  undersigned,  ELAZAR  RABBANI  and  BARRY  W.  WEINER,  being
respectively  the  President  and  Secretary of ENZO  BIOCHEM,  INC.,  do hereby
certify:

         1.       The name of the Corporation is ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

         2.       The Certificate of  Incorporation  was filed by the Department
of  State  on  August  13,  1976.

         3.       The Certificate of  Incorporation  is hereby amended to affect
the following changes authorized by the Business Corporation Law:

                  (A)      To increase the capitalization of the Corporation.

                  (B)      To change the address to which the Secretary of State
                           shall mail a copy of process  against the Corporation
                           served upon him.

         4.       To accomplish the  foregoing:

                  (A)      Article 4 is hereby amended to read as follows:

                           "4.  The   aggregate   number  of  shares  which  the
                           Corporation  shall  have  authority  to issue is five
                           million  (30,000,000)  shares,  one  ($.01)  cent par
                           value,  per share,  all of which shall be  designated
                           Common Stock."

                  (B)      Article 5 is hereby amended to read as follows:

                           "5. The  Secretary of State of New York is designated
                           as the agent of the  Corporation  upon  whom  process
                           against  it may be  served.  The  Secretary  of State
                           shall  mail  a  copy  of  any  process   against  the
                           Corporation  which  may  be  served  upon  him to the
                           Corporation  c/o Elazar  Rabbani,  325 Hudson Street,
                           New York, New York 10013."

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         5.       The foregoing  amendments  were  authorized by the vote of the
holders of a majority of all  outstanding  shares  entitled to vote thereon at a
meeting of shareholders held on the 29h day of March 1981.

         IN WITNESS  THEREOF,  we have signed this Certificate on the 3rd day of
June 1981 and we affirm the statements contained herein as true under penalty of
perjury.

                                              /s/
                                              ----------------------------------
                                              Elazar Rabbani, President

                                              /s/
                                              ----------------------------------
                                              Barry W. Weiner, Secretary

                                       2EXHIBIT 4.4

          CERTIFICATE OF AMENDMENT OF THE CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION

                              OF ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

                Under Section 805 of the Business Corporation Law

IT IS HEREBY CERTIFIED THAT:

         FIRST: The name of the Corporation is ENZO BIOCHEM, INC.

         SECOND: The certificate of incorporation was filed by the department of
state on the 13th day of August, 1976.

         THIRD:  The  amendments  of the  certificate  of  incorporation  of the
Corporation affected by this certificate of amendment are as follows:

         Article  4  of  the  certificate  of  incorporation,  relating  to  the
authorized  capital stock of the Corporation,  is hereby amended to increase the
presently  existing  one cent ($.01) par value  common stock and to create a new
class of preferred stock to read as follows:

                  "4. The total  number of shares of all  classes of stock which
                  the  Corporation  shall have authority to issue is one hundred
                  million (100,000,000) shares, divided into twenty-five million
                  (25,000,000)  shares of Preferred Stock of one cent ($.01) par
                  value per share, and seventy-five  million (75,000,000) shares
                  of Common Stock of the par value of one cent ($.01) per share.
                  Each share of Common Stock shall be entitled to one vote.

                  No  shareholder  shall have a preemptive  right to acquire any
                  shares or  securities  of any class,  whether nor or hereafter
                  authorized  which may at any time be  issued,  sold or offered
                  for sale by the Corporation.

                  The  Preferred  Stock may be divided into and issued from time
                  to time in one or more  series as may be fixed and  determined
                  by the Board of Directors. The relative rights and preferences
                  of the  Preferred  Stock of each series shall be such as shall
                  be stated in any  resolution  or  resolutions  adopted  by the
                  Board of Directors setting forth the designation of the series
                  and fixing and determining the relative rights and preferences
                  thereof,  any such  resolution  or  resolutions  being  herein
                  called a  "Directors'  Resolution."  The Board of Directors is
                  hereby  authorized to fix and determine such variations in the
                  designations,   preferences,   and  relative,   participating,
                  optional  or  other   special   rights   (including,   without
                  limitation,  special voting rights,  of conversion into Common
                  Stock or other  securities,  redemption  provisions or sinking
                  fund  provisions)  as between series and between the

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                  Preferred  Stock or any series  thereof and the Common  Stock,
                  and the  qualifications,  limitations or  restrictions of such
                  rights, all as shall be stated in a Directors' Resolution, and
                  the shares of Preferred  Stock or any series  thereof may have
                  full or limited  voting  powers,  or be without voting powers,
                  all as shall be stated in a Directors' Resolution."

         Article 10 of the  certificate  of  incorporation  of the  Corporation,
relating  to the  power of the  Board of  Directors  to  alter,  repeal or adopt
By-laws of the Corporation, is hereby amended to read as follows:

                  "10. The Board of Directors is authorized to alter,  repeal or
                  adopt  By-Laws of the  Corporation.  Any  By-Laws  made by the
                  directors  under the powers  conferred  hereby may be altered,
                  amended or repealed by the  directors or by the  shareholders.
                  Notwithstanding  the foregoing and anything  contained in this
                  certificate  of  incorporation  to the  contrary,  ARTICLE  I,
                  Sections 2 and 11, ARTICLE II, Sections 2, 11, 12, and 15, and
                  ARTICLE V of the  By-Laws  shall not be  altered,  amended  or
                  repealed  and no  provision  inconsistent  therewith  shall be
                  adopted without the affirmative  vote of (i) the holders of at
                  least 50% of the voting power of the then  outstanding  shares
                  of  stock  entitled  to  vote  generally  in the  election  of
                  directors,  voting  together  as a  single  class  and  (ii) a
                  majority of such shares owned by persons not  affiliated  with
                  an  Interested  Shareholder  (as defined in Article 14 of this
                  certificate  of  incorporation)  provided  that notice of such
                  proposed alteration, amendment, repeal or adoption is included
                  in the notice of any special  meeting called for the taking of
                  such  action.  Notwithstanding  any other  provisions  of this
                  certificate of incorporation or the By-Laws of the Corporation
                  (and not withstanding the fact that the lesser  percentage may
                  be specified by law,  this  certificate  of  incorporation  or
                  By-Laws of the  Corporation),  the affirmative vote of (i) the
                  holders  of at  least  80% of the  voting  power  of the  then
                  outstanding  shares or stock entitled to vote generally in the
                  election of directors,  voting together as a single class, and
                  (ii) a majority of such shares  beneficially  owned by persons
                  not affiliated  with an Interested  Shareholder (as defined in
                  Article 14 of this  certificate  of  incorporation),  shall be
                  required to alter,  amend,  adopt any  provision  inconsistent
                  with or repeal this Article 10."

         The following is hereby added to the  certificate of  incorporation  as
Article 12, relating to director's liability:

                  "12.  No director  of the  Corporation  shall be liable to the
                  Corporation or its  shareholders for damages for any breach of
                  duty in such capacity, provided that nothing contained in this
                  Article

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                  shall  eliminate or limit the liability of a director (i) if a
                  judgment   or  other   final   adjudication   adverse  to  him
                  establishes  that his acts or  omissions  were in bad faith or
                  involved intentional  misconduct or a knowing violation of law
                  or that he  personally  gained in fact a  financial  profit or
                  other  advantage to which he was not legally  entitled or that
                  his  acts  violated  Section  710 of  the  New  York  Business
                  Corporation  Law or (ii) for any act or omission prior to July
                  8, 1988."

         The following is hereby added to the  certificate of  incorporation  as
Article 13, relating to classification of the Board of Directors:

                  "13. (a) The  Directors of the  Corporation,  other than those
                  who may be elected by the  holders of any series of  Preferred
                  Stock under specified circumstances, shall be classified, with
                  respect to the time for which they severally hold office, into
                  three classes, as nearly equal in number as possible, as shall
                  be  provided  in the manner  specified  in the  By-Laws of the
                  Corporation,  one class to be  originally  elected  for a term
                  expiring at the annual meeting of  shareholders  to be held in
                  1989,  another  class  to be  originally  elected  for a  term
                  expiring at the annual meeting of  shareholders  to be held in
                  1990,  and another class to be  originally  elected for a term
                  expiring at the annual meeting of  shareholders  to be held in
                  1991,  with each class to hold office  until its  successor is
                  elected  and   qualified.   At  each  annual  meeting  of  the
                  shareholders of the  Corporation,  the successors of the class
                  of  directors  whose  term  expires  at the  meeting  shall be
                  elected  to hold  office  for a term  expiring  at the  annual
                  meeting of  shareholders  held in the third year following the
                  year of their  election.  Election of directors need not be by
                  ballot unless the By-Laws of the Corporation so provide.

                  (b) Advance notice of shareholder nominations for the election
                  of  directors  shall be given in the  manner  provided  in the
                  By-Laws of the Corporation.

                  (c) Newly created directorships resulting from any increase in
                  the  number of  directors  and any  vacancies  on the Board of
                  Directors resulting from death, resignation, disqualification,
                  removal or other cause shall be filled by the affirmative vote
                  of a majority of the remaining  directors then in office, even
                  though  less  than a quorum  of the  Board of  Directors.  Any
                  director  elected in accordance  with the  preceding  sentence
                  shall hold  office for the  remainder  of the full term of the
                  class of directors in which the new  directorship  was created
                  or the vacancy  occurred and until such  director's  successor
                  shall have been  elected  and  qualified.  No  decrease in the
                  number of directors, constituting the Board of Directors shall
                  shorten the term of any incumbent director.

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                  (d)  Subject  to the  rights of the  holders  of any Series of
                  Preferred  Stock, any director may be removed from office only
                  with cause and only by the affirmative vote of (1) the holders
                  of  at  least  80%  of  the  combined   voting  power  of  the
                  then-outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote generally in
                  the election of directors,  voting  together as a single class
                  and  (ii) a  majority  of such  shares  beneficially  owned by
                  persons not  affiliated  with an  Interested  Shareholder  (as
                  defined in Article 14 of this Certificate of Incorporation).

                  (e)  Notwithstanding  any other provisions of this certificate
                  of  incorporation  or  the  By-Laws  of the  Corporation  (and
                  notwithstanding  the  fact  that a  lesser  percentage  may be
                  specified by law, this certificate of incorporation or By-Laws
                  of the  Corporation),  the affirmative vote of (i) the holders
                  of at  least  80% of the  combined  voting  power  of the then
                  outstanding  shares of stock entitled to vote generally in the
                  election of directors,  voting together as a single class, and
                  (ii) a majority of such shares  beneficially  owned by persons
                  not affiliated  with an Interested  Shareholder (as defined in
                  Article 14 of this  certificate  of  incorporation),  shall be
                  required to alter,  amend,  adopt any  provision  inconsistent
                  with or repeal this Article 13."

         The following is hereby added to the  certificate of  incorporation  as
Article 14, relating to business combinations:

                  "14. (1) In addition to any  affirmative  vote required by law
                  or this certificate of incorporation,  and except as otherwise
                  expressly  provided  in  Section  (2) of this  Article  14,  a
                  Business  Combination (as  hereinafter  defined) shall require
                  the affirmative vote of (i) the holders of at least 80% of the
                  voting power of the then  outstanding  shares of capital stock
                  of the Corporation  entitled to vote generally in the election
                  of directors (the "Voting Stock"), voting together as a single
                  class, and (ii) a majority of such shares  beneficially  owned
                  by persons not affiliated with the Interested  Shareholder (as
                  hereinafter defined).  Such affirmative vote shall be required
                  notwithstanding  the fact that no vote may be required or that
                  a  lesser  percentage  may  be  specified,  by  law  or in any
                  agreement with any national securities exchange or otherwise.

                  (2) The provisions of Section (1) of this Article 14 shall not
                  be applicable to any particular Business Combination, and such
                  Business  Combination shall require only such affirmative vote
                  as is  required  by law  and  any  other  provisions  of  this
                  certificate  of  incorporation,   if  all  of  the  conditions
                  specified  in either of the  following  paragraphs A and B are
                  met or, in the case of a Business  Combination  not  involving
                  the payment of  consideration  to the

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                  holders  of  outstanding   Voting  Stock,   if  the  condition
                  specified in the following paragraph A is met:

                           (A)      The  Business  Combination  shall  have been
                                    approved  by a  majority  of the  Continuing
                                    Directors (as hereinafter defined).

                           (B)      All of the following  conditions  shall have
                                    been met:

                                    (i)      The  aggregate  amount  of the cash
                           and the Fair Market Value (as hereinafter defined) as
                           of the  date  of  the  consummation  of the  Business
                           Combination    (the    "Consummation     Date")    of
                           consideration  other  than  cash to be  received  per
                           share by holders of common  stock of the  Corporation
                           in such Business  Combination shall be at least equal
                           to the higher of the following:

                                             (a)      (if     applicable)    the
                                    highest  per  share  price   (including  any
                                    brokerage  commissions,  transfer  taxes and
                                    soliciting   dealers'   fees)  paid  by  the
                                    Interested  Shareholder  for any  shares  of
                                    common stock of the Corporation  acquired by
                                    it   (1)   within   the   two-year    period
                                    immediately   prior  to  the  first   public
                                    announcement of the proposal of the Business
                                    Combination (the "Announcement Date") or (2)
                                    in the  transaction  in which it  became  an
                                    Interested Shareholder, whichever is higher;
                                    or

                                             (b)      the Fair Market  Value per
                                    share of common stock of the  Corporation on
                                    the  Announcement  Date  or on the  date  on
                                    which the Interested  Shareholder  became an
                                    Interested  Shareholder  (such later date is
                                    referred  to  in  this  Article  14  as  the
                                    "Determination Date"), whichever is higher.

                                    (ii)     The  aggregate  amount  of the cash
                           and the Fair Market Value as of the Consummation Date
                           of  consideration  other than cash to be received per
                           share by  holders  of shares  of any  other  class of
                           outstanding  Voting  Stock shall be at least equal to
                           the highest of the following (it being  intended that
                           the  requirements of this paragraph  (B)(ii) shall be
                           required  to be met with  respect  to every  class of
                           outstanding   Voting   Stock,   whether  or  not  the
                           Interested  Shareholder  has previously  acquired any
                           shares of a particular class of Voting Stock);

                                             (a)      (if     applicable)    the
                                    highest  per  share  price   (including  any
                                    brokerage  commissions,  transfer  taxes and
                                    soliciting   dealers'   fees)  paid  by  the
                                    Interested  Shareholder  for any  shares  of
                                    such class of Voting  Stock  acquired  by it
                                    (1) within the two-year  period  immediately
                                    prior to the Announcement Date or (2) in the
                                    transaction in which it became an Interested
                                    Shareholder, whichever is higher;

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                                             (b)      (if     applicable)    the
                                    highest  preferential  amount  per  share to
                                    which the holders of shares of such class of
                                    Voting  Stock are  entitled  in the event of
                                    any  voluntary or  involuntary  liquidation,
                                    dissolution    or    winding   up   of   the
                                    Corporation; and

                                             (c)      the Fair Market  Value per
                                    share of such  class of Voting  Stock on the
                                    Announcement  Date  or on the  Determination
                                    Date, whichever is higher.

                                    (iii)    The consideration to be received by
                           holders of a particular  class of outstanding  Voting
                           Stock  shall  be in cash or in the  same  form as the
                           Interested Shareholder has previously paid for shares
                           of such  class of  Voting  Stock.  If the  Interested
                           Shareholder  has  paid  for  shares  of any  class of
                           Voting Stock with varying forms of consideration, the
                           form of consideration  for such class of Voting Stock
                           shall be either  cash or the form used to acquire the
                           largest  number  of  shares  of such  class of Voting
                           Stock previously acquired by it.

                                    (iv)     After  the  Determination  Date and
                           prior   to  the   consummation   of   such   Business
                           Combination;  (a) except as approved by a majority of
                           the  Continuing  Directors,  there shall have been no
                           failure  to  declare  and  pay  at the  regular  date
                           therefor any full quarterly dividends (whether or not
                           cumulative)  payable in accordance  with the terms of
                           any  outstanding  Voting Stock;  (b) there shall have
                           been (1) no reduction in the annual rate of dividends
                           paid on the common stock of the  Corporation  (except
                           as necessary to any subdivision of the common stock),
                           except as approved  by a majority  of the  Continuing
                           Directors, and (2) an increase in such annual rate of
                           dividends     as    necessary    to    reflect    any
                           reclassification (including any reverse stock split),
                           recapitalization,   reorganization   or  any  similar
                           transaction  which  has the  effect of  reducing  the
                           number of  outstanding  shares of common stock of the
                           Corporation,  unless the failure so to increase  such
                           annual   rate  is  approved  by  a  majority  of  the
                           Continuing   Directors;   and  (c)  such   Interested
                           Shareholder  shall  have not  become  the  beneficial
                           owner of any additional shares of Voting Stock except
                           as  part of the  transaction  which  results  in such
                           Interested   Shareholder   becoming   an   Interested
                           Shareholder.

                                    (v)      After the Determination  Date, such
                           Interested  Shareholder  shall not have  received the
                           benefit,     directly    or    indirectly     (except
                           proportionately  as a  shareholder),  of  any  loans,
                           advances,  guarantees,  pledges  or  other  financial
                           assistance or any tax credits or other tax advantages
                           provided by the Corporation,  whether in anticipation
                           of or in connection with such Business Combination or
                           otherwise.

                                    (vi)     A proxy  or  information  statement
                           describing  the  proposed  Business  Combination  and
                           complying  with the  requirements  of the  Securities
                           Exchange  Act of 1934 and the rules  and  regulations
                           thereunder

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                           (or any  subsequent  provisions  replacing  such Act,
                           rules  or   regulations)   shall  be  mailed  to  all
                           shareholders  of the  Corporation  at  least  30 days
                           prior   to  the   documentation   of  such   Business
                           Combination (whether or not such proxy or information
                           statement  is required to be mailed  pursuant to such
                           Act or subsequent provisions).

                                    (vii)    Such Interested  Shareholder  shall
                           not have made any major changes in the  Corporation's
                           business  or equity  capital  structure  without  the
                           approval of a majority of the Continuing Directors.

                  (3)      For purposes of this Article 14;

                           (A)      The term "Business  Combination"  shall mean
                  any of the  transactions  or series of  transactions  which is
                  referred  to in any one or more of the clauses (i) through (v)
                  below.

                                    (i)      any merger or  consolidation of the
                           Corporation  or  any   Subsidiary   (as   hereinafter
                           defined) with (a) any  Interested  Shareholder or (b)
                           any  other  Corporation  (whether  or not  itself  an
                           Interested  Shareholder)  which  is,  or  after  such
                           merger or  consolidation  would be, an Affiliate  (as
                           hereinafter defined) of an Interested Shareholder; or

                                    (ii)     any    sale,    lease,    exchange,
                           mortgage,  pledge,  transfer or other disposition (in
                           one  transaction or a series of  transactions)  to or
                           with any  Interested  Shareholder or any Affiliate of
                           any  Interested  Shareholder  of  any  assets  of the
                           Corporation  or any  Subsidiary  having an  aggregate
                           Fair Market Value of $1,000,000 or more; or

                                    (iii)    the  issuance  or  transfer  by the
                           Corporation or any Subsidiary (in one  transaction or
                           a series of  transactions)  of any  securities of the
                           Corporation  or  any  Subsidiary  to  any  Interested
                           Shareholder   or  any  Affiliate  of  any  Interested
                           Shareholder in exchange for cash, securities or other
                           property  (or  a  combination   thereof)   having  an
                           aggregate Fair Market Value of $1,000,000 or more; or

                                    (iv)     the   adoption   of  any   plan  or
                           proposal for the  liquidation  or  dissolution of the
                           Corporation proposed by or on behalf of an Interested
                           Shareholder   or  any  Affiliate  of  any  Interested
                           Shareholder; or

                                    (v)      any  reclassification of securities
                           (including    any   reverse    stock    split),    or
                           recapitalization of the Corporation, or any merger or
                           consolidation  of  the  Corporation  with  any of its
                           Subsidiaries or any other transaction (whether or not
                           with or into or  otherwise  involving  an  Interested
                           Shareholder)  which  has  the  effect,   directly  or
                           indirectly,  of increasing the proportionate share of
                           the  outstanding  shares  of any  class of  equity or
                           convertible  securities  of  the  Corporation  or any
                           Subsidiary  which is directly or indirectly  owned by
                           any  Interested  Shareholder  or any Affiliate of any
                           Interested Shareholder.

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                           (B)      A "person" shall mean any individual,  firm,
                  corporation or other entity.

                           (C)      "Interested   Shareholder"  shall  mean  any
                  person (other than the Corporation or any Subsidiary and other
                  than any  profit-sharing,  employee  stock  ownership or other
                  employee  benefit plan of the Corporation or any Subsidiary or
                  any trustee of or fiduciary with respect to any such plan when
                  acting in such capacity) who or which:

                                    (i)      is the beneficial  owner,  directly
                           or indirectly, of more than 9% of the voting power of
                           the outstanding Voting Stock;

                                    (ii)     is an Affiliate  or  Associate  (as
                           hereinafter  defined) of the  Corporation  and at any
                           time within the two-year period  immediately prior to
                           the  date  in  question  was  the  beneficial  owner,
                           directly or  indirectly,  of 9% or more of the voting
                           power of the then outstanding Voting Stock; or

                                    (iii)    is an assignee of or has  otherwise
                           succeeded to any shares of Voting Stock which were at
                           any time within the two-year period immediately prior
                           to the  date in  question  beneficially  owned by any
                           Interested   Shareholder,   if  such   assignment  or
                           succession  shall  have  occurred  in the course of a
                           transaction or series of transactions not involving a
                           public  offering within the meaning of the Securities
                           Act of 1933;

                  provided,  however,  that  the term  "Interested  Shareholder"
                  shall not include any person who, but for this proviso,  would
                  be an Interested Shareholder on June 1, 1988.

                           (D)      A person shall be a  "beneficial  owner"  of
                  any share of Voting Stock:

                                    (i)      which  such  person  or  any of its
                           Affiliates or Associates  beneficially owns, directly
                           or indirectly;

                                    (ii)     which  such  person  or  any of its
                           Affiliates or Associates has (a) the right to acquire
                           (whether  such right is  exercisable  immediately  or
                           only  after the  passage  of time),  pursuant  to any
                           agreement,  arrangement or  understanding or upon the
                           exercise  of  conversion  rights,   exchange  rights,
                           warrants or options,  or otherwise,  or (b) the right
                           to vote  pursuant to any  agreement,  arrangement  or
                           understanding; or

                                    (iii)    which   are   beneficially   owned,
                           directly  or  indirectly,  by any other  person  with
                           which  such  person  or  any  of  its  Affiliates  or
                           Associates   has  any   agreement,   arrangement   or
                           understanding for the purpose of acquiring,  holding,
                           voting or disposing of any shares of Voting Stock.

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                           (E)      For the  purposes of  determining  whether a
                  person is an Interested  Shareholder pursuant to paragraph (C)
                  of this  Section  (3),  the  number of shares of Voting  Stock
                  deemed to be  outstanding  shall  include  shares deemed owned
                  through  application  of paragraph (D) of this Section (3) but
                  shall not include any other  shares of Voting  Stock which may
                  be  issuable   pursuant  to  any  agreement,   arrangement  or
                  understanding, or upon exercise of conversion rights, warrants
                  or options, or otherwise.

                           (F)      "Affiliate"  or  "Associate"  shall have the
                  respective  meanings  ascribed  to such terms in Rule 12b-2 of
                  the  General  Rules  and  Regulations   under  the  Securities
                  Exchange Act of 1934, as in effect on December 10, 1987.

                           (G)      "Subsidiary"  means any Corporation of which
                  a majority of any class of equity security is owned,  directly
                  or indirectly, by the Corporation; PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that for
                  the purposes of the definition of Interested  Shareholder  set
                  forth  in  paragraph   (C)  of  this  Section  (3),  the  term
                  "Subsidiary" shall mean only a Corporation of which a majority
                  of each  class  of  equity  security  is  owned,  directly  or
                  indirectly, by the Corporation.

                           (H)      "Continuing  Director"  means any  member of
                  the Board of Directors of the Corporation (the "Board"), while
                  such person is a member of the Board, who is unaffiliated with
                  the Interested Shareholder and was a member of the Board prior
                  to the time that the Interested Shareholder, and any successor
                  of  a  Continuing   Director  who  is  unaffiliated  with  the
                  Interested   Shareholder  and  is  recommended  to  succeed  a
                  Continuing Director by a majority of Continuing Directors then
                  on the Board.

                           (I)      "Fair Market Value" means (i) in the case of
                  stock, the highest closing sale price during the 30-day period
                  immediately  preceding the date in question of a share of such
                  stock on the Composite Tape for New York Stock Exchange-listed
                  Stocks, or, if such stock is not quoted on the Composite Tape,
                  on the New  York  Stock  Exchange,  or,  if such  stock is not
                  listed  on  such  Exchange,  on the  principal  United  States
                  securities  exchange  registered under the Securities Exchange
                  Act of 1934 on which such  stock is listed,  or, if such stock
                  is not listed on any such exchange,  the highest closing sales
                  price or bid  quotation  with respect to a share of such stock
                  during the 30-day period preceding the date in question on the
                  National  Association of Securities  Dealers,  Inc.  Automated
                  Quotations  System or any  system  then in use,  or if no such
                  quotations are available, the fair market value on the date in
                  question of a share of such stock as  determined in good faith
                  by a majority of the Disinterested  Directors; and (ii) in the
                  case of  property  other than cash or stock,  the fair  market
                  value of such  property on the date in question as  determined
                  in good faith by a majority of the Continuing Directors;

                           (J)      In the event of any Business  Combination in
                  which the  Corporation  survives,  the  phrase  "Consideration
                  other than cash to be received" as used in paragraph  B(i) and
                  (ii) of  Section  (2) of this  Article 14 shall  includes  the

                                       9
<PAGE>

                  shares of common stock of the Corporation and/or the shares of
                  any other class of  outstanding  Voting Stock  retained by the
                  holders of such shares.

                  (4) A majority of the Continuing  Directors of the Corporation
                  shall have the power and duty to determine for the purposes of
                  this  Article  14 on the  basis of  information  known to them
                  after  reasonable   inquiry,   (A)  whether  a  person  is  an
                  Interested  Shareholder,  (B) the  number  of shares of Voting
                  Stock  beneficially  owned by any person, (c) whether a person
                  is an  Affiliate  or  Associate  of  another,  (D)  whether  a
                  transaction or a series of transactions constitutes a Business
                  Combination,  and (E) whether the assets which are the subject
                  of any Business  Combination  have, or the consideration to be
                  received  for the  issuance or transfer of  securities  by the
                  Corporation or any Subsidiary in any Business Combination has,
                  an aggregate Fair Market Value of $1,000,000 or more. Any such
                  determination   made  in  good  faith  shall  be  binding  and
                  conclusive on all parties.

                  (5) Nothing contained in this Article 14 shall be construed to
                  relieve  any   Interested   Shareholder   from  any  fiduciary
                  obligation imposed by law.

                  (6) The fact that any provision complies with paragraph (B) of
                  Section  (2) of this  Article  14 shall  not be  construed  to
                  impose any fiduciary duty obligation or  responsibility on the
                  Board,  or  any  member  thereof,  to  approve  such  Business
                  Combination  or  recommend  its  adoption  or  approval to the
                  shareholders  of the  Corporation  nor shall  such  compliance
                  limit, prohibit or otherwise restrict in any manner the Board,
                  or any  member  thereof,  with  respect to  evaluations  of or
                  actions  and  responses  taken with  respect to such  Business
                  Combination.

                  (7)  Notwithstanding  any other provisions of this certificate
                  of  incorporation  or  the  By-Laws  of the  Corporation  (and
                  notwithstanding  the  fact  that a  lesser  percentage  may be
                  specified by law,  this  certificate  of  incorporation  or by
                  By-Laws of the  Corporation),  the affirmative vote of (a) the
                  holders  of 80%  or  more  of the  voting  power  of the  then
                  outstanding  Voting Stock,  voting together as a single class,
                  and  (b) a  majority  of such  shares  beneficially  owned  by
                  persons not affiliated with the Interested Shareholder,  shall
                  be required to alter, amend or repeal, or adopt any provisions
                  inconsistent  with, this Article 14, provided,  however,  that
                  this Section (7) shall not apply to any alteration, amendment,
                  repeal or adoption unanimously recommended by the Board if all
                  such  directors  are persons who would be eligible to serve as
                  Continuing  Directors  within  the  meaning  of  Section  (3),
                  paragraph H of this Article 14."

                                       10
<PAGE>

         FOURTH: The foregoing amendments of the certificate of incorporation of
the  Corporation  were  authorized  by the  vote at a  meeting  of the  Board of
Directors of the Corporation,  followed by the vote of the holders of at least a
majority of all of the outstanding shares of the Corporation entitled to vote on
the said amendments of the certificate of incorporation.

         IN WITNESS  WHEREOF,  we have  subscribed this document on the date set
forth below and do hereby  affirm,  under the  penalties  of  perjury,  that the
statements contained therein have been examined by us and are true and correct.

Date:  July 21, 1988

                                             /s/
                                             -----------------------------------
                                             Dr. Elazar Rabbani, President

                                             /s/
                                             -----------------------------------
                                             Barry W. Weiner, Secretary

                                       11

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