아르크토두스

아르크토두스(Arctodus)는 신생대 플라이스토세 12,800년 전까지 지금의 북아메리카에 서식했던 포유류이다. 속명의 뜻은 '곰의 이빨'을 뜻한다. 아르크토두스는 크기는 보통300 ~ 950 킬로그램 (660 ~ 2,090 lb)이며, 이 중 암컷은 500 킬로그램 (1,100 lb), 수컷은 약 800 킬로그램 (1,800 lb) 정도이다. 가장 큰 수컷은 어깨 높이가 1.67 미터 (5 ft 6 in)이고 뒷다리의 키가 최대 3.4 미터 (11 ft)에 이른다고 학자들에 의해 발표되었다. 연구에 따르면 주로 사슴, 낙타과와 같은 초식동물들을 잡아먹으며, 개방된 온대 기후의 삼림 지대를 선호했지만, 다른 기후와 환경에서도 적응력이 뛰어난 종이었다. American Falls (Hop-Strawn Pit, Cedar Ridge, 26,500 ± 3500 BP) Birch Creek (34,974 ± 652 BP) Bonner Springs (Kansas River, 10,921 ± 50 BP) Chiquihuite Cave (11,419 ± 34 BP) Cueva Quebrada (12,280 ± 170) Fairbanks (Cleary, Cleary Creek, Dawson Cut, Engineer Creek, Ester, Ester Creek, Eva Creek Mine, Gold Hill, Goldstream, No.2 G-Strip Area, Upper Cleary River Beds, 39,565 ± 1126 BP - 20,524 ± 180 BP?) Friesenhahn Cave (10,814 ± 55 BP) Fulton County (11,040 ± 310 BP) Gold Run Creek (26,040 ± 270 BP) Huntington Dam (10,976 ± 40 BP) Ikpikpuk River (27,160 ± 280 BP) Island Ford Cave (34,080 ± 480 BP) La Brea Tar Pits (35,370 - 26,427 cal. BP (≤50,000?)) Meander Cave (37,500 cal. BP?) Natural Trap Cave (20,220 ± 150 BP) Pellucidar Cave (11,615 ± 30 BP) Potter Creek Cave (& Samwell Cave, 12,650 ± 350 BP) Rainbow Beach (21,500 ± 700 BP) Salt Lake Valley (Silver Creek/Bonneville, 12,650 ± 70 BP) Saltville Valley (14,853 ± 55 BP) San Miguel Island (Daisy Cave, California Channel Islands, 14,130 ± 70 BP) Sheriden Cave (11,566 ± 40 BP) Sixtymile River (44,240 ± 930 BP) The Mammoth Site (26,075 ± 975 BP) Three-Forks Cave (Gittin' Down Mountain, 34,063 ± 460 BP) Titaluk River (42,600 ± 2,200 BP) Airport Lane Alameda Tube Albuquerque Gravel Pits Atepetzingo (Rancho de Tepetzingo) Beaver Crossing (unknown age) Beemer & West Point (Cuming County Wet Gravel Pits) Big Bear Cave, Bat Cave, Carroll Cave, West Cave Big Bear Site ("Arctodus site", Blackwater Draw) Bitter Springs Playa (Rogers Ridge, Fort Irwin) Blacktail Cave Box Butte Creek Burnet Cave (Rocky Arroyo) Cedar Creek (Black Belt, c.f. simus) Cedral 'Chat' (Chatanika River) Chicken Creek (Lost Chicken Creek?) Clover Bar (Edmonton) Conkling Cavern? Cooper River Copper Mine Cripple Creek Dalhart Diamond Valley Drews Gap (footprints, Lakeview) Duck Flat Fern Cave Fort Qu' Appelle (Bliss Gravel Pit-Echo Lake Gravel) Fossil Lake Frankstown Cave Gatesville (Coryell County, Ursidae c.f. A. simus) Glass Cave Hall's Cave Isleta Caves Jaguar Cave Jinglebob Keams Canyon Kotzebue La Cinta Portalitos Labor-of-Love Cave Lake San Agustin (White Lake) Lebret Lilian Creek Little Box Elder Cave Lubbock Lake Manix Lake (Camp Cady) Maricopa Tar Seeps Moore Pit (Hill Shuler/ Trinity River) Old Crow Flats Oregon Caves? Oso Cave Pendejo Cave? Powder Mill Creek Cave, Round Spring Cave Proctor Cave Prospects Cave Red Willow local fauna (Upper Republican River) Red Willow local fauna (McCook, unknown age) Riverbluff Cave San Juan Island Schultz Cave Seale Pit (Hill-Shuler/Trinity River) Selawik Skeleton Cave Spalding Site Tequixquiac The Bar (Central Mississippi Alluvial Valley) Troublesome Creek Tofty (Tofty Placer District) U-Bar Cave Valsequillo Wasden Site (Owl Cave) Wright Materials North Zacoalco Arkalon Cass County Doeden Gravel Pit (Yellowstone River) Fairmead Landfill Gordon Hay Springs Irvington Murrieta (Riverside) Rock Creek Rushville Vallecito Creek (Anza-Borrego) Victorville (cf. simus) 111 Ranch (Arctodus sp.) Aguascalientes (Cedazo) Apollo Beach, Leisey Shell Pit 1, Leisey Shell Pit 1A & Leisey Shell Pit 3 Bass Point Waterway, Rigby Shell Pit, Venice Beach Coleman 2A Crystal River Power Plant (Inglis 1A & Inglis 1B) Cumberland Bone Cave Haile 16A Kissimmee 6 La Union (Mesilla Basin Fauna B) Lost World Caverns (Grapevine Cave) McLeod Limerock Mine Morgan River Myrtle Beach Port Charlotte Port Kennedy Cave Santa Fe River 1 Sebastian Canal 2 Stout's Ranch (Saw Rock Canyon) Whitlock Oil Well (San Simon Creek, Arctodus sp.) Ashley River (Bee's Ferry, "Wando Formation"), Cooper River, Ladson Formation, Walrus Ditch Local Fauna Lake Rousseau & Rainbow River McKittrick Tar Seeps (11,040 ± 310 BP) Perkins Cave (16,910 ± 50 BP) Cowichan Head (22,750 ± 140 BP) La Sena (19,487 ± 95 BP) Dawson (Canyon Creek, Dawson City, Eldorado Creek, Hester Creek, Lower Hunker Creek, Ophir Creek, Quartz Creek, 49,800 cal. BP - 22,417 ± 452 BP) White Sands National Park (footprint, ~18,500 BP) Richards, Ronald L.; Churcher, C.S.; Turnbull, William D. (1996년 12월 31일), “Distribution and size variation in North American Short-faced bears, Arctodus simus”, 《Palaeoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals》 (University of Toronto Press), 191–246쪽, doi:10.3138/9781487574154-012, ISBN 978-1-4875-7415-4, 2023년 11월 15일에 확인함  “Arctodus”. 《www.utep.edu》. 2022년 5월 5일에 확인함.  Spamer, Earle E.; Daeschler, Edward; Philadelphia, Academy of Natural Sciences of; Vostreys-Shapiro, L. Gay (1995). 《A Study of Fossil Vertebrate Types in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia: Taxonomic, Systematic, and Historical Perspectives》 (영어). Academy of Natural Sciences. ISBN 978-0-910006-51-4.  Hay, Oliver Perry (1901). 《Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America》 (영어). 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Quaternary Changes of Mammalian Communities Across and Between Continents (영어) 212 (2): 187–197. Bibcode:2010QuInt.212..187A. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.05.012. ISSN 1040-6182.