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                                                                     EXHIBIT 4.8

                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS

                                       OF

                           URS CORPORATION GREAT LAKES

                             A Michigan Corporation
                 (Amended and Restated as of September 9, 2004)

                      (Formerly: Daverman Associates, Inc.)

                                   ARTICLE I.

                                     OFFICE

      Section 1. The registered office and place of business of the corporation
in the State of Michigan shall be 924 Grandville Avenue, S.W., Grand Rapids,
Michigan.

      Section 2. The corporation may have other offices at such other place or
places within or without the State of Michigan as the Board of Directors may
from time to time appoint or the business of the corporation may require.

                                   ARTICLE II.

                                  SHAREHOLDERS

      Section 1. The annual meeting of the shareholders for the election of
directors and for the transaction of such other business as may come before the
meeting shall be held at the office of the corporation, or at such other place
as may be designated by the Board of Directors, on the tenth Tuesday following
the close of the fiscal year of the corporation (unless such day be a holiday,
then on the next following business day), at ten o'clock in the forenoon, and
notice thereof shall be given by written or printed notice served upon each
shareholder entitled to vote thereat, either personally, or by mailing such
notice, postage prepaid, addressed to him at his post office address as such
address shall appear on the stock records of the corporation, at least five (5)
days prior to the holding of the meeting. No notice of the annual meeting of
shareholders shall be required as to any shareholder who shall attend such
meeting in person or by proxy, nor shall any notice be required as to any
shareholder who shall, in person or by attorney duly authorized, waive notice of
any meeting, whether before or after such meeting is held.

      Section 2. Special meetings of the shareholders shall be held at such
place within or without the State of Michigan as may be designated in the notice
thereof and shall be called at any time by the Secretary or any other office,
whenever directed by the Board of Directors or by the President, or upon the
written request of shareholders holding in the aggregate at least ten per centum
(10%) of the issued and outstanding capital stock of the corporation

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entitled to vote on the business to be transacted at such meeting, delivered to
such officer. Notice of every special meeting shall be given by a written or
printed notice served upon each shareholder, either personally or by mailing
such notice, postage prepaid, addressed to him at his post office address as
such address shall appear on the stock records of the corporation, at least ten
(10) days prior to the time of holding the meeting. No notice of the special
meeting of the shareholders shall be required as to any shareholder who shall
attend such meeting in person or by proxy, not shall any notice be required as
to any shareholder who shall, in person or by attorney duly authorized, waive
notice of any meeting, whether before or after such meeting is held.

      Section 3. At all meetings of the shareholders, in order to constitute a
quorum, there shall be present, either in person or by proxy, shareholders then
entitled to cast a majority in number of votes upon any question other than the
election of directors, and for the election of directors there shall be present,
in person or by proxy, the holders of a majority in interest of the then
outstanding stock of any class then vested with voting power; but if at any
regularly called meeting of shareholders there be less than a quorum present,
the shareholders present may adjourn the meeting from time to time without
further notice until a quorum is had.

      Section 4. Unless otherwise provided in the Articles of Incorporation of
the corporation, each shareholder shall, at every meeting of the shareholders,
be entitled to one vote for each share of capital stock held by such
shareholder; but, except where the transfer books of the corporation shall have
been closed or a date shall have been fixed as a record date for the
determination of shareholders entitled to vote, as hereinafter in these By-Laws
provided, no share of stock shall be voted on at any meeting of shareholders
which shall have been transferred on the books of the corporation within ten
(10) days preceding such meeting.

      Section 5. At all meetings of shareholders, any shareholder shall be
entitled to vote in person or by proxy, but no proxy shall be voted on after
three (3) years from its date unless said proxy provides for a longer period.
Proxies shall be in writing, but need not be sealed, witnessed or acknowledged,
and shall be filed with the Secretary at or before the meeting.

      Section 6. The President, or, in his absence, any executive officer of the
corporation, shall call all meetings of the shareholders to order, and, unless
otherwise ordered by the shareholders, shall act as Chairman of such meeting.

      Section 7. The Secretary of the corporation shall act as secretary of all
meetings of the shareholders, or, in his absence, the presiding officer may
appoint any person to act as secretary.

      Section 8. A complete list of the shareholders entitled to vote at each
election of directors, arranged in alphabetical order, shall be prepared and
made by the officer or agent who shall have charge of the stock records of the
corporation and filed at the place where the election is to be held, at least
ten (10) days before every election, and shall for such ten (10) days at all
times during the usual hours for business, be open for examination by any
registered shareholder entitled to vote at such election and holding in the
aggregate at least two per centum (2%) of the outstanding capital stock of all
classes of the corporation, and

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during the whole time of said election, be subject to inspection of any
shareholder or his proxy who may be present.

      Section 9. No action of the shareholders shall be deemed approved or
adopted unless it shall have received the affirmative vote of at least Fifty-one
Per Cent (51%) of the outstanding shares of the stock of the corporation, or
such greater affirmative vote as may be required by these By-Laws.

                                  ARTICLE III.

                                    DIRECTORS

      Section 1. The authorized number of directors shall be determined from
time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors, provided that the Board of
Directors shall consist of at least one member. The directors shall be elected
by the holders of the capital stock entitled to vote for directors at the annual
meeting, and shall hold office for one (1) year and until their successors are
respectively elected and qualified, or until such time as they are no longer
qualified, whichever is sooner.

      Section 2. Any vacancy in the Board of Directors, however created, shall
be filled by a special meeting of the shareholders called for that purpose.

      Section 3. The Board of Directors shall meet for the election of officers
and for the transaction of any other business as soon as practicable after the
adjournment of the annual meeting of the shareholders, at a time fixed by the
directors acting in accordance with Section 6 of this Article, and other regular
meetings of the Board shall be held at such times as the Board may from time to
time determine. No notice need be given of regular meetings of the Board.

      Section 4. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by the
President or Secretary or by any director by a written or printed notice served
personally upon each director, or mailed or telegraphed to his address as shown
upon the books of the corporation, at least five (5) days prior to the time of
holding the meeting.

      Section 5. The Board of Directors may hold its meetings and have an office
or offices, and keep the books of the corporation, except the original or
duplicate stock record, outside the State of Michigan, at such other place or
places, as may from time to time be determined by resolution of the Board or by
consent of all its members given in writing.

      Section 6. A majority of directors shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business.

      Section 7. The Board of Directors shall have power to authorize the making
and execution on behalf of the corporation of any lawful contracts, and to
employ agents,

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factors, clerks and workmen, to fix their compensation, to prescribe their
duties; to dismiss any employees without previous notice, and generally to
control all the affairs of the corporation, and to exercise all such powers of
the corporation and do all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or
by the Articles of Incorporation or these By-Laws directed or required to be
exercised or done by the shareholders. The establishment or alteration of an
employment relationship with any person who is a shareholder shall be made or
done only upon the affirmative vote of directors owning in total Sixty-five Per
Cent (65%) of the outstanding stock of the corporation.

      Section 8. In the event any action is taken by the Board of Directors, any
director who shall have been present at the meeting and voted against such
action shall have the right, within twenty-four (24) hours following the
approval of such action by the Board of Directors, to call, or cause to be
called, a special meeting of the shareholders of the Company for the purpose of
rescinding such action of the Board of Directors. If no action shall be taken
within twenty-four (24) hours following the time of adjournment of the meeting
at which the protested action was taken to call, or cause to be called, a
special meeting of the shareholders for the purpose of rescinding such action,
then such action shall stand as the action of the Company.

      Section 9. The Board of Directors shall not have the power to authorize
the issuance of any additional stock of the corporation except upon the
affirmative vote of directors owning Sixty-Five Per Cent (65%) of the
outstanding stock of the corporation.

                                   ARTICLE IV.

                                    OFFICERS

      Section 1. The officers of the corporation shall consist of a President,
one or more Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer, who shall be chosen by
the Board of Directors and shall hold office for one year and until their
successors are chosen and qualify. The President shall be chosen from among the
directors, but no other officer need be a director. The Secretary and Treasurer
may be the same person, and the President or a Vice President may hold the
office of Secretary or Treasurer, but not both. Assistants to the Secretary and
Treasurer may also be elected.

      Section 2. Said officers (excepting Assistant Secretaries and Assistant
Treasurers) shall be known as executive officers and shall have the usual powers
and shall perform the usual duties incident to their respective officers, and
shall, in addition, perform such other duties as shall be assigned to them from
time to time by the Board of Directors. Assistant Secretaries and Assistant
Treasurers shall have such duties as may be assigned by the Board from time to
time.

      Section 3. In the absence or disability of any officer of the corporation,
the Board of Directors may delegate his powers and duties to any other executive
officer, or to any director, during such absence or disability, and the person
so delegated shall, for the time being, be the officer whose powers and duties
he so assumes.

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      Section 4. Any vacancy in any office shall be filled for the unexpired
term by a required vote of the Board of Directors.

      Section 5. The Board of Directors may create such other office as they may
determine, and appoint officers to fill the same and define their duties and fix
their tenure of office.

      Section 6. The Board of Directors may at pleasure remove any officer of
the corporation, in their absolute discretion.

                                   ARTICLE V.

                           CHECKS, NOTES AND CONTRACTS

      Section 1. All checks, drafts, and orders for the payment of money shall
be signed by such person or persons as the Board of Directors may from time to
time determine. All endorsements for deposit shall be made by the Treasurer, or
in his name, or by any other executive officer.

      Section 2. All promissory notes of the corporation and acceptances must be
authorized by the Board of Directors and singed by any two of the aforesaid
executive officers, or such other officer as the Board of Directors may
designate.

      Section 3. All contracts, bonds, and agreements may be signed on behalf of
the corporation by any officer of the corporation or assistant officer, without
further authorization.

                                   ARTICLE VI.

                       FISCAL YEAR, RESERVES AND DIVIDENDS

      Section 1. The fiscal year shall be as is determined by the Board of
Directors, from time to time.

      Section 2. The Board of Directors shall have power to set apart out of any
of the funds of the corporation available for dividends a reserve or reserves
for any proper purposes and to vary, increase or decrease or abolish any such
reserve so created.

                                  ARTICLE VII.

                                      SEAL

      Section 1. The seal of the corporation shall be circular in form, with the
name of the corporation and the state in which it is incorporated.

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                                  ARTICLE VIII.

                                      STOCK

      Section 1. Certificates of stock shall be issued and signed by the
President or a Vice President and by the Secretary or Treasurer or an Assistant
Secretary or an Assistant Treasurer (if any be appointed) and sealed with the
seal of the corporation; provided, however, that where any such certificate is
signed by a transfer agent or by a transfer clerk on behalf of the corporation,
and by a registrar, the signatures of any such officer and/or the seal of the
corporation may be facsimiles, engraved or printed.

      Section 2. Transfers of stock shall be made on the books of the
corporation by the holder of the shares in person or by his attorney upon
surrender and cancellation of certificates for a like number of shares.

      Section 3. The Board of Directors shall have power and authority to make
all such rules and regulations as they may deem expedient concerning the issue,
transfer and registration of certificates of stock, and may appoint a transfer
agent and a registrar of transfers, and may require all such certificates to
bear the signature of such transfer agent and of such registrar of transfers.

      Section 4. The Board of Directors shall have power to close the stock
transfer books of the corporation for a period not exceeding forty (40) days
preceding the date of any meeting of shareholders or the date for the payment of
any dividend or the date for the allotment of rights or the date when any change
or conversion or exchange of capital stock shall go into effect. In lieu of
closing the stock transfer books of the corporation, as aforesaid, the Board of
Directors may fix in advance a date, not exceeding forty (40) days preceding the
date of any meeting of shareholders or the date for the payment of any dividend,
or the date for the allotment of rights, or the date when any change or
conversion or exchange of capital stock shall go into effect, as a record date
for the determination of the shareholders entitled to notice of, and to vote at,
any such meeting, or entitled to received payment of any such dividend, or to
any such allotment of rights, or to exercise the rights in respect of any such
change, conversion or exchange of capital stock, and in such case only such
shareholders as shall be shareholders of record on the date so fixed shall be
entitled to such notice of, and to vote at such meeting, or to receive payment
of such dividend, or to receive such allotment of rights, or to exercise such
rights, as the case may be, notwithstanding any transfer of any stock on the
books of the corporation after any such record date fixed as aforesaid.

      Section 5. In case any certificate of stock is lost, mutilated or
destroyed, the Board of Directors may issue a new certificate in place thereof
upon such terms and conditions as they may deem advisable and as may be
permitted by the laws of the State of Michigan.

                                   ARTICLE IX.

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                                WAIVER OF NOTICE

      Section 1. Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under the
provisions of these By-Laws or of any law, a waiver thereof in writing, signed
by the persons entitled to said notice, whether before or after the time stated
therein, shall be deemed equivalent thereto.

                                   ARTICLE X.

                                   AMENDMENTS

      Section 1. The shareholders may at any meeting amend, alter or repeal any
of these By-Laws by the affirmative vote of the holders of Sixty-five Per Cent
(65%) of the shares of common stock issued and outstanding; provided the
substance of the proposed amendment shall have been stated in the notice of the
meeting, or by unanimous vote of all the shareholders without such notice.<PAGE>
                                                                     EXHIBIT 4.9

                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS

                                       OF

                           URS CORPORATION - MARYLAND

                             A Maryland Corporation
                    (Amended and Restated September 9, 2004)

                                   ARTICLES I

                                     OFFICES

      Section 1. The registered office shall be located c/o The Corporation
Trust Company Incorporated, 32 South Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202 and the
resident agent in charge thereof is The Corporation Trust Company Incorporated.

      Section 2. The corporation may also have offices at such other places,
either within or without the State of Maryland, as the Board of Directors may
from time to time determine or as the business of the corporation may require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                            MEETINGS OF STOCKHOLDERS

      Section 1. All annual meetings of stockholders shall be held at within one
hundred eighty (180) days following the end of the fiscal year of the
corporation at such date and time designated by the Board of Directors, for the
purpose of electing directors and for the transaction of such other business as
may come before the meeting. If the day fixed for the annual meeting shall be a
legal holiday in the State of Maryland, such meeting shall be held on the next
succeeding business day. If the election of directors shall not be held on the
day designated herein for any annual meeting of the stockholders, or at any
adjournment thereof, the Board of Directors shall cause the election to be held
at a special meeting of the stockholders as soon thereafter as conveniently may
be.

      Section 2. Special meetings of the stockholders, for any purpose or
purposes, unless otherwise prescribed by statute, may be called by the president
or by the Board of Directors, and shall be called by the president at the
request of the holders of not less than twenty-five percent (25%) of all
outstanding shares of the corporation entitled to vote at the meeting. Unless
requested by stockholders entitled to cast a majority of all the votes entitled
to be cast at the meeting, a special meeting need not be called to consider any
matter which is substantially the same as a matter voted on at any special
meeting of the stockholders held during the preceding twelve months.

      Section 3. The Board of Directors may designate any place, either within
or without the State of Maryland, as the place of meeting for any annual meeting
or for any special

<PAGE>

meeting called by the Board of Directors. A waiver of notice signed by all
stockholders entitled to vote at a meeting may designate any place, either
within or without the State of Maryland, as the place for the holding of such
meeting. If no designation is made, or if a special meeting be otherwise called,
the place of meeting shall be the principal office of the corporation in the
State of Maryland.

      Section 4. Written or printed notice stating the place, day and hour of
the meeting and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for
which the meeting is called, shall be delivered not less than ten (10) nor more
than fifty (50) days before the day of the meeting, either personally or by
mail, by or at the direction of the president, the secretary, or the officer or
person calling the meeting, to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at
such meeting. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be delivered when
deposited in the United States mail addressed to the stockholder at his address
as it appears on the stock transfer books of the corporation, with postage
thereon prepaid.

      Section 5. The holders of a majority of the shares entitled to vote,
represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at meetings of
stockholders. If, however, a quorum shall not be present or represented at any
meeting of the stockholders, the stockholders present in person or represented
by proxy shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without
further notice. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present or
represented, any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at
the meeting as originally notified and called. The stockholders present at a
duly organized meeting may continue to transact business notwithstanding the
withdrawal of some stockholders prior to adjournment, notwithstanding the
withdrawal of enough stockholders to leave less than a quorum.

      Section 6. The vote of the holders of a majority of the shares entitled to
vote and thus represented at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the
act of the stockholders' meeting, unless the vote of a greater number is
required by law or the Articles of Incorporation.

      Section 7. Each outstanding share, regardless of class, shall be entitled
to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote at a meeting of stockholders,
except to the extent that the voting rights of the shares of any class are
limited or denied by the Articles of Incorporation, these Bylaws or the general
laws of the State of Maryland.

      Section 8. A stockholder may vote in person or by proxy executed in
writing by the stockholder or by his duly authorized attorney-in-fact. No proxy
shall be valid after eleven (11) months from the date of its execution unless
coupled with an interest, but no proxy shall be valid after ten years from the
date of its execution, unless renewed or extended at any time before its
expiration. Notwithstanding that a valid proxy is outstanding the powers of the
proxy holder are suspended, except in the case of a proxy coupled with an
interest which is designated as irrevocable, if the person executing the proxy
is present at a meeting and elects to vote in person.

      Section 9. The officer or agent having charge of the stock transfer books
shall make, at least ten (10) days before each meeting of stockholders, a
complete list of the stockholders entitled to vote at such meeting or any
adjournment thereof, arranged in alphabetical order,

<PAGE>

with the address of and number of shares held by each, which list, for a period
of ten (10) days prior to such meeting, shall be kept on file at the registered
office of the corporation and shall be subject to inspection by any stockholder
at any time during the usual business hours. Such list shall also be produced
and kept open at the time and place of the meeting and shall be subject to the
inspection of any stockholder during the whole time of the meeting. The original
stock transfer books shall be prima facie evidence as to who are the
stockholders entitled to examine such list or transfer book or to vote at any
such meeting of stockholders.

      Section 10. Any action required by the statutes to be taken at a meeting
of the stockholders, or any action which may be taken at a meeting of the
stockholders, may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting
forth the action so taken, shall be signed by all of the stockholders entitled
to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof, and such consent shall have
the same force and effect as a unanimous vote of stockholders. A written waiver
of any right to dissent must be signed by each stockholder entitled to notice of
the meeting but not entitled to vote.

      Section 11. Stockholders may participate in and hold a meeting by means of
conference telephone or similar communication equipment by means of which all
persons participating in the meeting can hear each other. Participation in such
a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the meeting, except where a
person participates in the meeting for the express purpose of objecting to the
transaction of any business on the ground the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened.

                                   ARTICLE III

                                    DIRECTORS

      Section 1. The authorized number of directors shall be determined from
time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors, provided that the Board of
Directors shall consist of at least one member. The Board of Directors may
exercise all such powers of the corporation and do all such lawful acts and
things as are not by statute or by the Articles of Incorporation or by these
Bylaws directed or required to be exercised and done by the stockholders. The
directors shall be elected at the annual meeting of the stockholders, except as
provided in Section 2 of this Article, and at any special meeting of the
stockholders which is called and held for that purpose. Each director elected
shall hold office for the term of one (1) year, and until his successor is
elected and qualified. Directors need not be residents of the State of Maryland
or stockholders of the corporation.

      Section 2. A director may resign at any time by giving written notice to
the Board of Directors or the Chairman of the Board. Such resignation shall take
effect at the date of receipt of such notice or at any later time specified
therein; and, unless otherwise specified therein, the acceptance of such
resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective. Any vacancy occurring
in the Board of Directors may be filled by the affirmative vote of a majority of
the remaining directors though less than a quorum of the Board of Directors, or
may be filled by an election at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders
called for that purpose; provided, however, that if the vacancy is caused by
reason of an increase in the

<PAGE>

number of directors, the Board of Directors may vote to fill not more than two
such directorships during the period between any two successive annual meetings
of stockholders. A director elected to fill a vacancy shall be elected for the
unexpired term of his predecessor in office, or until the next election of one
or more directors by stockholders if the vacancy is caused by an increase in the
number of directors.

                   MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

      Section 3. Meetings of the Board of Directors, regular or special, may be
held either within or without the State of Maryland.

      Section 4. The first meeting of each newly elected Board of Directors
shall be held at such time and place as shall be fixed by the vote of the
stockholders at the annual meeting and no notice of such meeting shall be
necessary to the newly elected directors in order legally to constitute the
meeting, provided a quorum shall be present. In the event of the failure of the
stockholders to fix the time and place of such first meeting of the newly
elected Board of Directors, or in the event such meeting is not held at the time
and place so fixed by the stockholders, the meeting may be held at such time and
place as shall be specified in a notice given as hereinafter provided for
special meetings of the Board of Directors, or as shall be specified in a
written waiver signed by all of the directors.

      Section 5. A regular meeting of the Board of Directors shall be held
without other notice than this Bylaw immediately after, and at the same place
as, the annual meeting of stockholders. The Board of Directors may provide, by
resolution, the time and place, either within or without this state, for the
holding of additional regular meetings without other notice than such
resolution.

      Section 6. Special meetings of the Board of Directors may be called by or
at the request of the chairman of the board, the president, any vice president
or secretary or any two (2) directors. Written notice of special meetings of the
Board of Directors shall be given to each director at least four (4) days before
the date of the meeting if sent by mail or forty-eight (48) hours prior to
holding thereof if delivered personally or given by telephone or telegraph.
Neither the business to be transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or
special meeting of the Board of Directors need be specified in the notice or
waiver of notice of such meeting.

      Section 7. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business and the act of the majority of the directors present at
a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board of
Directors, unless a greater number is required by the Articles of Incorporation
or these Bylaws. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of the Board of
Directors, the directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to
time, without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum
shall be present. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be present,
any business may be transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting
as originally notified and called.

      Section 8. Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of
the Board of Directors or the executive committee may be taken without a meeting
if a consent in writing,

<PAGE>

setting forth the action taken, is signed by all of the members of the Board of
Directors or the executive committee, as the case may be, and such consent shall
have the same force and effect as a unanimous vote at a meeting.

      Section 9. Directors and committee members may participate in and hold a
meeting by means of conference telephone or similar communication equipment by
means of which all persons participating in the meeting can hear each other.
Participation in such a meeting shall constitute presence in person at the
meeting, except where a person participates in the meeting for the express
purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business on the ground the
meeting is not lawfully called or convened.

                   COMMITTEES OF DIRECTORS

      Section 10. The Board of Directors, by resolution adopted by a majority of
the whole board, may designate from among its members an executive committee and
one or more other committees, each of which, to the extent provided in such
resolution, shall have and may exercise all of the authority of the Board of
Directors in the business and affairs of the corporation except where the action
of the Board of Directors is required by statute. Vacancies in the membership of
a committee shall be filled by the Board of Directors at a regular or special
meeting of the Board of Directors. The executive committee shall keep regular
minutes of its proceedings and report the same to the board when required. The
designation of any such committee and the delegation thereto of authority shall
not operate to relieve the Board of Directors, or any member thereof, of any
responsibility imposed upon it or him by law.

                   COMPENSATION OF DIRECTORS

      Section 11. The directors may be paid their expenses, if any, of
attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors an may be paid a fixed sum
for attendance at each meeting of the Board of Directors or a stated salary as
director, or both. No such payment shall preclude any director from serving the
corporation in any other capacity and receiving compensation therefor. Members
of special or standing committees may be allowed like compensation for attending
committee meetings.

                   CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD

         Section 12. The Board of Directors may, in its discretion, choose a
Chairman of the Board who shall preside at meetings of the stockholders and of
the directors and shall be an ex officio member of all standing committees. The
Chairman of the Board shall have such other powers and shall perform such other
duties as shall be designated by the Board of Directors. The Chairman of the
Board shall be a member of the Board of Directors but no other officers of the
corporation need be a director. The Chairman of the Board shall serve until his
successor is chosen and qualified, but he may be removed at any time by the
affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors.

                                   ARTICLE IV

<PAGE>

                                     NOTICES

      Section 1. Notices to directors and stockholders shall be in writing and
delivered personally or mailed to the directors or stockholders at their
addresses appearing on the books of the corporation. Notice by mail shall be
deemed to be given at the time when same shall be mailed. Notice to directors
may also be given by telegram, and shall be deemed delivered when same shall be
deposited at a telegraph office for transmission and all appropriate fees there
for have been paid.

      Section 2. Whenever any notice is required to be given to any stockholder
or director under the provisions of the statutes or of the articles of
incorporation or of these bylaws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the
person or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time
stated therein, shall be equivalent to the giving of such notice.

      Section 3. Attendance of a director at a meeting shall constitute a waiver
of notice of such meeting, unless he shall announce his dissent at the meeting
and his dissent is entered in the minutes and he shall forward such dissent by
registered mail to the secretary of the corporation immediately after the
adjournment of the meeting. Such right to dissent shall not apply to a director
who voted in favor of such action.

                                    ARTICLE V

                                    OFFICERS

      Section 1. The officers of the corporation shall consist of a president,
one or more vice presidents, a secretary and a treasurer, each of whom shall be
elected by the Board of Directors at its first meeting after each annual meeting
of stockholders. Such other officers and assistant officers as may be deemed
necessary may be elected or appointed by the Board of Directors. Any two or more
offices may be held by the same person, except that no officer may act in more
than one capacity where action of two or more officers is required and no person
may hold the office of president and vice president concurrently.

      Section 2, The salaries of all officers and agents of the corporation
shall be fixed by the Board of Directors.

      Section 3. The officers of the corporation shall hold office until their
successors are chosen and qualified. Any officer or agent or member of the
executive committee elected or appointed by the Board of Directors may be
removed by the Board of Directors whenever in its judgment the best interests of
the corporation will be served there by, but such removal shall be without
prejudice to the contract rights, if any, of the person so removed. Election or
appointment of an officer or agent shall not of itself create contract rights.
Any vacancy occurring in any office of the corporation by death, resignation,
removal or otherwise shall be filled by the Board of Directors.

                   THE PRESIDENT

<PAGE>

      Section 4. The president shall be a director of the corporation and shall
be the chief executive officer of the corporation, shall have general and active
management of the business of the corporation and shall see that all orders ad
resolutions of the Board of Directors are carried into effect. In the absence of
the Chairman of the Board or in the event the Board of Directors shall not have
designated a Chairman of the Board, the president shall preside at meetings of
the stockholders and the Board of Directors.

      Section 5. The president shall have authority to institute or defend legal
proceedings when the directors are deadlocked. He shall execute bonds, mortgages
and other contracts requiring a seal, under the seal of the corporation, except
where required or permitted by law to be otherwise signed and executed and
except where the signing and execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by
the Board of Directors to some other officer or agent of the corporation.

                   THE VICE PRESIDENTS

      Section 6. The vice presidents in the order of their seniority, unless
otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, shall, in the absence or
disability of the president, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the
president. They shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as
the Board of Directors shall prescribe.

                THE SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT SECRETARY

      Section 7. The secretary shall attend all meetings of the Board of
Directors and all meetings of the stockholders and record all the proceedings of
the meetings of the corporation and of the Board of Directors in a book to be
kept for that purpose and shall perform like duties for the standing committees
when required. He shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of
the stockholders and special meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall
perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors or
president, under whose supervision he shall be. He shall keep in safe custody
the seal of the corporation and, when authorized by the Board of Directors,
affix the same to any instrument requiring it and, when so affixed, it shall be
attested by his signature or by the signature of the treasurer or an assistant
secretary. He shall keep a register of the post office address of each
stockholder which shall be furnished to him by such stockholders. He shall have
general charge of the stock transfer books of the corporation. He shall in
general perform all duties incident to the office of secretary and such other
duties as from time to time may be assigned to him by the president or by the
Board of Directors.

      Section 8. The assistant secretaries in the order of their seniority,
unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors, shall, in the absence or
disability of the secretary, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the
secretary. They shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as
the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.

                THE TREASURER AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS

<PAGE>

      Section 9. The treasurer shall have the custody of the corporate funds and
securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and
disbursements in books belonging to the corporation and shall deposit all moneys
and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the corporation in
such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors.

      Section 10. He shall disburse the funds of the corporation as may be
ordered by the Board of Directors, taking proper vouchers for such
disbursements, and shall render to the president and the Board of Directors at
its regular meetings or when the Board of Directors so requires an account of
all his transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the
corporation.

      Section 11. If required by the Board of Directors he shall give the
corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be
satisfactory to the Board of Directors for the faithful performance of the
duties of his office and for the restoration to the corporation, in case of his
death, resignation, retirement or removal form office, of all books, papers,
vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in his possession or under
his control belonging to the corporation.

      Section 12. The assistant treasurers in the order of their seniority,
unless otherwise determined by the Board of Directors shall, in the absence or
disability of the treasurer, perform the duties and exercise the powers of the
treasurer. They shall perform such other duties and have such other powers as
the Board of Directors may from time to time prescribe.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                             CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES

      Section 1. The corporation shall deliver certificates representing all
shares to which stockholders are entitled; and such certificates shall be signed
by the president or a vice president, and the secretary or an assistant
secretary of the corporation, and may be sealed with the seal of the corporation
or a facsimile thereof. No certificate shall be issued for any share until the
consideration therefor has been fully paid. Each certificate representing shares
shall state upon the face thereof that the corporation is organized under the
laws of the State of Maryland, the name of the person to whom issued, the number
and class and the designation of the series, if any, which such certificate
represents, and the par value of each share represented by such certificate or a
statement that the shares are without par value.

      Section 2. If the corporation is authorized to issue shares of more than
one class, each certificate representing shares issued by the corporation (1)
shall conspicuously set forth on the face or back of the certificate a full
statement of (a) all of the designations, preferences, limitations, and relative
rights of the shares of each class authorized to be issued and, (b) if the
corporation is authorized to issue shares of any referred or special class in
series, the variation in the relative rights and preferences of the shares of
each such series to the extent they have identified and determined and the
authority of the Board of Directors to fix and determine the relative rights and
preferences of subsequent series; or (2) shall conspicuously

<PAGE>

state on the face or back of the certificate that (a) such a statement is set
forth in the articles of incorporation on file in the office of the Secretary of
State and (b) the corporation will furnish a copy of such statement to the
record holder of the certificate without charge on written request to the
corporation at its principal place of business or registered office.

      Section 3. If the corporation has by its Articles of Incorporation limited
or denied the preemptive right of stockholders to acquire unissued or treasury
shares of the corporation, every certificate representing shares issued by the
corporation (1) shall conspicuously set forth upon the face or back of the
certificate a full statement of the limitation or denial of preemptive rights
contained in the Articles of Incorporation, or (2) shall conspicuously state on
the fact or back of the certificate (a) that there is on file in the office of
the Secretary of State a full statement of the limitation or denial of
preemptive rights contained in the Articles of Incorporation, and (b) that the
corporation will furnish a copy of such statement of any stockholder without
charge upon written request to the corporation at its principal place of
business or registered office.

      Section 4. The signatures of the president or vice president and the
secretary or assistant secretary upon a certificate may be facsimiles, if the
certificate is countersigned by a transfer agent, or registered by a registrar,
other than the corporation itself or an employee of the corporation. In case any
officer who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed upon such
certificate shall have ceased not be such officer before such certificate is
issued, it may be issued by the corporation with the same effect as if he were
such officer at the date of the issuance.

                   LOST CERTIFICATES

      Section 5. The Board of Directors may direct a new certificate or
certificates to be issued in place of any certificate or certificates
theretofore issued by the corporation alleged to have been lost or destroyed,
upon the making of an affidavit of that fact by the person claiming the
certificate of stock to be lost or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a
new certificate or certificates the Board of Directors may, in its discretion
and as a condition precedent to the issuance thereof, require the owner of such
lost or destroyed certificate or certificates or his legal representative, to
advertise the same in such manner as it shall require and/or to give the
corporation a bond in such sum as it may direct as indemnity against any claim
that may be made against the corporation with respect to the certificate alleged
to have been lost or destroyed.

      Section 6. Upon surrender to the corporation or the transfer agent of the
corporation of a certificate for shares duly endorsed or accompanied by proper
evidence of succession, assignment or authority to transfer, it shall be the
duty of the corporation to issue a new certificate to the person entitled
thereto, cancel the old certificate and record the transaction upon its books.

                   RESTRICTION ON TRANSFER OF SHARES

<PAGE>

      Section 7. If the corporation issues any shares which are not registered
under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and registered or qualified under
any applicable state securities laws, the transfer of any such shares shall be
restricted substantially in accordance with the following legend:

            "The shares of stock represented by this certificate have not been
      registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Act"), or
      registered or qualified under the securities laws of any state, and the
      holder hereof cannot make any sale, assignment or other transfer of any
      shares of such stock except pursuant to an offering of such shares duly
      registered under the Act and registered or qualified under any applicable
      state securities laws, or under such other circumstances as in the opinion
      of counsel for or satisfactory to the issuer shall not, at the time,
      require registration under the Act and/or registration or qualification
      under any state securities law. Also said shares are 'restricted
      securities' within the meaning of Rule 144 promulgated by the Securities
      and Exchange Commission under the Act and may be subject to the
      limitations and reporting requirements of said rule upon resale or other
      disposition thereof."

      In the event any restriction on the transfer, or registration of the
transfer, of shares shall be imposed or agreed to by the corporation, each
certificate representing shares so restricted (1) shall conspicuously set forth
a full or summary statement of the restriction on the face of the certificate,
or (2) shall set forth such statement on the back of the certificate and
conspicuously refer to the same on the face of the certificate, or (3) shall
conspicuously state on the face or back of the certificate that such a
restriction exists pursuant to a specified document and (a) that the corporation
will furnish to the record holder of the certificate without charge upon written
request to the corporation at its principal place of business or registered
office a copy of the specified documents, or (b) if such document is one
required or permitted by law to be and has been filed, that such specified
document is on file in the office of the Secretary of State and contains a full
statement of such restriction.

                   CLOSING OF TRANSFER BOOKS AND FIXING RECORD DATE

         Section 8. For the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to
notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof,
or entitled to receive payment of any dividend, or in order to make a
determination of stockholders for any other proper purposes, the Board of
Directors may provide that the stock transfer books shall be closed for a stated
period not to exceed, in any case, fifty (50) days. If the stock transfer books
shall be closed for the purpose of determining stockholders entitled to notice
of or to vote at a meeting of stockholder such books shall be closed for at
least ten (10) days immediately preceding such meeting. In lieu of closing the
stock transacted books, the Board of Directors may fix in advance a date as the
record date in any case to be not more than fifty (50) days, and, in case of a
meeting of stockholders, not less than ten (10) days, prior not the date on
which the particular action requiring such determination of shareholders is to
be taken. If the stock transfer books are not closed and no record date is fixed
for the determination of stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of stockholders or stockholders entitled to receive payment of a
dividend, the date on which the notice of the

<PAGE>

meeting is mailed or the date on which the resolutions of the Board of Directors
declaring such dividend is adopted, as the case may be, shall be the record date
for such determination of stockholders. When a determination of stockholders
entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders has been made as provided in
this section, such determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof, except
where the determination has been made through the closing of stock transfer
books and the stated period of closing has expired.

                   REGISTERED STOCKHOLDERS

      Section 9. The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive
rights of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive
dividends, and to vote as such owner, and shall not be bound to recognize any
equitable or other claim to or interest in such share or shares on the part of
any other person, whether or not it shall have express or other notice thereof,
except as otherwise provide by the general laws of the State of Maryland.

                                   ARTICLE VII

                               GENERAL PROVISIONS

      Section 1. The Board of Directors may declare and the corporation may pay
dividends on its outstanding shares in cash, property, or its own shares
pursuant to law and subject to the provisions of its Articles of Incorporation.

      Section 2. The Board of Directors may by resolution create a reserve or
reserves out of earned surplus for any proper purpose or purposes, and may
abolish any such reserve in the same manner.

                   REPORT TO STOCKHOLDERS

      Section 3. The Board of Directors must, when requested by the holders of
at least one-third (1/3) of the outstanding shares of the corporation, present
written reports of the situation and amount of business of the corporation.

                   CHECKS

      Section 4. All checks, drafts or other demands for money, notes and other
evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the corporation shall be signed
by such officer or officers or such other person or persons as the Board of
Directors may from time to time designate.

                   CONTRACTS

         Section 5. The Board of Directors may authorize any officer or
officers, agent or agents to enter into any contract or execute and deliver any
instrument in the name of and on behalf of the corporation, and such authority
may be general or confined to specific instances.

                   LOANS

<PAGE>

         Section 6. No loans shall be contracted on behalf of the corporation
and no evidences of indebtedness shall be issued in its name unless authorized
by a resolution of the Board of Directors. Such authority may be general or
confined to specific instances.

                   DEPOSITS

         Section 7. All funds of the corporation not otherwise employed shall be
deposited from time to time to the credit of the corporation in such banks,
trust companies or other depositories as the Board of Directors may select.

                   FISCAL YEAR

         Section 8. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed by the
resolution of the board or directors.

                   SEAL

         Section 9. The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of
the corporation, the year of its organization and the words "Corporate Seal,
Maryland." The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be
impressed or affixed or in any other manner reproduced.

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                               AMENDMENT OF BYLAWS

         These bylaws may be altered, amended or repealed or new bylaws may be
adopted at any meeting of the Board of Directors at which a quorum is present,
by the affirmative vote of a majority of the directors present at such meeting
(provided notice of the proposed alteration, amendment or repeal is contained in
the notice of the meeting), subject to repeal or change at any meeting of the
stockholders at which a quorum is present, by the affirmative vote of a majority
of the stockholders present at such meeting (provided notice of the proposed
alteration, amendment or repeal is contained in the notice of the meeting).

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