Document:

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                                                                    EXHIBIT 10.5

                       AMENDED AND RESTATED LOAN AGREEMENT

      THIS AMENDED AND RESTATED LOAN AGREEMENT ("Agreement" or "Loan Agreement")
is entered into effective July 27, 2000 by and between CALIFORNIA BANK & TRUST,
A CALIFORNIA BANKING CORPORATION (formerly Sumitomo Bank of California) ("Bank")
and ADVANCED MARKETING SERVICES, INC., a California corporation ("Borrower").

      This Agreement amends and restates that Commercial Loan Agreement ("Loan
Agreement") and Promissory Note dated as of January 20, 1995 in the original
principal amount of Ten Million Dollars ($10,000,000.00) ("Note") as modified
and extended by those Amendment Agreements dated July 31, 1996, March 20, 1997,
August 13, 1997, November 19, 1997 and September 30, 1998. The Note and Loan
Agreement, and all extensions, amendments and modifications thereof and other
documents executed in connection with any of them are collectively referred to
as "Loan Documents."

CREDIT FACILITIES, AMOUNT AND TERMS. BANK AGREES TO MAKE THE FOLLOWING CREDIT
FACILITIES ("LOAN" OR "LOANS") AVAILABLE TO BORROWER ON THE TERMS, COVENANTS AND
CONDITIONS SET FORTH HEREIN.

A.    REVOLVING LINE OF CREDIT. During the Availability Period, Bank will, on a
      revolving basis, make advances to Borrower ("Revolving Line") which may
      not at any time exceed, in the aggregate outstanding the amount of
      $12,000,000.00, less the aggregated outstanding face amount of Letters of
      Credit. During the Availability Period, Borrower may repay principal
      amounts and reborrow them.

            (1)   Minimum Advance. Each advance must be for at least One Hundred
                  Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00), or for the amount of the
                  remaining available Revolving Line, if less.

            (2)   Maximum Loan Balance. Borrower agrees not to permit the
                  outstanding principal balance of the Revolving Line plus the
                  outstanding face amount of any letters of credit, including
                  amounts drawn on letters of credit and not yet reimbursed
                  (such sum is the "Loan Balance"), to exceed the Commitment and
                  is further subject to compliance with the Borrowing Base,
                  defined hereinbelow.

            (3)   Availability Period. Unless extended in writing by Bank, the
                  period under which Borrower may draw on the Revolving Line
                  ("Availability Period") is between the date of this Agreement
                  and August 31, 2002 (the "Maturity Date") unless Borrower is
                  in default, in which event Bank need not make any advances.

            (5)   Interest Rate.

                  (a)   Unless Borrower elects an Optional Interest Rate,
                        advances outstanding hereunder will bear interest at the
                        rate per annum equal to Bank's Prime Rate in effect from
                        time to time. The "Prime Rate"
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                        equals the rate of interest set from time to time by
                        Bank as its Prime Rate. It is determined by Bank as a
                        means of pricing credit extensions to some customers and
                        is neither tied to any external rate of interest or
                        index, nor is it necessarily the lowest rate of interest
                        charged by Bank at any given time for any particular
                        class of customers or credit extensions. Any changes in
                        the interest rate resulting from a change in the Prime
                        Rate shall take effect without notice on the date
                        specified at the time the Prime Rate is set.

                  (b)   Interest shall be calculated on a 365/360 basis; that
                        is, by applying the ratio of the annual interest rate
                        over a year of 360 days, multiplied by the outstanding
                        principal balance, multiplied by the actual number of
                        days the principal balance is outstanding.

                  (c)   Optional Interest Rate. Instead of the interest rate
                        based on Bank's Prime Rate, Borrower may elect to have
                        all or any portion, but not less than $500,000.00 of the
                        revolving portion of the Revolving Line (during the
                        Revolving Availability Period) bear interest at the rate
                        described below ("Optional Interest Rate") during an
                        interest period agreed to in writing by Bank and
                        Borrower. Each interest rate is a rate per annum.
                        Interest will be paid in arrears. At the end of any
                        interest period, the interest rate will revert to the
                        rate based on the Prime Rate, unless Borrower has
                        designated another Optional Interest Rate for that
                        portion. The optional interest rate will be equal to
                        LIBOR, as described below, plus a spread equal to one
                        and one half percent (1.50%) per annum.

                        (i)   LIBOR shall mean the London Interbank Offered
                              Rate, which is the rate of interest at which
                              deposits in U.S. Dollars for one month are offered
                              to first class banks in the London Interbank
                              Market as quoted for the mid-morning average LlBOR
                              rate as published by Telerate Systems, Inc. or
                              such other publications as Bank may reasonable
                              select, two (2) Business Days prior to the
                              commencement of each relevant Interest Period.

                        (ii)  Borrower may select an Optional Interest Rate for
                              periods of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 or 180 days,
                              provided Borrower may not elect an Optional
                              Interest Rate with respect to any portion of the
                              principal balance which is scheduled to be repaid
                              before the last day of the applicable Interest
                              Period.

                        (iii) No portion of the principal balance of the
                              Revolving Line already bearing interest at an
                              Optional Interest Rate may be converted to a
                              different rate during its Interest Period.

                        (iv)  Each prepayment of principal of the Revolving Line
                              which is covered by an Optional Interest Rate,
                              whether voluntary, by reason of acceleration or
                              otherwise, will be accompanied
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                              by the amount of accrued interest on the amount
                              prepaid, and a prepayment fee equal to the amount
                              (if any) by which: (a) the additional interest
                              which would have been payable on the amount
                              prepaid had it not been paid until the last day of
                              the interest period, exceeds (b) the interest
                              which would have been recoverable by Bank by
                              placing the amount prepaid on the deposit in the
                              offshore dollar market for a period starting on
                              the date on which it was prepaid and ending on the
                              last day of the interest period for such portion.

                        (v)   Bank will have no obligation to accept an election
                              of an Optional Interest Rate if: (a) dollar
                              deposits in the principal amount, and for periods
                              equal to the interest period, of an Optional
                              Interest Rate portion are not available in the
                              offshore Dollar Interbank market; or (b) the
                              Optional Interest Rate does not accurately reflect
                              the cost of an Offshore Rate portion.

            (6)   Repayment. Borrower will pay interest monthly on the first day
                  of each calendar month until Maturity, at which time all
                  principal, interest and other charges outstanding shall be
                  due. Borrower may prepay the Revolving Line in full or in part
                  at any time. Any prepayment will be applied first to interest
                  and charges and then to principal. Principal amounts repaid
                  may be re-borrowed.

            (7)   Letter of Credit Sub-limit.

                  (a)   The Revolving Line may be used for financing commercial
                        or standby letters of credit with a maximum maturity of
                        one year, but not to extend more than ninety (90) days
                        beyond the Maturity Date.

                  (b)   The amount of outstanding letters of credit, including
                        amounts drawn on letters of credit and not yet
                        reimbursed, may not exceed at any one time five hundred
                        thousand dollars ($500,000.00).

                  (c)   Any sum drawn under a letter of credit may, at the
                        option of Bank, be added to the principal amount
                        outstanding under the Revolving Line. Such amount will
                        bear interest and be due as described hereinabove at
                        Section 5(a).

                  (d)   In the event any letters of credit are outstanding on
                        the Maturity Date, or in the event an Event of Default
                        shall have occurred, Borrower shall immediately prepay
                        such letters of credit and deposit with Bank, as cash
                        collateral for the obligations of Borrower under such
                        letters of credit, and Borrower hereby grants to Bank a
                        security interest in such cash collateral, an amount
                        equal to the face amount of all outstanding letters of
                        credit, to be applied to repay draws under letters of
                        credit as and when made.
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                  (e)   The issuance of any letter of credit or any amendment to
                        a letter of credit is subject to Bank's written approval
                        and must be in form and content satisfactory to Bank and
                        in favor of a beneficiary acceptable to Bank.

                  (f)   Borrower will sign Bank's form applications for any
                        letter of credit issued pursuant to this Agreement.

                  (g)   Borrower agrees that Bank may automatically charge its
                        deposit account for applicable fees, discounts and other
                        charges relating to any letters of credit.

                  (h)   Borrower will pay any issuance and/or other fees that
                        Bank notifies Borrower will be charged for issuing and
                        processing letters of credit.

INTEREST RATES. The interest rates payable on the above facility will be
computed on the basis of a 360 day year and the actual number of days elapsed.
This results in more interest than if a 365 day year is used.

DEFAULT RATE. Upon the occurrence and during the continuance of any Event of
Default, at Bank's sole option, Borrower shall pay interest on the outstanding
principal and interest at the rate of interest otherwise provided, plus five
percent (5%) (the "Default Rate"). This will not constitute a waiver of any
Event of Default.

FEES AND EXPENSES.

      (a)   Letter of Credit Fees. Borrower agrees to pay any issuance fees/and
            or other fees that Bank notifies Borrower will be charged for
            issuing and processing letters of credit for Borrower.

      (b)   Expenses. Borrower agrees to immediately repay Bank for expenses,
            including without limitation, filing, recording and documentation
            fees. Borrower agrees to reimburse Bank for any expenses it incurs
            in the negotiation and preparation of this Agreement and any
            agreement or instrument required by this Agreement, which expenses
            include, without limitation, reasonable attorneys' fees, including
            any allocated costs of Bank's in house counsel. Borrower further
            agrees to reimburse Bank for the cost of periodic audits and
            appraisals of the collateral securing the Loan, at such intervals as
            Bank may reasonably require, including audits and appraisals
            performed by employees of the Bank.

GUARANTORS. There are no guarantors of the indebtedness.

COLLATERAL. Borrower's obligations to Bank are unsecured.

DISBURSEMENTS, PAYMENTS AND COSTS

      REQUEST FOR CREDIT. Each request for an advance under any line of credit
will be made in writing in a manner acceptable to Bank, or by another means
acceptable to Bank.
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      DISBURSEMENT AND PAYMENTS. Each disbursement by Bank and each payment by
      Borrower will be:

      (a)   made at Bank's branch (or other location) selected by Bank from time
            to time.

      (b)   made for the account of Bank's Branch selected by Bank from time to
            time.

      (c)   made in immediately available funds, or such other type of funds
            selected by Bank.

      (d)   evidenced by records kept by Bank. In addition, Bank may, at its
            discretion, require Borrower to sign one or more promissory notes.

      TELEPHONE AUTHORIZATION

      (a)   Bank may honor telephone instructions for advances or repayments
            given by any officer of Borrower or a person or persons so
            authorized by any officer of Borrower.

      (b)   Advances will be deposited in, and repayments will be withdrawn from
            Borrower's deposit account with Bank.

      (c)   Bank will provide written confirmation to Borrower of transactions
            made based on telephone instructions. Borrower agrees to notify Bank
            promptly of any discrepancy between the confirmation and telephone
            instructions. If there is a discrepancy and Bank has already acted
            on the telephone instructions, the telephone instructions will
            prevail over the written confirmation.

      (d)   Borrower indemnifies and holds Bank harmless (including its
            officers, employees and agents) from all liability, loss, and costs
            in connection with any act resulting from telephone instructions it
            reasonably believes are made by an officer of Borrower or a person
            authorized by an officer of Borrower. This indemnity and agreement
            to hold harmless will survive this Loan Agreement's termination.

      BANKING DAYS. Unless otherwise provided in this Loan Agreement or other
      document executed in connection with any of the loan(s), a "Banking Day"
      is a day other than a Saturday or Sunday on which Bank is open for
      business in California. For amounts bearing interest at an Optional
      Interest Rate (if any), a Banking Day is a day other than a Saturday or a
      Sunday on which Bank is open for business in California and dealing in
      offshore dollars. All payments and disbursement which would be due on a
      day which is not a Banking Day will be due on the next Banking Day. All
      payments received on a day which is not a Banking Day will be applied to
      the applicable loan(s) on the next Banking Day.

      OVERDRAFTS. At Bank's sole option in each instance, Bank may make advances
      under any line of credit to prevent or cover an overdraft on any account
      of Borrower with Bank. Each such advance will accrue interest from the
      date of the advance or the date on which the account is overdrawn,
      whichever occurs first, at the interest rate described in the
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      applicable line of credit from which the advance is made. Borrower shall
      be liable to Bank for any advance made to cover an overdraft.

      OVERADVANCES. If at any time the principal outstanding balance of any line
      of credit exceeds the commitment, that amount shall be immediately due and
      payable.

CONDITIONS. Bank must have received the following fully executed items, in form
and content acceptable to Bank, before it is required to extend any credit to
Borrower under any of the loan(s):

      (a)   Evidence that the execution, delivery and performance by Borrower
            have been duly authorized.

      (b)   Evidence of Insurance coverage, if and as required by Bank.

      (c)   Borrower shall have opened its primary business accounts with Bank.

      (d)   Borrower shall have paid to Bank any commitment fees and costs
            associated with the Loan.

CONDITIONS TO EACH ADVANCE. It shall be a condition to Bank's obligation to make
advances under any line of credit that:

      (a)   Borrower shall not be in default of any payment terms or covenants
            applicable to the Loans.

      (b)   All representations and warranties of Borrower must be true and
            correct.

      (c)   No material adverse change in the financial condition of the
            Borrower or any Guarantor, or to the value of any collateral
            securing the Loan, in Bank's sole discretion, shall have occurred;

REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. Borrower represents and warrants as of the date
of this Agreement and during the term hereof until notice of the contrary is
given that:

      (a) Organization. Borrower is and at all times shall be a corporation duly
organized, validly existing and in good standing under the laws of the State of
California and is and shall be qualified to do business in each jurisdiction
where the character of its business or assets requires such qualification.
Borrower has full power, right and authority to (i) own its property, including,
without limitation, the Property, (ii) carry on its business as now conducted,
(iii) execute and deliver this Loan Agreement and other loan documents and
perform its obligations thereunder, and (iv) consummate the transactions
contemplated hereby.

      (b) Authority. The execution, delivery and performance of this Agreement
and any instrument or agreement required hereunder are within the power of
Borrower, have been duly authorized and do not and will not (1) conflict with
the terms of any charter, bylaws, partnership agreement, trust instruments, or
other organizational papers of Borrower; (2) violate any provision of any law,
rule, regulation, order, writ, judgment, injunction, decree, determination, or
award in effect having applicability to Borrower, or (3) result in a breach of
or constitute a default under any indenture or loan or credit agreement or any
other agreement, lease or
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instrument to which Borrower is a party or by which Borrower or the Property may
be bound or affected.

      (c) Legally Enforceable Agreements. This Agreement is, and each of the
other Loan Documents when delivered under this Agreement or otherwise will be,
legal, valid, and binding obligations of Borrower, enforceable against Borrower
in accordance with their respective terms, except to the extent that such
enforcement may be limited by applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, and other
similar laws affecting creditors' rights generally.

      (d) Litigation. There are no actions, suits or proceedings pending, or to
the knowledge of Borrower, threatened against or affecting Borrower, or
involving the validity or enforceability of any of the Loan Documents or the
priority of the liens created therein, at law or in equity, or before or by any
governmental authority or local authority. Borrower is not in default with
respect to any order, writ, injunction, decree or demand of any court or any
governmental authority.

      (e) ERISA. Any defined benefit pension plans as defined in the Employee
Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended ("ERISA") of Borrower meet,
as of the date hereof, the minimum funding standards of Section 302 of ERISA,
and no Reportable Event or Prohibited Transaction as defined in ERISA has
occurred with respect to any such plan.

      (f) Taxes and Utilities. Borrower has filed all tax returns (federal,
state, and local) required to be filed and have paid all taxes, utility charges,
assessments, and governmental charges and levies on Borrower and the Collateral,
including interest and penalties.

      Each request for an advance shall constitute a renewed representation of
the above matters.

FINANCIAL COVENANTS AND REPORTING. During the term of this Loan Agreement,
Borrower will:

      (a)   Within 45 days of period end, provide Bank with quarterly interim
            financial statements, on a consolidated basis, including a balance
            sheet and income statement and Borrower's filed 10Q;

      (b)   Provide Bank, within 120 days of fiscal year end, CPA audited annual
            financial statements, on a consolidated basis, with an unqualified
            opinion;

      (c)   Not incur debt in excess of $10 million for purchase money
            obligations, unsecured debt and capital lease obligations;

      (d)   Not incur or suffer to exist any liens against its property, except
            in the ordinary course of business or for purchase money
            transactions for real and personal property, including leases, with
            a limitation on such in an aggregate not to exceed $10 million;

      (e)   Not repurchase any of Borrower's own stock in excess of $6 million
            in the aggregate from the date of this document through the Maturity
            date.
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      (f)   Not acquire or purchase a business or its assets for a
            consideration, including assumption of debt and seller financing, if
            the aggregate value of all such transactions, in any rolling 12
            month period, exceed two times the sum of Borrower's trailing four
            quarters' income from operations, lest interest expense for the
            period, less tax expense for the period. Total aggregate
            consideration paid for all acquisitions shall not exceed
            $25,000,000.00;

      (g)   Maintain compliance with the following financial covenants:

            (i)    Maximum Leverage of Total Liabilities to Tangible Net Worth,
                   on a consolidated basis as of the last day of each quarter, a
                   ratio Total Liabilities to Tangible Net Worth not exceeding
                   2.50:1, except for the quarter ending September 30, during
                   which quarter the ratio is not to exceed 3.00:1 and December
                   31, during which quarter the ratio is not to exceed 2.75:1;

                  "Total Liabilities" equals the sum of current liabilities plus
                  long-term liabilities, minus debt subordinated to Borrower's
                  obligations to Bank.

            (ii)  Minimum Tangible Net Worth of $60,000,000.00 on a consolidated
                  basis on the last day of each quarter;

                  "Tangible Net Worth" means book net worth, minus intangible
                  assets plus liabilities subordinated to Bank in a manner
                  acceptable to Bank.

            (iii)  Minimum Current Ratio of 1.15:1;

                  "Current Ratio" means current assets divided by current
                  liabilities.

AFFIRMATIVE COVENANTS. Until the full and final payment of all obligations
incurred hereunder, Borrower will:

      (a)    Repay the Loan(s) in accordance with their terms;

      (b)   Faithfully perform all of the obligations to be performed by
            Borrower under the Loan Documents.

      (c)    Promptly give written notice to Bank of:

            (i)    any change in the principal place of business of Borrower;

            (ii)  any material change in the Property or the business and
                  financial affairs of Borrower;

            (iii)  any default or Event of Default, setting forth in such notice
                   the details of such Default or Event of Default and the
                   action which is proposed to be taken by Borrower with respect
                   thereto;

            (iv)   all actions, suits, and proceedings before any court or
                   governmental department, commission, board, bureau, agency,
                   or instrumentality,
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                  domestic or foreign, affecting Borrower which, if determined
                  adverse to Borrower could have a material adverse effect on
                  the ability of Borrower to perform its obligations under this
                  Loan Agreement;

            (v)   any dispute between Borrower and any governmental regulatory
                  body which may have a material adverse effect on the ability
                  of Borrower to perform its obligations under this Agreement;

      (d)    Permit Bank or its agents with at least 24 hours notice by
             telephone, telephone facsimile and actual delivery of written
             notice to Borrower, to examine and make copies and abstracts from
             the records and books of account of and visit Borrower's premises,
             and to discuss the affairs, finances, and accounts of Borrower with
             any of its employees and Borrower's independent accountants.

      (e)    Insurance. Furnish and maintain, until full repayment of the Loan,
             in form and amounts and from a company satisfactory to Bank,
             policies of insurance, including (i) all risk, fire and hazard
             insurance for the full replacement cost of all property comprising
             Bank's collateral; and (ii) general business business coverage in a
             type and amount typical for Borrower's business.

      (f)    Taxes and Liens. Pay and discharge all lawful claims, including
             taxes, assessments and governmental charges or levies imposed upon
             it, its income or profits, before penalties attach thereto;
             provided, however, that Borrower shall not be required to pay any
             such tax, assessment charge or levy, the payment of which is being
             contested in good faith and by proper proceedings, which serves to
             stay enforcement of such obligations and any lien securing such
             obligations, and Borrower has obtained a bond, insurance or other
             security reasonably satisfactory to Bank to specifically secure
             these liens or obligations.

      (g)    Expense Reimbursement. Upon demand, immediately reimburse Bank for
             any and all expenses incurred in connection with and after the
             execution of this Agreement, whether or not the Loan is made,
             including the expenses of Bank's in-house legal and audit expenses.
             In the event that those expenses are not paid within ten (10) days
             of the Notice, Bank, in its sole and absolute discretion, may treat
             the amount of any expense as a disbursement of Loan proceeds
             hereunder and pay the same (whether by reimbursement of itself or
             by payment to third parties) notwithstanding the fact that the
             conditions precedent set forth herein and/or the requirements of
             any other Article hereof have not been satisfied. In such event,
             the failure to pay the Bank. Expenses upon demand shall constitute
             an Event of Default.

      (h)   Additional Information. Provide in a timely manner to Bank such
            additional information concerning the condition or operations,
            financial or otherwise, of Borrower as Bank may from time to time
            request.

NEGATIVE COVENANTS. Borrower covenants and agrees that, until full and final
payment of all indebtedness incurred hereunder, it will not, without the prior
written consent of Bank:
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      (a)   Liens or Encumbrances. Permit or suffer any additional liens or
            encumbrances except:

            (i)    liens for taxes or assessments or other governmental charges
                   not delinquent or being contested in good faith and by proper
                   proceedings, which serve to stay enforcement of such
                   obligations and any lien securing such obligations, if
                   Borrower has obtained a bond, insurance or other security
                   reasonably satisfactory to Bank to specifically secure these
                   liens or obligations;

            (ii)   purchase money liens on equipment and goods;

            (iii)  liens in favor of Bank; and

            (iv)   liens disclosed and approved in writing by Bank.

      (b)    Change in Organization or Operations. Make any material change,
             revision, amendment or modification of any kind in and to its
             organization and operations or the organization and operation of
             any person or entity comprising the Borrower.

EVENTS OF DEFAULT. Notwithstanding the terms of this Loan Agreement or any note
to the contrary, Bank may, at its option, declare all outstanding sums hereunder
immediately due and payable without notice of default, presentment or demand for
payment, protest or notice of nonpayment or dishonor, or other notices or
demands of any kind or character, upon occurrence of any of the following (each
an "Event of Default"):

      (a)   Borrower fails to pay when due, any payment of interest or principal
            or any other sum due under this Agreement or any of the Loan
            Documents in accordance with the terms hereof, or the Note, or the
            other Loan Documents; or Borrower fails to pay when due, any payment
            of interest or principal or any other sum due under any other
            agreement Borrower has with Bank; or Borrower fails to pay when due,
            any payment of interest or principal or any other sum due under any
            other agreement, or breaches any agreement Borrower may have with
            another lender.

      (b)   Other than as to a default described in (a) above, Borrower fails or
            neglects to perform, keep, or observe any term, provision. covenant,
            condition or agreement set forth in this Agreement or any other Loan
            Documents and such failure, if curable, is not cured within ten (10)
            Business Days after notice to Borrower of such failure.

      (c)   Borrower commences a voluntary case concerning itself under Title 11
            of the United States Code entitled "Bankruptcy" as now or hereafter
            in effect, or any successor thereto (the "Bankruptcy Code"); or an
            involuntary case is commenced against Borrower and the petition is
            not controverted within twenty (20) days, or is not dismissed within
            sixty (60) days, after commencement of the case; or a custodian (as
            defined in the Bankruptcy Code) is appointed for, or takes charge
            of, all or substantially all of the property of Borrower, or
            Borrower commences any other proceedings under any reorganization,
            arrangements, adjustment of debt,
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            relief of debtors, dissolution, insolvency or liquidation or similar
            law of any jurisdiction whether now or hereafter in effect relating
            to such Borrower, or there is commenced against Borrower any such
            proceeding which remains undismissed for a period of sixty (60)
            days, or Borrower is adjudicated insolvent or bankrupt; or any order
            of relief or other order approving any such case or proceeding is
            entered; or Borrower suffers any appointment of any custodian or the
            like for it or any substantial part of its property to continue
            undischarged or unstated for a period of Sixty (60) days; or
            Borrower makes a general assignment for the benefit of creditors; or
            Borrower shall generally not pay its debts as such debts become due,
            or shall admit in writing its inability to pay its debts generally.

      (d)   Any representation or warranty under this Agreement or any
            agreement, instrument or certificate executed pursuant to this
            Agreement or in connection with any transaction contemplated hereby
            shall prove to have been false or misleading in any material respect
            when made or when deemed to have been made.

      (e)   One or more judgments, decrees, or orders for the payment of money
            in excess of Fifty Thousand Dollars in the aggregate shall be
            rendered against Borrower and such judgment, decrees, or orders
            shall continue unsatisfied and in effect for a period of thirty (30)
            consecutive days without being vacated, discharged, satisfied, or
            stayed or bonded pending appeal.

      (f)   A material adverse change occurs in the operations, business,
            property, assets, financial condition or prospects of Borrower.

REMEDIES. Upon the occurrence of an Event of Default herein, Bank shall be
entitled to pursue any and all remedies, rights, privileges and benefits
contained in this Loan Agreement or in any Note or other Loan Document, or
available at law or in equity or by statute, including, without limitation,
declaring the Note immediately due and payable. No remedy conferred upon or
reserved to Bank hereunder or under any of the other Loan Documents is intended
to be exclusive of any other remedy conferred upon or reserved to Bank hereunder
or under any of the other Loan Documents or at law or in equity or by statute,
but each shall be cumulative and shall be in addition to every other remedy
given hereunder or under the other Loan Documents or now or hereafter existing
at law or in equity or by statute. Every power or remedy given by the Loan
Documents to Bank may be exercised, concurrently or independently, from time to
time and as often as may be deemed expedient by Bank, and Bank may pursue
inconsistent remedies.
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MISCELLANEOUS

      No Waiver. No failure on the part of Bank to exercise, and no delay in
exercising, any right, power, or remedy under any Loan Documents shall operate
as a waiver thereof; nor shall any single or partial exercise of any right under
any Loan Documents preclude any other or further exercise thereof or the
exercise of any other right. The remedies provided in the Loan Documents are
cumulative and not exclusive of any remedies provided by law.

      Notices. Any communication between the parties hereto or notices required
to be given under this Loan Agreement may be given at the addresses either party
may designate by written notice to the other party, and shall be deemed to have
been given (i) in the case of notice by express carrier with delivery fees
prepaid, one day after it is sent, (ii) in the case of notice by letter, two
days after it is deposited in the mail certified and return receipt requested,
or (iii) the same day in the case given by facsimile or telecommunication. Any
party may change its address for notices under this Agreement by giving formal
written notice to the other parties, specifying that the purpose of the notice
is to change the party's address. To the extent permitted by applicable law, if
there is more than one Borrower, notice to any Borrower will constitute notice
to all Borrowers. For notice purposes, Borrower, any Guarantor or third party
Grantor agrees to keep Bank informed at all times of their respective current
address(es).

      No Third Party Beneficiary. Neither party intends that this Loan Agreement
is or will be for the benefit of or enforceable by any third party even though
proceeds of the Loan are received by the third party or used either directly or
indirectly for the benefit of the third party.

      Successors and Assigns. The terms and provisions of this Loan Agreement
shall be binding upon, and the benefits shall inure to, the parties and their
respective successors and assigns; provided, however, that Borrower shall not
assign this Agreement or any of the rights, duties or obligations of Borrower
hereunder without the prior written consent of Bank.

      Attorney's Fees. In the event any action is brought to interpret or
enforce this Loan Agreement or the Note or any part thereof, or any other Loan
Document, including without limitation the Guaranty, the prevailing party shall
be entitled to recover reasonable attorneys' fees, expert witness fees, and
litigation related expenses, in addition to costs of suit.

      Costs and Expenses. Borrower agrees to pay on demand all costs and
expenses in connection with the preparation, execution, delivery, filing,
recording, review, and administration of this Loan Agreement or any of the Loan
Documents, including, without limitation, the reasonable fees and out-of pocket
expenses of counsel (including in-house counsel) of Bank

      Choice of Law and Venue: Waiver of Jury Trial. The Loan Documents shall be
deemed to have been made in the State of California and the validity of this
Loan Agreement, the construction, interpretation, and enforcement hereof, and
the rights of the parties hereto be determined under, governed by, and construed
in accordance with the internal laws of the State of California, without regard
to principles of conflicts of law. BORROWER, GUARANTORS AND BANK WAIVE ANY RIGHT
EACH MAY HAVE TO ASSERT THE DOCTRINE OF FORUM NON CONVENIENS OR TO OBJECT TO
VENUE ON ANY BASIS WHATSOEVER. BORROWER, GUARANTORS AND BANK EACH HEREBY
EXPRESSLY, INTENTIONALLY AND KNOWINGLY WAIVE THE RIGHT TO TRIAL BY JURY OF ANY
MATTERS ARISING OUT THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY OF THE
<PAGE>
LOAN DOCUMENTS OR THE CONDUCT OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORROWER AND BANK.

      Severability of Provisions. Any provision of any Loan Document which is
prohibited or unenforceable in any jurisdiction shall, as to such jurisdiction,
be ineffective to the extent of such prohibition or unenforceability without
invalidating the remaining provisions of such Loan Document or affecting the
validity or enforceability of such provision in any other jurisdiction.

      Headings. Article and Section headings in the Loan Documents are included
in such Loan Documents for the convenience of reference only and shall not
constitute a part of the applicable Loan Documents for any other purpose.

      Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the documents described herein
represent the entire agreement of the parties and supersede all prior oral and
written communication between the parties. If there is any conflict between this
Loan Agreement and any documents referred to herein, this Loan Agreement shall
prevail. No amendment of this Loan Agreement shall be valid unless it is in
writing and is signed by the parties to this Loan Agreement.

      Assignments and Participations. Bank may at any time sell, assign, grant
participations in, or otherwise transfer to any other person, firm or
corporation ("Participant") all or part of the indebtedness of Borrower
outstanding under this Agreement or the Note. Borrower hereby acknowledges and
agrees that any such disposition will give rise to a direct obligation of
Borrower to the Participant Borrower agrees and consents to Bank's sale or
transfer, whether now or later, of one or more participation interests in the
Loan to one or more purchasers, whether related or unrelated to Bank. Bank may
provide, without any limitation whatsoever, to any one or more Participants, or
potential Participant, any information or knowledge Bank may have about Borrower
or about any other matter relating to the Loan, and Borrower hereby waives any
rights to privacy it may have with respect to such matters. Borrower
additionally waives any and all notices of sale of participation interests, as
well as all notices of any repurchase of such participation interests. Borrower
also agrees that the Participants will be considered as the absolute owners of
such interests in the Loan and will have all the rights granted under the
participation agreement or agreements governing the sale of such participation
interests. Borrower further waives all rights of offset or counterclaim that it
may have now or later against Bank or against any Participant and
unconditionally agrees that either Bank or such participant may enforce
Borrower's obligations under the Loan(s) irrespective of the failure or
insolvency of any holder of any interest in the Loan(s). Borrower further agrees
that the Participant may enforce its interest irrespective of any personal
claims or defenses that Borrower may have against Bank.

      Documentation. In addition to the instrument and documents mentioned or
referred to herein, Borrower shall, at its own cost and expense, supply Bank
with such other instruments, documents, information and data as are reasonably
necessary, as determined by Bank, for the purposes hereof, all of which shall be
in form and content as reasonably required by Bank.

      Revival Clause. If any of the payments of money or transfers of property
made to Bank by Borrower hereunder or under the Notes should for any reason
subsequently be declared to be "fraudulent" or a "voidable preference" within
the meaning of any state or federal law relating to fraudulent conveyances,
preferential, or otherwise voidable or recoverable, in whole or in part, for any
reason, under the Bankruptcy Code or any other federal or state law
(collectively referred to herein as "Voidable Transfers"), and Bank is required
to repay or restore the amount of any
<PAGE>
such Voidable-Transfers, or any portion thereof, then, as to the amount repaid
or restored pursuant to any such Voidable Transfer (including all costs,
expenses and attorneys' fees of Bank related thereto, including, without
limitation, relief from stay or similar proceedings), the liability of Borrower
shall automatically be revived, reinstated and restored in such amount or
amounts, and shall exist as though such Voidable Transfer had never been made to
Bank. Nothing set forth herein is an admission that any such Voidable Transfer
has occurred. Borrower expressly acknowledges that Bank may rely upon advice of
counsel, and if so advised by counsel, may settle, without defending, any action
to avoid any alleged Voidable Transfer, and that upon settlement, Borrower shall
again be liable for any deficiency resulting from such settlement as provided in
this Section.

      Survival of Representations and Warranties. All representations and
warranties of the Borrower contained herein or in any other Loan Document, or in
any certificate or other writing delivered by or on behalf of the Borrower
pursuant to any Loan Document, will survive the making of the Loan and the
execution and delivery of the Loan Documents, and recordation of the Deed of
Trust, and have been or will be relied upon by Bank, notwithstanding any
investigation made by Bank or on its behalf.

      Appointment of Bank as Attorney in Fact. Until all the obligations have
been paid in full, Borrower irrevocably appoints Bank as its attorney in fact
and authorizes and empowers it to endorse and affix Borrower's name to or upon
any check, draft, note, instrument or other writing relating to any Collateral,
or .upon any check or other instrument given in payment thereof, or upon any
omitted assignment, notification of assignment, demand or auditor's verification
relating to Collateral and upon all other instruments and writings required to
assert and protect Bank's rights in the Collateral.

      Time is of the Essence. Time is of the essence of each and every provision
contained in this Agreement and all of the other Loan Documents.

      Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in multiple counterparts,
each of which shall be deemed an original but all of which shall constitute one
and the same instrument. Bank may rely upon a photocopy or telephonic facsimile
of any such executed counterpart as an original.

      Provisional Remedies. Nothing contained in this Loan Agreement shall be
construed to limit any right that Bank may have under this Agreement or at law
to exercise any provisional remedies that it may have under this Loan Agreement
or any of the other Loan(s).

      IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be
executed this Agreement as of the date first above written.

BANK:                                 BORROWER:

CALIFORNIA BANK &  TRUST              ADVANCED-MARKETING SERVICES, INC.
A CALIFORNIA BANKING CORPORATION      A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

By: /s/ Steve Delong                By: /s/ Michael M. Nicita
    --------------------------          ---------------------------------
Name: Steve Delong                    Name:  Michael M. Nicita
Title:  Vice President                Title:  President and Chief Executive
                                      OfficerExhibit 4.1

                             FIXED RATE SENIOR NOTE

REGISTERED                                                          REGISTERED
No. FXR                                                             $
                                                                    CUSIP:

     Unless this certificate is presented by an authorized representative of
The Depository Trust Company (55 Water Street, New York, New York) to the
issuer or its agent for registration of transfer, exchange or payment, and any
certificate issued is registered in the name of Cede & Co. or such other name
as requested by an authorized representative of The Depository Trust Company
and any payment is made to Cede & Co., ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF
FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL since the registered
owner hereof, Cede & Co., has an interest herein.

                                      A-1
<PAGE>

                                 MORGAN STANLEY
                    SENIOR GLOBAL MEDIUM-TERM NOTE, SERIES C
                                  (Fixed Rate)

                         BRIDGES DUE DECEMBER 30, 2008
              BASED ON THE VALUE OF THE AMEX PHARMACEUTICAL INDEX

<TABLE>
===================================================================================================================
<S>                           <C>                          <C>                          <C>
ORIGINAL ISSUE DATE:          INITIAL REDEMPTION           INTEREST RATE: N/A           MATURITY DATE:
                                DATE: N/A                                                 See "Maturity Date"
                                                                                          below.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
INTEREST ACCRUAL              INITIAL REDEMPTION           INTEREST PAYMENT             OPTIONAL
  DATE: N/A                     PERCENTAGE:                  DATE(S): N/A                 REPAYMENT
                                N/A                                                       DATE(S):  N/A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SPECIFIED CURRENCY:           ANNUAL REDEMPTION            INTEREST PAYMENT             APPLICABILITY OF
  U.S. Dollars                  PERCENTAGE                   PERIOD: N/A                  MODIFIED
                                REDUCTION:  N/A                                           PAYMENT
                                                                                          UPON
                                                                                          ACCELERATION:
                                                                                          See "Alternate
                                                                                          Exchange Calculation
                                                                                          in Case of an Event of
                                                                                          Default" below.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
IF SPECIFIED                  REDEMPTION NOTICE            APPLICABILITY OF             If yes, state Issue Price:
  CURRENCY                      PERIOD: N/A                  ANNUAL                       N/A
  OTHER THAN                                                 INTEREST
  U.S. DOLLARS,                                              PAYMENTS: N/A
  OPTION TO
  ELECT
  PAYMENT IN
  U.S. DOLLARS:
  N/A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXCHANGE RATE                                                                           ORIGINAL YIELD TO
      AGENT:  N/A                                                                             MATURITY: N/A
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
OTHER PROVISIONS:
      (see below)
===================================================================================================================
</TABLE>

Maturity Date.........................  December 30, 2008, subject to extension
                                        in the event of a Market Disruption
                                        Event on the sixth Determination Date
                                        for calculating the Final Average Index
                                        Value.

                                      A-2
<PAGE>

                                        If, due to a Market Disruption Event or
                                        otherwise, the sixth Determination Date
                                        is postponed so that it falls less than
                                        two scheduled Trading Days prior to the
                                        scheduled Maturity Date, the Maturity
                                        Date will be the second scheduled
                                        Trading Day following that sixth
                                        Determination Date as postponed. See
                                        "--Determination Dates" below.

                                        In the event that the sixth
                                        Determination Date is postponed due to
                                        a Market Disruption Event or otherwise,
                                        the Issuer shall give notice of such
                                        postponement as promptly as possible,
                                        and in no case later than one Business
                                        Day following the scheduled sixth
                                        Determination Date, (i) to the holder
                                        of this BRIDGES by mailing notice of
                                        such postponement by first class mail,
                                        postage prepaid, to the holder's last
                                        address as it shall appear upon the
                                        registry books, (ii) to the Trustee by
                                        telephone or facsimile confirmed by
                                        mailing such notice to the Trustee by
                                        first class mail, postage prepaid, at
                                        its New York office and (iii) to The
                                        Depository Trust Company (the
                                        "Depositary") by telephone or facsimile
                                        confirmed by mailing such notice to the
                                        Depositary by first class mail, postage
                                        prepaid. Any notice that is mailed in
                                        the manner herein provided shall be
                                        conclusively presumed to have been duly
                                        given, whether or not the holder of
                                        this BRIDGES receives the notice.

Minimum Denominations.................  $

Amex Pharmaceutical Index.............  The Amex Pharmaceutical Index published
                                        by the American Stock Exchange.

Maturity Redemption Amount............  At maturity the holder of this BRIDGES
                                        shall receive the principal amount of
                                        this BRIDGES plus the Supplemental
                                        Redemption Amount, if any.

Supplemental Redemption Amount........  The Supplemental Redemption Amount
                                        payable with respect to this BRIDGES at
                                        maturity shall be equal to the greater
                                        of (i) zero and (ii) the product of the
                                        principal amount of this BRIDGES times
                                        the DRG Index Percent Change times the
                                        Participation Rate. The Calculation
                                        Agent shall calculate the Supplemental
                                        Redemption Amount on the sixth
                                        Determination Date.

                                      A-3
<PAGE>

                                        The Issuer shall cause the Calculation
                                        Agent to provide written notice to the
                                        Trustee at its New York office, on
                                        which notice the Trustee may
                                        conclusively rely, of the Supplemental
                                        Redemption Amount, on or prior to 11:00
                                        a.m. on the Business Day preceding the
                                        Maturity Date.

DRG Index Percent Change..............  The DRG Index Percent Change is a
                                        fraction, the numerator of which shall
                                        be the Final Average Index Performance
                                        and the denominator of which shall be
                                        the Initial Index Value. The DRG Index
                                        Percent Change is described by the
                                        following formula:

                                            Final Average Index Performance
                                            -------------------------------
                                                  Initial Index Value

Participation Rate....................  %

Initial Index Value...................

Final Average Index Performance.......  The Final Average Index Value minus the
                                        Benchmark Index Value.

Benchmark Index Value.................  The lesser of (i) the Initial Index
                                        Value and (ii) the Index Closing Value
                                        on December 30, 2002, as determined by
                                        the Calculation Agent.

Final Average Index Value.............  The arithmetic average of the Index
                                        Closing Values on each of the
                                        Determination Dates, as determined by
                                        the Calculation Agent.

Index Closing Value...................  The Index Closing Value on any Trading
                                        Day shall equal the closing value of
                                        the DRG Index or any Successor Index
                                        (as defined under "--Discontinuance of
                                        the DRG Index; Alteration of Method of
                                        Calculation" below) at the regular
                                        official weekday close of the principal
                                        trading session of the New York Stock
                                        Exchange (the "NYSE") on that Trading
                                        Day. In certain circumstances, the
                                        Index Closing Value shall be based on
                                        the alternate calculation of the DRG
                                        Index described under "--Discontinuance
                                        of the DRG Index; Alteration of Method
                                        of Calculation."

                                        References to the DRG Index shall
                                        include any Successor Index, unless the
                                        context requires otherwise.

                                      A-4
<PAGE>

Determination Dates...................  The Determination Dates shall be
                                        December 30, 2003, December 30, 2004,
                                        December 30, 2005, December 30, 2006,
                                        December 30, 2007 and December 26,
                                        2008, in each such case subject to
                                        adjustment for Market Disruption Events
                                        as described in the two following
                                        paragraphs.

                                        If any of the first five scheduled
                                        Determination Dates is not a Trading
                                        Day or if a Market Disruption Event
                                        occurs on any such date, such
                                        Determination Date shall be the
                                        immediately succeeding Trading Day
                                        during which no Market Disruption Event
                                        shall have occurred; provided that if a
                                        Market Disruption Event has occurred on
                                        each of the five Trading Days
                                        immediately succeeding any of the first
                                        five scheduled Determination Dates,
                                        then (i) such fifth succeeding Trading
                                        Day shall be deemed to be the relevant
                                        Determination Date, notwithstanding the
                                        occurrence of a Market Disruption Event
                                        on such day, and (ii) with respect to
                                        any such fifth Trading Day on which a
                                        Market Disruption Event occurs, the
                                        Calculation Agent shall determine the
                                        value of the DRG Index on such fifth
                                        Trading Day in accordance with the
                                        formula for and method of calculating
                                        the value of the DRG Index last in
                                        effect prior to the commencement of the
                                        Market Disruption Event, using the
                                        closing price (or, if trading in the
                                        relevant securities has been materially
                                        suspended or materially limited, its
                                        good faith estimate of the closing
                                        price that would have prevailed but for
                                        such suspension or limitation) on such
                                        Trading Day of each security most
                                        recently comprising the DRG Index.

                                        If December 26, 2008 (the sixth
                                        scheduled Determination Date) is not a
                                        Trading Day or if there is a Market
                                        Disruption Event on such day, the sixth
                                        Determination Date shall be the
                                        immediately succeeding Trading Day
                                        during which no Market Disruption Event
                                        shall have occurred.

Trading Day...........................  A day, as determined by the Calculation
                                        Agent, on which trading is generally
                                        conducted on the New York Stock
                                        Exchange ("NYSE"), the American Stock
                                        Exchange, Inc. ("AMEX"), the Nasdaq
                                        National Market, the Chicago Mercantile
                                        Exchange and the Chicago Board of
                                        Options

                                      A-5
<PAGE>

                                        Exchange and in the over-the-counter
                                        market for equity securities in the
                                        United States.

Market Disruption Event...............  "Market Disruption Event" means, with
                                        respect to the DRG Index, the
                                        occurrence or existence of a
                                        suspension, absence or material
                                        limitation of trading of stocks then
                                        constituting 20% or more of the level
                                        of the DRG Index (or the relevant
                                        Successor Index) on the Relevant
                                        Exchanges for such securities for more
                                        than two hours of trading or during the
                                        one-half hour period preceding the
                                        close of the principal trading session
                                        on such Relevant Exchange; or a
                                        breakdown or failure in the price and
                                        trade reporting systems of any Relevant
                                        Exchange as a result of which the
                                        reported trading prices for stocks then
                                        constituting 20% or more of the level
                                        of the DRG Index (or the relevant
                                        Successor Index) during the last
                                        one-half hour preceding the close of
                                        the principal trading session on such
                                        Relevant Exchange are materially
                                        inaccurate; or the suspension, material
                                        limitation or absence of trading on any
                                        major U.S. securities market for
                                        trading in futures or options contracts
                                        related to the DRG Index (or the
                                        relevant Successor Index) for more than
                                        two hours of trading or during the
                                        one-half hour period preceding the
                                        close of the principal trading session
                                        on such market, in each case as
                                        determined by the Calculation Agent in
                                        its sole discretion.

                                        For the purpose of determining whether
                                        a Market Disruption Event exists at any
                                        time, if trading in a security included
                                        in the DRG Index is materially
                                        suspended or materially limited at that
                                        time, then the relevant percentage
                                        contribution of that security to the
                                        level of the DRG Index shall be based
                                        on a comparison of (x) the portion of
                                        the level of the DRG Index attributable
                                        to that security relative to (y) the
                                        overall level of the DRG Index, in each
                                        case immediately before that suspension
                                        or limitation.

                                        For purposes of determining whether a
                                        Market Disruption Event has occurred:
                                        (1) a limitation on the hours or number
                                        of days of trading shall not constitute
                                        a Market Disruption Event if it results
                                        from an announced change in the regular
                                        business hours of the relevant exchange
                                        or market, (2) a decision to
                                        permanently discontinue trading

                                      A-6
<PAGE>

                                        in the relevant futures or options
                                        contract shall not constitute a Market
                                        Disruption Event, (3) limitations
                                        pursuant to the rules of any Relevant
                                        Exchange similar to NYSE Rule 80A (or
                                        any applicable rule or regulation
                                        enacted or promulgated by any other
                                        self-regulatory organization or any
                                        government agency of scope similar to
                                        NYSE Rule 80A as determined by the
                                        Calculation Agent) on trading during
                                        significant market fluctuations shall
                                        constitute a suspension, absence or
                                        material limitation of trading, (4) a
                                        suspension of trading in futures or
                                        options contracts on the DRG Index by
                                        the primary securities market trading
                                        in such contracts by reason of (a) a
                                        price change exceeding limits set by
                                        such exchange or market, (b) an
                                        imbalance of orders relating to such
                                        contracts or (c) a disparity in bid and
                                        ask quotes relating to such contracts
                                        shall constitute a suspension, absence
                                        or material limitation of trading in
                                        futures or options contracts related to
                                        the DRG Index and (5) a "suspension,
                                        absence or material limitation of
                                        trading" on any Relevant Exchange or on
                                        the primary market on which futures or
                                        options contracts related to the DRG
                                        Index are traded shall not include any
                                        time when such market is itself closed
                                        for trading under ordinary
                                        circumstances.

Relevant Exchange.....................  "Relevant Exchange" means the primary
                                        U.S. organized exchange or market of
                                        trading for any security then included
                                        in the DRG Index or any Successor
                                        Index.

Alternative Exchange Calculation
in Case of an Event of Default .......  In case an Event of Default with
                                        respect to this BRIDGES shall have
                                        occurred and be continuing, the amount
                                        declared due and payable for this
                                        BRIDGES upon any acceleration of this
                                        BRIDGES shall be determined by the
                                        Calculation Agent and shall be equal to
                                        the principal amount of this BRIDGES
                                        plus the Supplemental Redemption
                                        Amount, if any, determined as though
                                        the Index Closing Value for any
                                        Determination Date scheduled to occur
                                        on or after such date of acceleration
                                        were the Index Closing Value on the
                                        date of acceleration.

Calculation Agent.....................  Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated and
                                        its successors ("MS & Co.")

                                      A-7
<PAGE>

                                        All determinations made by the
                                        Calculation Agent shall be at the sole
                                        discretion of the Calculation Agent and
                                        shall, in the absence of manifest
                                        error, be conclusive for all purposes
                                        and binding on the holder of this
                                        BRIDGES and on the Issuer.

                                        All calculations with respect to the
                                        Final Average Index Value and the
                                        Supplemental Amount, if any, will be
                                        rounded to the nearest one
                                        hundred-thousandth, with five
                                        one-millionths rounded upward (e.g.,
                                        .876545 would be rounded to .87655);
                                        all dollar amounts related to
                                        determination of the amount of cash
                                        payable per BRIDGES will be rounded to
                                        the nearest ten-thousandth, with five
                                        one hundred-thousandths rounded upward
                                        (e.g. .76545 would be rounded up to
                                        .7655); and all dollar amounts paid on
                                        the aggregate number of BRIDGES will be
                                        rounded to the nearest cent, with
                                        one-half cent rounded upward.

Discontinuance of the
DRG Index; Alteration of
Method of Calculation.................  If the AMEX discontinues publication of
                                        the DRG Index and the AMEX or another
                                        entity publishes a successor or
                                        substitute index that MS & Co., as the
                                        Calculation Agent, determines, in its
                                        sole discretion, to be comparable to
                                        the discontinued DRG Index (such index
                                        being referred to herein as a
                                        "Successor Index"), then any subsequent
                                        Index Closing Value shall be determined
                                        by reference to the value of such
                                        Successor Index at the close of trading
                                        on the NYSE, the AMEX, the Nasdaq
                                        National Market or the relevant
                                        exchange or market for the Successor
                                        Index on the date that any Index
                                        Closing Value is to be determined.

                                        Upon any selection by the Calculation
                                        Agent of a Successor Index, the
                                        Calculation Agent shall cause written
                                        notice thereof to be furnished to the
                                        Trustee, to the Issuer and to the
                                        holder of this BRIDGES within three
                                        Trading Days of such selection.

                                        If the AMEX discontinues publication of
                                        the DRG Index prior to, and such
                                        discontinuance is continuing on, any
                                        Determination Date or December 30, 2002
                                        and MS & Co., as the Calculation Agent,
                                        determines, in its sole

                                      A-8
<PAGE>

                                        discretion, that no Successor Index is
                                        available at such time, then the
                                        Calculation Agent shall determine the
                                        Index Closing Value for such date. The
                                        Index Closing Value shall be computed
                                        by the Calculation Agent in accordance
                                        with the formula for and method of
                                        calculating the DRG Index last in
                                        effect prior to such discontinuance,
                                        using the closing price (or, if trading
                                        in the relevant securities has been
                                        materially suspended or materially
                                        limited, its good faith estimate of the
                                        closing price that would have prevailed
                                        but for such suspension or limitation)
                                        at the close of the principal trading
                                        session on such date of each security
                                        most recently comprising the DRG Index.
                                        Notwithstanding these alternative
                                        arrangements, discontinuance of the
                                        publication of the DRG Index may
                                        adversely affect the value of this
                                        BRIDGES.

                                        If at any time the method of
                                        calculating the DRG Index or a
                                        Successor Index, or the value thereof,
                                        is changed in a material respect, or if
                                        the Russell 2000 Index or a Successor
                                        Index is in any other way modified so
                                        that such index does not, in the
                                        opinion of MS & Co., as the Calculation
                                        Agent, fairly represent the value of
                                        the DRG Index or such Successor Index
                                        had such changes or modifications not
                                        been made, then, from and after such
                                        time, the Calculation Agent shall, at
                                        the close of business in New York City
                                        on each date on which the Index Closing
                                        Value is to be determined, make such
                                        calculations and adjustments as, in the
                                        good faith judgment of the Calculation
                                        Agent, may be necessary in order to
                                        arrive at a value of a stock index
                                        comparable to the DRG Index or such
                                        Successor Index, as the case may be, as
                                        if such changes or modifications had
                                        not been made, and the Calculation
                                        Agent shall calculate the Final Average
                                        Index Value and the Benchmark Index
                                        Value, if necessary, with reference to
                                        the DRG Index or such Successor Index,
                                        as adjusted. Accordingly, if the method
                                        of calculating the DRG Index or a
                                        Successor Index is modified so that the
                                        value of such index is a fraction of
                                        what it would have been if it had not
                                        been modified (e.g., due to a split in
                                        the index), then the Calculation Agent
                                        shall adjust such index in order to
                                        arrive at a value of the DRG Index or
                                        such Successor Index as if it had not
                                        been modified (e.g., as if such split
                                        had not occurred).

                                      A-9
<PAGE>

     Morgan Stanley (formerly known as Morgan Stanley Dean Witter & Co.), a
Delaware corporation (together with its successors and assigns, the "Issuer"),
for value received, hereby promises to pay to CEDE & CO., or registered
assignees, the amount of cash, as determined in accordance with the provisions
set forth under "Maturity Redemption Amount" above, due with respect to the
principal sum of U.S.$            (UNITED STATES DOLLARS                     ),
on the Maturity Date specified above (except to the extent redeemed or repaid
prior to maturity) and to pay interest thereon at the Interest Rate per annum
specified above, from and including the Interest Accrual Date specified above
until the principal hereof is paid or duly made available for payment weekly,
monthly, quarterly, semiannually or annually in arrears as specified above as
the Interest Payment Period on each Interest Payment Date (as specified above),
commencing on the Interest Payment Date next succeeding the Interest Accrual
Date specified above, and at maturity (or on any redemption or repayment date);
provided, however, that if the Interest Accrual Date occurs between a Record
Date, as defined below, and the next succeeding Interest Payment Date, interest
payments will commence on the second Interest Payment Date succeeding the
Interest Accrual Date to the registered holder of this Note on the Record Date
with respect to such second Interest Payment Date; and provided, further, that
if this Note is subject to "Annual Interest Payments," interest payments shall
be made annually in arrears and the term "Interest Payment Date" shall be
deemed to mean the first day of March in each year.

     Interest on this Note will accrue from and including the most recent date
to which interest has been paid or duly provided for, or, if no interest has
been paid or duly provided for, from and including the Interest Accrual Date,
until, but excluding the date the principal hereof has been paid or duly made
available for payment. The interest so payable, and punctually paid or duly
provided for, on any Interest Payment Date will, subject to certain exceptions
described herein, be paid to the person in whose name this Note (or one or more
predecessor Notes) is registered at the close of business on the date 15
calendar days prior to such Interest Payment Date (whether or not a Business
Day (as defined below)) (each such date, a "Record Date"); provided, however,
that interest payable at maturity (or any redemption or repayment date) will be
payable to the person to whom the principal hereof shall be payable. As used
herein, "Business Day" means any day, other than a Saturday or Sunday, (a) that
is neither a legal holiday nor a day on which banking institutions are
authorized or required by law or regulation to close (x) in The City of New
York or (y) if this Note is denominated in a Specified Currency other than U.S.
dollars, euro or Australian dollars, in the principal financial center of the
country of the Specified Currency, or (z) if this Note is denominated in
Australian dollars, in Sydney and (b) if this Note is denominated in euro, that
is also a day on which the Trans-European Automated Real-time Gross Settlement
Express Transfer System ("TARGET") is operating (a "TARGET Settlement Day").

     Payment of the principal of this Note, any premium and the interest due at
maturity (or any redemption or repayment date), unless this Note is denominated
in a Specified Currency other than U.S. dollars and is to be paid in whole or
in part in such Specified Currency, will be made in immediately available funds
upon surrender of this Note at the office or agency of the Paying Agent, as
defined on the reverse hereof, maintained for that purpose in the Borough of
Manhattan, The City of New York, or at such other paying agency as the Issuer
may determine, in U.S. dollars. U.S. dollar payments of interest, other than
interest due at maturity or on any date of redemption or

                                      A-10
<PAGE>

repayment, will be made by U.S. dollar check mailed to the address of the
person entitled thereto as such address shall appear in the Note register. A
holder of U.S. $10,000,000 (or the equivalent in a Specified Currency) or more
in aggregate principal amount of Notes having the same Interest Payment Date,
the interest on which is payable in U.S. dollars, shall be entitled to receive
payments of interest, other than interest due at maturity or on any date of
redemption or repayment, by wire transfer of immediately available funds if
appropriate wire transfer instructions have been received by the Paying Agent
in writing not less than 15 calendar days prior to the applicable Interest
Payment Date.

     If this Note is denominated in a Specified Currency other than U.S.
dollars, and the holder does not elect (in whole or in part) to receive payment
in U.S. dollars pursuant to the next succeeding paragraph, payments of
interest, principal or any premium with regard to this Note will be made by
wire transfer of immediately available funds to an account maintained by the
holder hereof with a bank located outside the United States if appropriate wire
transfer instructions have been received by the Paying Agent in writing, with
respect to payments of interest, on or prior to the fifth Business Day after
the applicable Record Date and, with respect to payments of principal or any
premium, at least ten Business Days prior to the Maturity Date or any
redemption or repayment date, as the case may be; provided that, if payment of
interest, principal or any premium with regard to this Note is payable in euro,
the account must be a euro account in a country for which the euro is the
lawful currency, provided, further, that if such wire transfer instructions are
not received, such payments will be made by check payable in such Specified
Currency mailed to the address of the person entitled thereto as such address
shall appear in the Note register; and provided, further, that payment of the
principal of this Note, any premium and the interest due at maturity (or on any
redemption or repayment date) will be made upon surrender of this Note at the
office or agency referred to in the preceding paragraph.

     If so indicated on the face hereof, the holder of this Note, if
denominated in a Specified Currency other than U.S. dollars, may elect to
receive all or a portion of payments on this Note in U.S. dollars by
transmitting a written request to the Paying Agent, on or prior to the fifth
Business Day after such Record Date or at least ten Business Days prior to the
Maturity Date or any redemption or repayment date, as the case may be. Such
election shall remain in effect unless such request is revoked by written
notice to the Paying Agent as to all or a portion of payments on this Note at
least five Business Days prior to such Record Date, for payments of interest,
or at least ten days prior to the Maturity Date or any redemption or repayment
date, for payments of principal, as the case may be.

     If the holder elects to receive all or a portion of payments of principal
of and any premium and interest on this Note, if denominated in a Specified
Currency other than U.S. dollars, in U.S. dollars, the Exchange Rate Agent (as
defined on the reverse hereof) will convert such payments into U.S. dollars. In
the event of such an election, payment in respect of this Note will be based
upon the exchange rate as determined by the Exchange Rate Agent based on the
highest bid quotation in The City of New York received by such Exchange Rate
Agent at approximately 11:00 a.m., New York City time, on the second Business
Day preceding the applicable payment date from three recognized foreign
exchange dealers (one of which may be the Exchange Rate Agent unless such
Exchange Rate

                                      A-11
<PAGE>

Agent is an affiliate of the Issuer) for the purchase by the quoting dealer of
U.S. dollars for the Specified Currency for settlement on such payment date in
the amount of the Specified Currency payable in the absence of such an election
to such holder and at which the applicable dealer commits to execute a
contract. If such bid quotations are not available, such payment will be made
in the Specified Currency. All currency exchange costs will be borne by the
holder of this Note by deductions from such payments.

     Reference is hereby made to the further provisions of this Note set forth
on the reverse hereof, which further provisions shall for all purposes have the
same effect as if set forth at this place.

     Unless the certificate of authentication hereon has been executed by the
Trustee referred to on the reverse hereof by manual signature, this Note shall
not be entitled to any benefit under the Senior Indenture, as defined on the
reverse hereof, or be valid or obligatory for any purpose.

                                      A-12
<PAGE>

     IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Issuer has caused this Note to be duly executed.

DATED:           , 200[ ]                  Morgan Stanley

                                           By:
                                              -------------------------------
                                               Name:   Alexander C. Frank
                                               Title:  Treasurer

TRUSTEE'S CERTIFICATE
   OF AUTHENTICATION

This is one of the Notes referred
   to in the within-mentioned
   Senior Indenture.

JPMORGAN CHASE BANK,
   as Trustee

By:
   ----------------------------------
     Authorized Officer

                                      A-13
<PAGE>

                              REVERSE OF SECURITY

     This Note is one of a duly authorized issue of Senior Global Medium-Term
Notes, Series C, having maturities more than nine months from the date of issue
(the "Notes") of the Issuer. The Notes are issuable under an Amended and
Restated Senior Indenture, dated as of May 1, 1999, between the Issuer and
JPMorgan Chase Bank (formerly known as The Chase Manhattan Bank), as Trustee
(the "Trustee," which term includes any successor trustee under the Senior
Indenture) (as may be amended or supplemented from time to time, the "Senior
Indenture"), to which Senior Indenture and all indentures supplemental thereto
reference is hereby made for a statement of the respective rights, limitations
of rights, duties and immunities of the Issuer, the Trustee and holders of the
Notes and the terms upon which the Notes are, and are to be, authenticated and
delivered. The Issuer has appointed JPMorgan Chase Bank at its corporate trust
office in The City of New York as the paying agent (the "Paying Agent," which
term includes any additional or successor Paying Agent appointed by the Issuer)
with respect to the Notes. The terms of individual Notes may vary with respect
to interest rates, interest rate formulas, issue dates, maturity dates, or
otherwise, all as provided in the Senior Indenture. To the extent not
inconsistent herewith, the terms of the Senior Indenture are hereby
incorporated by reference herein.

     Unless otherwise indicated on the face hereof, this Note will not be
subject to any sinking fund and, unless otherwise provided on the face hereof
in accordance with the provisions of the following two paragraphs, will not be
redeemable or subject to repayment at the option of the holder prior to
maturity.

     If so indicated on the face hereof, this Note may be redeemed in whole or
in part at the option of the Issuer on or after the Initial Redemption Date
specified on the face hereof on the terms set forth on the face hereof,
together with interest accrued and unpaid hereon to the date of redemption. If
this Note is subject to "Annual Redemption Percentage Reduction," the Initial
Redemption Percentage indicated on the face hereof will be reduced on each
anniversary of the Initial Redemption Date by the Annual Redemption Percentage
Reduction specified on the face hereof until the redemption price of this Note
is 100% of the principal amount hereof, together with interest accrued and
unpaid hereon to the date of redemption. Notice of redemption shall be mailed
to the registered holders of the Notes designated for redemption at their
addresses as the same shall appear on the Note register not less than 30 nor
more than 60 days prior to the date fixed for redemption or within the
Redemption Notice Period specified on the face hereof, subject to all the
conditions and provisions of the Senior Indenture. In the event of redemption
of this Note in part only, a new Note or Notes for the amount of the unredeemed
portion hereof shall be issued in the name of the holder hereof upon the
cancellation hereof.

     If so indicated on the face of this Note, this Note will be subject to
repayment at the option of the holder on the Optional Repayment Date or Dates
specified on the face hereof on the terms set forth herein. On any Optional
Repayment Date, this Note will be repayable in whole or in part in increments
of $1,000 or, if this Note is denominated in a Specified Currency other than
U.S. dollars, in increments of 1,000 units of such Specified Currency (provided
that any

                                      A-14
<PAGE>

remaining principal amount hereof shall not be less than the minimum authorized
denomination hereof) at the option of the holder hereof at a price equal to
100% of the principal amount to be repaid, together with interest accrued and
unpaid hereon to the date of repayment. For this Note to be repaid at the
option of the holder hereof, the Paying Agent must receive at its corporate
trust office in the Borough of Manhattan, The City of New York, at least 15 but
not more than 30 days prior to the date of repayment, (i) this Note with the
form entitled "Option to Elect Repayment" below duly completed or (ii) a
telegram, telex, facsimile transmission or a letter from a member of a national
securities exchange or the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. or
a commercial bank or a trust company in the United States setting forth the
name of the holder of this Note, the principal amount hereof, the certificate
number of this Note or a description of this Note's tenor and terms, the
principal amount hereof to be repaid, a statement that the option to elect
repayment is being exercised thereby and a guarantee that this Note, together
with the form entitled "Option to Elect Repayment" duly completed, will be
received by the Paying Agent not later than the fifth Business Day after the
date of such telegram, telex, facsimile transmission or letter; provided, that
such telegram, telex, facsimile transmission or letter shall only be effective
if this Note and form duly completed are received by the Paying Agent by such
fifth Business Day. Exercise of such repayment option by the holder hereof
shall be irrevocable. In the event of repayment of this Note in part only, a
new Note or Notes for the amount of the unpaid portion hereof shall be issued
in the name of the holder hereof upon the cancellation hereof.

     Interest payments on this Note will include interest accrued to but
excluding the Interest Payment Dates or the Maturity Date (or any earlier
redemption or repayment date), as the case may be. Unless otherwise provided on
the face hereof, interest payments for this Note will be computed and paid on
the basis of a 360-day year of twelve 30-day months.

     In the case where the Interest Payment Date or the Maturity Date (or any
redemption or repayment date) does not fall on a Business Day, payment of
interest, premium, if any, or principal otherwise payable on such date need not
be made on such date, but may be made on the next succeeding Business Day with
the same force and effect as if made on the Interest Payment Date or on the
Maturity Date (or any redemption or repayment date), and no interest on such
payment shall accrue for the period from and after the Interest Payment Date or
the Maturity Date (or any redemption or repayment date) to such next succeeding
Business Day.

     This Note and all the obligations of the Issuer hereunder are direct,
unsecured obligations of the Issuer and rank without preference or priority
among themselves and pari passu with all other existing and future unsecured
and unsubordinated indebtedness of the Issuer, subject to certain statutory
exceptions in the event of liquidation upon insolvency.

     This Note, and any Note or Notes issued upon transfer or exchange hereof,
is issuable only in fully registered form, without coupons, and, if denominated
in U.S. dollars, unless otherwise stated above, is issuable only in
denominations of U.S. $1,000 and any integral multiple of U.S. $1,000 in excess
thereof. If this Note is denominated in a Specified Currency other than U.S.
dollars, then, unless a higher minimum denomination is required by applicable
law, it is issuable

                                     A-15
<PAGE>

only in denominations of the equivalent of U.S. $1,000 (rounded to an integral
multiple of 1,000 units of such Specified Currency), or any amount in excess
thereof which is an integral multiple of 1,000 units of such Specified
Currency, as determined by reference to the noon dollar buying rate in The City
of New York for cable transfers of such Specified Currency published by the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York (the "Market Exchange Rate") on the Business
Day immediately preceding the date of issuance.

     The Trustee has been appointed registrar for the Notes, and the Trustee
will maintain at its office in The City of New York a register for the
registration and transfer of Notes. This Note may be transferred at the
aforesaid office of the Trustee by surrendering this Note for cancellation,
accompanied by a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the
Trustee and duly executed by the registered holder hereof in person or by the
holder's attorney duly authorized in writing, and thereupon the Trustee shall
issue in the name of the transferee or transferees, in exchange herefor, a new
Note or Notes having identical terms and provisions and having a like aggregate
principal amount in authorized denominations, subject to the terms and
conditions set forth herein; provided, however, that the Trustee will not be
required (i) to register the transfer of or exchange any Note that has been
called for redemption in whole or in part, except the unredeemed portion of
Notes being redeemed in part, (ii) to register the transfer of or exchange any
Note if the holder thereof has exercised his right, if any, to require the
Issuer to repurchase such Note in whole or in part, except the portion of such
Note not required to be repurchased, or (iii) to register the transfer of or
exchange Notes to the extent and during the period so provided in the Senior
Indenture with respect to the redemption of Notes. Notes are exchangeable at
said office for other Notes of other authorized denominations of equal
aggregate principal amount having identical terms and provisions. All such
exchanges and transfers of Notes will be free of charge, but the Issuer may
require payment of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or other governmental
charge in connection therewith. All Notes surrendered for exchange shall be
accompanied by a written instrument of transfer in form satisfactory to the
Trustee and executed by the registered holder in person or by the holder's
attorney duly authorized in writing. The date of registration of any Note
delivered upon any exchange or transfer of Notes shall be such that no gain or
loss of interest results from such exchange or transfer.

     In case this Note shall at any time become mutilated, defaced or be
destroyed, lost or stolen and this Note or evidence of the loss, theft or
destruction thereof (together with the indemnity hereinafter referred to and
such other documents or proof as may be required in the premises) shall be
delivered to the Trustee, the Issuer in its discretion may execute a new Note
of like tenor in exchange for this Note, but, if this Note is destroyed, lost
or stolen, only upon receipt of evidence satisfactory to the Trustee and the
Issuer that this Note was destroyed or lost or stolen and, if required, upon
receipt also of indemnity satisfactory to each of them. All expenses and
reasonable charges associated with procuring such indemnity and with the
preparation, authentication and delivery of a new Note shall be borne by the
owner of the Note mutilated, defaced, destroyed, lost or stolen.

     The Senior Indenture provides that (a) if an Event of Default (as defined
in the Senior Indenture) due to the default in payment of principal of,
premium, if any, or interest on, any

                                      A-16
<PAGE>

series of debt securities issued under the Senior Indenture, including the
series of Senior Medium-Term Notes of which this Note forms a part, or due to
the default in the performance or breach of any other covenant or warranty of
the Issuer applicable to the debt securities of such series but not applicable
to all outstanding debt securities issued under the Senior Indenture shall have
occurred and be continuing, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than
25% in principal amount of the debt securities of each affected series (voting
as a single class) may then declare the principal of all debt securities of all
such series and interest accrued thereon to be due and payable immediately and
(b) if an Event of Default due to a default in the performance of any other of
the covenants or agreements in the Senior Indenture applicable to all
outstanding debt securities issued thereunder, including this Note, or due to
certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency of the Issuer, shall have occurred
and be continuing, either the Trustee or the holders of not less than 25% in
principal amount of all debt securities issued under the Senior Indenture then
outstanding (treated as one class) may declare the principal of all such debt
securities and interest accrued thereon to be due and payable immediately, but
upon certain conditions such declarations may be annulled and past defaults may
be waived (except a continuing default in payment of principal (or premium, if
any) or interest on such debt securities) by the holders of a majority in
principal amount of the debt securities of all affected series then
outstanding.

     If the face hereof indicates that this Note is subject to "Modified
Payment upon Acceleration," then (i) if the principal hereof is declared to be
due and payable as described in the preceding paragraph, the amount of
principal due and payable with respect to this Note shall be limited to the
aggregate principal amount hereof multiplied by the sum of the Issue Price
specified on the face hereof (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate
principal amount) plus the original issue discount amortized from the Interest
Accrual Date to the date of declaration, which amortization shall be calculated
using the "interest method" (computed in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles in effect on the date of declaration), (ii) for the
purpose of any vote of securityholders taken pursuant to the Senior Indenture
prior to the acceleration of payment of this Note, the principal amount hereof
shall equal the amount that would be due and payable hereon, calculated as set
forth in clause (i) above, if this Note were declared to be due and payable on
the date of any such vote and (iii) for the purpose of any vote of
securityholders taken pursuant to the Senior Indenture following the
acceleration of payment of this Note, the principal amount hereof shall equal
the amount of principal due and payable with respect to this Note, calculated
as set forth in clause (i) above.

     If the face hereof indicates that this Note is subject to "Modified
Payment upon Acceleration," then (i) if the principal hereof is declared to be
due and payable as described in the preceding paragraph, the amount of
principal due and payable with respect to this Note shall be limited to the
aggregate principal amount hereof multiplied by the sum of the Issue Price
specified on the face hereof (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate
principal amount) plus the original issue discount amortized from the Interest
Accrual Date to the date of declaration, which amortization shall be calculated
using the "interest method" (computed in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles in effect on the date of declaration), (ii) for the
purpose of any vote of securityholders taken pursuant to the Senior Indenture
prior to the acceleration of payment of this Note, the principal amount hereof
shall equal the amount that would be due and

                                      A-17
<PAGE>

payable hereon, calculated as set forth in clause (i) above, if this Note were
declared to be due and payable on the date of any such vote and (iii) for the
purpose of any vote of securityholders taken pursuant to the Senior Indenture
following the acceleration of payment of this Note, the principal amount hereof
shall equal the amount of principal due and payable with respect to this Note,
calculated as set forth in clause (i) above.

     If the face hereof indicates that this Note is subject to "Tax Redemption
and Payment of Additional Amounts," this Note may be redeemed, as a whole, at
the option of the Issuer at any time prior to maturity, upon the giving of a
notice of redemption as described below, at a redemption price equal to 100% of
the principal amount hereof, together with accrued interest to the date fixed
for redemption (except that if this Note is subject to "Modified Payment upon
Acceleration or Redemption," such redemption price would be limited to the
aggregate principal amount hereof multiplied by the sum of the Issue Price
specified on the face hereof (expressed as a percentage of the aggregate
principal amount) plus the original issue discount amortized from the Interest
Accrual Date to the date of redemption, which amortization shall be calculated
using the "interest method" (computed in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles in effect on the date of redemption) (the "Amortized
Amount")), if the Issuer determines that, as a result of any change in or
amendment to the laws (or any regulations or rulings promulgated thereunder) of
the United States or of any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof
or therein affecting taxation, or any change in official position regarding the
application or interpretation of such laws, regulations or rulings, which
change or amendment becomes effective on or after the Initial Offering Date
hereof, the Issuer has or will become obligated to pay Additional Amounts (as
defined below) with respect to this Note as described below. Prior to the
giving of any Notice of redemption pursuant to this paragraph, the Issuer shall
deliver to the Trustee (i) a certificate stating that the Issuer is entitled to
effect such redemption and setting forth a statement of facts showing that the
conditions precedent to the right of the Issuer to so redeem have occurred, and
(ii) an opinion of independent counsel satisfactory to the Trustee to such
effect based on such statement of facts; provided that no such notice of
redemption shall be given earlier than 60 days prior to the earliest date on
which the Issuer would be obligated to pay such Additional Amounts if a payment
in respect of this Note were then due.

     Notice of redemption will be given not less than 30 nor more than 60 days
prior to the date fixed for redemption or within the Redemption Notice Period
specified on face hereof, which date and the applicable redemption price will
be specified in the Notice.

     If the face hereof indicates that this Note is subject to "Tax Redemption
and Payment of Additional Amounts," the Issuer will, subject to certain
exceptions and limitations set forth below, pay such additional amounts (the
"Additional Amounts") to the holder of this Note who is a United States Alien
as may be necessary in order that every net payment of the principal of and
interest on this Note and any other amounts payable on this Note, after
withholding for or on account of any present or future tax, assessment or
governmental charge imposed upon or as a result of such payment by the United
States (or any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or therein),
will not be less than the amount provided for in this Note to be then due and

                                      A-18
<PAGE>

payable. The Issuer will not, however, be required to make any payment of
Additional Amounts to any such holder for or on account of:

          (a) any such tax, assessment or other governmental charge that would
     not have been so imposed but for (i) the existence of any present or
     former connection between such holder (or between a fiduciary, settlor,
     beneficiary, member or shareholder of such holder, if such holder is an
     estate, a trust, a partnership or a corporation) and the United States and
     its possessions, including, without limitation, such holder (or such
     fiduciary, settlor, beneficiary, member or shareholder) being or having
     been a citizen or resident thereof or being or having been engaged in a
     trade or business or present therein or having, or having had, a permanent
     establishment therein or (ii) the presentation by the holder of this Note
     for payment on a date more than 15 days after the date on which such
     payment became due and payable or the date on which payment thereof is
     duly provided for, whichever occurs later;

          (b) any estate, inheritance, gift, sales, transfer or personal
     property tax or any similar tax, assessment or governmental charge;

          (c) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge imposed by
     reason of such holder's past or present status as a personal holding
     company or foreign personal holding company or controlled foreign
     corporation or passive foreign investment company with respect to the
     United States or as a corporation which accumulates earnings to avoid
     United States federal income tax or as a private foundation or other
     tax-exempt organization;

          (d) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that is payable
     otherwise than by withholding from payments on or in respect of this Note;

          (e) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge required to be
     withheld by any Paying Agent from any payment of principal of, or interest
     on, this Note, if such payment can be made without such withholding by any
     other Paying Agent in a city in Western Europe;

          (f) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge that would not
     have been imposed but for the failure to comply with certification,
     information or other reporting requirements concerning the nationality,
     residence or identity of the holder or beneficial owner of this Note, if
     such compliance is required by statute or by regulation of the United
     States or of any political subdivision or taxing authority thereof or
     therein as a precondition to relief or exemption from such tax, assessment
     or other governmental charge;

          (g) any tax, assessment or other governmental charge imposed by
     reason of such holder's past or present status as the actual or
     constructive owner of 10% or more of the total combined voting power of
     all classes of stock entitled to vote of the Issuer or as a direct or
     indirect subsidiary of the Issuer; or

          (h) any combination of items (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g);

                                      A-19
<PAGE>

nor shall Additional Amounts be paid with respect to any payment on this Note
to a United States Alien who is a fiduciary or partnership or other than the
sole beneficial owner of such payment to the extent such payment would be
required by the laws of the United States (or any political subdivision
thereof) to be included in the income, for tax purposes, of a beneficiary or
settlor with respect to such fiduciary or a member of such partnership or a
beneficial owner who would not have been entitled to the Additional Amounts had
such beneficiary, settlor, member or beneficial owner been the holder of this
Note.

     The Senior Indenture permits the Issuer and the Trustee, with the consent
of the holders of not less than a majority in aggregate principal amount of the
debt securities of all series issued under the Senior Indenture then
outstanding and affected (voting as one class), to execute supplemental
indentures adding any provisions to or changing in any manner the rights of the
holders of each series so affected; provided that the Issuer and the Trustee
may not, without the consent of the holder of each outstanding debt security
affected thereby, (a) extend the final maturity of any such debt security, or
reduce the principal amount thereof, or reduce the rate or extend the time of
payment of interest thereon, or reduce any amount payable on redemption or
repayment thereof, or change the currency of payment thereof, or modify or
amend the provisions for conversion of any currency into any other currency, or
modify or amend the provisions for conversion or exchange of the debt security
for securities of the Issuer or other entities (other than as provided in the
antidilution provisions or other similar adjustment provisions of the debt
securities or otherwise in accordance with the terms thereof), or impair or
affect the rights of any holder to institute suit for the payment thereof
without the consent of the holder of each debt security so affected or (b)
reduce the aforesaid percentage in principal amount of debt securities the
consent of the holders of which is required for any such supplemental
indenture.

     Except as set forth below, if the principal of, premium, if any, or
interest on, this Note is payable in a Specified Currency other than U.S.
dollars and such Specified Currency is not available to the Issuer for making
payments hereon due to the imposition of exchange controls or other
circumstances beyond the control of the Issuer or is no longer used by the
government of the country issuing such currency or for the settlement of
transactions by public institutions within the international banking community,
then the Issuer will be entitled to satisfy its obligations to the holder of
this Note by making such payments in U.S. dollars on the basis of the Market
Exchange Rate on the date of such payment or, if the Market Exchange Rate is
not available on such date, as of the most recent practicable date; provided,
however, that if the euro has been substituted for such Specified Currency, the
Issuer may at its option (or shall, if so required by applicable law) without
the consent of the holder of this Note effect the payment of principal of,
premium, if any, or interest on, any Note denominated in such Specified
Currency in euro in lieu of such Specified Currency in conformity with legally
applicable measures taken pursuant to, or by virtue of, the treaty establishing
the European Community (the "EC"), as amended by the treaty on European Union
(as so amended, the "Treaty"). Any payment made under such circumstances in
U.S. dollars or euro where the required payment is in an unavailable Specified
Currency will not constitute an Event of Default. If such Market Exchange Rate
is not

                                      A-20
<PAGE>

then available to the Issuer or is not published for a particular Specified
Currency, the Market Exchange Rate will be based on the highest bid quotation
in The City of New York received by the Exchange Rate Agent at approximately
11:00 a.m., New York City time, on the second Business Day preceding the date
of such payment from three recognized foreign exchange dealers (the "Exchange
Dealers") for the purchase by the quoting Exchange Dealer of the Specified
Currency for U.S. dollars for settlement on the payment date, in the aggregate
amount of the Specified Currency payable to those holders or beneficial owners
of Notes and at which the applicable Exchange Dealer commits to execute a
contract. One of the Exchange Dealers providing quotations may be the Exchange
Rate Agent unless the Exchange Rate Agent is an affiliate of the Issuer. If
those bid quotations are not available, the Exchange Rate Agent shall determine
the market exchange rate at its sole discretion.

     The "Exchange Rate Agent" shall be Morgan Stanley & Co. Incorporated,
unless otherwise indicated on the face hereof.

     All determinations referred to above made by, or on behalf of, the Issuer
or by, or on behalf of, the Exchange Rate Agent shall be at such entity's sole
discretion and shall, in the absence of manifest error, be conclusive for all
purposes and binding on holders of Notes and coupons.

     So long as this Note shall be outstanding, the Issuer will cause to be
maintained an office or agency for the payment of the principal of and premium,
if any, and interest on this Note as herein provided in the Borough of
Manhattan, The City of New York, and an office or agency in said Borough of
Manhattan for the registration, transfer and exchange as aforesaid of the
Notes. The Issuer may designate other agencies for the payment of said
principal, premium and interest at such place or places (subject to applicable
laws and regulations) as the Issuer may decide. So long as there shall be such
an agency, the Issuer shall keep the Trustee advised of the names and locations
of such agencies, if any are so designated.

     With respect to moneys paid by the Issuer and held by the Trustee or any
Paying Agent for payment of the principal of or interest or premium, if any, on
any Notes that remain unclaimed at the end of two years after such principal,
interest or premium shall have become due and payable (whether at maturity or
upon call for redemption or otherwise), (i) the Trustee or such Paying Agent
shall notify the holders of such Notes that such moneys shall be repaid to the
Issuer and any person claiming such moneys shall thereafter look only to the
Issuer for payment thereof and (ii) such moneys shall be so repaid to the
Issuer. Upon such repayment all liability of the Trustee or such Paying Agent
with respect to such moneys shall thereupon cease, without, however, limiting
in any way any obligation that the Issuer may have to pay the principal of or
interest or premium, if any, on this Note as the same shall become due.

     No provision of this Note or of the Senior Indenture shall alter or impair
the obligation of the Issuer, which is absolute and unconditional, to pay the
principal of, premium, if any, and interest on this Note at the time, place,
and rate, and in the coin or currency, herein prescribed unless otherwise
agreed between the Issuer and the registered holder of this Note.

                                      A-21
<PAGE>

     Prior to due presentment of this Note for registration of transfer, the
Issuer, the Trustee and any agent of the Issuer or the Trustee may treat the
holder in whose name this Note is registered as the owner hereof for all
purposes, whether or not this Note be overdue, and none of the Issuer, the
Trustee or any such agent shall be affected by notice to the contrary.

     No recourse shall be had for the payment of the principal of, premium, if
any, or the interest on this Note, for any claim based hereon, or otherwise in
respect hereof, or based on or in respect of the Senior Indenture or any
indenture supplemental thereto, against any incorporator, shareholder, officer
or director, as such, past, present or future, of the Issuer or of any
successor corporation, either directly or through the Issuer or any successor
corporation, whether by virtue of any constitution, statute or rule of law or
by the enforcement of any assessment or penalty or otherwise, all such
liability being, by the acceptance hereof and as part of the consideration for
the issue hereof, expressly waived and released.

     This Note shall for all purposes be governed by, and construed in
accordance with, the laws of the State of New York.

     As used herein, the term "United States Alien" means any person who, for
United States federal income tax purposes, is a foreign corporation, a
non-resident alien individual, a non- resident alien fiduciary of a foreign
estate or trust, or a foreign partnership one or more of the members of which
is a foreign corporation, a non-resident alien individual or a non-resident
alien fiduciary of a foreign estate or trust.

     All terms used in this Note which are defined in the Senior Indenture and
not otherwise defined herein shall have the meanings assigned to them in the
Senior Indenture.

                                      A-22
<PAGE>

                                 ABBREVIATIONS

     The following abbreviations, when used in the inscription on the face of
this instrument, shall be construed as though they were written out in full
according to applicable laws or regulations:

          TEN COM  -  as tenants in common
          TEN ENT  -  as tenants by the entireties
          JT TEN   -  as joint tenants with right of survivorship and not as
                      tenants in common

     UNIF GIFT MIN ACT - ____________________ Custodian ______________________
                                (Minor)                         (Cust)

     Under Uniform Gifts to Minors Act _________________________
                                                (State)

     Additional abbreviations may also be used though not in the above list.

                              --------------------

                                      A-23
<PAGE>

     FOR VALUE RECEIVED, the undersigned hereby sell(s), assign(s) and
transfer(s) unto

----------------------------------------------
[PLEASE INSERT SOCIAL SECURITY OR OTHER
      IDENTIFYING NUMBER OF ASSIGNEE]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE NAME AND ADDRESS, INCLUDING ZIP CODE, OF ASSIGNEE]

the within Note and all rights thereunder, hereby irrevocably constituting and
appointing such person attorney to transfer such note on the books of the
Issuer, with full power of substitution in the premises.

Dated:
      -------------------------

NOTICE:  The signature to this assignment must correspond with the name as
         written upon the face of the within Note in every particular without
         alteration or enlargement or any change whatsoever.

                                      A-24
<PAGE>

                           OPTION TO ELECT REPAYMENT

     The undersigned hereby irrevocably requests and instructs the Issuer to
repay the within Note (or portion thereof specified below) pursuant to its
terms at a price equal to the principal amount thereof, together with interest
to the Optional Repayment Date, to the undersigned at

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        (Please print or typewrite name and address of the undersigned)

     If less than the entire principal amount of the within Note is to be
repaid, specify the portion thereof which the holder elects to have repaid:
____________; and specify the denomination or denominations (which shall not be
less than the minimum authorized denomination) of the Notes to be issued to the
holder for the portion of the within Note not being repaid (in the absence of
any such specification, one such Note will be issued for the portion not being
repaid): ____________.

Dated:
      ------------------------------    ---------------------------------------
                                        NOTICE: The signature on this Option to
                                        Elect Repayment must correspond with
                                        the name as written upon the face of
                                        the within instrument in every
                                        particular without alteration or
                                        enlargement.

                                      A-25

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