서방 세계

서방 세계(西方世界, 영어: western world) 또는 서구 세계(西歐世界)는 주로 오스트랄라시아, 서유럽, 및 북미 지역의 다양한 국가와 주를 의미한다. 동유럽과 라틴아메리카도 서구를 구성하는지에 대한 논쟁이 있다. 마찬가지로 서양 세계는 오리엔트(라틴어 oriens '기원, 일출, 동쪽'에서 유래)로 알려진 동방 세계와 대조적으로 서양(라틴어 occidens '석양, 일몰, 서쪽'에서 유래)이라고 불린다. 서양은 진화하는 개념으로 간주된다. 즉, 고정된 국경과 구성원이 있는 경직된 지역이 아니라 다양한 집단 간의 문화적, 정치적, 경제적 시너지로 구성된다. "서방 세계"의 정의는 상황과 관점에 따라 다르다. 현대의 서방 세계는 본질적으로 문명이나 문화가 서구로 간주되는 국가를 포함한다. 미국화 아메리카 영어권 대서양주의 탈아론 동서양 이분법 유럽화 제1세계 프랑스어권 글로벌 노스와 글로벌 사우스 스페인어권 마그레브 먼로주의 3개의 세계 모델 서양 밀교 서반구 서양 철학 서양 문화 반서방 감정 관련 단체 유럽 연합 정상회의 유럽 경제 지역 유럽 연합 G7 북대서양 조약 기구 유엔 대표 동유럽 지역 그룹 서유럽과 기타 지역 그룹 Huntington, Samuel P. (1991). 《Clash of Civilizations》 6판. Washington, DC. 38–39쪽. ISBN 978-0-684-84441-1. The origin of western civilization is usually dated to 700 or 800 AD. In general, researchers consider that it has three main components, in Europe, North America and Latin America. [...] However, Latin America has followed a quite different development path from Europe and North America. Although it is a scion of European civilization, it also incorporates more elements of indigenous American civilizations compared to those of North America and Europe. It also currently has had a more corporatist and authoritarian culture. Both Europe and North America felt the effects of Reformation and combination of Catholic and Protestant cultures. Historically, Latin America has been only Catholic, although this may be changing. [...] Latin America could be considered, or a sub-set, within Western civilization, or can also be considered a separate civilization, intimately related to the West, but divided as to whether it belongs with it.  Huntington, Samuel P. (2011년 8월 2일). 《The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order》. Simon & Schuster. 151–154쪽. ISBN 978-1451628975.  Shvili, Jason (2021년 4월 26일). “The Western World”. 《worldatlas.com》. 2022년 10월 1일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서.  Hanson, Victor Davis (2007년 12월 18일). 《Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power》 (영어). Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-307-42518-8. the term "Western" — refer to the culture of classical antiquity that arose in Greece and Rome; survived the collapse of the Roman Empire; spread to western and northern Europe; then during the great periods of exploration and colonization of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries expanded to the Americas, Australia and areas of Asia and Africa; and now exercises global political, economic, cultural, and military power far greater than the size of its territory or population might otherwise suggest.  Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). 《Western Civilization》 (영어). Wadsworth. xxxiii쪽. ISBN 9780534646028. people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as that of Islam, leading to a concept of a Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans. Important to the development of the idea of a distinct Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships began to move into other parts of the world, encounters with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected how people in the West defined themselves. At the same time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, especially North America and parts of Latin America, that have come to be considered part of Western civilization.  Stearns, Peter N. (2008). 《Western Civilization in World History》 (영어). Routledge. 94–95쪽. ISBN 9781134374755. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Western civilization expanded geographically, in whole or in part. [...] a host of major trends... occurred essentially in parallel, suggesting significant cohesion within an expanded Western civilization. The industrial revolution, though launched in Britain, turned out to be a transatlantic process very quickly. ... The same applies to the new movement to limit per capita birth rates – the demographic transition that ran through Western civilization during the 19th century... and the outcomes by 1900, in unprecedentedly low birth rates per family combined with rapidly falling infant death rates, was essentially the same through out this expanded Western world.