베타-하이드록시 베타-메틸뷰티르산

β-하이드록시 β-메틸뷰티르산(영어: β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid, HMB)은 인체에서 자연적으로 생성되는 물질로, 식이 보충제로 사용되며 상처 치유를 촉진하고 암이나 HIV/AIDS로 인한 근육 소모가 있는 사람들에게 영양 지원을 제공하기 위한 특정 의료 식품의 성분으로 사용된다. 건강한 성인의 경우 HMB를 보충하면 근육 크기, 근력 및 제지방량이 증가하고 운동으로 인한 골격근 손상이 감소하며 유산소 운동 능력이 향상되고 운동 회복이 빨라지는 것으로 나타났다. β-하이드록시 β-메틸뷰티릴-CoA Coffman DD, Cramer R, Mochel WE (June 1958). “Syntheses by Free-radical Reactions. V. A New Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids”. 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》 80 (11): 2882–2887. doi:10.1021/ja01544a072.  “Safety data sheet: 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl butyric acid”. Alfa Aesar. 2005년 3월 23일. 2016년 9월 17일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 11월 9일에 확인함.  〈3-OH-isovaleric acid〉. 《ChemSpider》. Royal Society of Chemistry. 2015. 2016년 8월 11일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 8월 10일에 확인함. Experimental Boiling Point: ... 128 °C / 7 mm ... Experimental solubility: Soluble in water  Wilson JM, Fitschen PJ, Campbell B, Wilson GJ, Zanchi N, Taylor L, Wilborn C, Kalman DS, Stout JR, Hoffman JR, Ziegenfuss TN, Lopez HL, Kreider RB, Smith-Ryan AE, Antonio J (February 2013). “International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB)”. 《Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition》 10 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1550-2783-10-6. PMC 3568064. PMID 23374455. The [International Society of Sports Nutrition] has concluded the following. 1. HMB can be used to enhance recovery by attenuating exercise induced skeletal muscle damage in trained and untrained populations. ... 4. Thirty-eight mg·kg·BM−1 daily of HMB has been demonstrated to enhance skeletal muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power in untrained and trained populations when the appropriate exercise prescription is utilized. ... 8. HMB's mechanisms of action include an inhibition and increase of proteolysis and protein synthesis, respectively. 9. Chronic consumption of HMB is safe in both young and old populations.  Zanchi NE, Gerlinger-Romero F, Guimarães-Ferreira L, de Siqueira Filho MA, Felitti V, Lira FS, Seelaender M, Lancha AH (April 2011). “HMB supplementation: clinical and athletic performance-related effects and mechanisms of action”. 《Amino Acids》 40 (4): 1015–1025. doi:10.1007/s00726-010-0678-0. PMID 20607321. S2CID 11120110. HMB is a metabolite of the amino acid leucine (Van Koverin and Nissen 1992), an essential amino acid. The first step in HMB metabolism is the reversible transamination of leucine to [α-KIC] that occurs mainly extrahepatically (Block and Buse 1990). Following this enzymatic reaction, [α-KIC] may follow one of two pathways. In the first, HMB is produced from [α-KIC] by the cytosolic enzyme KIC dioxygenase (Sabourin and Bieber 1983). The cytosolic dioxygenase has been characterized extensively and differs from the mitochondrial form in that the dioxygenase enzyme is a cytosolic enzyme, whereas the dehydrogenase enzyme is found exclusively in the mitochondrion (Sabourin and Bieber 1981, 1983). Importantly, this route of HMB formation is direct and completely dependent of liver KIC dioxygenase. Following this pathway, HMB in the cytosol is first converted to cytosolic β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA), which can then be directed for cholesterol synthesis (Rudney 1957) (Fig. 1). In fact, numerous biochemical studies have shown that HMB is a precursor of cholesterol (Zabin and Bloch 1951; Nissen et al. 2000).  “Product Information: Ensure Enlive Advanced Therapeutic Nutrition Shake” (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 2016년 8월 9일. 2016년 10월 12일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 8월 22일에 확인함.  • Use under medical supervision.  • HMB + protein for muscle health.  “Product Information: Juven” (PDF). Abbott Nutrition. 2016년 5월 7일. 2016년 10월 12일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 8월 22일에 확인함.  • Administer orally or as a modular via feeding tube ...  • Use under medical supervision.  • Nutravigor® (CaHMB, calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate)  Linn J (2013년 5월 13일). “Proteins in Human Health and Performance”. Iowa State University. 2016년 8월 27일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 7월 31일에 확인함. Dr. Nissen and his collaborator Dr. Naji N. Abumrad, Professor and Chair, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, discovered beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) and its beneficial effects on human health and performance. HMB is currently marketed nationally by Abbott Laboratories as Revigor™, which is a component of Ensure® Muscle Health, and Juven®, which is a nutritional beverage that is clinically shown to promote healing after injury or surgery.  Khamsi R (May 2013). “Rethinking the formula”. 《Nature Medicine》 19 (5): 525–529. doi:10.1038/nm0513-525. PMID 23652097. S2CID 205379191. The questions about what defines a medical food will likely grow as the market does—and that market now extends far beyond PKU and other inherited metabolic disorders. ... Abbott Nutrition's Juven provides nutrients to people with HIV or AIDS experiencing excessive weight loss due to disease  “JUVEN Added to Abbott Laboratories' Nutritional Product Line for People With Cancer, HIV/AIDS and Wounds/Pressure Ulcers”. 《PR Newswire》. Abbott Laboratories. 2004년 3월 12일. 2016년 12월 20일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2016년 12월 11일에 확인함.