Document:

Certificate of Incorporation of the Registrant, as amended

 Exhibit 4.1 
  
 CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION 
  
 OF 
  
 HUNGARIAN TELEPHONE AND CABLE CORP. 
  
 (amended as of May 9, 1996) 
  

  
 The undersigned, a natural person, for the purpose of organizing a corporation for conducting the business and promoting the
purposes hereinafter stated, under the provisions and subject to the requirements of the laws of the State of Delaware (particularly Chapter 1, Title 8 of the Delaware Code and the acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto, and known,
identified, and referred to as the “General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware”), hereby certifies that: 
  
 FIRST: The name of the corporation (hereinafter called the “corporation”) is Hungarian Telephone and Cable Corp. 
  
 SECOND: The address, including street, number, city, and county, of
the registered office of the corporation in the State of Delaware is 15 East North Street, City of Dover, County of Kent; and the name of the registered agent of the corporation in the State of Delaware at such address is XL Corporate Services, Inc.

  
 THIRD: The purpose of the corporation is to engage in
any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware. 
  
 FOURTH: The total number of shares of all classes of stock which the corporation is authorized to issue is thirty million (30,000,000), consisting
of five million (5,000,000) shares of preferred stock, par value one-tenth of one cent ($.001) per share (the “Preferred Stock”), and twenty-five millions (25,000,000) shares of common stock, par value one-tenth of one cent ($.001) per
share (the “Common Stock”). 
  
 Each issued and
outstanding share of Common Stock shall entitle the holder of record thereof to one vote. 
  
 The Preferred Stock may be issued in one or more series as may be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors. All shares of any one series of Preferred Stock will be identical except as to the date of
issue and the dates from which dividends on shares of the series issued on different dates will cumulate, if cumulative. Authority is hereby expressly granted to the Board of Directors to authorize the issuance of one or more series of Preferred
Stock, and to fix by resolution or resolutions providing 

 for the issue of each such series the voting powers, the designation, preferences, and relative, participating, optional,
redemption, conversion, exchange or other special rights, qualifications, limitations or restrictions of such series, and the number of shares in each series, to the full extent now or hereafter permitted by law. 
  
 The redemption, purchase or acquiring by the Company of any shares of its
Preferred Stock, shall not be deemed to reduce the authorized number of shares of Preferred Stock of the Company. Any shares of the Company’s Preferred Stock redeemed, retired, purchased or otherwise acquired (including shares acquired by
conversion) shall be cancelled and shall assume the status of authorized but unissued Preferred Stock in the same manner as if the shares had never been issued as shares of any series of Preferred Stock and be undesignated as to future series.

  
 FIFTH: The name and mailing address of the incorporator
is as follows: 
  

			
	 NAME

	 	 MAILING ADDRESS

	 Frank R. Cohen
	 	 445 Park Avenue
 New York, New York
10022

  
 SIXTH: The
corporation is to have perpetual existence. 
  
 SEVENTH:
Whenever a compromise or arrangement is proposed between this corporation and its creditors or any class of them and/or between this corporation and its stockholders or any class of them, any court of equitable jurisdiction within the State of
Delaware may, on the application in a summary way of this corporation or of any creditor or stockholder thereof or on the application of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under § 291 of Title 8 of the Delaware Code or on
the application of trustees in dissolution or of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under § 279 of Title 8 of the Delaware Code order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors, and/or of the stockholders or class of
stockholders of this corporation, as the case may be, to be summoned in such manner as the said court directs. If a majority in number representing three fourths in value of the creditors or class of creditors, and/or of the stockholders or class of
stockholders of this corporation, as the case may be, agree to any compromise or arrangement and to any reorganization of this corporation as consequence of such compromise or arrangement, the said compromise or arrangement and the said
reorganization shall, if sanctioned by the court to which the said application has been made, be binding on all the creditors or class of creditors, and/or on all the stockholders or class of creditors, and/or corporation, as the case may be, and
also on this corporation. 
  
 EIGHTH: For the management of
the business and for the conduct of the affairs of the corporation, and in further definition, limitation, and regulation of the 

  

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 powers of the corporation and of its directors and of its stockholders or any class thereof, as the case may be, it is
further provided: 
  
 1. The management of the
business and the conduct of the affairs of the corporation shall be vested in its Board of Directors. The number of directors which shall constitute the whole Board of Directors shall be fixed by, or in the manner provided in, the Bylaws. The phrase
“whole Board” and the phrase “total number of directors” shall be deemed to have the same meaning, to wit, the total number of directors which the corporation would have if there were no vacancies. No election of directors need
be by written ballot. 
  
 2. After the original
or other Bylaws of the corporation have been adopted, amended, or repealed, as the case may be, in accordance with the provisions of § 109 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, and, after the corporation has received any
payment for any of its stock, the power to adopt, amend, or repeal the Bylaws of the corporation may be exercised by the Board of Directors of the corporation; provided, however, that any provision for the classification of directors of the
corporation for staggered terms pursuant to the provisions of subsection (d) of § 141 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware shall be set forth in an initial Bylaw or in a Bylaw adopted by the stockholders entitled to vote of
the corporation unless provisions for such classification shall be set forth in this certificate of incorporation. 
  
 3. Whenever the corporation shall be authorized to issue only one class of stock, each outstanding share shall entitle the holder thereof
to notice of, and the right to vote at, any meting of stockholders. Whenever the corporation shall be authorized to issue more than one class of stock, no outstanding share of any class of stock which is denied voting power under the provisions of
the certificate of incorporation shall entitle the holder thereof to the right to vote at any meeting of stockholders except as the provisions of paragraph (2) of subsection (b) of § 242 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware
shall otherwise require; provided, that no share of any such class which is otherwise denied voting power shall entitle the holder thereof to vote upon the increase or decrease in the number of authorized shares of said class. 
  
 4. All meetings of stockholders shall be held in accordance
with § 211 and it shall not be permitted for an action of stockholders to be taken by a consent of stockholders in lieu of meeting as provided for in § 228. 
  
 NINTH: The personal liability of the directors of the corporation is hereby eliminated to the fullest extent
permitted by paragraph (7) of subsection (b) of § 102 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as the same may be amended and supplemented. 
  

TENTH: The corporation shall, to the fullest extent permitted by 
  

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 § 145 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, as the same may be amended and supplemented,
indemnify any and all persons whom it shall have power to indemnify under said section from and against any and all of the expenses, liabilities, or other matters referred to in or covered by said section, and the indemnification provided for herein
shall not be deemed exclusive of any other rights to which those indemnified may be entitled under any Bylaw, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise, both as to action in another capacity while holding such office,
and shall continue as to a person who has ceased to be a director, officer, employee, or agent and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors, and administrators of such a person. 
  
 ELEVENTH: From time to time any of the provisions of this certificate of incorporation may be amended, altered, or
repealed, and other provisions authorized by the laws of the State of Delaware at the time in force may be added or inserted in the manner and at the time conferred upon the stockholders of the corporation by this certificate of incorporation are
granted subject to the provisions of this Article ELEVENTH. 
  

 -4-Bylaws of the Registrant, as amended

 Exhibit 4.2 
  
 BY LAWS 
  
 OF 
  
 HUNGARIAN TELEPHONE AND CABLE CORP. 
  
 (as
amended as of May 22, 2003) 
  
 ARTICLE 1

  
 OFFICES 
  
 SECTION 1. REGISTERED OFFICE. The registered office shall be established and
maintained at the office of XL Corporate Services, Inc., 15 East North Street, in the City of Dover, in the County of Kent, and in the State of Delaware 19901, and said corporation shall be the registered agent of this corporation in charge thereof.

  
 SECTION 2. OTHER OFFICES. The corporation may have other
offices, either within or without the State of Delaware, at such place or places as the Board of Directors may from time to time appoint or the business of the corporation may require. 
  
 ARTICLE II 
  
 SHAREHOLDERS 
  

	1.	Place of Meetings 

  
 Meetings of shareholders shall be held at the principal place of the Corporation, or at such other places within or without the State of New York as the
Board shall authorize. 
  

	2.	Annual Meetings 

  
 The annual meeting of the shareholders of the Corporation shall be held at 2:00 p.m. on the last Tuesday of the fifth month in each year after the close
of the fiscal year of the Corporation, if such date is not a legal holiday and if a legal holiday, then on the next business day following at the same hour, at which time the shareholders shall elect a Board of Directors, and transact such other
business as may properly come before the meeting. 
  

	3.	Special Meetings 

  
 Special meetings of the shareholders may be called at any time by the Board or by the President, and shall be called by the President or the Secretary at
the Written request of the holders of ten percent (10%) of the outstanding shares entitled to vote there at, or as otherwise required by law. 

	4.	Notice of Meetings 

  
 Written notice of each meeting of shareholders, whether annual or special, stating the time when and place where it is to be held, shall be served not
less than ten nor more than fifty days before the meeting, upon each shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting, and to any other shareholder to whom the giving of notice may be required by law. Notice of a special meeting shall also
state the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is called, and shall indicate that it is being issued by the person calling the meeting. If, at any meeting action is proposed to be taken that would, if taken, entitle shareholders to receive
payment for their shares, the notice of such meeting shall include a statement of the purpose and to that effect. If mailed, such notice shall be directed to each such shareholder at his address, as it appears on the records of the shareholders of
the Corporation, unless he shall have previously filed with the Secretary of the Corporation a written request that notices intended for him be mailed to some other address, in which event, it shall be mailed to the address designated in such
request. 
  

	5.	Waiver 

  
 Notice of any meeting need not be given to any shareholder who submits a signed waiver of notice either before or after a meeting. The attendance of any
shareholder at a meeting, in person or by proxy, shall constitute a waiver of notice by such shareholder. 
  

	6.	Fixing Record Date 

  
 For the purpose of determining the shareholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of shareholders or any adjournment thereof, or to express
consent to or dissent from any proposal without a meeting, or for the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to receive payment of any dividend or the allotment of any rights, or for the purpose of any other action, the Board shall fix, in
advance, a date as the record date for any such determination of shareholders. Such date shall not be more than fifty nor less than ten days before the date of such meeting, nor more than fifty days prior to any other action. If no record date is
fixed it shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of law. 
  

	7.	Quorum 

  
 (a) Except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation, at all meetings of the shareholders of the Corporation, the presence at the
commencement of such meetings, in person or by proxy, of shareholders holding a majority of the total number of shares of the Corporation then issued and outstanding on the records of the Corporation and entitled to vote, shall be necessary and
sufficient to constitute a quorum for the transaction of any business. If a specified item of business is required to be voted on by a class or classes, the holder of a majority of the shares of such class or classes shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of such specified item of business. The withdrawal of any shareholder after the commencement of a meeting shall have no effect on the existence of a quorum, after a quorum has been established at such meeting. 
  

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 (b) Despite the absence of a quorum at any annual or special meeting of shareholders, the shareholders,
by a majority of the votes cast by the holders of shares entitled to vote thereon, may adjourn the meeting. 
  

	8.	Voting 

  
 (a) Except as otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation, 
  
 (1) directors shall be elected by a plurality of the votes cast; 
  
 (2) all other corporate action to be taken by vote of the
shareholders, shall be authorized by a majority of votes cast; 
  
 at a meeting of
shareholders by the holders of shares entitled to vote thereon. 
  
 (b) Except as otherwise provided by statute or by the Certificate of Incorporation, at each meeting of shareholders, each holder of record of shares of the Corporation entitled to vote, shall be entitled to one vote for each share of stock
registered in his name on the books of the Corporation. 
  
 (c)
Each shareholder entitled to vote or to express consent or dissent without a meeting, may do so by proxy; provided, however, that the instrument authorizing such proxy to act shall have been executed in writing by the shareholder himself, or by his
attorney-in-fact duly authorized in writing. No proxy shall be valid after the expiration of eleven months from the date of its execution, unless the proxy shall specify the length of time it is to continue in force. The proxy shall be delivered to
the Secretary at the meeting and shall be filed with the records of the Corporation. Every proxy shall be revocable at the pleasure of the shareholder executing it, except as otherwise provided by law. 
  
 (d) Any action that may be taken by vote may be taken without a meeting on
written consent. Such action shall constitute action by such shareholders with the same force and effect as if the same had been approved at a duly called meeting of shareholders and evidence of such approval signed by all of the shareholders shall
be inserted in the Minute Book of the Corporation. 
  
 ARTICLE III 
  
 BOARD OF
DIRECTORS 
  

	1.	Number 

  
 The Board of Directors shall by resolution fix the number of directors of the Corporation from time to time which number shall be not less than three (3)
nor more than nine (9). 
  

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	2.	Election 

  
 Except as may otherwise be provided herein or in the Certificate of Incorporation, the members of the Board need not be shareholders and shall be elected
by a majority of the votes cast at a meeting of shareholders, by the holders of shares entitled to vote in the election. 
  

	3.	Term of Office 

  
 Each director shall hold office until the annual meeting of the shareholders next succeeding his election, and until his successor is elected and
qualified, or until his prior death, resignation or removal. 
  

	4.	Duties and Powers 

  
 The Board shall be responsible for the control and management of the affairs, property and interests of the Corporation, except those powers expressly
conferred upon or reserved to the shareholders. 
  

	5.	Annual 

  
 Regular annual meetings of the Board shall be held immediately following the annual meeting of shareholders. 
  

	6.	Regular Meetings and Notice 

  
 The Board may provide by resolution for the holding of regular meetings of the Board of Directors, and may fix the time and place thereof. 
  
 Notice of regular meetings shall not be required to be given and if given,
need not specify the purpose of the meeting; provided, however, that in the case that the Board shall fix or change the time or place of any regular meeting, notice of such action be given to each director who shall not have been present at the
meeting at which such action was taken within the time limited, and in the manner set forth at Section 7 of this Article III, unless such notice shall be waived. 
  

	7.	Special Meetings and Notices 

  
 (a) Special meetings of the Board shall be held whenever called by the President or by one of the directors, at such time and place as may be specified in
the respective notices or waivers of notice thereof. 
  
 (b)
Notice of special meetings shall be mailed directly to each director, addressed to him for such purpose or at his usual place of business, at least two (2) business days before the day on which the meeting is to be held, or delivered to him
personally or given to him orally, not later than the business day before the day on which the meeting is to be held. 
  

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 (c) Notice of a special meeting shall not be required to be given to any director who shall attend such
meeting, or who submits a signed waiver of notice. 
  

	8.	Chairman 

  
 At all meetings of the Board, the Chairman, if present, shall preside. If there is no Chairman, or he shall be absent, then the President shall preside.
In his absence, the Chairman shall be chosen by the Directors present. 
  

	9.	Quorum and Adjournment 

  
 (a) At all meetings of the Board, the presence of a majority of the entire Board shall be necessary to constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business, except as otherwise provided by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-Laws. Participation of any one or more members of the Board by means of a conference telephone or similar communications equipment, allowing all
persons participating in the meeting to hear each other at the same time, shall constitute presence in person at such meeting. 
  
 (b) A majority of the directors present at any regular meeting or special meeting, although less than a quorum, may adjourn the same from time to time,
without notice, until a quorum shall be present. 
  

	10.	Manner of Acting 

  
 (a) At all meetings of the Board, each director present shall have one vote. 
  
 (b) Except as otherwise provided by law, by the Certificate of Incorporation, or by these By-Laws, the action of the
directors present at any meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board. Any action authorized, in writing, by all of the directors entitled to vote thereon and filed with minutes of the Corporation shall be the act of the Board
with the same force and effect as if the same had been passed by unanimous vote at a duly called meeting of the Board. 
  

	11.	Vacancies 

  
 Any vacancy in the Board of Directors resulting from an increase in the number of directors, or the death, resignation, disqualification, removal or
inability to act of any director, shall be filled for the unexpired portion of the term by a majority of the remaining directors, though less than a quorum, at any regular meeting or special meeting of the Board called for the purpose. 

 

	12.	Resignation 

  
 Any director may resign at any time by giving written notice to the Board, the President or the Secretary of the Corporation. Unless otherwise specified
in such written notice, such resignation shall take effect upon the receipt thereof by the Board or such officer, and the acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. 
  

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	13.	Removal 

  
 Any director may be removed, with or without cause, at any time by the shareholders, at a special meeting of the shareholders called for that purpose and
may be removed for cause by action of the Board. 
  

	14.	Compensation 

  
 The directors shall be eligible to participate in the 1992 Incentive Stock Plan, as amended, and any other compensation plan that may be adopted by the
Company from time to time. In addition, the directors, by a resolution of the Board, may receive a fixed sum and expenses for attendance at each regular or special meeting of the Board. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to preclude any
director from serving the Corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor. 
  

	15.	Contracts 

  
 (a) No contract or other transaction between this Corporation and any other business shall be affected or invalidated nor shall any director be liable in
any way by reason of the fact that a director of this Corporation is interested in, or is a director, officer, or is financially interested in such other business, provided such fact is disclosed to the Board. 
  
 (b) Any director may be a party to or may be interested in any contract or
transaction of this Corporation individually and no director shall be liable in any way by reason of such interest, provided that the fact of such participation or interest be disclosed to the Board and provided that the Board shall authorize or
ratify such contract or transaction by the vote (not counting the vote of any such director) of a majority of a quorum, notwithstanding the presence of any such director at the meeting at which such action is taken. Such director may be counted in
determining the presence of a quorum at such meeting. This Section shall not be construed to invalidate or in any way affect any contract or other transaction which would otherwise be valid under the law applicable thereto. 
  

	16.	Committees 

  
 The Board, by resolution adopted by a majority of the entire Board, may, from time to time, designate from among its members an executive committee and
such other committees and alternate members thereof as they may deem desirable, each consisting of three or more members, with such powers and authority (to the extent permitted by law) as may be provided in such resolution. Each such committee
shall remain in existence at the pleasure of the Board. Participation of any one or more members of a committee by means of a conference telephone or similar means of communication equipment allowing all persons participating in the meeting to hear
each other at the same time, shall constitute a director’s presence in person at any such meeting. Any action authorized in writing by all of the members of a committee and filed with the minutes of the committee shall be the act of the
committee with the same force and effect as if the same had been passed by unanimous vote at a duly called meeting of the committee. 
  

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 ARTICLE IV 
  
 OFFICES 
  

	1.	Number and Qualifications 

  
 The officers of the corporation consist of a President, one or more Vice Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other officers, including a
Chairman of the Board, as the Board of Directors, may from time to time, deem advisable. Any officer other than the Chairman of the Board may be, but is not required to be, a director of the Corporation. Any two or more offices may be held by the
same person, except the offices of President and Secretary. 
  

	2.	Election 

  
 The Officers of the Corporation shall be elected by the Board at the regular annual meeting of the Board following the annual meeting of shareholders.

  

	3.	Term of Office 

  
 Each officer shall hold office until the annual meeting of the Board next succeeding his election, and until his successor shall have been elected and
qualified, or until his death, resignation or removal. 
  

	4.	Resignation 

  
 Any officer may resign at any time by giving written notice thereof to the Board, the President or the Secretary of the Corporation. Such resignation
shall take effect upon receipt thereof by the Board or by such officer, unless otherwise specified in such written notice. The acceptance of such resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. 
  

	5.	Removal 

  
 Any officer, whether elected or appointed by the Board, may be removed by the Board, either with or without cause, and a successor elected by the Board at
any time. 
  

	6.	Vacancies 

  
 A vacancy in any office by reason of death, resignation, inability to act, disqualification, or any other cause, may at any time be filled for the
unexpired portion of the term by the Board. 
  

	7.	Duties 

  
 Unless otherwise specified by the Board, Officers of the Corporation shall each have such powers and duties as generally pertain to their respective
offices, such powers and duties as may be set forth in these By-Laws, and such powers and duties as may be specifically provided for by the Board. The President shall be the chief executive officer of the Corporation. 
  

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	8.	Sureties & Bonds 

  
 At the request of the Board, any Officer, employee or agent of the Corporation shall execute for the Corporation, a bond in sum, and with such surety as
the Board may direct, conditioned upon the faithful performance of his duties to the Corporation, including, responsibility for negligence and for the accounting for all property, funds or securities of the Corporation which may come into his hands.

  

	9.	Shares of Other Corporations 

  
 Whenever the Corporation is the holder of shares of any other Corporation, any right or power of the Corporation as such shareholder shall be exercised on
behalf of the Corporation in such manner as the Board may authorize. 
  
 ARTICLE V 
  
 SHARES OF STOCK

  

	1.	Certificates 

  
 (a) The certificates representing shares in the Corporation shall be in such form as shall be approved by the Board and shall be numbered and registered
in the order issued. They shall bear the holder’s name and the number of shares, and shall be signed by (i) the Chairman of the Board or the President or a Vice President, and (ii) the Secretary or Treasurer, or any Assistant Secretary or
Assistant Treasurer, and shall bear the corporate seal. 
  
 (b)
Certificate representing shares shall not be issued until they are fully paid for. 
  
 (c) The Board may authorize the issuance of certificates for fractions of a share which shall entitle the holder to exercise voting rights, receive dividends and participate in liquidating distributions, in proportion
to the fractional holdings. 
  

	2.	Lost or Destroyed Certificates 

  
 Upon notification by the holder of any certificate representing shares of the Corporation of the loss or destruction of one or more certificates
representing the same, the Corporation may issue new certificates in place of any certificates previously issued by it, and alleged to have been lost or destroyed. Upon production of evidence of loss or destruction, in such form as the Board in its
sole discretion may require, the Board may require the owner of the lost or destroyed certificates to provide the Corporation with a bond in which sum as the Board may direct, and with such surety as may be satisfactory to the Board, to indemnify
the Corporation against any claims, loss, liability or damage it may suffer on account of the issuance of the new certificate. A new certificate may be issued without requiring any such evidence or bond when, in judgment of the Board, it is proper
to do so. 
  

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	3.	Transfer of Shares 

  
 (a) Transfers of shares of the Corporation may be made on the share records of the Corporation solely by the holder of such records, in person or by a
duly authorized attorney, upon surrender for cancellation of the certificates representing such shares, with an assignment or power of transfer endorsed thereon or delivered therewith, duly executed and with such proof of the authenticity of the
signature, and the authority to transfer and the payment of transfer taxes as the Corporation or its agents may require. 
  
 (b) The Corporation shall be entitled to treat the holder of record of any shares as the absolute owner thereof for all purposes and shall not be bound to
recognize any legal equitable or other claim to, or interest in such shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise expressly provided by law. 
  

	4.	Record Date 

  
 In lieu of closing the share records of the Corporation, the Board may fix, in advance, a date not less than ten days and not more than fifty days, as the
record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to receive notice of, and to vote at, any meeting of shareholders entitled to receive payment of any dividends, or allotment of any rights, or for the purpose of any other action. If no
record date is fixed, the record date for the determination of shareholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of shareholders shall be at the close of business of the day immediately preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if no
notice is given, the day on which the meeting is held; the record date for determining shareholders for any other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the resolution of the directors relating thereto is adopted. When a
determination of shareholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of shareholders has been made as provided for herein, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof, unless the directors fix a new record date for
the adjourned meeting. 
  
 ARTICLE VI 
  
 DIVIDENDS 
  
 Subject to this Certificate of Incorporation, and to applicable law,
dividends may be declared and paid out of any funds available therefore, as often, in such amount, and at such time or times as the Board may determine. Before payment of any dividend, there may be set aside out of the net profits of the Corporation
available for dividends, such sum or sums as the Board, from time to time, in its sole discretion, or for repairing or maintaining any property of the Corporation, or for such other purpose as the Board shall think conducive to the interests of the
Corporation, and the Board may modify or abolish any such reserve. 
  

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 ARTICLE VII 
  
 FISCAL YEAR 
  
 The fiscal year of the Corporation shall be fixed by the Board from time to time, subject to applicable law. 
  
 ARTICLE VIII 
  
 CORPORATE SEAL 
  
 The corporate seal, if any, shall be in such form as shall be approved from
time to time by the Board. 
  
 ARTICLE IX 

 
 AMENDMENTS 
  

	1.	By Shareholders 

  
 All By-Laws of the Corporation shall be subject to revision, amendment or repeal, and new By-Laws may be adopted from time to time, by a majority vote of
the shareholders who are at such time entitled to vote in the election of directors. 
  

	2.	By Directors 

  
 The Board shall have power to make, adopt, alter, amend and repeal, from time to time, By-Laws of the Corporation, provided, however, that the
shareholders entitled to vote with respect thereto as provided for by Section 1 of this Article IX may alter amend or repeal the By-Laws as made by the Board. The Board shall have no power to change the quorum for meetings with respect to the
removal of directors or the filling of vacancies in the Board resulting from the removal of one or more directors by the shareholders. If any By-Law regulating an impending election of directors is adopted, amended or repealed by the Board, there
shall be set forth in this notice of the next annual meeting of shareholders for the election of directors, the By-Law so adopted, amended or repealed, together with a concise statement of the change made. 
  
 ARTICLE X 
  
 INDEMNIFICATION 
  

	1.	Right to Indemnification of Directors and Officers 

  
 The Corporation shall indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended,
any person (a “Covered Person”) who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (a “proceeding”), by
reason of the fact that such person, or a person for whom such person is the legal representative, is or was a director or officer of the Corporation or, while a director or 
  

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 officer of the Corporation, is or was serving at the request of the Corporation as a director, officer, employee or agent
of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity, including service with respect to employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses (including attorneys’ fees)
reasonably incurred by such Covered Person in such proceeding. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, except as otherwise provided in Section 3 of Article X, the Corporation shall be required to indemnify a Covered Person in connection with a
proceeding (or part thereof) commenced by such Covered Person only if the commencement of such proceeding (or part thereof) by the Covered Person was authorized in advance by the Board of Directors. 
  

	2.	Prepayment of Expenses of Directors and Officers 

  
 The Corporation shall pay the expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred by a Covered Person in defending any proceeding in advance of its final
disposition, provided, however, that, to the extent required by law, such payment of expenses in advance of the final disposition of the proceeding shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the Covered Person to repay all amounts advanced
if it should be ultimately determined that the Covered Person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article X or otherwise. 
  

	3.	Claims by Directors and Officers 

  
 If a claim for indemnification or advancement of expenses under this Article X is not paid in full within thirty days after a written claim therefor by
the Covered Person has been received by the Corporation, the Covered Person may file suit to recover the unpaid amount of such claim and, if successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid the expense of prosecuting such claim. In any
such action the Corporation shall have the burden of proving that the Covered Person is not entitled to the requested indemnification or advancement of expenses under applicable law. 
  

	4.	Advancement of Expenses of Employees and Agents 

  
 The Corporation may pay the expenses (including attorney’s fees) incurred by an employee or agent in defending any proceeding in advance of its final
disposition on such terms and conditions as may be determined by the Board of Directors. 
  

	5.	Non-Exclusivity of Rights 

  
 The rights conferred on any person by this Article X shall not be exclusive of any other rights which such person may have or hereafter acquire under any
statute, provision of the certificate of incorporation, these by-laws, agreement, vote of stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise. 
  

	6.	Other Indemnification 

  
 The Corporation’s obligation, if any, to indemnify any person who was or is serving at its request as a director, officer or employee of another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, organization or other enterprise shall be reduced by any amount such person may 
  

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 collect as indemnification from such other corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, organization or other
enterprise. 
  

	7.	Insurance 

  
 The Board of Directors may, to the full extent permitted by applicable law as it presently exists, or may hereafter be amended from time to time,
authorize an appropriate officer or officers to purchase and maintain at the Corporation’s expense insurance: (a) to indemnify the Corporation for any obligation which it incurs as a result of the indemnification of directors, officers and
employees under the provisions of this Article X; and (b) to indemnify or insure directors, officers and employees against liability in instances in which they may not otherwise be indemnified by the Corporation under the provisions of this Article
X. 
  

	8.	Amendment or Repeal 

  
 Any repeal or modification of the foregoing provisions of this Article X shall not adversely affect any right or protection hereunder of any person in
respect of any act or omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or modification. The rights provided hereunder shall inure to the benefit of any Covered Person and such person’s heirs, executors and administrators. 
  

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