Document:

EX-4.31

 Exhibit 4.31 

WARRANT AGENCY AGREEMENT 

WARRANT AGENCY AGREEMENT, dated as of __________, 2022 (“Agreement”), between Palisade Bio, Inc., a Delaware corporation,
(the “Company”), and American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC, with offices at 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219 (the “Warrant Agent”). 

W I T N E S S E T H 
 WHEREAS,
pursuant to a registered offering by the Company of shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”), shares of Series B convertible preferred stock that are convertible into shares of Common Stock (the
“Preferred Stock”), and warrants to purchase shares of Common Stock (the “Warrants”), pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-265769), as amended (the “Registration Statement”), the Company wishes to issue Warrants in book entry form entitling the respective holders of the Warrants (the
“Holders”, which term shall include a Holder’s transferees, successors and assigns and “Holder” shall include, if the Warrants are held in “street name”, a Participant (as defined below) or a designee
appointed by such Participant) to purchase an aggregate of up to ______ shares of Common Stock (which includes Warrants to purchase up to ______ shares of Common Stock pursuant to an overallotment option granted to the underwriters) upon the terms
and subject to the conditions hereinafter set forth (the “Offering”); 
 WHEREAS, the shares of Common Stock, Preferred
Stock, and Warrants to be issued in connection with the Offering shall be immediately separable and will be issued separately, but will be purchased together, as units, in the Offering; and 

WHEREAS, the Company wishes the Warrant Agent to act on behalf of the Company, and the Warrant Agent is willing so to act, in connection with
the issuance, registration, transfer, exchange, exercise and replacement of the Warrants and, in the Warrant Agent’s capacity as the Company’s transfer agent, the delivery of the Warrant Shares (as defined below). 

NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and the mutual agreements herein set forth, the parties hereby agree as follows: 

Section 1. Certain Definitions. For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms have the meanings indicated: 

(a) “Affiliate” has the meaning ascribed to it in Rule 12b-2 under the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). 
 (b) “Business Day” means any day other than
Saturday, Sunday or other day on which commercial banks in The City of New York are authorized or required by law to remain closed; provided that banks shall not be deemed to be authorized or obligated to be closed due to a “shelter in
place,” “non-essential employee” or similar closure of physical branch locations at the direction of any governmental authority if such banks’ electronic funds transfer systems
(including for wire transfers) are open for use by customers on such day. 

 (c) “Close of Business” on any given date means 5:00 p.m., New York City
time, on such date; provided, however, that if such date is not a Business Day it means 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the next succeeding Business Day. 

(d) “Person” means an individual, corporation, association, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture, trust,
unincorporated organization, government or political subdivision thereof or governmental agency or other entity. 
 (e) “Series 1
Warrants” means Common Stock purchase warrants of the Company with a term of exercise of one year following the Initial Exercise Date. 

(f) “Series 2 Warrants” means Common Stock purchase warrants of the Company with a term of exercise of five years following
the Initial Exercise Date. 
 (g) “Warrant Certificate” means the Series 1 Warrant Certificate and Series 2 Warrant
Certificate in substantially the forms attached as Exhibit 1 and Exhibit 2 hereto, representing such number of Warrant Shares (as defined below) as is indicated therein, provided that any reference to the delivery of a Warrant
Certificate in this Agreement shall include delivery of a Definitive Certificate or a Global Warrant (each as defined below). 
 (h)
“Warrant Shares” means the shares of Common Stock underlying the Warrants and issuable upon exercise of the Warrants. 

All other capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined herein shall have the meaning ascribed to such terms in the Warrant Certificate.

 Section 2. Appointment of Warrant Agent. The Company hereby appoints the Warrant Agent to act as agent for the Company in accordance with the
terms and conditions hereof, and the Warrant Agent hereby accepts such appointment. 
 Section 3. Global Warrants. 

(a) The Series 1 Warrants and Series 2 Warrants, respectively, shall be registered securities and shall be evidenced by a global warrant (the
“Global Warrants”), in the form of the Series 1 Warrant Certificate and Series 2 Warrant Certificate, respectively, which shall be deposited with the Warrant Agent and registered in the name of Cede & Co., a nominee of The
Depository Trust Company (the “Depositary”), or as otherwise directed by the Depositary. Ownership of beneficial interests in the Warrants shall be shown on, and the transfer of such ownership shall be effected through, records
maintained by (i) the Depositary or its nominee for each Global Warrant or (ii) institutions that have accounts with the Depositary (such institution, with respect to a Warrant in its account, a “Participant”). 

(b) If the Depositary subsequently ceases to make its book-entry settlement system available for the Warrants, the Company may instruct the
Warrant Agent regarding other arrangements for book-entry settlement. In the event that the Warrants are not eligible for, or it is no longer necessary to have the Warrants available in, book-entry form, the Warrant Agent shall provide written
instructions to the Depositary to deliver to the Warrant Agent for cancellation each Global Warrant, and the Company shall instruct the Warrant Agent to deliver to each Holder a Warrant Certificate. 

  
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 (c) A Holder has the right to elect at any time or from time to time a Warrant Exchange (as
defined below) pursuant to a Warrant Certificate Request Notice (as defined below). Upon written notice by a Holder to the Company and the Warrant Agent for the exchange of some or all of such Holder’s Global Warrants for a separate Series 1
Warrant Certificate or Series 2 Warrant Certificate, as applicable, in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1 or Exhibit 2, as applicable (such separate certificate, a “Definitive Certificate”) evidencing the same
number of Warrants, which request shall be in the form attached hereto as Annex A (a “Warrant Certificate Request Notice” and the date of delivery of such Warrant Certificate Request Notice by the Holder, the “Warrant
Certificate Request Notice Date” and the deemed surrender upon delivery by the Holder to the Warrant Agent of a number of Global Warrants for the same number of Warrants evidenced by a Warrant Certificate, a “Warrant
Exchange”), the Warrant Agent shall promptly effect the Warrant Exchange and shall promptly issue and deliver to the Holder a Definitive Certificate for such number of Warrants in the name set forth in the Warrant Certificate Request
Notice. Such Definitive Certificate shall be dated the original issue date of the Warrants, shall be manually executed by an authorized signatory of the Company, shall be in the form attached hereto as Exhibit 1 or Exhibit 2, as
applicable, and shall be reasonably acceptable in all respects to such Holder. In connection with a Warrant Exchange, the Company agrees to deliver, or to direct the Warrant Agent to deliver, the Definitive Certificate to the Holder within ten
(10) Business Days of the Warrant Certificate Request Notice pursuant to the delivery instructions in the Warrant Certificate Request Notice (“Warrant Certificate Delivery Date”). If the Company fails for any reason to deliver
to the Holder the Definitive Certificate subject to the Warrant Certificate Request Notice by the Warrant Certificate Delivery Date, the Company shall pay to the Holder, in cash, as liquidated damages and not as a penalty, for each $1,000 of Warrant
Shares evidenced by such Definitive Certificate (based on the VWAP (as defined in the Warrants) of the Common Stock on the Warrant Certificate Request Notice Date), $10 per Business Day for each Business Day after such Warrant Certificate Delivery
Date until such Definitive Certificate is delivered or, prior to delivery of such Warrant Certificate, the Holder rescinds such Warrant Exchange. The Company covenants and agrees that, upon the date of delivery of the Warrant Certificate Request
Notice, the Holder shall be deemed to be the holder of the Definitive Certificate and, notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth herein, the Definitive Certificate shall be deemed for all purposes to contain all of the terms and conditions
of the Warrants evidenced by such Warrant Certificate and the terms of this Agreement, other than Sections 3(c) and 9 herein, shall not apply to the Warrants evidenced by the Definitive Certificate. For purposes of clarity, the Warrant Agent may act
as warrant agent on behalf of the Company with respect to any Definitive Certificate requested and issued pursuant to this section, provided that the terms of this Agreement shall not apply to the Definitive Certificate and the terms of the
Definitive Certificate shall exclusively govern. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Agreement, in the event of consistency between any provision in this Agreement and any provision in the Definitive Certificate, as it may
from time to time be amended, the terms of the Definitive Certificate shall control. 
 Section 4. Form of Warrant. The Series 1 Warrant
Certificate, and together with the form of election to purchase Common Stock (“Notice of Exercise”) and the form of assignment to be printed on the reverse thereof, shall be in the form of Exhibit 1 hereto and the Series 2
Warrant Certificate, together with the form of Notice of Exercise and the form of assignment to be printed on the reverse thereof, shall be in the form of Exhibit 2 hereto. 

  
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 Section 5. Countersignature and Registration. The Warrant Certificates shall be executed on
behalf of the Company by its Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Vice President, by .pdf via email signature. The Warrant Certificates shall be countersigned by the Warrant Agent by .pdf via email signature and shall not be valid for
any purpose unless so countersigned. In case any officer of the Company who shall have signed any of the Warrant Certificates shall cease to be such officer of the Company before countersignature by the Warrant Agent and issuance and delivery by the
Company, such Warrant Certificates, nevertheless, may be countersigned by the Warrant Agent, issued and delivered with the same force and effect as though the person who signed such Warrant Certificate had not ceased to be such officer of the
Company; and any Warrant Certificate may be signed on behalf of the Company by any person who, at the actual date of the execution of such Warrant Certificate, shall be a proper officer of the Company to sign such Warrant Certificate, although at
the date of the execution of this Agreement any such person was not such an officer. 
 The Warrant Agent will keep or cause to be kept, at
one of its offices, or at the office of one of its agents, books for registration and transfer of the Warrant Certificates issued hereunder. Such books shall show the names and addresses of the respective Holders of the Warrant Certificates, the
number of warrants evidenced on the face of each of such Warrant Certificate and the date of each of such Warrant Certificate. The Warrant Agent will create a special account for the issuance of Warrant Certificates. 

Section 6. Transfer, Split Up, Combination and Exchange of Warrant Certificates; Mutilated, Destroyed, Lost or Stolen Warrant Certificates. With
respect to the Global Warrant, subject to the provisions of the Warrant Certificate and the last sentence of this first paragraph of Section 6 and subject to applicable law, rules or regulations, or any “stop transfer” instructions
the Company may give to the Warrant Agent, at any time after the closing date of the Offering, and at or prior to the Close of Business on the Termination Date (as such term is defined in the Warrant Certificate), any Warrant Certificate or Warrant
Certificates or Global Warrant or Global Warrants may be transferred, split up, combined or exchanged for another Warrant Certificate or Warrant Certificates or Global Warrant or Global Warrants, entitling the Holder to purchase a like number of
shares of Common Stock as the Warrant Certificate or Warrant Certificates or Global Warrant or Global Warrants surrendered then entitled such Holder to purchase. Any Holder desiring to transfer, split up, combine or exchange any Warrant Certificate
or Global Warrant shall make such request in writing delivered to the Warrant Agent, and shall surrender the Warrant Certificate or Warrant Certificates to be transferred, split up, combined or exchanged at the principal office of the Warrant Agent,
provided that no such surrender is applicable to the Holder of a Global Warrant. Any requested transfer of Warrants, whether in book-entry form or certificate form, shall be accompanied by reasonable evidence of authority of the party making such
request that may be required by the Warrant Agent. Thereupon the Warrant Agent shall, subject to the last sentence of this first paragraph of Section 6, countersign and deliver to the Person entitled thereto a Warrant Certificate or Warrant
Certificates, as the case may be, as so requested. The Company may require payment from the Holder of a sum sufficient to cover any tax or governmental charge that may be imposed in connection with any transfer, split up, combination or exchange of
Warrant Certificates. The Company shall compensate the Warrant Agent per the fee schedule mutually agreed upon by the parties hereto and provided separately on the date hereof. 

  
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 Upon receipt by the Warrant Agent of evidence reasonably satisfactory to it of the loss,
theft, destruction or mutilation of a Warrant Certificate, which evidence shall include an affidavit of loss, or in the case of mutilated certificates, the certificate or portion thereof remaining, and, in case of loss, theft or destruction, of
indemnity in customary form and amount (but shall not include the posting of any bond by the Holder), and satisfaction of any other reasonable requirements established by Section 8-405 of the Uniform
Commercial Code as in effect in the State of Delaware, and reimbursement to the Company and the Warrant Agent of all reasonable expenses incidental thereto, and upon surrender to the Warrant Agent and cancellation of the Warrant Certificate if
mutilated, the Company will make and deliver a new Warrant Certificate of like tenor to the Warrant Agent for delivery to the Holder in lieu of the Warrant Certificate so lost, stolen, destroyed or mutilated. 

Section 7. Exercise of Warrants; Exercise Price; Termination Date. 

(a) The Series 1 Warrants and Series 2 Warrants shall be exercisable commencing on the Initial Exercise Date. The Series 1 Warrants and Series
2 Warrants shall cease to be exercisable and shall terminate and become void as set forth in the Series 1 Warrant Certificate and Series 2 Warrant Certificate, respectively. Subject to the foregoing and to Section 7(b) below, the Holder of a
Warrant may exercise the Warrant in whole or in part upon surrender of the Warrant Certificate, if required, with the executed Notice of Exercise and payment of the Exercise Price, which may be made, at the option of the Holder, by wire transfer or
by certified or official bank check in United States dollars, to the Warrant Agent at the principal office of the Warrant Agent or to the office of one of its agents as may be designated by the Warrant Agent from time to time. In the case of the
Holder of a Global Warrant, the Holder shall deliver the executed Notice of Exercise and the payment of the Exercise Price pursuant to Section 2(a) of the Warrant. Notwithstanding any other provision in this Agreement, a holder whose interest
in a Global Warrant is a beneficial interest in a Global Warrant held in book-entry form through the Depositary (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions), shall effect exercises by delivering to the Depositary (or
such other clearing corporation, as applicable) the appropriate instruction form for exercise, complying with the procedures to effect exercise that are required by the Depositary (or such other clearing corporation, as applicable). The Company
acknowledges that the bank accounts maintained by the Warrant Agent in connection with the services provided under this Agreement will be in its name and that the Warrant Agent may receive investment earnings in connection with the investment at
Warrant Agent risk and for its benefit of funds held in those accounts from time to time. Neither the Company nor the Holders will receive interest on any deposits or Exercise Price. No ink-original Notice of
Exercise shall be required, nor shall any medallion guarantee (or other type of guarantee or notarization) of any Notice of Exercise be required. The Company hereby acknowledges and agrees that, with respect to a holder whose interest in a Global
Warrant is a beneficial interest in a Global Warrant held in book-entry form through the Depositary (or another established clearing corporation performing similar functions), upon delivery of irrevocable instructions to such holder’s
Participant to exercise such warrants, that solely for purposes of Regulation SHO that such holder shall be deemed to have exercised such warrants. 

  
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 (b) Upon receipt of a Notice of Exercise for a cashless exercise pursuant to
Section 2(c) of the Warrant (each, a “Cashless Exercise”), the Company will promptly calculate and transmit to the Warrant Agent the number of Warrant Shares issuable in connection with such Cashless Exercise and deliver a copy of the
Notice of Exercise to the Warrant Agent, which shall issue such number of Warrant Shares in connection with such Cashless Exercise. 
 (c)
Upon the exercise of the Warrant Certificate pursuant to the terms of Section 2 of the Warrant Certificate, the Warrant Agent shall cause, or shall provide notice to the Company in order that the Company shall cause, the Warrant Shares
underlying such Warrant Certificate or Global Warrant to be delivered to or upon the order of the Holder of such Warrant Certificate or Global Warrant, registered in such name or names as may be designated by such Holder, no later than the Warrant
Share Delivery Date (as such term is defined in the Warrant Certificate). If the Company is then a participant in the DWAC system of the Depositary and either (A) there is an effective registration statement permitting the issuance of the
Warrant Shares to or resale of the Warrant Shares by Holder or (B) the Warrant is being exercised via Cashless Exercise, then the certificates for Warrant Shares shall be transmitted by the Warrant Agent, or, at the direction of the Company, by
the Company’s transfer agent, to the Holder by crediting the account of the Holder’s broker with the Depositary through its DWAC system. For the avoidance of doubt, if the Company becomes obligated to pay any amounts to any Holders
pursuant to Section 2(d)(i) or 2(d)(iv) of the Warrant Certificate, such obligation shall be solely that of the Company and not that of the Warrant Agent. Notwithstanding anything else to the contrary in this Agreement, except in the case of a
Cashless Exercise, if any Holder fails to duly deliver payment to the Warrant Agent of an amount equal to the aggregate Exercise Price of the Warrant Shares to be purchased upon exercise of such Holder’s Warrant by the Warrant Share Delivery
Date, the Warrant Agent, or, at the direction of the Company, by the Company’s transfer agent, will not obligated to deliver such Warrant Shares (via DWAC or otherwise) until following receipt of such payment, and the applicable Warrant Share
Delivery Date shall be deemed extended by one day for each day (or part thereof) until such payment is delivered to the Warrant Agent.  

(d) The Warrant Agent shall deposit all funds received by it in payment of the Exercise Price for all Warrants in the account of the Company
maintained with the Warrant Agent for such purpose (or to such other account as directed by the Company in writing) and shall advise the Company via email at the end of each day on which notices of exercise are received or funds for the exercise of
any Warrant are received of the amount so deposited to its account. 
 (e) In case the Holder of any Warrant Certificate exercises fewer
than all Warrants evidenced thereby and surrenders such Warrant Certificate in connection with such partial exercise, a new Warrant Certificate evidencing the number of Warrant Shares equivalent to the number of Warrant Shares remaining unexercised
may be issued by the Warrant Agent to the Holder of such Warrant Certificate or to his duly authorized assigns in accordance with Section 2(d)(ii) of the Warrant, subject to the provisions of Section 6 hereof. 

Section 8. Cancellation and Destruction of Warrant Certificates. All Warrant Certificates surrendered for the purpose of exercise, transfer, split
up, combination or exchange shall, if surrendered to the Company or to any of its agents, be delivered to the Warrant Agent for cancellation or in canceled form, or, if surrendered to the Warrant Agent, shall be canceled by it, and no Warrant
Certificates shall be issued in lieu thereof except as expressly permitted by any of 

  
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the provisions of this Agreement. The Company shall deliver to the Warrant Agent for cancellation and retirement, and the Warrant Agent shall so cancel and retire, any other Warrant Certificate
purchased or acquired by the Company otherwise than upon the exercise thereof. The Warrant Agent shall deliver all canceled Warrant Certificates to the Company, or shall, at the written request of the Company, destroy such canceled Warrant
Certificates, and in such case shall deliver a certificate of destruction thereof to the Company, subject to any applicable law, rule or regulation requiring the Warrant Agent to retain such canceled certificates. 

Section 9. Certain Representations; Reservation and Availability of Shares of Common Stock or Cash. 

(a) This Agreement has been duly authorized, executed and delivered by the Company and, assuming due authorization, execution and delivery
hereof by the Warrant Agent, constitutes a valid and legally binding obligation of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with its terms, and the Warrants have been duly authorized, executed and issued by the Company and, assuming
due authentication thereof by the Warrant Agent pursuant hereto and payment therefor by the Holders as provided in the Registration Statement, constitute valid and legally binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in
accordance with their terms and entitled to the benefits hereof; in each case except as enforceability may be limited by bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium and other similar laws relating to or affecting creditors’ rights
generally or by general equitable principles (regardless of whether such enforceability is considered in a proceeding in equity or at law). 

(b) The Company covenants and agrees that it will, while the Warrants are issued and outstanding, cause to be reserved and kept available out
of its authorized and unissued shares of Common Stock or its authorized and issued shares of Common Stock held in its treasury, free from preemptive rights, the number of shares of Common Stock that will be sufficient to permit the exercise in full
of all outstanding Warrants. 
 (c) The Warrant Agent will create a special account for the issuance of Common Stock upon the exercise of
Warrants. 
 (d) The Company further covenants and agrees that it will pay when due and payable any and all federal and state transfer taxes
and charges which may be payable in respect of the original issuance or delivery of the Warrant Certificates or certificates evidencing Common Stock upon exercise of the Warrants. The Company shall not, however, be required to pay any tax or
governmental charge which may be payable in respect of any transfer involved in the transfer or delivery of Warrant Certificates or the issuance or delivery of certificates for Common Stock in a name other than that of the Holder of the Warrant
Certificate evidencing Warrants surrendered for exercise or to issue or deliver any certificate for shares of Common Stock upon the exercise of any Warrants until any such tax or governmental charge shall have been paid (any such tax or governmental
charge being payable by the Holder of such Warrant Certificate at the time of surrender) or until it has been established to the Company’s reasonable satisfaction that no such tax or governmental charge is due. 

  
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 Section 10. Common Stock Record Date. Each Person in whose name any certificate for shares of
Common Stock is issued (or to whose broker’s account is credited shares of Common Stock through the DWAC system) upon the exercise of Warrants shall for all purposes be deemed to have become the holder of record for the Common Stock represented
thereby on, and such certificate shall be dated, the date on which submission of the Notice of Exercise was made, provided that the Warrant Certificate evidencing such Warrant is duly surrendered (but only if required herein) and payment of the
Exercise Price (and any applicable transfer taxes) is received on or prior to the Warrant Share Delivery Date; provided, however, that if the date of submission of the Notice of Exercise is a date upon which the Common Stock transfer
books of the Company are closed, such Person shall be deemed to have become the record holder of such shares on, and such certificate shall be dated, the next succeeding day on which the Common Stock transfer books of the Company are open. 

Section 11. Adjustment of Exercise Price, Number of Shares of Common Stock or Number of the Company Warrants. The Exercise Price, the number of
shares covered by each Warrant and the number of Warrants outstanding are subject to adjustment from time to time as provided in Section 3 of the Warrant Certificate. In the event that at any time, as a result of an adjustment made pursuant to
Section 3 of the Warrant Certificate, the Holder of any Warrant thereafter exercised shall become entitled to receive any shares of capital stock of the Company other than shares of Common Stock, thereafter the number of such other shares so
receivable upon exercise of any Warrant shall be subject to adjustment from time to time in a manner and on terms as nearly equivalent as practicable to the provisions with respect to the shares contained in Section 3 of the Warrant
Certificate, and the provisions of Sections 7, 11 and 13 of this Agreement with respect to the shares of Common Stock shall apply on like terms to any such other shares. All Warrants originally issued by the Company subsequent to any adjustment made
to the Exercise Price pursuant to the Warrant Certificate shall evidence the right to purchase, at the adjusted Exercise Price, the number of shares of Common Stock purchasable from time to time hereunder upon exercise of the Warrants, all subject
to further adjustment as provided herein. 
 Section 12. Certification of Adjusted Exercise Price or Number of Shares of Common Stock. Whenever
the Exercise Price or the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of each Warrant is adjusted as provided in Section 11 or 13, the Company shall (a) promptly prepare a certificate setting forth the Exercise Price of
each Warrant as so adjusted, and a brief statement of the facts accounting for such adjustment, (b) promptly file with the Warrant Agent and with each transfer agent for the Common Stock a copy of such certificate and (c) instruct the
Warrant Agent to send a brief summary thereof to each Holder of a Warrant Certificate. 
 Section 13. Fractional Shares of Common Stock. 

(a) The Company shall not issue fractions of Warrants or distribute Warrant Certificates which evidence fractional Warrants. Whenever any
fractional Warrant would otherwise be required to be issued or distributed, the actual issuance or distribution shall reflect a rounding of such fraction either up or down to the nearest whole Warrant. 

(b) The Company shall not issue fractions of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of Warrants or distribute stock certificates which evidence
fractional shares of Common Stock. Whenever any fraction of a share of Common Stock would otherwise be required to be issued or distributed, the actual issuance or distribution in respect thereof shall be made in accordance with Section 2(d)(v)
of the Warrant Certificate. 

  
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 Section 14. Conditions of the Warrant Agent’s Obligations. The Warrant Agent accepts its
obligations herein set forth upon the terms and conditions hereof, including the following to all of which the Company agrees and to all of which the rights hereunder of the Holders from time to time of the Warrant Certificates shall be subject:

 (a) Indemnification. The Company also agrees to indemnify the Warrant Agent for, and to hold it harmless against, any loss,
liability or expense incurred without gross negligence, or willful misconduct on the part of the Warrant Agent, finally adjudicated to have been directly caused by Warrant Agent hereunder, including the reasonable costs and expenses of defending
against any claim of such liability. The Warrant Agent shall be under no obligation to institute or defend any action, suit, or legal proceeding in connection herewith or to take any other action likely to involve the Warrant Agent in expense,
unless first indemnified to the Warrant Agent’s satisfaction. The indemnities provided by this paragraph shall survive the resignation or discharge of the Warrant Agent or the termination of this Agreement. Anything in this Agreement to the
contrary notwithstanding, in no event shall the Warrant Agent be liable under or in connection with the Agreement for indirect, special, incidental, punitive or consequential losses or damages of any kind whatsoever, including but not limited to
lost profits, whether or not foreseeable, even if the Warrant Agent has been advised of the possibility thereof and regardless of the form of action in which such damages are sought, and the Warrant Agent’s aggregate liability to the Company,
or any of the Company’s representatives or agents, under this Section 14(a) or under any other term or provision of this Agreement, whether in contract, tort, or otherwise, is expressly limited to, and shall not exceed in any
circumstances, one years fees received by the Warrant Agent as fees and charges under this Agreement, but not including reimbursable expenses previously reimbursed to the Warrant Agent by the Company hereunder. 

(b) Agent for the Company. In acting under this Agreement and in connection with the Warrant Certificates, the Warrant Agent is acting solely
as agent of the Company and does not assume any obligations or relationship of agency or trust for or with any of the Holders of Warrant Certificates or beneficial owners of Warrants. 

(c) Counsel. The Warrant Agent may consult with counsel satisfactory to it, which may include counsel for the Company, and the written advice
of such counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection in respect of any action taken, suffered or omitted by it hereunder in good faith and in accordance with the advice of such counsel. 

(d) Documents. The Warrant Agent shall be protected and shall incur no liability for or in respect of any action taken or omitted by it in
reliance upon any Warrant Certificate, notice, direction, consent, certificate, affidavit, statement or other paper or document reasonably believed by it to be genuine and to have been presented or signed by the proper parties. 

(e) Certain Transactions. The Warrant Agent, and its officers, directors and employees, may become the owner of, or acquire any interest in,
Warrants, with the same rights that it or they would have if it were not the Warrant Agent hereunder, and, to the extent permitted by applicable law, it or they may engage or be interested in any financial or other transaction with the Company and
may act on, or as depositary, trustee or agent for, any committee or body of Holders of Warrant Securities or other obligations of the Company as freely as if it were not the Warrant Agent hereunder. Nothing in this Agreement shall be deemed to
prevent the Warrant Agent from acting as trustee under any indenture to which the Company is a party. 

  
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 (f) No Liability for Interest. Unless otherwise agreed with the Company, the Warrant Agent
shall have no liability for interest on any monies at any time received by it pursuant to any of the provisions of this Agreement or of the Warrant Certificates. 

(g) No Liability for Invalidity. The Warrant Agent shall have no liability with respect to any invalidity of this Agreement or any of the
Warrant Certificates (except as to the Warrant Agent’s countersignature thereon). 
 (h) No Responsibility for Representations. The
Warrant Agent shall not be responsible for any of the recitals or representations herein or in the Warrant Certificates (except as to the Warrant Agent’s countersignature thereon), all of which are made solely by the Company. 

(i) No Implied Obligations. The Warrant Agent shall be obligated to perform only such duties as are herein and in the Warrant Certificates
specifically set forth and no implied duties or obligations shall be read into this Agreement or the Warrant Certificates against the Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent shall not be under any obligation to take any action hereunder which may tend to
involve it in any expense or liability, the payment of which within a reasonable time is not, in its reasonable opinion, assured to it. The Warrant Agent shall not be accountable or under any duty or responsibility for the use by the Company of any
of the Warrant Certificates authenticated by the Warrant Agent and delivered by it to the Company pursuant to this Agreement or for the application by the Company of the proceeds of the Warrant Certificates. The Warrant Agent shall have no duty or
responsibility in case of any default by the Company in the performance of its covenants or agreements contained herein or in the Warrant Certificates or in the case of the receipt of any written demand from a Holder of a Warrant Certificate with
respect to such default, including, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, any duty or responsibility to initiate or attempt to initiate any proceedings at law. 

Section 15. Purchase or Consolidation or Change of Name of Warrant Agent. Any entity into which the Warrant Agent or any successor Warrant Agent
may be merged or with which it may be consolidated, or any entity resulting from any merger or consolidation to which the Warrant Agent or any successor Warrant Agent shall be party, or any entity succeeding to the corporate trust business of the
Warrant Agent or any successor Warrant Agent, shall be the successor to the Warrant Agent under this Agreement without the execution or filing of any paper or any further act on the part of any of the parties hereto, provided that such corporation
would be eligible for appointment as a successor Warrant Agent under the provisions of Section 17. In case at the time such successor Warrant Agent shall succeed to the agency created by this Agreement any of the Warrant Certificates shall have
been countersigned but not delivered, any such successor Warrant Agent may adopt the countersignature of the predecessor Warrant Agent and deliver such Warrant Certificates so countersigned; and in case at that time any of the Warrant Certificates
shall not have been countersigned, any successor Warrant Agent may countersign such Warrant Certificates either in the name of the predecessor Warrant Agent or in the name of the successor Warrant Agent; and in all such cases such Warrant
Certificates shall have the full force provided in the Warrant Certificates and in this Agreement. 

  
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 In case at any time the name of the Warrant Agent shall be changed and at such time any of
the Warrant Certificates shall have been countersigned but not delivered, the Warrant Agent may adopt the countersignature under its prior name and deliver such Warrant Certificates so countersigned; and in case at that time any of the Warrant
Certificates shall not have been countersigned, the Warrant Agent may countersign such Warrant Certificates either in its prior name or in its changed name; and in all such cases such Warrant Certificates shall have the full force provided in the
Warrant Certificates and in this Agreement. 
 Section 16. Duties of Warrant Agent. The Warrant Agent undertakes the duties and obligations
imposed by this Agreement upon the following terms and conditions, by all of which the Company, by its acceptance hereof, shall be bound: 

(a) The Warrant Agent may consult with legal counsel reasonably acceptable to the Company (who may be legal counsel for the Company), and the
opinion of such counsel shall be full and complete authorization and protection to the Warrant Agent as to any action taken or omitted by it in good faith and in accordance with such opinion. 

(b) Whenever in the performance of its duties under this Agreement the Warrant Agent shall deem it necessary or desirable that any fact or
matter be proved or established by the Company prior to taking or suffering any action hereunder, such fact or matter (unless other evidence in respect thereof be herein specifically prescribed) may be deemed to be conclusively proved and
established by a certificate signed by the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Vice President of the Company; and such certificate shall be full authentication to the Warrant Agent for any action taken or suffered in good faith by it
under the provisions of this Agreement in reliance upon such certificate. 
 (c) Subject to the limitation set forth in Section 14, the
Warrant Agent shall be liable hereunder only for its own gross negligence or willful misconduct, or for a breach by it of this Agreement. 

(d) The Warrant Agent shall not be liable for or by reason of any of the statements of fact or recitals contained in this Agreement or in the
Warrant Certificates (except its countersignature thereof) by the Company or be required to verify the same, but all such statements and recitals are and shall be deemed to have been made by the Company only. 

(e) The Warrant Agent shall not be under any responsibility in respect of the validity of this Agreement or the execution and delivery hereof
(except the due execution hereof by the Warrant Agent) or in respect of the validity or execution of any Warrant Certificate (except its countersignature thereof); nor shall it be responsible for any breach by the Company of any covenant or
condition contained in this Agreement or in any Warrant Certificate; nor shall it be responsible for the adjustment of the Exercise Price or the making of any change in the number of shares of Common Stock required under the provisions of
Section 11 or 13 or responsible for the manner, method or amount of any such change or the ascertaining of the existence of facts that would require any such adjustment or change (except with respect to the exercise of Warrants evidenced by the
Warrant Certificates after actual notice of any adjustment of the Exercise Price); nor shall it by any act hereunder be deemed to make any representation or warranty as to the authorization or reservation of any shares of Common Stock to be issued
pursuant to this Agreement or any Warrant Certificate or as to whether any shares of Common Stock will, when issued, be duly authorized, validly issued, fully paid and nonassessable. 

  
 11 

 (f) Each party hereto agrees that it will perform, execute, acknowledge and deliver or cause
to be performed, executed, acknowledged and delivered all such further and other acts, instruments and assurances as may reasonably be required by the other party hereto for the carrying out or performing by any party of the provisions of this
Agreement. 
 (g) The Warrant Agent is hereby authorized to accept instructions with respect to the performance of its duties hereunder from
the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer or Vice President of the Company, and to apply to such officers for advice or instructions in connection with its duties, and it shall not be liable and shall be indemnified and held harmless for
any action taken or suffered to be taken by it in good faith in accordance with instructions of any such officer, provided Warrant Agent carries out such instructions without gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct. 

(h) The Warrant Agent and any shareholder, director, officer or employee of the Warrant Agent may buy, sell or deal in any of the Warrants or
other securities of the Company or become pecuniarily interested in any transaction in which the Company may be interested, or contract with or lend money to the Company or otherwise act as fully and freely as though it were not Warrant Agent under
this Agreement. Nothing herein shall preclude the Warrant Agent from acting in any other capacity for the Company or for any other legal entity. 

(i) The Warrant Agent may execute and exercise any of the rights or powers hereby vested in it or perform any duty hereunder either itself or
by or through its attorney or agents, and the Warrant Agent shall not be answerable or accountable for any act, default, neglect or misconduct of any such attorney or agents or for any loss to the Company resulting from any such act, default,
neglect or misconduct, provided reasonable care was exercised in the selection and continued employment thereof. 
 Section 17. Change of Warrant
Agent. The Warrant Agent may resign and be discharged from its duties under this Agreement upon 30 days’ notice in writing sent to the Company and to each transfer agent of the Common Stock, and to the Holders of the Warrant Certificates.
The Company may remove the Warrant Agent or any successor Warrant Agent upon 30 days’ notice in writing, sent to the Warrant Agent or successor Warrant Agent, as the case may be, and to each transfer agent of the Common Stock, and to the
Holders of the Warrant Certificates. If the Warrant Agent shall resign or be removed or shall otherwise become incapable of acting, the Company shall appoint a successor to the Warrant Agent. If the Company shall fail to make such appointment within
a period of 30 days after such removal or after it has been notified in writing of such resignation or incapacity by the resigning or incapacitated Warrant Agent or by the Holder of a Warrant Certificate (who shall, with such notice, submit his
Warrant Certificate for inspection by the Company), then the Holder of any Warrant Certificate may apply to any court of competent jurisdiction for the appointment of a new Warrant Agent, provided that, for purposes of this Agreement, the Company
shall be deemed to be the Warrant Agent until a new warrant agent is appointed. Any successor Warrant Agent, whether appointed by the Company or by such a court, shall be a corporation organized and doing business under the laws of the United States
or of a state thereof, in good standing, which is authorized under such laws to exercise corporate trust 

  
 12 

 
powers and is subject to supervision or examination by federal or state authority and which has at the time of its appointment as Warrant Agent a combined capital and surplus of at least
$50,000,000. After appointment, the successor Warrant Agent shall be vested with the same powers, rights, duties and responsibilities as if it had been originally named as Warrant Agent without further act or deed; but the predecessor Warrant Agent
shall deliver and transfer to the successor Warrant Agent any property at the time held by it hereunder, and execute and deliver any further assurance, conveyance, act or deed necessary for the purpose. Not later than the effective date of any such
appointment, the Company shall file notice thereof in writing with the predecessor Warrant Agent and each transfer agent of the Common Stock, and mail a notice thereof in writing to the Holders of the Warrant Certificates. However, failure to give
any notice provided for in this Section 17, or any defect therein, shall not affect the legality or validity of the resignation or removal of the Warrant Agent or the appointment of the successor Warrant Agent, as the case may be. 

Section 18. No Rights as Shareholder. Except as otherwise specifically provided herein, a Holder, solely in its capacity as a holder of Warrants,
shall not be entitled to vote or receive dividends or be deemed the holder of share capital of the Company for any purpose, nor shall anything contained in this Agreement be construed to confer upon a Holder, solely in its capacity as the registered
holder of Warrants, any of the rights of a shareholder of the Company or any right to vote, give or withhold consent to any corporate action (whether any reorganization, issue of stock, reclassification of share capital, consolidation, merger,
conveyance or otherwise), receive notice of meetings, receive dividends or subscription rights or rights to participate in new issues of shares, or otherwise, prior to the exercise of such Warrants by the Holder. 

Section 19. Issuance of New Warrant Certificates. Notwithstanding any of the provisions of this Agreement or of the Warrants to the contrary, the
Company may, at its option, issue new Warrant Certificates evidencing Warrants in such form as may be approved by its Board of Directors to reflect any adjustment or change in the Exercise Price per share and the number or kind or class of shares of
stock or other securities or property purchasable under the several Warrant Certificates made in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. 

Section 20. Notices. Notices or demands authorized by this Agreement to be given or made (i) by the Warrant Agent or by the Holder of any
Warrant Certificate to or on the Company, (ii) subject to the provisions of Section 17, by the Company or by the Holder of any Warrant Certificate to or on the Warrant Agent or (iii) by the Company or the Warrant Agent to the Holder
of any Warrant Certificate, shall be deemed given (a) on the date delivered, if delivered personally, (b) on the first Business Day following the deposit thereof with Federal Express or another recognized overnight courier, if sent by
Federal Express or another recognized overnight courier, (c) on the fourth Business Day following the mailing thereof with postage prepaid, if mailed by registered or certified mail (return receipt requested), and (d) the date of
transmission, if such notice or communication is delivered via email attachment at or prior to 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on a Business Day and (e) the next Business Day after the date of transmission, if such notice or communication is
delivered via email attachment on a day that is not a Business Day or later than 5:30 p.m. (New York City time) on any Business Day, in each case to the parties at the following addresses (or at such other address for a party as shall be specified
by like notice): 

  
 13 

	 	(a)	 If to the Company, to: 

Palisade Bio, Inc. 
 7750 El
Camino Real, Suite 5200 
 Carlsbad, CA 92009 

Attention: Thomas M. Hallam, Ph.D. 

Email: tom.hallam@palisadebio.com 
  

	 	(b)	 If to the Warrant Agent, to: 

American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC

6201 15th Avenue 

Brooklyn, New York 11219 

Email: Reorgwarrants@astfinancial.com 

For any notice delivered by email to be deemed given or made, such notice must be followed by notice sent by overnight courier service to be
delivered on the next business day following such email, unless the recipient of such email has acknowledged via return email receipt of such email. 

(c) If to the Holder of any Warrant Certificate, to the address of such Holder as shown on the registry books of the Company. Any notice
required to be delivered by the Company to the Holder of any Warrant may be given by the Warrant Agent on behalf of the Company. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, where this Agreement provides for notice of any event to a Holder
of any Warrant, such notice shall be sufficiently given if given to the Depositary (or its designee) pursuant to the procedures of the Depositary or its designee. 

Section 21. Supplements and Amendments. 

(a) The Company and the Warrant Agent may from time to time supplement or amend this Agreement without the approval of any Holders of Global
Warrants in order to add to the covenants and agreements of the Company for the benefit of the Holders of the Global Warrants or to surrender any rights or power reserved to or conferred upon the Company in this Agreement, provided that such
addition or surrender shall not adversely affect the interests of the Holders of the Global Warrants or Warrant Certificates in any material respect. 

(b) In addition to the foregoing, with the consent of Holders of Warrants entitled, upon exercise thereof, to receive not less than a majority
of the shares of Common Stock issuable thereunder, the Company and the Warrant Agent may modify this Agreement for the purpose of adding any provisions to or changing in any manner or eliminating any of the provisions of this Agreement or modifying
in any manner the rights of the Holders of the Global Warrants; provided, however, that no modification of the terms (including but not limited to the adjustments described in Section 11) upon which the Warrants are exercisable or
the rights of holders of Warrants to receive liquidated damages or other payments in cash from the Company (including but not limited to pursuant to Section 3(d) of the Warrants) or reducing the percentage required for consent to modification
of this Agreement may be made without the consent of the Holder of each outstanding Warrant Certificate affected thereby; provided further, however, that no amendment hereunder shall affect any terms of any Warrant Certificate
issued in a Warrant Exchange. As a condition precedent to the Warrant Agent’s execution of any amendment, the Company shall deliver to the Warrant Agent a certificate from a duly authorized officer of the Company that states that the proposed
amendment complies with the terms of this Section 20. 

  
 14 

 Section 22. Successors. All covenants and provisions of this Agreement by or for the benefit of
the Company or the Warrant Agent shall bind and inure to the benefit of their respective successors and assigns hereunder. 
 Section 23. Benefits
of this Agreement. Nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to give any Person other than the Company, the Holders of Warrant Certificates and the Warrant Agent any legal or equitable right, remedy or claim under this Agreement. This
Agreement shall be for the sole and exclusive benefit of the Company, the Warrant Agent and the Holders of the Warrant Certificates. 
 Section 24.
Governing Law. This Agreement and each Warrant Certificate and Global Warrant issued hereunder shall be governed by, and construed in accordance with, the laws of the State of New York without giving effect to the conflicts of law principles
thereof. 
 Section 25. Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in any number of counterparts and each of such counterparts shall for all
purposes be deemed to be an original, and all such counterparts shall together constitute but one and the same instrument. 
 Section 26.
Captions. The captions of the sections of this Agreement have been inserted for convenience only and shall not control or affect the meaning or construction of any of the provisions hereof. 

Section 27. Information. The Company agrees to promptly provide to the Holders of the Warrants any information it provides to the holders of the
Common Stock, except to the extent any such information is publicly available on the EDGAR system (or any successor thereof) of the Securities and Exchange Commission. 

[SIGNATURE PAGE FOLLOWS] 

  
 15 

 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be duly executed as of
the day and year first above written. 
 PALISADE BIO, INC. 

By:
                                         
                        
 Name: Thomas
M. Hallam, Ph.D. 
 Title: Chief Executive Officer 

AMERICAN STOCK TRANSFER & TRUST COMPANY, LLC 

By:
                                         
                        
 Name: 

Title: 

  
 16 

 Annex A: Form of Warrant Certificate Request Notice 

WARRANT CERTIFICATE REQUEST NOTICE 
 To: American
Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC as Warrant Agent for Palisade Bio, Inc. (the “Company”) 
 The undersigned Holder of Common Stock
Purchase Warrants (“Warrants”) in the form of Global Warrants issued by the Company hereby elects to receive a Warrant Certificate evidencing the Warrants held by the Holder as specified below: 

Name of Holder of Warrants in form of Global Warrants: _____________________________ 

Name of Holder in Warrant Certificate (if different from name of Holder of Warrants in form of Global Warrants): _________________ 

Number of Warrants in name of Holder in form of Global Warrants: ___________________ 

Number of Warrants for which Warrant Certificate shall be issued: __________________ 

Number of Warrants in name of Holder in form of Global Warrants after issuance of Warrant Certificate, if any: ___________ 

Warrant Certificate shall be delivered to the following address: 

The undersigned hereby acknowledges and agrees that, in connection with this Warrant Exchange and the issuance of the Warrant Certificate, the
Holder is deemed to have surrendered the number of Warrants in form of Global Warrants in the name of the Holder equal to the number of Warrants evidenced by the Warrant Certificate. 

[SIGNATURE OF HOLDER] 
 Name of Investing Entity:
                                         
                                         
                                         
                  
 Signature of Authorized Signatory of
Investing Entity:
                                         
                                         
               
 Name of Authorized Signatory:
                                         
                                         
                                         
          
 Title of Authorized Signatory:
                                         
                                         
                                         
            
 Date:
                                     

 Exhibit 1: Form of Series 1 Warrant Certificate 

 Exhibit 2: Form of Series 2 Warrant CertificateEX-4.33

 Exhibit 4.33 

[Form of Series B Preferred Stock Certificate] 

UNLESS THIS CERTIFICATE IS PRESENTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF THE DEPOSITORY TRUST COMPANY, A NEW YORK CORPORATION (“DTC”), TO THE
CORPORATION OR THE TRANSFER AGENT, AND ANY CERTIFICATE ISSUED IS REGISTERED IN THE NAME OF THE HOLDER OR IN SUCH OTHER NAME AS IS REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC (AND ANY PAYMENT IS MADE TO THE HOLDER, OR TO SUCH OTHER ENTITY AS IS
REQUESTED BY AN AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE OF DTC), ANY TRANSFER, PLEDGE OR OTHER USE HEREOF FOR VALUE OR OTHERWISE BY OR TO ANY PERSON IS WRONGFUL INASMUCH AS THE REGISTERED OWNER HEREOF HAS AN INTEREST HEREIN. TRANSFERS OF THIS GLOBAL SECURITY
SHALL BE LIMITED TO TRANSFERS IN WHOLE, BUT NOT IN PART, TO NOMINEES OF DTC OR TO A SUCCESSOR THEREOF OR SUCH SUCCESSOR’S NOMINEE. 
 THE CORPORATION
IS AUTHORIZED TO ISSUE MORE THAN ONE CLASS OF STOCK AND MORE THAN ONE SERIES OF ITS CLASS OF PREFERRED STOCK. THE CORPORATION WILL FURNISH WITHOUT CHARGE TO EACH STOCKHOLDER WHO SO REQUESTS THE POWERS, DESIGNATIONS, PREFERENCES AND RELATIVE
PARTICIPATING, OPTIONAL OR OTHER SPECIAL RIGHTS OF EACH CLASS OF STOCK OR SERIES THEREOF AND THE QUALIFICATIONS, LIMITATIONS OR RESTRICTIONS OF SUCH PREFERENCES AND/OR RIGHTS. 

Incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware 

Certificate Number: 1 
 Initial Number of Shares of Series B
Convertible Preferred Stock: 
 CUSIP 

ISIN 
 PALISADE BIO, INC.

 Palisade Bio, Inc. (the “Corporation”) hereby certifies that CEDE & Co. (the “Holder”) is
the registered owner of                          fully paid and non-assessable shares of the Corporation’s designated
Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Series B Preferred Stock”), transferable on the books and records of the Transfer Agent, in person or by a duly authorized attorney, upon surrender of
this certificate duly endorsed or assigned and in proper form for transfer. 
 This Certificate and the shares represented hereby are issued
and shall be held subject to all the provisions of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and the Amended and Restated Bylaws of the Corporation and any amendments thereto, including the provisions of the Certificate of Designation of
Preferences, Rights and Limitations, dated                  , 2022, as the same may be amended from time to time (the “Certificate of Designations”).
Capitalized terms used herein but not defined shall have the meaning given them in the Certificate of Designations. 
 The shares of the
Series B Preferred Stock shall be convertible in the manner and accordance with the terms set forth in the Certificate of Designations. 

 Reference is hereby made to the provisions of the Series B Preferred Stock set forth in
the Certificate of Designations, which provisions shall for all purposes have the same effect as if set forth at this place. 
 Upon receipt
of this executed certificate, the Holder is bound by the Certificate of Designations and is entitled to the benefits thereunder. 
 Unless
the Transfer Agent has properly countersigned, these shares of the Series B Preferred Stock shall not be entitled to any benefit under the Certificate of Designations or be valid or obligatory for any purpose. 

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the said Corporation has caused this Certificate to be signed by its duly authorized officers as of
                 , 2022. 
  

			
	By:	 	 
	Name: Thomas M. Hallam, Ph.D.
	Title:   Chief Executive Officer

 COUNTERSIGNATURE 

These are shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock referred to in the within-mentioned Certificate of Designations. 

Dated:                         

 American Stock Trust & Transfer Company, 
 as Transfer
Agent 
  

			
		
	By:	 	 
	Name:
	Title:

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