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                                                                    EXHIBIT 4.16

                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                          URS OPERATING SERVICES, INC.

                             A Delaware Corporation
                 (Amended and Restated As of September 9, 2004)

                               ARTICLE I - OFFICES

      SECTION 1. REGISTERED OFFICE. -- The registered office shall be
established and maintained at 1209 Orange Street, Wilmington, in the County of
New Castle in the State of Delaware.

      SECTION 2. OTHER OFFICES. -- The corporation may have other offices,
either within or without the State of Delaware, at such place or places as the
Board of Directors may from time to time appoint or the business of the
corporation may require.

                      ARTICLE II - MEETING OF STOCKHOLDERS

      SECTION 1. ANNUAL MEETINGS. -- Annual meetings of stockholders for the
election of directors and for such other business as may be stated in the notice
of the meeting, shall be held at such place, either within or without the State
of Delaware, and at such time and date as the Board of Directors, by resolution,
shall determine and as set forth in the notice of the meeting. In the event the
Board of Directors fails to so determine the time, date and place of meeting,
the annual meeting of stockholders shall be held at the registered office of the
corporation in Delaware on

      If the date of the annual meeting shall fall upon a legal holiday, the
meeting shall be held on the next succeeding business day. At each annual
meeting, the stockholders entitled to vote shall elect a Board of Directors and
may transact such other corporate business as shall be stated in the notice of
the meeting.

      SECTION 2. OTHER MEETINGS. -- Meetings of stockholders for any purpose
other than the election of directors may be held at such time and place, within
or without the State of Delaware, as shall be stated in the notice of the
meeting.

      SECTION 3. VOTING. -- Each stockholder entitled to vote in accordance with
the terms and provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation and these By-Laws
shall be entitled to one vote, in person or by proxy, for each share of stock
entitled to vote held by such stockholder, but no proxy shall be voted after
three years from its date unless such proxy provides for a longer period. Upon
the demand of any stockholder, the vote for directors and upon any question
before the meeting shall be by ballot. All elections for directors shall

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be decided by plurality vote; all other questions shall be decided by majority
vote except as otherwise provided by the Certificate of Incorporation or the
laws of the State of Delaware.

      SECTION 4. STOCKHOLDER LIST. -- The officer who has charge of the stock
ledger of the corporation shall at least 10 days before each meeting of
stockholders prepare a complete alphabetical addressed list of the stockholders
entitled to vote at the ensuing election, with the number of shares held by
each. Said list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for any
purpose germane to the meeting, during ordinary business hours, for a period of
at least ten days prior to the meeting, either at a place within the city where
the meeting is to be held, which place shall be specified in the notice of the
meeting, or, if not so specified, at the place where the meeting is to be held.
The list shall be available for inspection at the meeting.

      SECTION 5. QUORUM. -- Except as otherwise required by law, by the
Certificate of Incorporation or by these By-Laws, the presence, in person or by
proxy, of stockholders holding a majority of the stock of the corporation
entitled to vote shall constitute a quorum at all meetings of the stockholders.
In case a quorum shall not be present at any meeting, a majority in interest of
the stockholders entitled to vote thereat, present in person or by proxy, shall
have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time, without notice other than
announcement at the meeting, until the requisite amount of stock entitled to
vote shall be present. At any such adjourned meeting at which the requisite
amount of stock entitled to vote shall be represented, any business may be
transacted which might have been transacted at the meeting as originally
noticed; but only those stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting as
originally noticed shall be entitled to vote at any adjournment or adjournments
thereof.

      SECTION 6. SPECIAL MEETINGS. -- Special meetings of the stockholders, for
any purpose, unless otherwise prescribed by statute or by the Certificate of
Incorporation, may be called by the president and shall be called by the
president or secretary at the request in writing of a majority of the directors
or stockholders entitled to vote. Such request shall state the purpose of the
proposed meeting.

      SECTION 7. NOTICE OF MEETINGS. -- Written notice, stating the place, date
and time of the meeting, and the general nature of the business to be
considered, shall be given to each stockholder entitled to vote thereat at his
address as it appears on the records of the corporation, not less than ten nor
more than fifty days before the date of the meeting.

      SECTION 8. BUSINESS TRANSACTED -- No business other than that stated in
the notice shall be transacted at any meeting without the unanimous consent of
all the stockholders entitled to vote thereat.

      SECTION 9. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. -- Except as otherwise provided by the
Certificate of Incorporation, whenever the vote of stockholders at a meeting
thereof is required or permitted to be taken in connection with any corporate
action by any provisions of the statutes or the Certificate of Incorporation or
of these By-Laws, the meeting and vote of stockholders may be dispensed with, if
all the stockholders who would have been entitled by vote upon the action if
such meeting were held, shall consent in writing to such corporate action being
taken.

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                             ARTICLE III - DIRECTORS

      SECTION 1. NUMBER AND TERM. -- The authorized number of directors shall be
determined from time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors, provided
that the Board of Directors shall consist of at least one member. The directors
shall be elected at the annual meeting of the stockholders and each director
shall be elected to serve until his successor shall be elected and shall
qualify.

      SECTION 2. RESIGNATIONS. -- Any director, member of a committee or other
officer may resign at any time. Such resignation shall be made in writing, and
shall take effect at the time specified therein, and if no time be specified, at
the time of its receipt by the President or Secretary. The acceptance of a
resignation shall not be necessary to make it effective.

      SECTION 3 VACANCIES. -- If the office of any director, member of a
committee or other officer becomes vacant, the remaining directors in office,
though less than a quorum by a majority vote, may appoint any qualified person
to fill such vacancy, who shall hold office for the unexpired term and until his
successor shall be duly chosen.

      SECTION 4. REMOVAL. -- Any director or directors may be removed either for
or without cause at any time by the affirmative vote of the holders of a
majority of all the shares of stock outstanding and entitled to vote, at a
special meeting of the stockholders called for the purpose and the vacancies
thus created may be filled, at the meeting held for the purpose of removal, by
the affirmative vote of a majority in interest of the stockholders entitled to
vote.

      SECTION 5. INCREASE OF NUMBER. -- The number of directors may be increased
by amendment of these By-Laws by the affirmative vote of a majority of the
directors, though less than a quorum, or, by the affirmative vote of a majority
in interest of the stockholders, at the annual meeting or at a special meeting
called for that purpose, and by like vote the additional directors may be chosen
at such meeting to hold office until the next annual election and until their
successors are elected and qualify.

      SECTION 6. COMPENSATION. -- Directors shall not receive any stated salary
for their services as directors or as members of committees, but by resolution
of the board a fixed fee and expenses of attendance may be allowed for
attendance at each meeting. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to
preclude any director from serving the corporation in any other capacity as an
officer, agent or otherwise, and receiving compensation therefor.

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      SECTION 7. ACTION WITHOUT MEETING. -- Any action required or permitted to
be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or of any committee thereof,
may be taken with out a meeting, if prior to such action a written consent
thereto is signed by all members of the board, or of such committee as the case
may be, and such written consent is filed with the minutes of proceedings of the
board or committee.

                              ARTICLE IV - OFFICERS

      SECTION 1. OFFICERS. -- The officers of the corporation shall consist of a
President, a Treasurer, and a Secretary, and shall be elected by the Board of
Directors and shall hold office until their successors are elected and
qualified. In addition, the Board of Directors may elect a Chairman, one or more
Vice-Presidents and such Assistant Secretaries and Assistant Treasurers as it
may deem proper. None of the officers of the corporation need be directors. The
officers shall be elected at the first meeting of the Board of Directors after
each annual meeting. More than two offices may be held by the same person.

      SECTION 2. OTHER OFFICERS AND AGENTS. -- The Board of Directors may
appoint such officers and agents as it may deem advisable, who shall hold their
offices for such terms and shall exercise such power and perform such duties as
shall be determined from time to time by the Board of Directors.

      SECTION 3. CHAIRMAN. -- The Chairman of the Board of Directors if one be
elected, shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors and he shall
have and perform such other duties as from time to time may be assigned to him
by the Board of Directors.

      SECTION 4. PRESIDENT. -- The President shall be the chief executive
officer of the corporation and shall have the general powers and duties of
supervision and management usually vested in the office of President of a
corporation. He shall preside at all meetings of the stockholders if present
thereat, and in the absence or non-election of the Chairman of the Board of
Directors, at all meetings of the Board of Directors, and shall have general
supervision, direction and control of the business of the corporation Except as
the Board of Directors shall authorize the execution thereof in some other
manner, he shall execute bonds, mortgages, and other contracts in behalf of the
corporation, and shall cause the seal to be affixed to any instrument requiring
it and when so affixed the seal shall be attested by the signature of the
Secretary or the Treasurer or an Assistant Secretary or an Assistant Treasurer.

      SECTION 5. VICE-PRESIDENT. -- Each Vice-President shall have such powers
and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to him by the directors.

      SECTION 6. TREASURER. -- The Treasurer shall have the custody of the
corporate funds and securities and shall keep full and accurate account of
receipts and disbursements in books belonging to the corporation. He shall
deposit all moneys and other valuables in the name and to the credit of the
corporation in such depositories as may be designated by the Board of Directors.

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      The Treasurer shall disburse the funds of the corporation as may be
ordered by the Board of Directors, or the President, taking proper vouchers for
such disbursements. He shall render to the President and Board of Directors at
the regular meetings of the Board of Directors, or whenever they may request it,
an account of all his transactions as Treasurer and of the financial condition
of the corporation. If required by the Board of Directors, he shall give the
corporation a bond for the faithful discharge of his duties in such amount and
with such surety as the board shall prescribe.

      SECTION 7. SECRETARY. -- The Secretary shall give, or cause to be given,
notice of all meetings of stockholders and directors, and all other notices
required by law or by these By-Laws, and in case of his absence or refusal or
neglect so to do, any such notice may be given by any person thereunto directed
by the President, or by the directors, or stockholders, upon whose requisition
the meeting is called as provided in these By-Laws. He shall record all the
proceedings of the meetings of the corporation and of directors in a book to be
kept for that purpose. He shall keep in safe custody the seal of the
corporation, and when authorized by the Board of Directors, affix the same to
any instrument requiring it, and when so affixed, it shall be attested by his
signature or by the signature of any assistant secretary.

      SECTION 8. ASSISTANT TREASURERS & ASSISTANT SECRETARIES Assistant
Treasurers and Assistant Secretaries, if any, shall be elected and shall have
such powers and shall perform such duties as shall be assigned to them,
respectively, by the directors.

                                    ARTICLE V

      SECTION 1. CERTIFICATES OF STOCK. -- Every holder of stock in the
corporation shall be entitled to have a certificate, signed by, or in the name
of the corporation by, the chairman or vice-chairman of the board of directors,
or the president or a vice-president and the treasurer or an assistant
treasurer, or the secretary of the corporation, certifying the number of shares
owned by him in the corporation. If the corporation shall be authorized to issue
more than one class of stock or more than one series of any class, the
designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special
rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications,
limitations, or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights shall be set
forth in full or summarized on the face or back of the certificate which the
corporation shall issue to represent such class of series of stock, provided
that, except as other wise provided in section 202 of the General Corporation
Law of Delaware, in lieu of the foregoing requirements, there may be set forth
on the face or back of the certificate which the corporation shall issue to
represent such class or series of stock, a statement that the corporation will
furnish without charge to each stockholder who so requests the powers,
designations, preferences and relative, participating, optional or other special
rights of each class of stock or series thereof and the qualifications,
limitations or restrictions of such preferences and/or rights. Where a
certificate is countersigned (1) by a transfer agent other than the corporation
or its employee, or (2) by a registrar other than the corporation or its
employee, the signatures of such officers may be facsimiles.

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      SECTION 2. LOST CERTIFICATES -- New certificates of stock may be issued in
the place of any certificate therefore issued by the corporation, alleged to
have been lost or destroyed, and the directors may, in their discretion, require
the owner of the lost or destroyed certificate or his legal representatives, to
give the corporation a bond, in such sum as they may direct, not exceeding
double the value of the stock, to indemnify the corporation against it on
account of the alleged loss of any such new certificate.

      SECTION 3. TRANSFER OF SHARES. -- The shares of stock of the corporation
shall be transferable only upon its books by the holders thereof in person or by
their duly authorized attorneys or legal representatives, and upon such transfer
the old certificates shall be surrendered to the corporation by the delivery
thereof to the person in charge of the stock and transfer books and ledgers, or
to such other persons as the directors may designate, by who they shall be
cancelled, and new certificates shall thereupon be issued. A record shall be
made of each transfer and whenever a transfer shall be made for collateral
security, and not absolutely, it shall be so expressed in the entry of the
transfer.

      SECTION 4. STOCKHOLDERS RECORD DATE. -- In order that the corporation may
determine the stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at any meeting of
stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or to express consent to corporate
action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any
dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to
exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or
for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix, in
advance, a record date, which shall not be more than sixty nor less than ten
days before the day of such meeting, nor more than sixty days prior to any other
action. A determination of stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to
vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting;
provided, however, that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the
adjourned meeting.

      SECTION 5. DIVIDENDS. -- Subject to the provisions of the Certificate of
Incorporation the Board of Directors may, out of funds legally available
therefor at any regular or special meeting, declare dividends upon the capital
stock of the corporation as and when they deem expedient. Before declaring any
dividends there may be set apart out of any funds of the corporation available
for dividends, such sum or sums as the directors from time to time in their
discretion deem proper working capital or as a reserve fund to meet
contingencies or for equalizing dividends or for such other purposes as the
directors shall deem conducive to the interests of the corporation.

      SECTION 6. SEAL. -- The corporate seal shall be circular in form and shall
contain the name of the corporation, the year of its creation and the words
"CORPORATE SEAL DELAWARE." Said seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile
thereof to be impressed or affixed or otherwise reproduced.

      SECTION 7. FISCAL YEAR. -- The fiscal year of the corporation shall be
determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

      SECTION 8. CHECKS -- All checks, drafts, or other orders for the payment
of money, notes or other evidences of indebtedness issued in the name of the
corporation shall

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be signed by the officer or officers, agent or agents of the corporation, and in
such manner as shall be determined from time to time by resolution of the Board
of Directors.

      SECTION 9. NOTICE AND WAIVER OF NOTICE -- Whenever any notice is required
by these By-Laws to be given, personal notice is not meant unless expressly
stated, and any notice so required shall be deemed to be sufficient if given by
depositing the same in the United States mail, postage prepaid, addressed to the
person entitled thereto at his address as it appears on the records of the
corporation, and such notice shall be deemed to have been given on the day of
such mailing. Stockholders not entitled to vote shall not be entitled to receive
notice of any meetings except as otherwise provided by statute.

      Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under the provisions
of any law, or under the provisions of the Certificate of Incorporation of the
corporation or these By-Laws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person
or persons entitled to said notice, whether before or after the time stated
therein, shall be deemed proper notice.

           ARTICLE VI - CLOSE CORPORATIONS MANAGEMENT BY SHAREHOLDERS

      If the certificate of incorporation of the corporation states that the
business and affairs of the corporation shall be managed by the shareholders of
the corporation rather than by a board of directors, then, whenever the context
so requires the shareholders of the corporation shall be deemed the directors of
the corporation for purposes of applying any provision of these by-laws.

                            ARTICLE VII - AMENDMENTS

      These By-Laws may be altered and repealed and By-Laws may be made at any
annual meeting of the stockholders or at any special meeting thereof if notice
thereof is contained in the notice of such special meeting by the affirmative
vote of a majority of the stock issued and outstanding or entitled to vote
thereat, or by the regular meeting of the Board of Directors, at any regular
meeting of the Board of Directors, or at any special meeting of the Board of
Directors, if notice thereof is contained in the notice of such special meeting.<PAGE>
                                                                    EXHIBIT 4.17

                           AMENDED AND RESTATED BYLAWS
                                       OF
                          EG&G Defense Materials, Inc.

                               A Utah Corporation
                 (Amended and Restated as of September 9, 2004)

                                    * * * * *

                                    ARTICLE I

                                     OFFICES

      Section 1. The registered office shall be located in Salt Lake City, Utah.

      Section 2. The Corporation may also have offices at such other places both
within and without the State of Utah as the board of directors may from time to
time determine or the business of the corporation may require.

                                   ARTICLE II

                         ANNUAL MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDER

      Section 1. All meetings of shareholders for the election of directors may
be held anywhere in the United States.

      Section 2. Annual meetings of shareholders, commencing with the year 1990,
shall be held on the 1st Monday in May if not a legal holiday, and if a legal
holiday, then on the next secular day following, at 10:00 A.M., at which they
shall elect by a plurality vote a board of directors, and transact such other
business as may properly be brought before the meeting.

      Section 3. Written or printed notice of the annual meeting stating the
place, day and hour of the meeting shall be delivered no less than ten nor more
than fifty days before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by
or at the direction of the president, the secretary, or the officer or persons
calling the meeting, to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at such
meeting.

                                   ARTICLE III

                        SPECIAL MEETINGS OF SHAREHOLDERS

      Section 1. Special meetings of shareholders for any purpose other than the
election of directors may be held at such time and place within or without the
State of Utah as shall be stated in the notice of the meeting or in a duly
executed waiver of notice thereof.

<PAGE>

      Section 2. Special meetings of the shareholders, for any purpose or
purposes may be called by the chairman of the board or the president and shall
be called by the president or secretary at the request in writing of a majority
of the board of directors, or at the request in writing of shareholders owning
one-tenth of all the outstanding shares of the corporation. Such request shall
state the purpose or purposes of the proposed meeting and business transacted at
any special meeting of shareholders shall be limited to the purposes stated in
the notice.

      Section 3. Written or printed notice of a special meeting stating the
place, day and hour of the meeting and the purpose or purposes for which the
meeting is called, shall be delivered not less than ten nor more than fifty days
before the date of the meeting, either personally or by mail, by or at the
direction of the president, the secretary, or the officer or persons calling the
meeting, to each shareholder of record entitled to vote at such meeting.

      Section 4. The business transacted at any special meeting of shareholders
shall be limited to the purposes stated in the notice.

                                   ARTICLE IV

                           QUORUM AND VOTING OF STOCK

      Section 1. The holders of a majority of the shares of stock issued and
outstanding and entitled to vote, represented in person or by proxy, shall
constitute a quorum at all meetings of the shareholders for the transaction of
business except as otherwise provided by statute or by the articles of
incorporation. If, however, such quorum shall not be present or represented at
any meeting of the shareholders, the shareholders present in person or
represented by proxy shall have power to adjourn the meeting from time to time,
without notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be
present or represented. At such adjourned meeting at which a quorum shall be
present or represented any business may be transacted which might have been
transacted at the meeting as originally notified.

      Section 2. If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of a majority of
the shares of stock represented at the meeting shall be the act of the
shareholders unless the vote of a greater number of shares of stock is required
by law or the articles of incorporation.

      Section 3. Each outstanding share of stock, having voting power, shall be
entitled to one vote on each matter submitted to a vote at a meeting of
shareholders. A shareholder may vote either in person or by proxy executed in
writing by the shareholder or by his duly authorized attorney-in-fact.

      Section 4. Any action required to be taken at a meeting of the
shareholders may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting
forth the action so taken, shall be signed by all of the shareholders entitled
to vote with respect to the subject matter thereof.

<PAGE>

                                    ARTICLE V

                                    DIRECTORS

      Section 1. The authorized number of directors shall be determined from
time to time by resolution of the board of directors, provided that the board of
directors shall consist of at least one member. Directors need not be residents
of the State of Utah nor shareholders of the corporation. The directors, other
than the first board of directors, shall be elected at the annual meeting of the
shareholders, and each director elected shall serve until the next succeeding
annual meeting and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified.
The first board of directors shall hold office until the first annual meeting of
shareholders.

      Section 2. Vacancies and newly created directorships resulting from any
increase in the number of directors may be filled by a majority of the directors
then in office, though less than a quorum, and the directors so chosen shall
hold office until the next annual election and until their successors are duly
elected and shall qualify.

      Section 3. The business affairs of the corporation shall be managed by its
board of directors which may exercise all such powers of the corporation and do
all such lawful acts and things as are not by statute or by the articles of
incorporation or by these by-laws directed or required to be exercised or done
by the shareholders.

      Section 4. The directors may keep the books of the corporation, except
such as are required by law to be kept within the state, outside of the State of
Utah, at such place or places as they may from time to time determine.

      Section 5. The board of directors, by the affirmative vote of a majority
of the directors then in office, and irrespective of any personal interest of
any of its members, shall have authority to establish reasonable compensation of
all directors for services to the corporation as directors, officers or
otherwise.

                                   ARTICLE VI

                       MEETINGS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

      Section 1. Meetings of the board of directors, regular or special, may be
held either within or without the State of Utah.

      Section 2. The first meeting of each newly elected board of directors
shall be held at such time and place as shall be fixed by the vote of the
shareholders at the annual meeting and no notice of such meeting shall be
necessary to the newly elected directors in order legally to constitute the
meeting, provided a quorum shall be present, or it may convene at such place and
time as shall be fixed by the consent in writing of all the directors.

<PAGE>

      Section 3. Regular meetings of the board of directors may be held upon
such notice, or without notice, and at such time and at such place as shall from
time to time be determined by the board.

      Section 4. Special meetings of the board of directors may be called by the
president on two (2) days' notice to each director, either personally or by mail
or by telegram; special meetings shall be called by the president or secretary
in like manner and on like notice on the written request of two directors.

      Section 5. Attendance of a director at any meeting shall constitute a
waiver of notice of such meeting, except where a director attends for the
express purpose of objecting to the transaction of any business because the
meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the business to be
transacted at, nor the purpose of, any regular or special meeting of the board
of directors need be specified in the notice or waiver of notice of such
meeting.

      Section 6. A majority of the directors shall constitute a quorum for the
transaction of business unless a greater number is required by law or by the
articles of incorporation. The act of a majority of the directors present at any
meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the board of directors,
unless the act of a greater number is required by statute or by the articles of
incorporation. If a quorum shall not be present at any meeting of directors, the
directors present thereat may adjourn the meeting from time to time, without
notice other than announcement at the meeting, until a quorum shall be present.

      Section 7. Any action required or permitted to be taken at a meeting of
the directors may be taken without a meeting if a consent in writing, setting
forth the action so taken, shall be signed by all of the directors entitled to
vote with respect to the subject matter thereof.

                                   ARTICLE VII

                               EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

      Section 1. The board of directors, by resolution adopted by a majority of
the number of directors fixed by the by-laws or otherwise, may designate two or
more directors to constitute an executive committee, which committee, to the
extent provided in such resolution, shall have and exercise all of the authority
of the board of directors in the management of the corporation, except as
otherwise required by law. Vacancies in the membership of the committee shall be
filled by the board of directors at a regular or special meeting of the board of
directors. The executive committee shall keep regular minutes of its proceedings
and report the same to the board when required.

<PAGE>

                                  ARTICLE VIII

                                     NOTICES

      Section 1. Whenever, under the provisions of the statutes or of the
articles of incorporation or of these by-laws, notice is required to be given to
any director or shareholder, it shall not be construed to mean personal notice,
but such notice may be given in writing, by mail, addressed to such director or
shareholder, at his address as it appears on the records of the corporation with
postage thereon prepaid, and such notice shall be deemed to be given at the time
when the same shall be deposited in the United States mail. Notice to directors
may also be given by telegram.

      Section 2. Whenever any notice whatever is required to be given under the
provisions of the statutes or under the provisions of the articles of
incorporation or these by-laws, a waiver thereof in writing signed by the person
or persons entitled to such notice, whether before or after the time stated
therein, shall be deemed equivalent to the giving of such notice.

                                   ARTICLE IX

                                    OFFICERS

      Section 1. The officers of the corporation shall be chosen by the board of
directors and shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary and a
treasurer. The board of directors may also choose additional vice-presidents,
and one or more assistant secretaries and assistant treasurers.

      Section 2. The board of directors at its first meeting after each annual
meeting of shareholders shall choose a president, one or more vice-presidents, a
secretary and a treasurer, none of whom need be members of the board.

      Section 3. The board of directors may appoint such other officers and
agents as it shall deem necessary who shall hold their offices for such terms
and shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as shall be determined
from time to time by the board of directors.

      Section 4. The salaries of all officers and agents of the corporation
shall be fixed by the board of directors.

      Section 5. The officers of the corporation shall hold office until their
successors are chosen and qualify. Any officer elected or appointed by the board
of directors may be removed at any time by the affirmative vote of a majority of
the board of directors. Any vacancy occurring in any office of the corporation
shall be filled by the board of directors.

<PAGE>

                                  THE PRESIDENT

      Section 6. The president shall be the chief executive officer of the
corporation, shall preside at all meetings of the shareholders and the board of
directors, shall have general and active management of the business of the
corporation and shall see that all orders and resolutions of the board of
directors are carried into effect.

      Section 7. He shall execute bonds, mortgages and other contracts requiring
a seal, under the seal of the corporation, except where required or permitted by
law to be otherwise signed and executed and except where the signing and
execution thereof shall be expressly delegated by the board of directors to some
other officer or agent of the Corporation.

                               THE VICE-PRESIDENTS

      Section 8. The vice-president, or if there shall be more than one, the
vice-presidents in the order determined by the board of directors, shall, in the
absence or disability of the president, perform the duties and exercise the
powers of the president and shall perform such other duties and have such other
powers as the board of directors may from time to time prescribe.

                     THE SECRETARY AND ASSISTANT SECRETARIES

      Section 9. The secretary shall attend all meetings of the board of
directors and all meetings of the shareholders and record all the proceedings of
the meetings of the corporation and of the board of directors in a book to be
kept for that purpose and shall perform like duties for the standing committees
when required. He shall give, or cause to be given, notice of all meetings of
the shareholders and special meetings of the board of directors, and shall
perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the board of directors or
president, under whose supervision he shall be. He shall have custody of the
corporate seal of the corporation and he, or an assistant secretary, shall have
authority to affix the same to any instrument requiring it and when so affixed,
it may be attested by his signature or by the signature of such assistant
secretary. The board of directors may give general authority to any other
officer to affix the seal of the corporation and to attest the affixing by his
signature.

      Section 10. The assistant secretary, or if there be more than one, the
assistant secretaries in the order determined by the board of directors, shall,
in the absence or disability of the secretary, perform the duties and exercise
the powers of the secretary and shall perform such other duties and have such
other powers as the board of directors may from time to time prescribe.

                     THE TREASURER AND ASSISTANT TREASURERS

      Section 11. The treasurer shall have the custody of the corporate funds
and securities and shall keep full and accurate accounts of receipts and
disbursements in books belonging to the corporation and shall deposit all moneys
and other valuable effects in the name and to the credit of the corporation in
such depositories as may be designated by the board of directors.

<PAGE>

      Section. 12. He shall disburse the funds of the corporation as may be
ordered by the board of directors, taking proper vouchers for such
disbursements, and shall render to the president and the board of directors, at
its regular meetings, or when the board of directors so requires, an account of
all his transactions as treasurer and of the financial condition of the
corporation.

      Section 13. If required by the board of directors, he shall give the
corporation a bond in such sum and with such surety or sureties as shall be
satisfactory to the board of directors for the faithful performance of the
duties of his office and for the restoration to the corporation, in case of his
death, resignation, retirement or removal from office, of all books, papers,
vouchers, money and other property of whatever kind in his possession or under
his control belonging to the corporation.

      Section 14. The assistant treasurer, or, if there shall be more than one,
the assistant treasurers in the order determined by the board of directors,
shall, in the absence or disability of the treasurer, perform the duties and
exercise the powers of the treasurer and shall perform such other duties and
have such other powers as the board of directors may from time to time
prescribe.

                                    ARTICLE X

                             CERTIFICATES FOR SHARES

      Section 1. The shares of the corporation shall be represented by
certificates signed by the president or a vice-president and the secretary or an
assistant secretary of the corporation, and may be sealed with the seal of the
corporation or a facsimile thereof.

      When the corporation is authorized to issue shares of more than one class
there shall be set forth upon the face or back of the certificate, or the
certificate shall have a statement that the corporation will furnish to any
shareholder upon request and without charge, a full statement of the
designations, preferences, limitations, and relative rights of the shares of
each class authorized to be issued and, if the corporation is authorized to
issue any preferred or special class in series, the variations in the relative
rights and preferences between the shares of each such series so far as the same
have been fixed and determined and the authority of the board of directors to
fix and determine the relative rights and preferences of subsequent series.

      Section 2. The signatures of the officers of the corporation upon a
certificate may be facsimiles if the certificate is countersigned by a transfer
agent, or registered by a registrar, other than the corporation itself or an
employee of the corporation. In case any officer who has signed or whose
facsimile signature has been placed upon such certificate shall have ceased to
be such officer before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the
corporation with the same effect as if he were such officer at the date of its
issue.

<PAGE>

                                LOST CERTIFICATES

      Section 3. The board of directors may direct a new certificate to be
issued in place of any certificate theretofore issued by the corporation alleged
to have been lost or destroyed. When authorizing such issue of a new
certificate, the board of directors, in its discretion and as a condition
precedent to the issuance thereof, may prescribe such terms and conditions as it
deems expedient, and may require such indemnities as it deems adequate, to
protect the corporation from any claim that may be made against it with respect
to any such certificate alleged to have been lost or destroyed.

                               TRANSFERS OF SHARES

      Section 4. Upon surrender to the corporation or the transfer agent of the
corporation of a certificate representing shares duly endorsed or accompanied by
proper evidence of succession, assignment or authority to transfer, a new
certificate shall be issued to the person entitled thereto, and that old
certificate cancelled and the transaction recorded upon the books of the
corporation.

                            CLOSING OF TRANSFER BOOKS

      Section 5. For the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice
of or to vote at any meeting of shareholders, or any adjournment thereof or
entitled to receive payment of any dividend, or in order to make a determination
of shareholders for any other proper purpose, the board of directors may provide
that the stock transfer books shall be closed for a stated period but not to
exceed, in any case, fifty days. If the stock transfer books shall be closed for
the purpose of determining shareholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a
meeting of shareholders, such books shall be closed for at least ten days
immediately preceding such meeting. In lieu of closing the stock transfer books,
the board of directors may fix in advance a date as the record date for any such
determination of shareholders, such data in any case to be not more than fifty
days and, in case of a meeting of shareholders, not less than ten days prior to
the date on which the particular action, requiring such determination of
shareholders, is to be taken. If the stock transfer books are not closed and no
record date is fixed for the determination of shareholders entitled to notice of
or to vote at a meeting of shareholders, or shareholders entitled to receive
payment of a dividend, the date on which notice of the meeting is mailed or the
date on which the resolution of the board of directors declaring such dividend
is adopted, as the case may be, shall be the record date for such determination
of shareholders. When a determination of shareholders entitled to vote at any
meeting of shareholders has been made as provided in this section, such
determination shall apply to any adjournment thereof.

                             REGISTERED SHAREHOLDERS

      Section 6. The corporation shall be entitled to recognize the exclusive
right of a person registered on its books as the owner of shares to receive
dividends, and to vote as such owner, and to hold liable for calls and
assessments a person registered on its books as the owner of shares, and shall
hot be bound to recognize any equitable or other claim to or interest in such
share or shares on the part of any other person, whether or not it shall have
express or other notice thereof, except as otherwise provided by the laws of
Utah.

<PAGE>

                              LIST OF SHAREHOLDERS

      Section 7. The officer or agent having charge of the transfer books for
shares shall make, at least ten days before each meeting of shareholders, a
complete list of the shareholders entitled to vote at such meeting, arranged in
alphabetical order, with the address of each and the number of shares held by
each, which list, for a period of ten days prior to such meeting, shall be kept
on file at the registered office of the corporation and shall be subject to
inspection by any shareholder at any time during usual business hours. Such list
shall also be produced and kept open at the time and place of the meeting and
shall be subject to the inspection of any shareholder during the whole time of
the meeting. The original share ledger or transfer book, or a duplicate thereof,
shall be prima facie evidence as to who are the shareholders entitled to examine
such list or share ledger or transfer book or to vote at any meeting of the
shareholders.

                                   ARTICLE XI

                               GENERAL PROVISIONS

                                    DIVIDENDS

      Section 1. Subject to the provisions of the articles of incorporation
relating thereto, if any, dividends may be declared by the board of directors at
any regular or special meeting, pursuant to law. Dividends may be paid in cash,
in property or in shares of the capital stock, subject to any provisions of the
articles of incorporation.

      Section 2. Before payment of any dividend, there may he set aside out of
any funds of the corporation available for dividends such sum or sums as the
directors from time to time, in their absolute discretion, think proper as a
reserve fund to meet contingencies, or for equalizing dividends, or for
repairing or maintaining any property of the corporation, or for such other
purpose as the directors shall think conducive to the interest of the
corporation, and the directors may modify or abolish any such reserve in the
manner in which it was created.

                                     CHECKS

      Section 3. All checks or demands for money and notes of the corporation
shall be signed by such officer or officers or such other person or persons as
the board of directors may from time to time designate.

                                   FISCAL YEAR

      Section 4. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be fixed by resolution
of the board of directors.

<PAGE>

                                      SEAL

      Section 5. The corporate seal shall have inscribed thereon the name of the
corporation, the year of its organization and the words "Corporate Seal, Utah".
The seal may be used by causing it or a facsimile thereof to be impressed or
affixed or in any manner reproduced.

                                   ARTICLE XII

                                   AMENDMENTS

      Section 1. These by-laws may be altered, amended, or repealed or new
by-laws may be adopted by the affirmative vote of a majority of the board of
directors at any regular or special meeting of the board.

      No by-law shall be adopted by the directors which shall require more than
a majority of the voting shares for a quorum at a meeting of shareholders, or
more than a majority of the votes cast to constitute action by the shareholders,
except where higher percentages are required by law or by the articles of
incorporation.

      The shareholders shall have the right to change or repeal any by-laws
adopted by the directors.

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