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                                                                     EXHIBIT 4.1

                              AMENDED AND RESTATED
                          CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
                                       OF
                         AMERICAN REPROGRAPHICS COMPANY,
                             A DELAWARE CORPORATION

                         -------------------------------

                    PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 141(f), 241, AND 245
                     OF THE DELAWARE GENERAL CORPORATION LAW

                         -------------------------------

      AMERICAN REPROGRAPHICS COMPANY, a corporation organized and existing under
and by virtue of the provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law,

      DOES HEREBY CERTIFY:

      FIRST: That the name of this corporation, American Reprographics Company,
was in effect immediately prior to the filing of this Amended and Restated
Certificate of Incorporation and that this Corporation was originally
incorporated pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law on September 30,
2004 under the name American Reprographics Company.

      SECOND: That the Certificate of Incorporation of this corporation shall be
amended and restated in its entirety to read as follows:

                                    ARTICLE I

                                      NAME

      The name of this corporation is American Reprographics Company
("Corporation").

                                   ARTICLE II

                                REGISTERED AGENT

      The address of the registered office of the Corporation in the State of
Delaware is Corporation Trust Center, 1209 Orange Street, in the City of
Wilmington, County of New Castle. The name of the registered agent of the
Corporation in the State of Delaware at such address is The Corporation Trust
Company.

                                  ARTICLE III

                                     PURPOSE

      The purpose of the Corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity
for which

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corporations may be organized under the Delaware General Corporation Law
("DGCL").

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                  CAPITAL STOCK

      A. This Corporation is authorized to issue two classes of stock to be
designated, respectively, common stock ("Common Stock") and preferred stock
("Preferred Stock"). The total number of shares which the Corporation is
authorized to issue is One Hundred Seventy-Five Million (175,000,000) shares.
One Hundred Fifty Million (150,000,000) shares shall be Common Stock, each
having a par value of one-tenth of one cent ($0.001). Twenty-Five Million
(25,000,000) shares shall be Preferred Stock, each having a par value of
one-tenth of one cent ($0.001).

      B. The Preferred Stock may be issued from time to time in one or more
series, without further stockholder approval. The Board of Directors is hereby
expressly authorized to provide for the issue of any or all of the shares of the
Preferred Stock in one or more series, and to fix the number of shares and to
determine or alter for each such series, such voting powers, full or limited, or
no voting powers, and such designation, preferences, and relative,
participating, optional, or other rights and such qualifications, limitations,
or restrictions thereof, including, without limitation, to fix or alter the
dividend rights, dividend rate, conversion rights, voting rights, rights and
terms of redemption (including sinking fund provisions), the redemption price or
prices, and the liquidation preferences of any wholly unissued series of
Preferred Stock, as shall be stated and expressed in the resolution or
resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors providing for the issuance of such
shares and as may be permitted by the DGCL. The Board of Directors is also
expressly authorized to increase or decrease the number of shares of any series
subsequent to the issuance of shares of that series, but not below the number of
shares of such series then outstanding. In case the number of shares of any
series shall be decreased in accordance with the foregoing sentence, the shares
constituting such decrease shall resume the status that they had prior to the
adoption of the resolution originally fixing the number of shares of such
series. The number of authorized shares of Preferred Stock may be increased or
decreased (but not below the number of shares thereof then outstanding) by the
affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the Common Stock, without a
vote of the holders of the Preferred Stock, or of any series thereof, unless a
vote of any such holders is required pursuant to the terms of any certificate of
designation filed with respect to any series of Preferred Stock.

      C. Each outstanding share of Common Stock shall entitle the holder thereof
to one vote on each matter properly submitted to the stockholders of the
Corporation for their vote; provided, however, that, except as otherwise
required by law, holders of Common Stock shall not be entitled to vote on any
amendment to this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of
designation filed with respect to any series of Preferred Stock) that relates
solely to the terms of one or more outstanding series of Preferred Stock if the
holders of such affected series are entitled, either separately or together as a
class with the holders of one or more other such series, to vote thereon by law
or pursuant to this Certificate of Incorporation (including any certificate of
designation filed with respect to any series of Preferred Stock).

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                                   ARTICLE V

                               BOARD OF DIRECTORS

      For the management of the business and for the conduct of the affairs of
the Corporation, and in further definition, limitation and regulation of the
powers of the Corporation, of its directors and of its stockholders or any class
thereof, as the case may be, it is further provided that:

      A. MANAGEMENT OF THE CORPORATION. The management of the business and the
conduct of the affairs of the Corporation shall be vested in its Board of
Directors. In addition to the powers and authority expressly conferred upon them
by statute or by this Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or the
Bylaws of the Corporation, the directors are hereby empowered to exercise all
such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the
Corporation.

      B. NUMBER OF DIRECTORS. The authorized number of directors which shall
constitute the Board of Directors shall be fixed exclusively by resolutions
adopted by a majority of the then authorized number of directors constituting
the Board of Directors.

      C. ELECTION OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS.

            1. Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred
Stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, directors
shall be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders for a term of one year.
Each director shall serve until his successor is duly elected and qualified or
until his death, resignation or removal. No decrease in the number of directors
constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent
director.

            2. The directors of the Corporation need not be elected by written
ballot unless the Bylaws so provide.

            3. In the election of directors, each holder of shares of any class
or series of capital stock of the Corporation shall be entitled to one vote for
each share held. No stockholder will be permitted to cumulative votes at any
election of directors and any such right is expressly denied.

            4. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Article V,
Section C, each director shall serve until his successor is duly elected and
qualified or until his or her death, resignation or removal. No decrease in the
number of directors constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term
of any incumbent director.

      D. ADVANCE NOTICE.

            Advance notice of stockholder nominations for the election of
directors and of business to be brought by stockholders before any meeting of
the stockholders of the Corporation shall be given in the manner provided in the
Bylaws of the Corporation.

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      E. REMOVAL OF DIRECTORS.

         Subject to the rights of any series of Preferred Stock to elect
additional directors under specified circumstances, the Board of Directors or
any individual director may be removed from office at any time: (1) with cause
by the affirmative vote of the holders of 66-2/3% of the voting power of all the
then-outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation, entitled to vote at
an election of directors or (2) without cause by the affirmative vote of the
holders of 66-2/3% of the voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of
capital stock of the Corporation, entitled to vote at an election of directors.

      F. VACANCIES.

         Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred Stock,
any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death, resignation,
disqualification, removal or other causes and any newly created directorships
resulting from any increase in the number of directors, shall, unless the Board
of Directors determines by resolution that any such vacancies or newly created
directorships shall be filled by the stockholders, except as otherwise provided
by law, be filled only by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors
then in office, even though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors, and
not by the stockholders. Any director elected in accordance with the preceding
sentence shall hold office for the remainder of the full term of the director
for which the vacancy was created or occurred and until such director's
successor shall have been elected and qualified.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                             LIABILITY OF DIRECTORS

      A. The liability of the directors for monetary damages shall be eliminated
to the fullest extent under applicable law. If the DGCL is amended to authorize
corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of
directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be
eliminated to the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL, as so amended.

      B. Any repeal or modification of this Article VI shall be prospective and
shall not affect the rights under this Article VI in effect at the time of the
alleged occurrence of any act or omission to act giving rise to liability or
indemnification.

                                  ARTICLE VII

                                 INDEMNIFICATION

      The Corporation shall indemnify its directors and officers to the fullest
extent authorized or permitted by law, as now or hereafter in effect, and such
right to indemnification shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a
director or officer of the Corporation and shall inure to the benefit of his or
her heirs, executors and personal and legal representatives; provided, however,
that, except for proceedings to enforce rights to indemnification, the
Corporation shall not be obligated to indemnify any director or officer (or his
or her heirs, executors, or personal or legal representatives) in connection
with a proceeding (or part thereof)

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initiated by such person unless such proceeding (or part thereof) was authorized
or consented to by the Board of Directors. The right to indemnification
conferred by this Article shall include the right to be paid by the Corporation
the expenses incurred in defending or otherwise participating in any proceeding
in advance of its final disposition.

      The Corporation may, to the extent authorized from time to time by the
Board of Directors, provide rights to indemnification and to the advancement of
expenses to employees and agents of the Corporation similar to those conferred
in this Article to directors and officers of the Corporation.

      The rights to indemnification and to the advancement of expenses conferred
in this Article VII shall not be exclusive of any other right which any person
may have or hereafter acquire under this Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation, the Bylaws of the Corporation, any statute, agreement, vote of
stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

      Any repeal or modification of this Article VII by the stockholders of the
Corporation shall not adversely affect any rights to indemnification and to the
advancement of expenses of a director, officer, employee or agent of the
Corporation existing at the time of such repeal or modification with respect to
any acts or omissions occurring prior to such repeal or modification.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

           LOCATION OF MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS AND BOOKS AND RECORDS

      Meetings of stockholders may be held within or without the State of
Delaware, as the Bylaws of the Corporation may provide. The books of the
Corporation may be kept (subject to any provision contained in the DGCL) outside
the State of Delaware at such place or places as may be designated from time to
time by the Board or in the Bylaws of the Corporation.

                                   ARTICLE IX

                   CALLING OF SPECIAL MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

      Unless otherwise required by law, special meetings of the stockholders,
for any purpose or purposes, may be called by either (i) the Chairman of the
Board of Directors, (ii) Chief Executive Officer, (iii) the President, or (iii)
the Board. The ability of the stockholders to call a special meeting of the
stockholders is hereby specifically denied.

                                   ARTICLE X

                          NO ACTION BY WRITTEN CONSENT

      Following the closing of the initial public offering pursuant to an
effective registration statement under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended
(the "1933 Act"), covering the offer and sale of Common Stock to the public (the
"Initial Public Offering"), no action shall be taken by the stockholders of the
Corporation except at an annual or special meeting of stockholders called in
accordance with the Bylaws and no action shall be taken by the stockholders by
written consent or electronic transmission.

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                                   ARTICLE XI

                            AMENDMENTS OF THE BYLAWS

      The Board of Directors is expressly empowered to adopt, amend or repeal
the Bylaws of the Corporation. Any adoption, amendment or repeal of the bylaws
of the Corporation by the board of directors shall require the approval of a
majority of the authorized number of directors. The stockholders shall also have
power to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the Corporation; provided,
however, that, in addition to any vote of the holders of any class or series of
stock of the Corporation required by law or by this Certificate of
Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66-2/3% of the
voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the capital stock of the
Corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of directors, voting
together as a single class, shall be required to adopt, amend or repeal any
provision of the Bylaws of the Corporation.

                                  ARTICLE XII

                                   AMENDMENTS

      A. The Corporation reserves the right to amend, alter, change or repeal
any provision contained in this Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation, in the manner now or hereafter prescribed by statute, except as
provided in Section B of this Article XII, and all rights conferred upon the
stockholders herein are granted subject to this reservation.

      B. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Certificate of
Incorporation or any provision of law which might otherwise permit a lesser vote
or no vote, but in addition to any affirmative vote of the holders of any
particular class or series of the Corporation required by law or by this Amended
and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or any certificate of designation
filed with respect to a series of Preferred Stock, the affirmative vote of the
holders of at least 66-2/3% of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding
shares of capital stock of the Corporation entitled to vote generally in the
election of directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to
alter, amend or repeal Articles V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, and XII.

                                     * * * *

     THIRD: That the Corporation has not received any payment for any of its
stock.

     FOURTH: That said Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation, which
restates and integrates and further amends the provisions of the Corporation's
Certificate of Incorporation, has been duly adopted by the Board of Directors in
accordance with Sections 141(f), 241 and 245 of the Delaware General Corporation
Law.

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     IN WITNESS WHEREOF, this Certificate has been executed by a duly authorized
officer of the Corporation this 2nd day of February, 2005.

                                  /s/ Mark W. Legg
                                  ----------------------------------------------
                                  Name: Mark W. Legg
                                  Title: Chief Financial Officer and Secretary

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                                                                     EXHIBIT 4.2

                              AMENDED AND RESTATED
                                     BYLAWS

                                       OF

                         AMERICAN REPROGRAPHICS COMPANY,
                             A DELAWARE CORPORATION

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<TABLE>
<S>                                                                                                                <C>
ARTICLE I. OFFICES..............................................................................................    1

         Section 1. Registered Office............................................................................   1

         Section 2. Other Offices................................................................................   1

ARTICLE II. CORPORATE SEAL.....................................................................................     1

         Section 3. Corporate Seal...............................................................................   1

ARTICLE III. STOCKHOLDERS' MEETINGS.............................................................................    1

         Section 4. Place Of Meetings............................................................................   1

         Section 5. Annual Meetings..............................................................................   1

         Section 6. Special Meetings.............................................................................   4

         Section 7. Notice Of Meetings...........................................................................   4

         Section 8. Quorum.......................................................................................   5

         Section 9. Adjournment And Notice Of Adjourned Meetings.................................................   5

         Section 10. Voting Rights...............................................................................   6

         Section 11. Joint Owners Of Stock.......................................................................   6

         Section 12. List Of Stockholders........................................................................   6

         Section 13. Action Without Meeting......................................................................   6

         Section 14. Organization................................................................................   6

ARTICLE IV. DIRECTORS...........................................................................................    7

         Section 15. Number And Term Of Office...................................................................   7

         Section 16. Powers......................................................................................   7

         Section 17. Election of Directors.......................................................................   7

         Section 18. Vacancies...................................................................................   8

         Section 19. Resignation.................................................................................   8

         Section 20. Removal.....................................................................................   8

         Section 21. Meetings....................................................................................   9

         Section 22. Quorum And Voting...........................................................................   9

         Section 23. Action Without Meeting......................................................................   10

         Section 24. Fees And Compensation.......................................................................   10

         Section 25. Committees..................................................................................   10

         Section 26. Organization................................................................................   11

ARTICLE V. OFFICERS.............................................................................................    11

         Section 27. Officers Designated.........................................................................   11

         Section 28. Tenure And Duties Of Officers...............................................................   12
</TABLE>

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<TABLE>
<S>                                                                                                             <C>
         Section 29. Delegation Of Authority...............................................................      13

         Section 30. Resignations..........................................................................      13

         Section 31. Removal...............................................................................      13

ARTICLE VI. EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS AND VOTING OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE
            CORPORATION...................................................................................       13

         Section 32. Execution Of Corporate Instruments....................................................      13

         Section 33. Voting Of Securities Owned By The Corporation.........................................      14

ARTICLE VII. SHARES OF STOCK..............................................................................       14

         Section 34.  Form And Execution Of Certificates...................................................      14

         Section 35. Lost Certificates.....................................................................      15

         Section 36. Transfers.............................................................................      15

         Section 37. Fixing Record Dates...................................................................      15

         Section 38. Registered Stockholders...............................................................      16

ARTICLE VIII. OTHER SECURITIES OF THE CORPORATION.........................................................       16

         Section 39. Execution Of Other Securities.........................................................      16

ARTICLE IX. DIVIDENDS.....................................................................................       16

         Section 40. Declaration Of Dividends..............................................................      16

         Section 41. Dividend Reserve......................................................................      17

ARTICLE X. FISCAL YEAR....................................................................................       17

         Section 42. Fiscal Year...........................................................................      17

ARTICLE XI. INDEMNIFICATION...............................................................................       17

         Section 43. Indemnification of Directors, Executive Officers, Other Officers, Employees And
                Other Agents..............................................................................       17

ARTICLE XII. NOTICES......................................................................................       20

         Section 44. Notices...............................................................................      20

ARTICLE XIII. AMENDMENTS..................................................................................       21

         Section 45. Amendments............................................................................      21

ARTICLE XIV. LOANS TO OFFICERS............................................................................       22

         Section 46. Loans To Officers.....................................................................      22
</TABLE>

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                              AMENDED AND RESTATED
                                     BYLAWS
                                       OF
                         AMERICAN REPROGRAPHICS COMPANY,
                             A DELAWARE CORPORATION

                                   ARTICLE I.

                                     OFFICES

      SECTION 1. REGISTERED OFFICE. The registered office of the corporation in
the State of Delaware shall be in the City of Wilmington, County of New Castle.

      SECTION 2. OTHER OFFICES. The corporation shall also have and maintain an
office or principal place of business at such place as may be fixed by the Board
of Directors, and may also have offices at such other places, both within and
without the State of Delaware as the Board of Directors may from time to time
determine or the business of the corporation may require.

                                  ARTICLE II.

                                 CORPORATE SEAL

      SECTION 3. CORPORATE SEAL. The Board of Directors may adopt a corporate
seal. The corporate seal shall consist of a die bearing the name of the
corporation and the inscription, "Corporate Seal-Delaware." Said seal may be
used by causing it or a facsimile to be impressed or affixed or reproduced or
otherwise.

                                  ARTICLE III.

                             STOCKHOLDERS' MEETINGS

      SECTION 4. PLACE OF MEETINGS. Meetings of the stockholders of the
corporation may be held at such place, either within or without the State of
Delaware, as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors, or,
if not so designated, then at the office of the corporation required to be
maintained pursuant to Section 2 hereof. The Board of Directors may, in its sole
discretion, determine that the meeting shall not be held at any place, but may
instead be held solely by means of remote communication as provided under the
Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL").

      SECTION 5. ANNUAL MEETINGS.

      (a) The annual meeting of the stockholders of the corporation, for the
purpose of election of directors and for such other business as may lawfully
come before it, shall be held on such date and at such time as may be designated
from time to time by the Board of Directors. Nominations of persons for election
to the Board of Directors of the corporation and the proposal of business to be
considered by the stockholders may be made at an annual meeting of

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stockholders: (i) pursuant to the corporation's notice of meeting of
stockholders; (ii) by or at the direction of the Board of Directors; or (iii) by
any stockholder of the corporation who was a stockholder of record at the time
of giving the stockholder's notice provided for in the following paragraph, who
is entitled to vote at the meeting and who complied with the notice procedures
set forth in Section 5.

            (b) At an annual meeting of the stockholders, only such business
shall be conducted as shall have been properly brought before the meeting. For
nominations or other business to be properly brought before an annual meeting by
a stockholder pursuant to clause (iii) of Section 5(a) of these Bylaws, (i) the
stockholder must have given timely notice thereof in writing to the Secretary of
the corporation, (ii) such other business must be a proper matter for
stockholder action under DGCL, (iii) if the stockholder, or the beneficial owner
on whose behalf any such proposal or nomination is made, has provided the
corporation with a Solicitation Notice (as defined in clause (iii) of the last
sentence of this Section 5(b)), such stockholder or beneficial owner must, in
the case of a proposal, have delivered a proxy statement and form of proxy to
holders of at least the percentage of the corporation's voting shares required
under applicable law to carry any such proposal, or, in the case of a nomination
or nominations, have delivered a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of
a percentage of the corporation's voting shares reasonably believed by such
stockholder or beneficial owner to be sufficient to elect the nominee or
nominees proposed to be nominated by such stockholder, and must, in either case,
have included in such materials the Solicitation Notice, and (iv) if no
Solicitation Notice relating thereto has been timely provided pursuant to this
section, the stockholder or beneficial owner proposing such business or
nomination must not have solicited a number of proxies sufficient to have
required the delivery of such a Solicitation Notice under this Section 5. To be
timely, a stockholder's notice shall be delivered to the Secretary at the
principal executive offices of the Corporation not later than the close of
business on the ninetieth (90th) day nor earlier than the close of business on
the one hundred twentieth (120th) day prior to the first anniversary of the
preceding year's annual meeting; provided, however, that in the event that the
date of the annual meeting is advanced more than thirty (30) days prior to or
delayed by more than thirty (30) days after the anniversary of the preceding
year's annual meeting, notice by the stockholder to be timely must be so
delivered not earlier than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth
(120th) day prior to such annual meeting and not later than the close of
business on the later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such annual meeting
or the tenth (10th) day following the day on which public announcement of the
date of such meeting is first made. In no event shall the public announcement of
an adjournment of an annual meeting commence a new time period for the giving of
a stockholder's notice as described above. Such stockholder's notice shall set
forth: (A) as to each person whom the stockholder proposed to nominate for
election or reelection as a director all information relating to such person
that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of
directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case
pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
(the "1934 ACT") and Rule 14a-4(d) thereunder (including such person's written
consent to being named in the proxy statement as a nominee and to serving as a
director if elected); (B) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes
to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be
brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the
meeting and any material interest in such business of such stockholder and the
beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made; and (C) as to
the stockholder giving the notice and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose
behalf the nomination or proposal is made (i)

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the name and address of such stockholder, as they appear on the corporation's
books, and of such beneficial owner, (ii) the class and number of shares of the
corporation which are owned beneficially and of record by such stockholder and
such beneficial owner, and (iii) whether either such stockholder or beneficial
owner intends to deliver a proxy statement and form of proxy to holders of, in
the case of the proposal, at least the percentage of the corporation's voting
shares required under applicable law to carry the proposal or, in the case of a
nomination or nominations, a sufficient number of holders of the corporation's
voting shares to elect such nominee or nominees (an affirmative statement of
such intent, a "SOLICITATION NOTICE").

            (c) Notwithstanding anything in the third sentence of Section 5(b)
of these Bylaws to the contrary, in the event that the number of directors to be
elected to the Board of Directors of the Corporation is increased and there is
no public announcement naming all of the nominees for director or specifying the
size of the increased Board of Directors made by the corporation at least one
hundred (100) days prior to the first anniversary of the preceding year's annual
meeting, a stockholder's notice required by this Section 5 shall also be
considered timely, but only with respect to nominees for any new positions
created by such increase, if it shall be delivered to the Secretary at the
principal executive offices of the corporation not later than the close of
business on the tenth (10th) day following the day on which such public
announcement is first made by the corporation.

            (d) Only such persons who are nominated in accordance with the
procedures set forth in this Section 5 shall be eligible to serve as directors
and only such business shall be conducted at a meeting of stockholders as shall
have been brought before the meeting in accordance with the procedures set forth
in this Section 5. Except as otherwise provided by law, the Chairman of the
meeting shall have the power and duty to determine whether a nomination or any
business proposed to be brought before the meeting was made, or proposed, as the
case may be, in accordance with the procedures set forth in these Bylaws and, if
any proposed nomination or business is not in compliance with these Bylaws, to
declare that such defective proposal or nomination shall not be presented for
stockholder action at the meeting and shall be disregarded.

            (e) Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Section 5, in
order to include information with respect to a stockholder proposal in the proxy
statement and form of proxy for a stockholders' meeting, stockholders must
provide notice as required by the regulations promulgated under the 1934 Act.
Nothing in these Bylaws shall be deemed to affect any rights of stockholders to
request inclusion of proposals in the corporation proxy statement pursuant to
Rule 14a-8 under the 1934 Act.

            (f) For purposes of this Section 5, "public announcement" shall mean
disclosure in a press release reported by the Dow Jones News Service, Associated
Press or comparable national news service or in a document publicly filed by the
corporation with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Section 13,
14 or 15(d) of the 1934 Act.

      SECTION 6. SPECIAL MEETINGS.

            (a) Special meetings of the stockholders of the corporation may be
called, for any purpose or purposes, by the Chairman of the Board of Directors,
(ii)Chief Executive Officer, (iii) the President, or (iii) the Board of
Directors pursuant to a resolution adopted by a majority of

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the total number of authorized directors (whether or not there exist any
vacancies in previously authorized directorships at the time any such resolution
is presented to the Board of Directors for adoption).

            (b) If a special meeting is properly called by any person or persons
other than the Board of Directors, the request shall be in writing, specifying
the general nature of the business proposed to be transacted, and shall be
delivered personally or sent by certified or registered mail, return receipt
requested, to the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive
Officer, or the Secretary of the corporation. No business may be transacted at
such special meeting otherwise than specified in such notice. The Board of
Directors shall determine the time and place of such special meeting, which
shall be held not less than thirty-five (35) nor more than one hundred twenty
(120) days after the date of the receipt of the request. Upon determination of
the time and place of the meeting, the officer receiving the request shall cause
notice to be given to the stockholders entitled to vote, in accordance with the
provisions of Section 7 of these Bylaws. Nothing contained in this paragraph (b)
shall be construed as limiting, fixing, or affecting the time when a meeting of
stockholders called by action of the Board of Directors may be held.

            (c) Nominations of persons for election to the Board of Directors
may be made at a special meeting of stockholders at which directors are to be
elected pursuant to the corporation's notice of meeting (i) by or at the
direction of the Board of Directors or (ii) by any stockholder of the
corporation who is a stockholder of record at the time of giving notice provided
for in these Bylaws who shall be entitled to vote at the meeting and who
complies with the notice procedures set forth in this Section 6(c). In the event
the corporation calls a special meeting of stockholders for the purpose of
electing one or more directors to the Board of Directors, any such stockholder
may nominate a person or persons (as the case may be), for election to such
position(s) as specified in the corporation's notice of meeting, if the
stockholder's notice required by Section 5(b) of these Bylaws shall be delivered
to the Secretary at the principal executive offices of the corporation not
earlier than the close of business on the one hundred twentieth (120th) day
prior to such special meeting and not later than the close of business on the
later of the ninetieth (90th) day prior to such meeting or the tenth (10th) day
following the day on which public announcement is first made of the date of the
special meeting and of the nominees proposed by the Board of Directors to be
elected at such meeting. In no event shall the public announcement of an
adjournment of a special meeting commence a new time period for the giving of a
stockholder's notice as described above.

      SECTION 7. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. Except as otherwise provided by law,
notice, given in writing or by electronic transmission, of each meeting of
stockholders shall be given not less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days
before the date of the meeting to each stockholder entitled to vote at such
meeting, such notice to specify the place, if any, date and hour, in the case of
special meetings, the purpose or purposes of the meeting, and the means of
remote communications, if any, by which stockholders and proxy holders may be
deemed to be present in person and vote at any such meeting. If mailed, notice
is given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to
the stockholder at such stockholder's address as it appears on the records of
the corporation. Notice of the time, place, if any, and purpose of any meeting
of stockholders may be waived in writing, signed by the person entitled to
notice thereof, or by electronic transmission by such person, either before or
after such meeting, and

                                       4
<PAGE>

will be waived by any stockholder by his attendance thereat in person, by remote
communication; if applicable, or by proxy, except when the stockholder attends a
meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting,
to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened. Any stockholder so waiving notice of such meeting shall be bound by
the proceedings of any such meeting in all respects as if due notice thereof had
been given.

      SECTION 8. QUORUM. At all meetings of stockholders, except where otherwise
provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation, or by these Bylaws,
the presence, in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or by proxy
duly authorized, of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of stock
entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. In
the absence of a quorum, any meeting of stockholders may be adjourned, from time
to time, either by the chairman of the meeting or by vote of the holders of a
majority of the shares represented thereat, but no other business shall be
transacted at such meeting. The stockholders present at a duly called or
convened meeting, at which a quorum is present, may continue to transact
business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough
stockholders to leave less than a quorum. Except as otherwise provided by
statute or by applicable stock exchange or Nasdaq rules, or by the Certificate
of Incorporation or these Bylaws, in all matters other than the election of
directors, the affirmative vote of the majority of shares present in person, by
remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the meeting and
entitled to vote generally on the subject matter shall be the act of the
stockholders. Except as otherwise provided by statute, the Certificate of
Incorporation or these Bylaws, directors shall be elected by a plurality of the
votes of the shares present in person, by remote communication, if applicable,
or represented by proxy at the meeting and entitled to vote generally on the
election of directors. Where a separate vote by a class or classes or series is
required, except where otherwise provided by the statute or by the Certificate
of Incorporation or these Bylaws, a majority of the outstanding shares of such
class or classes or series, present in person, by remote communication, if
applicable, or represented by proxy duly authorized, shall constitute a quorum
entitled to take action with respect to that vote on that matter. Except where
otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation or these
Bylaws, the affirmative vote of the majority (plurality, in the case of the
election of directors) of shares of such class or classes or series present in
person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by proxy at the
meeting shall be the act of such class or classes or series.

      SECTION 9. ADJOURNMENT AND NOTICE OF ADJOURNED MEETINGS. Any meeting of
stockholders, whether annual or special, may be adjourned from time to time
either by the chairman of the meeting or by the vote of a majority of the shares
present in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or represented by
proxy at the meeting. When a meeting is adjourned to another time or place, if
any, notice need not be given of the adjourned meeting if the time and place, if
any, thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is taken. At
the adjourned meeting, the corporation may transact any business which might
have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for more
than thirty (30) days or if after the adjournment a new record date is fixed for
the adjourned meeting, a notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given to each
stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

      SECTION 10. VOTING RIGHTS. For the purpose of determining those
stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of the stockholders, except as
otherwise provided by law, only

                                       5
<PAGE>

persons in whose names shares stand on the stock records of the corporation on
the record date, as provided in Section 12 of these Bylaws, shall be entitled to
vote at any meeting of stockholders. Every person entitled to vote shall have
the right to do so either in person, by remote communication, if applicable, or
by an agent or agents authorized by a proxy granted in accordance with Delaware
law. An agent so appointed need not be a stockholder. No proxy shall be voted
after three (3) years from its date of creation unless the proxy provides for a
longer period.

      SECTION 11. JOINT OWNERS OF STOCK. If shares or other securities having
voting power stand of record in the names of two (2) or more persons, whether
fiduciaries, members of a partnership, joint tenants, tenants in common, tenants
by the entirety, or otherwise, or if two (2) or more persons have the same
fiduciary relationship respecting the same shares, unless the Secretary is given
written notice to the contrary and is furnished with a copy of the instrument or
order appointing them or creating the relationship wherein it is so provided,
their acts with respect to voting shall have the following effect: (a) if only
one (1) votes, his act binds all; (b) if more than one (1) votes, the act of the
majority so voting binds all; (c) if more than one (1) votes, but the vote is
evenly split on any particular matter, each faction may vote the securities in
question proportionally, or may apply to the Delaware Court of Chancery for
relief as provided in the DGCL, Section 217(b). If the instrument filed with the
Secretary shows that any such tenancy is held in unequal interests, a majority
or even-split for the purpose of subsection (c) shall be a majority or
even-split in interest.

      SECTION 12. LIST OF STOCKHOLDERS. The Secretary shall prepare and make, at
least ten (10) days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the
stockholders entitled to vote at said meeting, arranged in alphabetical order,
showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered in
the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any
stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting, (a) on a reasonably
accessible electronic network, provided that the information required to gain
access to such list is provided with the notice of the meeting, or (b) during
ordinary business hours, at the principal place of business of the corporation.
In the event that the corporation determines to make the list available on an
electronic network, the corporation may take reasonable steps to ensure that
such information is available only to stockholders of the corporation. The list
shall be open to examination of any stockholder during the time of the meeting
as provided by law.

      SECTION 13. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Following the closing of the initial
public offering pursuant to an effective registration statement under the
Securities Act of 1933 (the "1933 Act"), as amended, covering the offer and sale
of common stock to the public ("the "Initial Public Offering"), no action shall
be taken by the stockholders except at an annual or special meeting of
stockholders called in accordance with these Bylaws, and no action shall be
taken by the stockholders by written consent or by electronic transmission.

      SECTION 14. ORGANIZATION.

            (a) At every meeting of stockholders, the Chairman of the Board of
Directors, or, if a Chairman has not been appointed or is absent, the President,
or, if the President is absent, a chairman of the meeting chosen by a majority
in interest of the stockholders entitled to vote,

                                       6
<PAGE>

present in person or by proxy, shall act as chairman. The Secretary, or, in his
absence, an Assistant Secretary directed to do so by the President, shall act as
secretary of the meeting.

            (b) The Board of Directors of the corporation shall be entitled to
make such rules or regulations for the conduct of meetings of stockholders as it
shall deem necessary, appropriate or convenient. Subject to such rules and
regulations of the Board of Directors, if any, the chairman of the meeting shall
have the right and authority to prescribe such rules, regulations and procedures
and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such chairman, are necessary,
appropriate or convenient for the proper conduct of the meeting, including,
without limitation, establishing an agenda or order of business for the meeting,
rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of
those present, limitations on participation in such meeting to stockholders of
record of the corporation and their duly authorized and constituted proxies and
such other persons as the chairman shall permit, restrictions on entry to the
meeting after the time fixed for the commencement thereof, limitations on the
time allotted to questions or comments by participants and regulation of the
opening and closing of the polls for balloting on matters which are to be voted
on by ballot. The date and time of the opening and closing of the polls for each
matter upon which the stockholders will vote at the meeting shall be announced
at the meeting. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or
the chairman of the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be required to
be held in accordance with rules of parliamentary procedure.

                                  ARTICLE IV.

                                    DIRECTORS

      SECTION 15. NUMBER AND TERM OF OFFICE. The authorized number of directors
which shall constitute the Board of Directors shall be fixed exclusively by
resolutions adopted by a majority of the then authorized number of directors
constituting the Board of Directors. Directors need not be stockholders unless
so required by the Certificate of Incorporation. If for any cause, the directors
shall not have been elected at an annual meeting, they may be elected as soon
thereafter as convenient at a special meeting of the stockholders called for
that purpose in the manner provided in these Bylaws.

      SECTION 16. POWERS. The powers of the corporation shall be exercised, its
business conducted and its property controlled by the Board of Directors, except
as may be otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation.

      SECTION 17. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS.

            (a) Subject to the rights of the holders of any series of Preferred
Stock to elect additional directors under specified circumstances, directors
shall be elected at each annual meeting of stockholders for a term of one year.
Each director shall serve until his successor is duly elected and qualified or
until his death, resignation or removal. No decrease in the number of directors
constituting the Board of Directors shall shorten the term of any incumbent
director.

            (b) No stockholder entitled to vote at an election for directors may
cumulate votes to which such stockholder is entitled, unless, at the time of the
election, the corporation is

                                       7
<PAGE>

subject to Section 2115(b) of the CGCL. During such time or times that the
corporation is subject to Section 2115(b) of the CGCL, every stockholder
entitled to vote at an election for directors may cumulate such stockholder's
votes and give one candidate a number of votes equal to the number of directors
to be elected multiplied by the number of votes to which such stockholder's
shares are otherwise entitled, or distribute the stockholder's votes on the same
principle among as many candidates as such stockholder thinks fit. No
stockholder, however, shall be entitled to so cumulate such stockholder's votes
unless (i) the names of such candidate or candidates have been placed in
nomination prior to the voting and (ii) the stockholder has given notice at the
meeting, prior to the voting, of such stockholder's intention to cumulate such
stockholder's votes. If any stockholder has given proper notice to cumulate
votes, all stockholders may cumulate their votes for any candidates who have
been properly placed in nomination. Under cumulative voting, the candidates
receiving the highest number of votes, up to the number of directors to be
elected, are elected.

      SECTION 18. VACANCIES. Unless otherwise provided in the Certificate of
Incorporation and subject to the rights of the holders of any series of
Preferred Stock, any vacancies on the Board of Directors resulting from death,
resignation, disqualification, removal or other causes and any newly created
directorships resulting from any increase in the number of directors shall,
unless the Board of Directors determines by resolution that any such vacancies
or newly created directorships shall be filled by stockholders, be filled only
by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors then in office, even
though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors. Any director elected in
accordance with the preceding sentence shall hold office for the remainder of
the full term of the director for which the vacancy was created or occurred and
until such director's successor shall have been elected and qualified. A vacancy
in the Board of Directors shall be deemed to exist under this Section 18 in the
case of the death, removal or resignation of any director.

      SECTION 19. RESIGNATION. Any director may resign at any time by delivering
his or her notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Secretary,
such resignation to specify whether it will be effective at a particular time,
upon receipt by the Secretary or at the pleasure of the Board of Directors. If
no such specification is made, it shall be deemed effective at the pleasure of
the Board of Directors. When one or more directors shall resign from the Board
of Directors, effective at a future date, a majority of the directors then in
office, including those who have so resigned, shall have power to fill such
vacancy or vacancies, the vote thereon to take effect when such resignation or
resignations shall become effective, and each Director so chosen shall hold
office for the unexpired portion of the term of the Director whose place shall
be vacated and until his successor shall have been duly elected and qualified.

      SECTION 20. REMOVAL.

      Subject to the rights of any series of Preferred Stock to elect additional
directors under specified circumstances, the Board of Directors or any
individual director may be removed from office at any time: (1) with cause by
the affirmative vote of the holders of 66-2/3% of the voting power of all the
then-outstanding shares of capital stock of the Corporation, entitled to vote at
an election of directors or (2) without cause by the affirmative vote of the
holders of 66-2/3% of the voting power of all the then-outstanding shares of
capital stock of the Corporation, entitled to vote at an election of directors.

                                       8
<PAGE>

      SECTION 21. MEETINGS.

            (a) REGULAR MEETINGS. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate
of Incorporation, regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any
time or date and at any place within or without the State of Delaware which has
been designated by the Board of Directors and publicized among all directors,
either orally or in writing, by telephone, including a voice-messaging system or
other system designed to record and communicate messages, facsimile, telegraph
or telex, or by electronic mail or other electronic means. No further notice
shall be required for regular meetings of the Board of Directors.

            (b) SPECIAL MEETINGS. Unless otherwise restricted by the Certificate
of Incorporation, special meetings of the Board of Directors may be held at any
time and place within or without the State of Delaware whenever called by the
Chairman of the Board, the President, or a majority of the authorized number of
directors.

            (c) MEETINGS BY ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT. Any member of
the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof, may participate in a
meeting by means of conference telephone or other communications equipment by
means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other, and
participation in a meeting by such means shall constitute presence in person at
such meeting.

            (d) NOTICE OF SPECIAL MEETINGS. Notice of the time and place of all
special meetings of the Board of Directors shall be orally or in writing, by
telephone, including a voice messaging system or other system or technology
designed to record and communicate messages, facsimile, telegraph or telex, or
by electronic mail or other electronic means, during normal business hours, at
least twenty-four (24) hours before the date and time of the meeting. If notice
is sent by US mail, it shall be sent by first class mail, charges prepaid, at
least three (3) days before the date of the meeting. Notice of any meeting may
be waived in writing, or by electronic transmission, at any time before or after
the meeting and will be waived by any director by attendance thereat, except
when the director attends the meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at
the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any business because the
meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

            (e) WAIVER OF NOTICE. The transaction of all business at any meeting
of the Board of Directors, or any committee thereof, however called or noticed,
or wherever held, shall be as valid as though had at a meeting duly held after
regular call and notice, if a quorum be present and if, either before or after
the meeting, each of the directors not present who did not receive notice shall
sign a written waiver of notice or shall waive notice by electronic
transmission. All such waivers shall be filed with the corporate records or made
a part of the minutes of the meeting.

      SECTION 22. QUORUM AND VOTING.

            (a) Unless the Certificate of Incorporation requires a greater
number, a quorum of the Board of Directors shall consist of a majority of the
exact number of directors fixed from time to time by the Board of Directors in
accordance with the Certificate of Incorporation; provided, however, at any
meeting whether a quorum be present or otherwise, a

                                       9
<PAGE>

majority of the directors present may adjourn from time to time until the time
fixed for the next regular meeting of the Board of Directors, without notice
other than by announcement at the meeting.

            (b) At each meeting of the Board of Directors at which a quorum is
present, all questions and business shall be determined by the affirmative vote
of a majority of the directors present, unless a different vote be required by
law, the Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws.

      SECTION 23. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. Unless otherwise restricted by the
Certificate of Incorporation or these Bylaws, any action required or permitted
to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors or of any committee thereof
may be taken without a meeting, if all members of the Board of Directors or
committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in writing or by electronic
transmission, and such writing or writings or transmission or transmissions are
filed with the minutes of proceedings of the Board of Directors or committee.
Such filing shall be in paper form if the minutes are maintained in paper form
and shall be in electronic form if the minutes are maintained in electronic
form.

      SECTION 24. FEES AND COMPENSATION. Directors shall be entitled to such
compensation for their services as may be approved by the Board of Directors,
including, if so approved, by resolution of the Board of Directors, a fixed sum
and expenses of attendance, if any, for attendance at each regular or special
meeting of the Board of Directors and at any meeting of a committee of the Board
of Directors. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any
director from serving the corporation in any other capacity as an officer,
agent, employee, or otherwise and receiving compensation therefor.

      SECTION 25. COMMITTEES.

            (a) EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. The Board of Directors may appoint an
Executive Committee to consist of one (1) or more members of the Board of
Directors. The Executive Committee, to the extent permitted by law and provided
in the resolution of the Board of Directors shall have and may exercise all the
powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business
and affairs of the corporation, and may authorize the seal of the corporation to
be affixed to all papers which may require it; but no such committee shall have
the power or authority in reference to (i) approving or adopting, or
recommending to the stockholders, any action or matter expressly required by the
DGCL to be submitted to stockholders for approval, or (ii) adopting, amending or
repealing any bylaw of the corporation.

            (b) OTHER COMMITTEES. The Board of Directors may, from time to time,
appoint such other committees as may be permitted by law. Such other committees
appointed by the Board of Directors shall consist of one (1) or more members of
the Board of Directors and shall have such powers and perform such duties as may
be prescribed by the resolution or resolutions creating such committees, but in
no event shall any such committee have the powers denied to the Executive
Committee in these Bylaws.

            (c) TERM. The Board of Directors, subject to any requirements of any
outstanding series of Preferred Stock and the provisions of subsections (a) or
(b) of this Bylaw,

                                       10
<PAGE>

may at any time increase or decrease the number of members of a committee or
terminate the existence of a committee. The membership of a committee member
shall terminate on the date of his death or voluntary resignation from the
committee or from the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may at any time
for any reason remove any individual committee member and the Board of Directors
may fill any committee vacancy created by death, resignation, removal or
increase in the number of members of the committee. The Board of Directors may
designate one or more directors as alternate members of any committee, who may
replace any absent or disqualified member at any meeting of the committee, and,
in addition, in the absence or disqualification of any member of a committee,
the member or members thereof present at any meeting and not disqualified from
voting, whether or not he or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint
another member of the Board of Directors to act at the meeting in the place of
any such absent or disqualified member.

            (d) MEETINGS. Unless the Board of Directors shall otherwise provide,
regular meetings of the Executive Committee or any other committee appointed
pursuant to this Section 25 shall be held at such times and places as are
determined by the Board of Directors, or by any such committee, and when notice
thereof has been given to each member of such committee, no further notice of
such regular meetings need be given thereafter. Special meetings of any such
committee may be held at any place which has been determined from time to time
by such committee, and may be called by any director who is a member of such
committee, upon notice to the members of such committee of the time and place of
such special meeting given in the manner provided for the giving of notice to
members of the Board of Directors of the time and place of special meetings of
the Board of Directors. Notice of any special meeting of any committee may be
waived in writing at any time before or after the meeting and will be waived by
any director by attendance thereat, except when the director attends such
special meeting for the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the
meeting, to the transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully
called or convened. Unless otherwise provided by the Board of Directors in the
resolutions authorizing the creation of the committee, a majority of the
authorized number of members of any such committee shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business, and the act of a majority of those present at any
meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of such committee.

      SECTION 26. ORGANIZATION. At every meeting of the directors, the Chairman
of the Board of Directors, or, if a Chairman has not been appointed or is
absent, the President (if a director), or if the President is absent, the most
senior Vice President (if a director), or, in the absence of any such person, a
chairman of the meeting chosen by a majority of the directors present, shall
preside over the meeting. The Secretary, or in his absence, any Assistant
Secretary directed to do so by the President, shall act as secretary of the
meeting.

                                   ARTICLE V.

                                    OFFICERS

      SECTION 27. OFFICERS DESIGNATED.

            (a) GENERAL. The officers of the corporation shall include, if and
when designated by the Board of Directors, the Chairman of the Board of
Directors, the Chief

                                       11
<PAGE>

Executive Officer, the President, one or more Vice Presidents, the Secretary,
the Chief Financial Officer, the Treasurer and the Controller, all of whom shall
be elected at the annual organizational meeting of the Board of Directors. Any
one person may hold any number of offices of the corporation at any one time
unless specifically prohibited therefrom by law. The salaries and other
compensation of the officers of the corporation shall be fixed by or in the
manner designated by the Board of Directors.

            (b) SUBORDINATE OFFICERS. The Board of Directors may appoint, or
empower the Chief Executive Officer or, in the his absence, the President, to
appoint, such other officers and agents as the business of the corporation may
require. Each of such officers and agents shall hold office for such period,
have such authority, and perform such duties as are provided herein or as the
Board of Directors may from time to time determine.

      SECTION 28. TENURE AND DUTIES OF OFFICERS.

            (a) GENERAL. All officers shall hold office at the pleasure of the
Board of Directors and until their successors shall have been duly elected and
qualified, unless sooner removed. Any officer elected or appointed by the Board
of Directors may be removed at any time by the Board of Directors. If the office
of any officer becomes vacant for any reason, the vacancy may be filled by the
Board of Directors.

            (b) DUTIES OF CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS. The Chairman of
the Board of Directors, when present, shall preside at all meetings of the
stockholders and the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the Board of Directors
shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also
perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors
shall designate from time to time.

            (c) DUTIES OF CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER. The Chief Executive Officer
shall have general supervision of all the departments and business of the
corporation. The Chief Executive Officer shall be responsible for having all
orders and resolutions of the Board of Directors carried into effect. Unless
some other officer has been elected President of the corporation, the Chief
Executive Officer shall be the president of the corporation. The Chief Executive
Officer shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall
also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of
Directors shall designate from time to time.

            (d) DUTIES OF PRESIDENT. The President shall also serve as the Chief
Operating Officer of the corporation and shall be responsible for the day-to-day
operations of the corporation. The President shall preside at all meetings of
the stockholders and at all meetings of the Board of Directors, unless the
Chairman of the Board of Directors has been appointed and is present. Unless
some other officer has been elected Chief Executive Officer of the corporation,
the President shall be the chief executive officer of the corporation and shall,
subject to the control of the Board of Directors, have general supervision,
direction and control of the business and officers of the corporation. The
President shall perform other duties commonly incident to the office and shall
also perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of
Directors shall designate from time to time.

                                       12
<PAGE>

            (e) DUTIES OF VICE PRESIDENTS. The Vice Presidents may assume and
perform the duties of the President in the absence or disability of the
President or whenever the office of President is vacant. The Vice Presidents
shall perform other duties commonly incident to their office and shall also
perform such other duties and have such other powers as the Board of Directors
or the President shall designate from time to time.

            (f) DUTIES OF SECRETARY. The Secretary shall attend all meetings of
the stockholders and of the Board of Directors and shall record all acts and
proceedings thereof in the minute book of the corporation. The Secretary shall
give notice in conformity with these Bylaws of all meetings of the stockholders
and of all meetings of the Board of Directors and any committee thereof
requiring notice. The Secretary shall perform all other duties provided for in
these Bylaws and other duties commonly incident to the office and shall also
perform such other duties and have such other powers, as the Board of Directors
shall designate from time to time. The President may direct any Assistant
Secretary to assume and perform the duties of the Secretary in the absence or
disability of the Secretary, and each Assistant Secretary shall perform other
duties commonly incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties
and have such other powers as the Board of Directors or the President shall
designate from time to time.

            (g) DUTIES OF CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER. The Chief Financial Officer
shall keep or cause to be kept the books of account of the corporation in a
thorough and proper manner and shall render statements of the financial affairs
of the corporation in such form and as often as required by the Board of
Directors or the President. The Chief Financial Officer, subject to the order of
the Board of Directors, shall have the custody of all funds and securities of
the corporation. The Chief Financial Officer shall perform other duties commonly
incident to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such
other powers as the Board of Directors or the President shall designate from
time to time. The President may direct the Treasurer or any Assistant Treasurer,
or the Controller or any Assistant Controller to assume and perform the duties
of the Chief Financial Officer in the absence or disability of the Chief
Financial Officer, and each Treasurer and Assistant Treasurer and each
Controller and Assistant Controller shall perform other duties commonly incident
to the office and shall also perform such other duties and have such other
powers as the Board of Directors or the President shall designate from time to
time.

      SECTION 29. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY. The Board of Directors may from time
to time delegate the powers or duties of any officer to any other officer or
agent, notwithstanding any provision hereof.

      SECTION 30. RESIGNATIONS. Any officer may resign at any time by giving
notice in writing or by electronic transmission to the Board of Directors or to
the President or to the Secretary. Any such resignation shall be effective when
received by the person or persons to whom such notice is given, unless a later
time is specified therein, in which event the resignation shall become effective
at such later time. Unless otherwise specified in such notice, the acceptance of
any such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any
resignation shall be without prejudice to the rights, if any, of the corporation
under any contract with the resigning officer.

                                       13
<PAGE>

      SECTION 31. REMOVAL. Any officer may be removed from office at any time,
either with or without cause, by the affirmative vote of a majority of the
directors in office at the time, or by the unanimous written consent of the
directors in office at the time, or by any committee or superior officers upon
whom such power of removal may have been conferred by the Board of Directors.

                                  ARTICLE VI.

                     EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS AND
                  VOTING OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION

      SECTION 32. EXECUTION OF CORPORATE INSTRUMENTS. The Board of Directors
may, in its discretion, determine the method and designate the signatory officer
or officers, or other person or persons, to execute on behalf of the corporation
any corporate instrument or document, or to sign on behalf of the corporation
the corporate name without limitation, or to enter into contracts on behalf of
the corporation, except where otherwise provided by law or these Bylaws, and
such execution or signature shall be binding upon the corporation.

      All checks and drafts drawn on banks or other depositaries on funds to the
credit of the corporation or in special accounts of the corporation shall be
signed by such person or persons as the Board of Directors shall authorize so to
do.

     Unless authorized or ratified by the Board of Directors or within the
agency power of an officer, no officer, agent or employee shall have any power
or authority to bind the corporation by any contract or engagement or to pledge
its credit or to render it liable for any purpose or for any amount.

      SECTION 33. VOTING OF SECURITIES OWNED BY THE CORPORATION. All stock and
other securities of other corporations owned or held by the corporation for
itself, or for other parties in any capacity, shall be voted, and all proxies
with respect thereto shall be executed, by the person authorized so to do by
resolution of the Board of Directors, or, in the absence of such authorization,
by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the Chief Executive Officer, the
President, or any Vice President.

                                  ARTICLE VII.

                                SHARES OF STOCK

      SECTION 34. FORM AND EXECUTION OF CERTIFICATES. Certificates for the
shares of stock of the corporation shall be in such form as is consistent with
the Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law. Every holder of stock in
the corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate signed by or in the name
of the corporation by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, or the President
or any Vice President and by the Treasurer or Assistant Treasurer or the
Secretary or Assistant Secretary, certifying the number of shares owned by him
in the corporation. Any or all of the signatures on the certificate may be
facsimiles. In case any officer, transfer agent, or registrar who has signed or
whose facsimile signature has been placed upon a certificate shall have ceased
to be such officer, transfer agent, or registrar before such certificate is
issued, it may be issued with the same effect as if he were such officer,
transfer agent, or registrar at the date of issue. Each certificate shall state
upon the face or back thereof, in full or in summary, all of the

                                       14
<PAGE>

powers, designations, preferences, and rights, and the limitations or
restrictions of the shares authorized to be issued or shall, except as otherwise
required by law, set forth on the face or back a statement that the corporation
will furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers,
designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional, or other
special rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications,
limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Within a
reasonable time after the issuance or transfer of uncertificated stock, the
corporation shall send to the registered owner thereof a written notice
containing the information required to be set forth or stated on certificates
pursuant to this section or otherwise required by law or with respect to this
section a statement that the corporation will furnish without charge to each
stockholder who so requests the powers, designations, preferences and relative
participating, optional or other special rights of each class of stock or series
thereof and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such preferences
and/or rights.

      SECTION 35. LOST CERTIFICATES. A new certificate or certificates shall be
issued in place of any certificate or certificates theretofore issued by the
corporation alleged to have been lost, stolen, or destroyed, upon the making of
an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the certificate of stock to be
lost, stolen, or destroyed. The corporation may require, as a condition
precedent to the issuance of a new certificate or certificates, the owner of
such lost, stolen, or destroyed certificate or certificates, or the owner's
legal representative, to agree to indemnify the corporation in such manner as it
shall require or to give the corporation a surety bond in such form and amount
as it may direct as indemnity against any claim that may be made against the
corporation with respect to the certificate alleged to have been lost, stolen,
or destroyed.

      SECTION 36. TRANSFERS.

            (a) Transfers of record of shares of stock of the corporation shall
be made only upon its books by the holders thereof, in person or by attorney
duly authorized, and upon the surrender of a properly endorsed certificate or
certificates for a like number of shares.

            (b) The corporation shall have power to enter into and perform any
agreement with any number of stockholders of any one or more classes of stock of
the corporation to restrict the transfer of shares of stock of the corporation
of any one or more classes owned by such stockholders in any manner not
prohibited by the DGCL.

      SECTION 37. FIXING RECORD DATES.

            (a) In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders
entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any
adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date,
which record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing
the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date
shall, subject to applicable law, not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten
(10) days before the date of such meeting. If no record date is fixed by the
Board of Directors, the record date for determining stockholders entitled to
notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of
business on the day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or if
notice is waived, at the close of business on the day next preceding the day on
which the meeting is held. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to
notice of or to

                                       15
<PAGE>

vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting;
provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the
adjourned meeting.

            (b) In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders
entitled to receive payment of any dividend or other distribution or allotment
of any rights or the stockholders entitled to exercise any rights in respect of
any change, conversion or exchange of stock, or for the purpose of any other
lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix, in advance, a record date, which
record date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the
record date is adopted, and which record date shall be not more than sixty (60)
days prior to such action. If no record date is fixed, the record date for
determining stockholders for any such purpose shall be at the close of business
on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution relating
thereto.

      SECTION 38. REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS. The corporation shall be entitled to
recognize the exclusive right of a person registered on its books as the owner
of shares to receive dividends, and to vote as such owner, and shall not be
bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or
shares on the part of any other person whether or not it shall have express or
other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of Delaware.

                                  ARTICLE VIII.

                       OTHER SECURITIES OF THE CORPORATION

      SECTION 39. EXECUTION OF OTHER SECURITIES. All bonds, debentures and other
corporate securities of the corporation, other than stock certificates (covered
in Section 34), may be signed by the Chairman of the Board of Directors, the
President or any Vice President, or such other person as may be authorized by
the Board of Directors, and the corporate seal impressed thereon or a facsimile
of such seal imprinted thereon and attested by the signature of the Secretary or
an Assistant Secretary, or the Chief Financial Officer or Treasurer or an
Assistant Treasurer; provided, however, that where any such bond, debenture or
other corporate security shall be authenticated by the manual signature, or
where permissible facsimile signature, of a trustee under an indenture pursuant
to which such bond, debenture or other corporate security shall be issued, the
signatures of the persons signing and attesting the corporate seal on such bond,
debenture or other corporate security may be the imprinted facsimile of the
signatures of such persons. Interest coupons appertaining to any such bond,
debenture or other corporate security, authenticated by a trustee as aforesaid,
shall be signed by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer of the corporation or
such other person as may be authorized by the Board of Directors, or bear
imprinted thereon the facsimile signature of such person. In case any officer
who shall have signed or attested any bond, debenture or other corporate
security, or whose facsimile signature shall appear thereon or on any such
interest coupon, shall have ceased to be such officer before the bond, debenture
or other corporate security so signed or attested shall have been delivered,
such bond, debenture or other corporate security nevertheless may be adopted by
the corporation and issued and delivered as though the person who signed the
same or whose facsimile signature shall have been used thereon had not ceased to
be such officer of the corporation.

                                       16
<PAGE>

                                  ARTICLE IX.

                                   DIVIDENDS

      SECTION 40. DECLARATION OF DIVIDENDS. Dividends upon the capital stock of
the corporation, subject to the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation
and applicable law, if any, may be declared by the Board of Directors pursuant
to law at any regular or special meeting. Dividends may be paid in cash, in
property, or in shares of the capital stock, subject to the provisions of the
Certificate of Incorporation and applicable law.

      SECTION 41. DIVIDEND RESERVE. Before payment of any dividend, there may be
set aside out of any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum
or sums as the Board of Directors from time to time, in their absolute
discretion, think proper as a reserve or reserves to meet contingencies, or for
equalizing dividends, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the
corporation, or for such other purpose as the Board of Directors shall think
conducive to the interests of the corporation, and the Board of Directors may
modify or abolish any such reserve in the manner in which it was created.

                                   ARTICLE X.

                                  FISCAL YEAR

      SECTION 42. FISCAL YEAR. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed
by resolution of the Board of Directors.

                                  ARTICLE XI.

                                INDEMNIFICATION

      SECTION 43. INDEMNIFICATION OF DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, OTHER
OFFICERS, EMPLOYEES AND OTHER AGENTS.

            (a) DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS. The corporation shall indemnify its
directors and officers to the fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL or any
other applicable law; provided, however, that the corporation may modify the
extent of such indemnification by individual contracts with its directors and
officers; and, provided, further, that the corporation shall not be required to
indemnify any director or officer in connection with any proceeding (or part
thereof) initiated by such person unless (i) such indemnification is expressly
required to be made by law, (ii) the proceeding was authorized by the Board of
Directors of the corporation, (iii) such indemnification is provided by the
corporation, in its sole discretion, pursuant to the powers vested in the
corporation under the DGCL or any other applicable law or (iv) such
indemnification is required to be made under subsection (d).

            (b) EMPLOYEES AND OTHER AGENTS. The corporation shall have power to
indemnify its employees and other agents as set forth in the DGCL or any other
applicable law. The Board of Directors shall have the power to delegate the
determination of whether indemnification shall be given to any such person to
such officers or other persons as the Board of Directors shall determine.

                                       17
<PAGE>

            (c) EXPENSES. The corporation shall advance to any person who was or
is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or
completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative, by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or officer, of
the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a
director or officer of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or
other enterprise, prior to the final disposition of the proceeding, promptly
following request therefor, all expenses incurred by any director or officer in
connection with such proceeding provided, however, that if the DGCL requires, an
advancement of expenses incurred by a director or officer in his or her capacity
as a director or officer (and not in any other capacity in which service was or
is rendered by such indemnitee, including, without limitation, service to an
employee benefit plan) shall be made only upon delivery to the corporation of an
undertaking (hereinafter an "UNDERTAKING"), by or on behalf of such indemnitee,
to repay all amounts so advanced if it shall ultimately be determined by final
judicial decision from which there is no further right to appeal (hereinafter a
"FINAL ADJUDICATION") that such indemnitee is not entitled to be indemnified for
such expenses under this Section 43 or otherwise.

      Notwithstanding the foregoing, unless otherwise determined pursuant to
paragraph (e) of this Section 43, no advance shall be made by the corporation to
an officer of the corporation (except by reason of the fact that such officer is
or was a director of the corporation in which event this paragraph shall not
apply) in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal,
administrative or investigative, if a determination is reasonably and promptly
made (i) by a majority vote of directors who were not parties to the proceeding,
even if not a quorum, or (ii) by a committee of such directors designated by a
majority vote of such directors, even though less than a quorum, or (iii) if
there are no such directors, or such directors so direct, by independent legal
counsel in a written opinion, that the facts known to the decision-making party
at the time such determination is made demonstrate clearly and convincingly that
such person acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe
to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation.

            (d) ENFORCEMENT. Without the necessity of entering into an express
contract, all rights to indemnification and advances to directors and officers
under this Bylaw shall be deemed to be contractual rights and be effective to
the same extent and as if provided for in a contract between the corporation and
the director or officer. Any right to indemnification or advances granted by
this Section 43 to a director or officer shall be enforceable by or on behalf of
the person holding such right in any court of competent jurisdiction if (i) the
claim for indemnification or advances is denied, in whole or in part, or (ii) no
disposition of such claim is made within ninety (90) days of request therefor.
The claimant in such enforcement action, if successful in whole or in part,
shall be entitled to be paid also the expense of prosecuting the claim. In
connection with any claim for indemnification, the corporation shall be entitled
to raise as a defense to any such action that the claimant has not met the
standards of conduct that make it permissible under the DGCL or any other
applicable law for the corporation to indemnify the claimant for the amount
claimed. In connection with any claim by an officer of the corporation (except
in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative, by reason of the fact that such officer is or was a director of
the corporation) for advances, the corporation shall be entitled to raise a
defense as to any such action by clear and convincing evidence that such person
acted in bad faith or in a manner that such person did not believe to be in or
not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, or with respect to any
criminal action or proceeding that such person acted without reasonable cause to
believe that his conduct was

                                       18
<PAGE>

lawful. Neither the failure of the corporation (including its Board of
Directors, independent legal counsel or its stockholders) to have made a
determination prior to the commencement of such action that indemnification of
the claimant is proper in the circumstances because he has met the applicable
standard of conduct set forth in the DGCL or any other applicable law, nor an
actual determination by the corporation (including its Board of Directors,
independent legal counsel or its stockholders) that the claimant has not met
such applicable standard of conduct, shall be a defense to the action or create
a presumption that claimant has not met the applicable standard of conduct. In
any suit brought by a director or officer to enforce a right to indemnification
or to an advancement of expenses hereunder, the burden of proving that the
director or officer is not entitled to be indemnified, or to such advancement of
expenses, under this Section 43 or otherwise shall be on the corporation.

            (e) NON-EXCLUSIVITY OF RIGHTS. The rights conferred on any person by
this Bylaw shall not be exclusive of any other right which such person may have
or hereafter acquire under any applicable statute, provision of the Certificate
of Incorporation, Bylaws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested
directors or otherwise, both as to action in his official capacity and as to
action in another capacity while holding office. The corporation is specifically
authorized to enter into individual contracts with any or all of its directors,
officers, employees or agents respecting indemnification and advances, to the
fullest extent not prohibited by the DGCL, or by any other applicable law.

            (f) SURVIVAL OF RIGHTS. The rights conferred on any person by this
Bylaw shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director or officer,
employee or other agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors
and administrators of such a person.

            (g) INSURANCE. To the fullest extent permitted by the DGCL or any
other applicable law, the corporation, upon approval by the Board of Directors,
may purchase insurance on behalf of any person required or permitted to be
indemnified pursuant to this Section 43.

            (h) AMENDMENTS. Any repeal or modification of this Section 43 shall
only be prospective and shall not affect the rights under this Bylaw in effect
at the time of the alleged occurrence of any action or omission to act that is
the cause of any proceeding against any agent of the corporation.

            (i) SAVING CLAUSE. If this Bylaw or any portion hereof shall be
invalidated on any ground by any court of competent jurisdiction, then the
corporation shall nevertheless indemnify each director and officer to the full
extent not prohibited by any applicable portion of this Section 43 that shall
not have been invalidated, or by any other applicable law. If this Section 43
shall be invalid due to the application of the indemnification provisions of
another jurisdiction, then the corporation shall indemnify each director and
officer to the full extent under any other applicable law.

            (j) CERTAIN DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this Bylaw, the
following definitions shall apply:

                                       19
<PAGE>

                  (1) The term "PROCEEDING" shall be broadly construed and shall
include, without limitation, the investigation, preparation, prosecution,
defense, settlement, arbitration and appeal of, and the giving of testimony in,
any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding, whether civil,
criminal, administrative or investigative.

                  (2) The term "EXPENSES" shall be broadly construed and shall
include, without limitation, court costs, attorneys' fees, witness fees, fines,
amounts paid in settlement or judgment and any other costs and expenses of any
nature or kind incurred in connection with any proceeding.

                  (3) The term the "CORPORATION" shall include, in addition to
the resulting corporation, any constituent corporation (including any
constituent of a constituent) absorbed in a consolidation or merger which, if
its separate existence had continued, would have had power and authority to
indemnify its directors, officers, and employees or agents, so that any person
who is or was a director, officer, employee or agent of such constituent
corporation, or is or was serving at the request of such constituent corporation
as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation, partnership,
joint venture, trust or other enterprise, shall stand in the same position under
the provisions of this Section 43 with respect to the resulting or surviving
corporation as he would have with respect to such constituent corporation if its
separate existence had continued.

                  (4) References to a "DIRECTOR," "EXECUTIVE OFFICER,"
"OFFICER," "EMPLOYEE," or "AGENT" of the corporation shall include, without
limitation, situations where such person is serving at the request of the
corporation as, respectively, a director, executive officer, officer, employee,
trustee or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust or
other enterprise.

                  (5) References to "OTHER ENTERPRISES" shall include employee
benefit plans; references to "FINES" shall include any excise taxes assessed on
a person with respect to an employee benefit plan; and references to "SERVING AT
THE REQUEST OF THE CORPORATION" shall include any service as a director,
officer, employee or agent of the corporation which imposes duties on, or
involves services by, such director, officer, employee, or agent with respect to
an employee benefit plan, its participants, or beneficiaries; and a person who
acted in good faith and in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the interest
of the participants and beneficiaries of an employee benefit plan shall be
deemed to have acted in a manner "NOT OPPOSED TO THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE
CORPORATION" as referred to in this Section 43.

                                  ARTICLE XII.

                                    NOTICES

      SECTION 44. NOTICES.

            (a) NOTICE TO STOCKHOLDERS. Written notice to stockholders of
stockholder meetings shall be given as provided in Section 7 herein. Without
limiting the manner by which notice may otherwise be given effectively to
stockholders under any agreement or contract with such stockholder, and except
as otherwise required by law, written notice to stockholders for

                                       20
<PAGE>

purposes other than stockholder meetings may be sent by US mail or nationally
recognized overnight courier, or by facsimile, telegraph or telex or by
electronic mail or other electronic means.

            (b) NOTICE TO DIRECTORS. Any notice required to be given to any
director may be given by the method stated in subsection (a), as otherwise
provided in these Bylaws, or by overnight delivery service, facsimile, telex or
telegram, except that such notice other than one which is delivered personally
shall be sent to such address as such director shall have filed in writing with
the Secretary, or, in the absence of such filing, to the last known post office
address of such director.

            (c) AFFIDAVIT OF MAILING. An affidavit of mailing, executed by a
duly authorized and competent employee of the corporation or its transfer agent
appointed with respect to the class of stock affected, or other agent,
specifying the name and address or the names and addresses of the stockholder or
stockholders, or director or directors, to whom any such notice or notices was
or were given, and the time and method of giving the same, shall in the absence
of fraud, be prima facie evidence of the facts therein contained.

            (d) METHODS OF NOTICE. It shall not be necessary that the same
method of giving notice be employed in respect of all recipients of notice, but
one permissible method may be employed in respect of any one or more, and any
other permissible method or methods may be employed in respect of any other or
others.

            (e) NOTICE TO PERSON WITH WHOM COMMUNICATION IS UNLAWFUL. Whenever
notice is required to be given, under any provision of law or of the Certificate
of Incorporation or Bylaws of the corporation, to any person with whom
communication is unlawful, the giving of such notice to such person shall not be
required and there shall be no duty to apply to any governmental authority or
agency for a license or permit to give such notice to such person. Any action or
meeting which shall be taken or held without notice to any such person with whom
communication is unlawful shall have the same force and effect as if such notice
had been duly given. In the event that the action taken by the corporation is
such as to require the filing of a certificate under any provision of the DGCL,
the certificate shall state, if such is the fact and if notice is required, that
notice was given to all persons entitled to receive notice except such persons
with whom communication is unlawful.

            (f) NOTICE TO STOCKHOLDERS SHARING AN ADDRESS. Except as otherwise
prohibited under DGCL, any notice given under the provisions of DGCL, the
Certificate of Incorporation or the Bylaws shall be effective if given by a
single written notice to stockholders who share an address if consented to by
the stockholders at that address to whom such notice is given. Such consent
shall have been deemed to have been given if such stockholder fails to object in
writing to the corporation within 60 days of having been given notice by the
corporation of its intention to send the single notice. Any consent shall be
revocable by the stockholder by written notice to the corporation.

                                       21
<PAGE>

                                 ARTICLE XIII.

                                   AMENDMENTS

      SECTION 45. AMENDMENTS. The Board of Directors is expressly empowered to
adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the corporation. Any adoption, amendment or
repeal of the Bylaws of the corporation by the Board of Directors shall require
the approval of a majority of the authorized number of directors. The
stockholders shall also have power to adopt, amend or repeal the Bylaws of the
corporation; provided, however, that, in addition to any vote of the holders of
any class or series of stock of the corporation required by law or by the
Certificate of Incorporation, the affirmative vote of the holders of at least
66-2/3% of the voting power of all of the then-outstanding shares of the capital
stock of the corporation entitled to vote generally in the election of
directors, voting together as a single class, shall be required to adopt, amend
or repeal any provision of the Bylaws of the corporation.

                                  ARTICLE XIV.

                                LOANS TO OFFICERS

      SECTION 46. LOANS TO OFFICERS. Except as otherwise prohibited by
applicable law including the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002, the corporation may
lend money to, or guarantee any obligation of, or otherwise assist any officer
or other employee of the corporation or of its subsidiaries, including any
officer or employee who is a Director of the corporation or its subsidiaries,
whenever, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, such loan, guarantee or
assistance may reasonably be expected to benefit the corporation. The loan,
guarantee or other assistance may be with or without interest and may be
unsecured, or secured in such manner as the Board of Directors shall approve,
including, without limitation, a pledge of shares of stock of the corporation.
Nothing in these Bylaws shall be deemed to deny, limit or restrict the powers of
guaranty or warranty of the corporation at common law or under any statute.

                                       22

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