펄 모듈

펄 모듈(Perl module)은 펄 언어의 소프트웨어 구성 요소이다. 모듈은 마치 자바 패키지처럼 소스 코드가 CGI, Net:FTP, XML::Parser와 같은 이름공간을 정의하기 위한 펄 매커니즘인 패키지 안에 있을 수 있도록 정의한다. 즉, 파일 구조는 이름공간 구조를 미러링한다. (예: Net::FTP를 위한 소스 코드는 Net/FTP.pm에 속한다) "Hello, World!"의 예는 여러 스타일로 구현할 수 있다. 펄에서는 모듈이 반드시 필요한 것이 아니다. 함수와 코드는 어디에서든 정의하여 사용할 수 있다. 아래는 단지 예를 들기 위한 부분이다. 클래스가 꼭 필요한 자바와 다르다. "Hello, World"의 함수는 다음과 같이 작성할 수 있다: sub hello { "Hello, world!\n" } print hello(); 아니면 단순히 한 줄로도 가능하다: print "Hello, world!\n"; 절차적 모듈로 구현한 "Hello, World"의 예는 다음과 같다. 모듈 이용을 기술하는 짧은 스크립트도 포함되어 있다. hello_world.pl #!/usr/bin/perl # Loads the module and imports any functions into our namespace # (defaults to "main") exported by the module. Hello::World exports # hello() by default. Exports can usually be controlled by the caller. use Hello::World; print hello(); # prints "Hello, world!\n" print hello("Milky Way"); # prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n" Hello/World.pm # "package" is the namespace where the module's functionality/data resides. # It dictates the name of the file if you want it to be "use"d. # If more than one word, it constrains the location of the module. package Hello::World; # By default Perl allows you to use variables without declaring # them. This may be convenient for short scripts and one-liners. # But in a longer unit of code such as a module it is wise to declare # your variables both to catch typos and to constrain their # accessibility appropriately from outside the module. The strict pragma # forces you to declare your variables. use strict; # Similarly, Perl does not issue most compiler or run-time warnings by default. # More complicated scripts, such as most modules, will usually find them very # helpful for debugging. The warnings pragma turns on optional warnings. use warnings; # A module's version number is stored in $ModuleName::VERSION; certain # forms of the "use" built-in depend on this variable being defined. our $VERSION = '1.00'; # Inherit from the "Exporter" module which handles exporting functions. # Most procedural modules make use of this. use base 'Exporter'; # When the module is invoked, export, by default, the function "hello" into # the namespace of the using code. our @EXPORT = qw(hello); # Lines starting with an equal sign indicate embedded POD # documentation. POD sections end with an =cut directive, and can # be intermixed almost freely with normal code. =head1 NAME Hello::World - An encapsulation of a common output message =head1 SYNOPSIS use Hello::World; print hello(); print hello("Milky Way"); =head1 DESCRIPTION This is a procedural module which gives you the famous "Hello, world!" message, and it’s even customizable! =head2 Functions The following functions are exported by default =head3 hello print hello(); print hello($target); Returns the famous greeting. If a C<$target> is given it will be used, otherwise "world" is the target of your greeting. =cut # define the function hello(). sub hello { my $target = shift; $target = 'world' unless defined $target; return "Hello, $target!\n"; } =head1 AUTHOR Joe Hacker <joe@joehacker.org> =cut # A Perl module must end with a true value or else it is considered not to # have loaded. By convention this value is usually 1 though it can be # any true value. A module can end with false to indicate failure but # this is rarely used and it would instead die() (exit with an error). 1; 동일하지만 객제 지향 스타일로 된 예는 다음과 같다. 객체 지향 모듈의 이점은 각 객체가 다른 객체와 독립적으로 구성될 수 있다는 점이다. hello_world.pl #!/usr/bin/perl use Hello::World; my $hello = Hello::World->new; $hello->print; # prints "Hello, world!\n" $hello->target("Milky Way"); $hello->print; # prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n" my $greeting = Hello::World->new(target => "Pittsburgh"); $greeting->print; # prints "Hello, Pittsburgh!\n" $hello->print; # still prints "Hello, Milky Way!\n" Hello/World.pm # In Perl there is no special 'class' definition. A namespace is a class. package Hello::World; use strict; use warnings; our $VERSION = "1.00"; =head1 NAME Hello::World - An encapsulation of a common output message =head1 SYNOPSIS use Hello::World; my $hello = Hello::World->new(); $hello->print; =head1 DESCRIPTION This is an object-oriented library which can print the famous "H.W." message. =head2 Methods =head3 new my $hello = Hello::World->new(); my $hello = Hello::World->new( target => $target ); Instantiates an object which holds a greeting message. If a C<$target> is given it is passed to C<< $hello->target >>. =cut # The constructor of an object is called new() by convention. Any # method may construct an object and you can have as many as you like. sub new { my($class, %args) = @_; my $self = bless({}, $class); my $target = exists $args{target} ? $args{target} : "world"; $self->{target} = $target; return $self; } =head3 target my $target = $hello->target; $hello->target($target); Gets and sets the current target of our message. =cut sub target { my $self = shift; if( @_ ) { my $target = shift; $self->{target} = $target; } return $self->{target}; } =head3 to_string my $greeting = $hello->to_string; Returns the $greeting as a string =cut sub to_string { my $self = shift; return "Hello, $self->{target}!"; } =head3 print $hello->print; Outputs the greeting to STDOUT =cut sub print { my $self = shift; print $self->to_string(), "\n"; } =head1 AUTHOR Joe Hacker <joe@joehacker.org> =cut 1; CPAN (영어) Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)