Document:

<PAGE>
                                                                    Exhibit 4.17

      MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE -- CORPORATION AND SECURITIES BUREAU

DATE RECEIVED                                         (FOR BUREAU USE ONLY)
JUN 28, 1995

                                                              FILED

                                                           JUN 28 1995

NAME                                                       Administrator
Mark A. Densmore                                 MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                                                 Corporation & Securities Bureau
ADDRESS
500 Woodward Avenue - Suite 4000                 EFFECTIVE DATE: _______________

  CITY    STATE    ZIP CODE
Detroit     MI    48226-3406

Document will be returned to the name and address you enter above.

                                                                         307-308

                            ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
                     For use by Domestic Profit Corporations
           (Please read information and instructions on the last page)

     Pursuant to the provisions of Act 284, Public Acts of 1972, the undersigned
corporation executes the following Articles:

ARTICLE I

The name of the corporation is: MDAS Acquisition Co.

ARTICLE II

The purpose or purposes for which the corporation is formed is to engage in any
activity within the purposes for which corporations may be formed under the
Business Corporation Act of Michigan.

ARTICLE III

The total authorized shares:

1.   Common Shares      60,000

     Preferred Shares      -0-

2.   A statement of all or any of the relative rights, preferences and
     limitations of the shares of each class is as follows:

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

<PAGE>

ARTICLE IV

1.   The address of the registered office is:

     500 Woodward Avenue - Suite 4000   Detroit,   Michigan 48226-3406
     (STREET ADDRESS)                    (CITY)             (ZIP CODE)

2.   The mailing address of the registered office if different than above:

     ________________________________   _______,   Michigan __________
     (P.O. BOX)                          (CITY)             (ZIP CODE)

3.   The name of the resident agent at the registered office is: Mark A.
     Densmore

ARTICLE V

The name(s) and address(es) of the incorporator(s) is (are) as follows:

<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
NAME               RESIDENCE OR BUSINESS ADDRESS
----               -----------------------------
<S>                <C>
Mark A. Densmore   500 Woodward Ave. - Suite 4000, Detroit, MI 48226

--------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------
</TABLE>

ARTICLE VI (OPTIONAL. DELETE IF NOT APPLICABLE)

When a compromise or arrangement or a plan of reorganization of this corporation
is proposed between this corporation and its creditors or any class of them or
between this corporation and its shareholders or any class of them, a court of
equity jurisdiction within the state, on application of this corporation or of a
creditor or shareholder thereof, or on application of a receiver appointed for
the corporation, may order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors or
of the shareholders or class of shareholders to be affected by the proposed
compromise or arrangement or reorganization, to be summoned in such manner as
the court directs. If a majority in number representing 3/4 in value of the
creditors or class of creditors, or of the shareholders or class of shareholders
to be affected by the proposed compromise or arrangement or a reorganization,
agree to a compromise or arrangement or a reorganization of this corporation as
a consequence of the compromise or arrangement, the compromise or arrangement
and the reorganization, if sanctioned by the court to which the application has
been made, shall be binding on all the creditors or class of creditors, or on
all the shareholders or class of shareholders and also on this corporation.

ARTICLE VII (OPTIONAL. DELETE IT NOT APPLICABLE)

Any action required or permitted by the Act to be taken at an annual or special
meeting of shareholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice,
and without a vote, if consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken,
are signed by the holders of outstanding shares having not less than the minimum
number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take the action at a
meeting at which all shares entitled to vote on the action were present and
voted. The written consents shall bear the date of signature of each shareholder
who signs the consent. No written consents shall be effective to take the
corporate action referred to unless, within 60 days after the record date for
determining shareholders entitled to express consent to or to dissent from a
proposal without a meeting, written consents signed by a sufficient number of
shareholders to take the action are delivered to the corporation. Delivery shall
be to the corporation's registered office, its principal place of business, or
an officer or agent of the corporation having custody of the minutes of the
proceedings of its shareholders. Delivery made to a corporation's registered
office shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt
requested.

Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less
than unanimous written consent shall be given to shareholders who have not
consented in writing.

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

<PAGE>

Use space below for additional Articles or for continuation of previous
Articles. Please identify any Article being continued or added. Attach
additional pages if needed.

ARTICLE VIII

          A director of the Corporation shall not be personally liable to the
Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary
duty as a director, except for liability (i) for any breach of the director's
duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or
omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing
violation of law, (iii) for a violation of Section 551(l) of the Michigan
Business Corporation Act, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director
derived any improper personal benefit. If the Michigan Business Corporation Act
is amended after the date of these Articles of Incorporation to authorize
corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of
directors, then the liability of a director of the Corporation shall be
eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by the Michigan Business
Corporation Act, as so amended.

          Any repeal or modification of the foregoing paragraph by the
stockholders of the Corporation shall not adversely affect any right or
protection of a director of the Corporation existing at the time of such repeal
or modification.

I (We), the incorporator(s) sign my (our) name(s) this 20th day of June, 1995.

/s/ Mark A. Densmore
-------------------------------------   ----------------------------------------

-------------------------------------   ----------------------------------------

-------------------------------------   ----------------------------------------

-------------------------------------   ----------------------------------------

-------------------------------------   ----------------------------------------

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

<PAGE>

       MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - CORPORATION AND SECURITIES BUREAU

DATE RECEIVED                                         (FOR BUREAU USE ONLY)
OCT 02 1995
                                                              FILED

                                                           OCT 02 1995
NAME
Mark A. Densmore, Esq.                                    Administrator
                                                 MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
ADDRESS                                          Corporation & Securities Bureau
500 Woodward Avenue, Suite 4000
                                                 EFFECTIVE DATE: _______________
  CITY    STATE   ZIP CODE
Detroit     MI      48226

DOCUMENT WILL BE RETURNED TO THE NAME AND ADDRESS YOU ENTER ABOVE.

                                CERTIFICATE OF MERGER
              FOR USE BY PARENT AND SUBSIDIARY PROFIT CORPORATIONS
           (Please read information and instructions on the last page)

     Pursuant to the provisions of Act 284, Public Acts of 1972, the undersigned
corporation executes the following Certificate:

1. a. The name of each constituent corporation and its identification number is:

      MDAS Acquisition Co.                                               307-308

      Murray's Discount Auto Stores, Inc.                                031-529

b.    The name of the surviving corporation and its identification number is:

      MDAS Acquisition Co.                                               307-308

c.    For each subsidiary corporation, state:

<TABLE>
<CAPTION>
                         Number of outstanding     Number of shares owned by the
  Name of corporation     shares in each class   parent corporation in each class
----------------------   ---------------------   --------------------------------
<S>                      <C>                     <C>
Murray's Discount Auto   75,000 Common Shares
Stores, Inc.             $10.00 par value                     75,000

----------------------   ---------------------   --------------------------------

----------------------   ---------------------   --------------------------------

----------------------   ---------------------   --------------------------------

----------------------   ---------------------   --------------------------------
</TABLE>

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

<PAGE>

d.   The manner and basis of converting the shares of each constituent
     corporation is as follows:

     See Attached

e.   The amendments to the Articles of Incorporation of the surviving
     corporation to be effected by the merger are as follows:

     Article I of the Articles of Incorporation is hereby amended to read as
     follows: "The name of the corporation is 'Murray's Discount Auto Stores,
     Inc.'"

f.   Other provisions with respect to the merger are as follows:

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

<PAGE>

2.   (Complete for any foreign corporation only)

     This merger is permitted by the laws of the State of ___________________,
     the jurisdiction under which _______________________________________ is
                                       (name of foreign corporation)
     formed and the plan of merger was adopted and approved by such corporation
     pursuant to and in accordance with the laws of that jurisdiction.

4.   (Delete if not applicable)

     The consent to the merger by the shareholders of the parent corporation was
     obtained. (Such consent is necessary if its Articles of incorporation
     require shareholder approval of the merger, the plan of merger amends its
     Articles of Incorporation, or a subsidiary is to be the surviving
     corporation.)

5.   (Complete only if an effective date is desired other than the date of
     filing)

     The merger shall be effective on the ___ day of ____________, 19__________.

Signed this 2nd day of October, 1995

                                        MDAS Acquisition Co.
                                        (Name of parent corporation)

                                        By /s/ Mark J. Schwartz
                                           -------------------------------------
                                           (Only signature of President,
                                           Vice-President, Chairperson, or
                                           Vice-Chairperson)

                                         Mark J. Schwartz - President
                                        (Type or Print Name and Title)

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL
<PAGE>

                                 PLAN OF MERGER

     PLAN OF MERGER dated as of the 2nd day of October, 1995 of Murray's
Discount Auto Stores, Inc., a Michigan corporation ("Subsidiary") with and into
MDAS Acquisition Co., a Michigan corporation ("Parent"). Subsidiary and Parent
 are hereinafter sometimes called the "Constituent Corporations" and Parent is
hereinafter sometimes called the "Surviving Corporation".

     Parent is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the
State of Michigan, having an authorized capital stock consisting of 60,000
shares of Common Stock, without par value (the "Parent Common Stock"). As of the
date hereof, 1,000 shares of Parent Common Stock were issued and outstanding.

     Subsidiary is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of
the State of Michigan having an authorized capital stock consisting of 150,000
shares of Common Stock, $10.00 par value (the "Subsidiary Common Stock"). As of
the date hereof, 75,000 shares of Subsidiary Common Stock were issued and
outstanding.

     Parent owns all of the outstanding shares of Subsidiary Common Stock.

     The directors of Parent deem it advisable for the welfare and best
interests of the Constituent Corporations and for the best interests of the
respective shareholders of the Constituent Corporations that Subsidiary be
merged with and into Parent on the terms and conditions hereinafter set forth in
accordance with the provisions of Section 711 of the Michigan Business
Corporation Act (the "Michigan Act") which permit such merger (the "Merger").

                                    ARTICLE I

                                   The Merger

     Section 1.1 Merger of Subsidiary into Parent. At the Effective Time of the
Merger (as defined in Section l.2 hereof), Subsidiary shall be merged with and
into Parent. As a result of the Merger, the separate corporate existence of
Subsidiary shall cease, and Parent shall continue as the Surviving Corporation,
and shall continue to be governed by the laws of the State of Michigan.

     Section 1.2 Effective Time of the Merger. The Merger shall become effective
upon the filing of a Certificate of Merger with the Department of Commerce,
Corporation and Securities Bureau, Corporate Division of the State of Michigan
in accordance with the Michigan Act. The date and time of such effectiveness are
referred to herein as the "Effective Time of the Merger."

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

<PAGE>

     Section 1.3 Effects of the Merger. At the Effective Time of the Merger:

          (i) the separate existence of Subsidiary shall cease and Subsidiary
shall be merged with and into Parent, which shall be the Surviving Corporation;

          (ii) the Articles of Incorporation of Parent as in effect immediately
prior to the Effective Time of the Merger shall continue in full force and
effect as the Articles of Incorporation of the Surviving Corporation until they
shall thereafter be amended in accordance with their terms and as provided by
law; provided, however, that, at the Effective time, Article I of the Articles
of Incorporation of the Surviving Corporation shall be amended to read as
follows: "The name of the corporation is 'Murray's Discount Auto Stores, Inc.'";

          (iii) the By-Laws of Parent as in effect immediately prior to the
Effective Time of the Merger shall continue in full force and effect and be the
By-Laws of the Surviving Corporation until they shall thereafter be amended in
accordance with their terms and as provided by law;

          (iv) the directors of Parent in office at the Effective Time of the
Merger shall be the directors of the Surviving Corporation, each of such
directors to hold office, subject to the applicable provisions of the By-Laws of
the Surviving Corporation and the Michigan Act, until his or her successor shall
be elected and shall duly qualify;

          (v) the officers of Parent in office at the Effective Time of the
Merger shall be the officers of the Surviving Corporation, each of such officers
to hold office, subject to the applicable provisions of the By-Laws of the
Surviving Corporation and the Michigan Act, at the pleasure of the Board of
Directors and until his or her successor is appointed or elected and shall duly
qualify;

          (vi) the Surviving Corporation shall possess all the rights,
privileges, immunities, and franchises, of a public as well as of a private
nature, of each of the Constituent Corporations; and all property, real,
personal, and mixed, and all debts due on whatever account, and all other choses
in action, and all and every other interest, of or belonging to or due to each
of the Constituent Corporations, shall be taken and deemed to be transferred to
and vested in the Surviving Corporation without further act or deed; and

          (vii) the Surviving Corporation shall thenceforth be responsible and
liable for all liabilities and obligations of each of the Constituent
Corporations, and any claim existing or action or proceeding pending by or
against either of the Constituent Corporations may be prosecuted as if such
Merger had not taken place or the Surviving Corporation may be substituted in
its place. Neither the rights of creditors nor liens upon the property of either
of the Constituent Corporations shall be impaired by the Merger.

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

                                        2

<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE II

                        Effect of Merger on Common Stock
                        of the Constituent Corporations

     Section 2.1 Subsidiary Common Stock. At the Effective Time of the Merger
each share of Subsidiary Common Stock, all of which shares are owned by Parent,
shall be cancelled and no consideration shall be issuable with respect thereto.

     Section 2.2 Parent Common Stock. At the Effective Time of the Merger each
share of Parent Common Stock which is issued and outstanding immediately prior
to the Effective Time of the Merger shall continue to be outstanding without any
change therein.

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

                                        3

<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE III

                                     General

     Section 3.1 Termination. This Plan of Merger and the transactions
contemplated hereby may be terminated at any time by the Board of Directors of
Parent before the Effective Time of the Merger.

     Section 3.2 Governing Law. This Plan of Merger shall be governed by and
construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Michigan.

MDAS ACQUISITION CO.                    MURRAY'S DISCOUNT
                                        AUTO STORES, INC.

By: /s/ Mark J. Schwartz                By: /s/ Scott R Isdaner
    ---------------------------------       ------------------------------------
    Mark J. Schwartz                        Scott R Isdaner
Its: President                          Its: C.E.O.

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL

                                        4
<PAGE>

       MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE - CORPORATION AND SECURITIES BUREAU

Date Received                                              (FOR BUREAU USE ONLY)
Sep 06 1996

                 AJUSTED TO AGREE                                       FILED
               WITH BUREAU RECORDS                                  Sep - 6 1996

                                                      ADMINISTRATOR
                                         MI DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER & INDUSTRY
                                         SERVICES CORPORATION, SECURITIES & LAND
                                                    DEVELOPMENT BUREAU

                                    EFFECTIVE DATE: ____________________________

Name Jeanette H. Russow
     Honigman Miller Schwartz and Cohn

Address 2290 First National Building

  City    State   Zip Code
Detroit     MI      48226

Document will be returned to the name and address you enter above

   CERTIFICATE OF CHANGE OF REGISTERED OFFICE AND/OR CHANGE OF RESIDENT AGENT
  For use by Domestic and Foreign Corporations and Limited Liability Companies
           (Please read information and instructions on reverse side)

     Pursuant to the provisions of Act 284, Public Acts of 1972 (profit
corporations), Act 162, Public Acts of 1982 (nonprofit corporations), or Act 23,
Public Acts of 1993 (limited liability companies), the undersigned corporation
or limited liability company executes the following Certificate:

1.   The name of the corporation or limited liability company is: Murray's
     Discount Auto Stores, Inc.

     ___________________________________________________________________________

2.   The identification number assigned by the Bureau is: 307 - 308

3.   a. The name of the resident agent on file with the Bureau is: Michael Klein

     b. The location of its registered office is:

        808 Haggerty Rd.   Belleville, Michigan      48111
        (Steet Address)      (City)               (Zip Code)

     c. The mailing address of the above registered office on file with the
        Bureau is:

        ________________________________________________, Michigan _____________
                  (P.O. Box)           (City)                      (Zip Code)

  ENTER IN ITEM 4 THE INFORMATION AS IT SHOULD NOW APPEAR ON THE PUBLIC RECORD

4.   a. The name of the resident agent is: Samuel T. Stahl

     b. The address of the registered office is:

        2290 First National Building, Detroit, Michigan 48226
              (Street Address)         (City)           (Zip Code)

     c. The mailing address of the registered office IF DIFFERENT THAN 4B is:

        ________________________________________________, Michigan _____________
                  (P.O. Box)           (City)                      (Zip Code)

5.   The above changes were authorised by resolution duly adopted by: 1. ALL
     CORPORATIONS: its board of directors; 2. PROFIT CORPORATIONS ONLY: the
     resident agent if only the address of the registered office is changed, in
     which case a copy of this statement has been mailed to the coporation: 3.
     LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES: an operating agreement, affirmative vote of a
     majority of the members pursuant to section 502(1), managers pursuant to
     section 405, or the resident agent if only the address of the registered
     office is changed. The corporation or limited liability company further
     states that the address of its registered office and the address of its
     resident agent as changed, are identical.

Date Signed: June 19, 1996      Signed by: /s/ Thomas R. Schuck
                                           -------------------------------------
                                                      (Signature)

                                Thomas R. Schuck, Vice President/ Administration
                                   (Type or Print Name) (Type or Print Title)

GOLD SEAL APPEARS ONLY ON ORIGINAL<PAGE>
                                                                    Exhibit 4.18

                                     BY-LAWS
                                       OF
                              MDAS ACQUISITION CO.

                             A Michigan Corporation

                                    ARTICLE I

                             Shareholders' Meetings

          Section 1. Annual Meeting. The annual meeting of shareholders shall be
held on the date during the third month of each fiscal year and at the time and
place as the Board of Directors shall fix, for the purpose of electing directors
and transacting such other business as may properly come before the meeting. Any
annual meeting not held on the designated day may be held on any day thereafter
to which it may be adjourned.

          Section 2. Special Shareholders' Meetings. Special meetings of
shareholders may be called by the Chairperson of the Board, the President, the
chief executive officer, or the Board of Directors. The chief executive officer
shall call a special shareholders' meeting whenever shareholders owning a
majority of the issued and outstanding shares of the Corporation's capital stock
entitled to vote at the special meeting shall so request in writing.

          Section 3. Place of Meeting. The Board of Directors may designate any
place either within or without Michigan as the meeting place for any
shareholders' meeting called by the Board of Directors. If no designation is
made or if some person other than the Board calls a special meeting, the meeting
shall be held at the Corporation's chief executive office in Michigan.

          Section 4. Notice of Meetings. written notice of the time, place and
purposes of a shareholders' meeting shall be given not less than ten (10) nor
more than sixty (60) days before the meeting date, either personally or by mail,
to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting. If mailed, the
notice shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail,
postage pre-paid, addressed to the shareholder at his or her address as it
appears on the Corporation's stock transfer books.

<PAGE>

          Section 5. Quorum. At all shareholders' meetings, except where
otherwise provided by law, the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares
entitled to vote, being present in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum
for all purposes. The shareholders present in person or by proxy at the meeting
may continue to do business until adjournment, notwithstanding the withdrawal of
enough shareholders to leave less than a quorum.

          Section 6. Voting. Each outstanding share of capital stock is entitled
to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote, except as otherwise provided in
the Articles of Incorporation or under law. A vote may be cast either orally or
in writing, at the discretion of the chairperson of the meeting.

          Section 7. Adjournments. Any annual or special shareholders' meeting,
whether or not a quorum is present, may be adjourned from time to time by a
majority vote of the shares present in person or by proxy. Unless the Board of
Directors fixes a new record date for the adjourned meeting, it is not necessary
to give notice of the adjourned meeting if the date, time and place to which the
meeting is adjourned are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is
taken and only such business is transacted at the adjourned meeting as might
have been transacted at the original meeting.

                                   ARTICLE II

                                    Directors

          Section 1. Number and Term of Office. The number of directors of the
Corporation shall be not less than two (2) nor more than ten (10), the number to
be determined initially by the incorporator and thereafter by action by the
shareholders or by action of the Board of Directors. All directors shall be
elected at the annual meeting of shareholders and hold office until the
succeeding annual meeting and until their respective successors are elected and
have qualified, or until their earlier death, resignation or removal.

          Section 2. Removal. A director of the Corporation may be removed from
office for any reason by the vote of the holders of a majority of the capital
stock then outstanding and entitled to vote at a special meeting of the
shareholders called for that purpose.

          Section 3. Annual and Regular Meetings. The annual meeting of the
Board of Directors shall be held on the date of the Corporation's annual
shareholders meeting. Regular meetings of the Board of Directors may be held
without notice at such time and place as may be fixed by resolution of the
Board.

                                       -2-

<PAGE>

          Section 4. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of
Directors may be held whenever called by the Chairperson or the President, or
upon the written request of a majority of the Board of Directors. Notice thereof
shall be given personally or by telephone, mail, facsimile, or similar means of
communication to the last known address of each director at least one (1) day
before such meeting. Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose
of, a special meeting need be specified in the notice of the meeting.

          Section 5. Quorum and Voting. A majority of the Directors then in
office shall constitute a quorum for transacting business, unless otherwise
provided by law or the Articles of Incorporation. A majority of Directors
present at any regular or special meeting, although less than a quorum, may
adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice. The majority vote of
members present at a meeting at which a quorum is present constitutes the action
of the Board of Directors, unless the vote of a larger number is required by
law, the Articles of Incorporation, or the By-Laws.

          Section 6. Compensation. The members of the Board of Directors of the
Corporation who are not full-time officers or employees of the Corporation shall
receive such reasonable compensation and reimbursement of expenses for their
services as determined by the Board of Directors.

                                   ARTICLE III

                                    Officers

          Section 1. Number. The officers of the Corporation shall be a
President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer. The Board of Directors may also elect a
Chairperson of the Board, one or more Vice Chairpersons of the Board, one or
more Vice Presidents (one or more of whom may be designated as Senior Vice
President or Executive Vice President), a Controller and one or more Assistant
Secretaries, Assistant Treasurers, and Assistant Controllers. The Board of
Directors shall have power to create such other offices as it may from time to
time deem expedient.

          Section 2. Election and Term of Office. The officers shall be elected
annually by the Board of Directors at its annual meeting. If the officers are
not elected at this meeting, they shall be elected as soon thereafter as
convenient. Each officer shall hold office until his or her successor shall have
been duly elected and qualified or until his or her death, resignation or
removal.

                                       -3-

<PAGE>

          Section 3. Removal and Vacancies. Any officer elected or appointed by
the Board may be removed by the Board of Directors at any time with or without
cause. Vacancies among officers of the Corporation during the year may be filled
by the Board of Directors for the unexpired portion of the term.

          Section 4. Chief Executive and Chief Operating Officers. The Board of
Directors shall designate one of the Corporation's officers as the chief
executive officer and may, from time to time, but shall not be required to do
so, designate one of the officers as the chief operating officer. In the absence
of any designation, the President shall serve as the chief executive officer.
Subject to the direction of the Board of Directors, the chief executive officer
shall have general supervision of the Corporation's business, departments,
officers, and employees, and shall prescribe duties of other officers and
employees insofar as they are not specified by the By-Laws or by the Board of
Directors. The chief operating officer shall have such duties as may be
designated by the chief executive officer or by the Board of Directors.

          Section 5. Chairperson of the Board. The Chairperson of the Board
shall be appointed by the Board of Directors and shall perform such duties as
may be designated by the Board of Directors. The Chairperson shall preside at
meetings of the shareholders and Board of Directors.

          Section 6. Vice Chairperson of the Board. The Vice Chairperson of the
Board shall be appointed by the Board of Directors and shall perform such duties
as may be designated by the Board of Directors. In the Chairperson's absence or
disability, the Vice Chairperson shall preside at meetings of the shareholders
and Board of Directors.

          Section 7. President. The President shall perform such duties as may
be designated by the chief executive officer or by the Board of Directors.

          Section 8. Vice Presidents. The Vice Presidents shall perform such
duties and be vested with such powers as the Board of Directors or the chief
executive officer may prescribe.

          Section 9. Secretary. The Secretary shall keep a record in proper
books maintained for that purpose of all proceedings of the Board of Directors
and the shareholders. The Secretary shall keep all other records and shall
perform all other duties as the Board of Directors or the chief executive
officer shall designate. The Secretary shall give all notices required by law,
the Articles of Incorporation, the By-Laws, or the resolutions of the Board of
Directors. The Secretary shall

                                      -4-

<PAGE>

in general perform all the duties appurtenant to the office of Secretary,
subject to the control of the Board of Directors and the chief executive
officer.

          Section 10. Treasurer. The Treasurer shall be responsible for all
funds and securities of the Corporation. The Treasurer shall deposit all the
Corporation's funds with such depositories as the Board of Directors may
designate. The Treasurer shall in general perform all duties incident to the
position of Treasurer, subject to the control of the Board of Directors and the
chief executive officer.

          Section 11. Other Officers. Other officers appointed by the Board of
Directors shall exercise those powers and perform those duties as may be
delegated to them by the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer.

          Section 12. Additional Duties and Authorities. The officers shall
have authority to execute on the Corporation's behalf any and all contracts,
agreements, bonds, deeds, mortgages, leases or other obligations of the
Corporation arising in its regular course of business other than where the
Corporation's Board of Directors designate one or more specific officers or
agents to act on the Corporation's behalf. All documents, instruments and
writings of any nature not arising in its regular course of business shall be
executed and delivered by the Corporation's officer or officers and in such
manner as the Board of Directors may, from time to time, determine.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                                   Committees

          The Board of Directors may establish such committees as it may deem
necessary or desirable to conduct the Corporation's business. Any committee
created shall consist of one or more directors and shall have the duties,
powers, and authority as the Board of Directors shall specify.

                                    ARTICLE V

                                  Capital Stock

          Section 1. Certificates. The interest of the Corporation's
shareholders may be evidenced by stock certificates, certifying the number of
shares represented thereby and in such form not inconsistent with law and the
Articles of Incorporation as the Board of Directors may from time to time
prescribe. The Board of Directors may authorize that some or all of the
Corporation's shares shall be issued without certificates in the manner
prescribed by law.

                                      -5-

<PAGE>

          The stock certificates shall be signed by the Chairperson of the
Board, the President, or a Vice President and may also be signed by the
Secretary or the Treasurer. The Corporation's seal may be affixed to the
certificates, and may be either printed or manually affixed. The officers'
signatures may be facsimiles if the certificate is countersigned by a transfer
agent or registered by a registrar other than the Corporation itself. If any
officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon any
certificate ceases to hold that office before the certificate is issued, the
Corporation may issue the certificate with the same effect as if he or she held
that office at its issuance.

          All certificates of stock surrendered to the Corporation for transfer
shall be cancelled and, except in the case of lost or destroyed certificates as
provided below, no new certificate shall be issued until the former certificate
or certificates for the shares represented thereby shall have been surrendered
and cancelled.

          Section 2. Lost Certificates. When a stock or other certificate
previously issued is alleged to have been lost or destroyed, a replacement
certificate may be issued upon such terms and indemnity to the Corporation as
the Board of Directors or the chief executive officer may prescribe.

          Section 3. Transfer of Shares. Transfer of the Corporation's stock
shall be made only on the stock transfer books, and the Corporation may decline
to recognize the holder of any certificate as a shareholder until the shares
represented by such certificate are transferred into his or her name on the
Corporation's stock transfer books. The Corporation shall be entitled to treat
the record holder of any shares as the absolute owner thereof, and shall not be
bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in those shares
on the part of any other person, whether or not it has express or other notice
thereof, except as otherwise provided by law. The Board of Directors may appoint
one or more stock transfer agents and registrars (which functions may be
combined), and may require all stock certificates to bear the signature of the
transfer agent and registrar.

          Section 4. Fixing Record Dates. For the purpose of determining
shareholders entitled to notice of and to vote at a shareholders' meeting or any
adjournment thereof, or for any other purpose, the Board of Directors may fix in
advance a date as the record date. The date shall not be more than sixty (60)
nor less than ten (10) days before the date of the meeting, nor more than sixty
(60) days before any other action.

                                      -6-

<PAGE>

                                   ARTICLE VI

                                  Miscellaneous

          Section 1. Seal. The Corporation's seal shall consist of the
Corporation's name and state of incorporation around the periphery of a circle,
with the words "Seal" or "Corporate Seal" within the circle.

          Section 2. Fiscal Year. The Corporation's fiscal year shall begin on
the first day of January in each year and end on the last day of December in
each year.

          Section 3. Indemnification of Directors, Officers, Employees, and
Agents. The Corporation shall indemnify any person who was or is a party, or is
threatened to be made a party, to any threatened, pending or completed action,
suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative, by
reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the
Corporation, or is or was serving another organization or entity (whether for
profit or not) at the Corporation's request. Such indemnification shall be to
the fullest extent, and shall be determined in such manner, as now or hereafter
permitted by law. The indemnification shall continue as to a person who has
ceased to be a director or officer and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs,
executors and administrators of the person.

          The Corporation may, by action of its Board of Directors, indemnify
its employees and agents to the same extent as the indemnification of directors
and officers.

          Notwithstanding the foregoing, the indemnification and advancement of
expenses provided by or granted under the Michigan Business Corporation Act
shall not be considered exclusive of any other rights to which those seeking
indemnification or advancement of expenses may be entitled under the Articles of
Incorporation, By-Laws, insurance, or a contractual agreement.

                                  ARTICLE VII

                                   Amendments

          These By-Laws may be amended, altered or repealed and new By-Laws may
be adopted by the shareholders or, unless prohibited or restricted by the
Corporation's Articles of Incorporation, the Board of Directors.

                                       -7-

<PAGE>

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                Scope of By-Laws

          These By-Laws govern the regulation and management of the
Corporation's affairs to the extent they are consistent with applicable law and
the Articles of Incorporation. To the extent of any inconsistency, applicable
law and the Articles of Incorporation shall govern the Corporation's affairs.

                                       -8-

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