카마루파

카마루파(산스크리트어: कामरूपा)는 고전기 인도 아대륙의 초기 국가로, 다바카와 함께 아삼 최초의 역사적 왕국이다. 카마루파는 서기 350년부터 1140년까지 존재했으며 다바카는 서기 5세기에 카마루파에 흡수되었다. 현재의 구와하티, 북구와하티, 테즈푸르의 수도에서 세 왕조가 다스렸던 카마루파는 전성기에 브라마푸트라 계곡 전체, 북벵골, 부탄과 방글라데시 북부, 그리고 때때로 오늘날의 서벵골주, 비하르주, 실렛주의 일부를 통치했다. 역사적인 왕국은 12세기에 사라지고 더 작은 정치적 실체로 대체되었지만 카마루파의 개념은 지속되었고 고대 및 중세 연대기 작가들은 계속해서 이 왕국의 일부를 카마루프라고 불렀다. 16세기에 아홈 왕국이 두각을 나타내면서 고대 카마루파 왕국의 유산을 이어받아 카라토야강까지 왕국을 확장하고자 했다. 왕국을 나타내기 위해 카마루파라는 이름이 가장 먼저 사용된 것은 사무드라굽타의 기둥에 새겨진 글에서 왕국을 변경지역 왕국으로 언급한 4세기부터이다. 카마루파는 마하바라타 또는 라마야나 서사시에서 아무런 언급도 찾을 수 없으며 초기와 후기의 베다, 불교, 자이나교 문학에서 카마루파에 대한 언급은 왕국에 관한 것이 아니다. 카마루파라는 이름이 처음 사용된 지 6세기 후인 10세기 칼리카 푸라나에서 카마데바가 그의 형태(루파)를 되찾은 왕국이라는 설명이 처음 등정한다. 한편 서사시에는 프라그죠티샤라는 이름이 등장하지만, 7세기가 되어서야 바스카라바르만이 자신의 왕국과 서사시의 프라그죠티샤를 연결하고, 그의 왕조 혈통을 바가닷타와 나라카로 추적하면서 카마루파 왕국과 연결되었다. 9세기에 나라카가 카마루파를 정복한 후 통치했던 전설적인 도시로 프라그죠티쉬푸라가 이름을 올렸다. (Dutta 2008:281) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFDutta2008 (help), reproduced from (Acharya 1968) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFAcharya1968 (help). Sircar (1990a), 63–68쪽. sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFSircar1990a (help) "The government of Kamarupa state was absolute monarchy in nature with the king at the top of the political structure." (Boruah 2005:1465) "... (it shows) that in Ancient Assam there were three languages viz. (1) Sanskrit as the official language and the language of the learned few, (2) Non-Aryan tribal languages of the Austric and Tibeto-Burman families, and (3) a local variety of Prakrit (ie a MIA) wherefrom, in course of time, the modern Assamese language as a MIL, emerged." (Sharma 1978, 0.24–0.28쪽) harv error: 대상 없음: CITEREFSharma1978 (help) (A)ccording to the Yogina Tantra—a product of seventeenth-century Assam—the entire religion of Kamarupa is itself described as kirata dharma, that is, the religion of the northeast hill tribes"(Urban 2011:237) "Pragjyotisa-Kamarupa had emerged as an 'early state' by covering a large part of present north-east India, part of neighbouring west-Bengal and Bangladesh in the period between the 4th to the 12th century." (Boruah 2005) Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma - 2005,"Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ... - Volume 3", Page 248, Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms. "As regards the eastern limits of the kingdom, Davaka was absorbed within Kamarupa under Kalyanavarman and the outlying regions were brought under subjugation by Mahendravarman." (Choudhury 1959) harv error: 대상 없음: CITEREFChoudhury1959 (help) "It is presumed that (Kalyanavarman) conquered Davaka, incorporating it within the kingdom of Kamarupa" (Puri 1968) harv error: 대상 없음: CITEREFPuri1968 (help) "According to the Kalika Purana and the Yogonitantra, the ancient Kamarupa included, besides the districts of modern Assam, Cooch-Behar, Rang-pura, Jalpaiguri and Dinajpur within its territory." (Saikia 1997) Sircar (1990a). sfnp error: 대상 없음: CITEREFSircar1990a (help) "Before (the 10th century), copper plate inscriptions indicate that land around the Kushiara was more densely populated, because Kamarupa kings had granted large tracts of land to immigrant brahmans and their supporting castes, to make this region part of Assam (Khanda Kamarupa). (Ludden 2003) "They also looked upon themselves as the heirs of the glory that was ancient Kamarupa by right of conquest, and they long cherished infructuously their unfulfilled hopes of expanding up to that frontier." (Guha 1983) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFGuha1983 (help). 'An Ahom force reached the banks of the Karatoya in hot pursuit of an invading Turko-Afghan army in the 1530s. Since then "the washing of the sword in the Karatoya" became a symbol of the Assamese aspirations, repeatedly evoked in the Bar-Mels and mentioned in the chronicles." (Guha 1983) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFGuha1983 (help) (Sircar 1990a:57) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFSircar1990a (help) "There is no definite reference to Kamarupa in the early/later Vedic literature and the early Buddhist/Jain canonical works. The two Epics are also silent on Kamarupa, despite mentioning Pragjyotisha." (Shin 2018:28) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFShin2018 (help) Barua, Birinchi Kumar; Kakati, Banikanta (1969). 《A cultural history of Assam - Volume 1》. 15쪽.  "Considering the historical context of the seventh century Kamarupa, especially during the reign of Bhaskaravarman when the Varmans was ascending to one of the important powers in north India, it appears that they projected Kamarupa on a larger geopolitical map by combining it with Pragjyotisha, the Epic kingdom." (Shin 2018:38) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFShin2018 (help) "The earliest name of Assam is Pragjyotisha, i.e. the territory of around the city of that name, while Kamarupa, later used as the name of the country, (was a) synonym of Pragjyotisha." (Sircar 1990a:57) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFSircar1990a (help) "Pragjyotisha was, however, redefined in the Uttar Barbil and the Nowgong plates dated to the last quarter of the ninth century. Both record that Naraka, the conqueror of Kamarupa (jitakamarupa), used to live in a city (pura) named Pragjyotisha in Kamarupa." (Shin 2018:39) harvcol error: 대상 없음: CITEREFShin2018 (help) Acharya, N. N. (1968), 《Asama Aitihashik Bhuchitravali (Maps of Ancient Assam)》, Bina Library, Gauhati, Assam  Baruah, S L (1995), 《A Comprehensive History of Assam》, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd  Boruah, Nirode (2005). “'Early State' Formation in the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam”. 《Proceedings of the Indian Historical Congress》 66: 1464–1465. JSTOR 44145968.  Boruah, Nirode (2011). “Kamarupa to Kamata: The political Transition and the New Geopolitical Trends and Spaces”. 《Proceedings of the Indian History Congress》 72: 78–86. JSTOR 44146698.  Boruah, Nirode (2007), 《Early Assam》, Guwahati, Delhi: Spectrum Publications  Casson, Lionel (1989). 《The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary》. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-04060-8. 2020년 8월 19일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2018년 2월 26일에 확인함.  Choudhury, P. C. (1959), 《The History of Civilization of the People of Assam to the Twelfth Century AD》, Department of History and Antiquarian Studies, Gauhati, Assam  Dutta, Anima (2008). 《Political geography of Pragjyotisa Kamarupa》 (PhD). Gauhati University. hdl:10603/68309. 2017년 4월 26일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2017년 4월 25일에 확인함.  Guha, Amalendu (December 1983), “The Ahom Political System: An Enquiry into the State Formation Process in Medieval Assam (1228–1714)” (PDF), 《Social Scientist》 11 (12): 3–34, doi:10.2307/3516963, JSTOR 3516963, 2022년 9월 27일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서, 2019년 9월 24일에 확인함  Guha, Amalendu (1984). “Pre-Ahom Roots and the Medieval State in Assam: A Reply”. 《Social Scientist》 12 (6): 70–77. doi:10.2307/3517005. JSTOR 3517005.  Jacquesson, François (2008). “Discovering Boro-Garo” (PDF). 《History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category》 32: 14–49. 2019년 8월 3일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 5월 27일에 확인함.  Lahiri, Nayanjot (1991), 《Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD》, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd  Ludden, David (2003). “Investing in Nature around Sylhet: An Excursion into Geographical History”. 《Economic and Political Weekly》 38 (48): 5080–5088. JSTOR 4414346.  Puri, Baij Nath (1968), 《Studies in Early History and Administration in Assam》, Gauhati University  Puri, B N (1990), 〈Polity and Administration〉, Barpujari, H K, 《The Comprehensive History of Assam》 I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, 172–194쪽  Saikia, Nagen (1997). 〈Medieval Assamese Literature〉. Ayyappa Panicker, K. 《Medieval Indian Literature: Assamese, Bengali and Dogri》 1. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. 3–20쪽. ISBN 9788126003655. 2022년 9월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2020년 11월 14일에 확인함.  Sarkar, J N (1990), 〈Koch Bihar, Kamrup and the Mughals, 1576–1613〉, Barpujari, H K, 《The Comprehensive History of Assam: Mediebal Period, Political》 II, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, 92–103쪽  Sarkar, J. N. (1992), 〈Chapter II The Turko-Afghan Invasions〉, Barpujari, H. K., 《The Comprehensive History of Assam》 2, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, 35–48쪽  Shin, Jae-Eun (2018), 〈Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa〉, Dzüvichü, Lipokmar; Baruah, Manjeet, 《Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation》, London & New York: Routledge, 23–55쪽  Shin, Jae-Eun (2010). “Changing Dynasties, Enduring Genealogy: A Critical Study on the Political Legitimation in Early Medieval Kamarupa”. 《Journal of Ancient Indian History》 (Kolkata: University of Calcutta) 27: 173–187.  Sircar, D C (1990a), 〈Pragjyotisha-Kamarupa〉, Barpujari, H K, 《The Comprehensive History of Assam》 I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, 59–78쪽  Sircar, D C (1990b), 〈Political History〉, Barpujari, H K, 《The Comprehensive History of Assam》 I, Guwahati: Publication Board, Assam, 94–171쪽  Sharma, Mukunda Madhava (1978), 《Inscriptions of Ancient Assam》, Gauhati University, Assam  Urban, Hugh B. (2011). “The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam”. 《The Journal of Hindu Studies》 4 (3): 231–247. doi:10.1093/jhs/hir034.