비교역사학

비교역사학은 같은 시대에 존재했거나 비슷한 문화적 조건을 공유했던 여러 사회를 비교하는 것이다. 사회비교역사학은 몽테스키외, 볼테르, 애덤 스미스 등으로 대표되는 18세기 계몽주의 지식인들 사이에서 중요한 전문분야로 등장했다. 19세기 사회학자와 경제학자들은 드 토크빌, 마르크스, 베버가 예시하는 것처럼 종종 비교역사학을 탐구했다. 20세기 전반에는 (독일인) 오스발트 슈펭글러, (러시아계 미국인) 피티림 소로킨, 그리고 (영국인) 아널드 J. 토인비의 비교사를 따라가는 대규모 독서 대중이 있었다. 그러나 1950년대 이후 비교사는 대중의 시야에서 사라지고 이제는 전문학자들의 독립적인 영역이 되었다. 배링턴 무어, 세이무어 마틴 립셋, 찰스 틸리, 마이클 만을 비롯한 몇몇 사회학자들도 이 분야에서 유명하다. 역사가들은 일반적으로 서로 다른 사회의 특정 제도(은행, 여성의 권리, 인종적 정체성)를 비교하는 것을 받아들인다. 그러나 1950년대 토인비에 대한 적대적인 반응 이후로 일반적으로 전 세계의 광범위한 범위를 포괄하는 포괄적인 비교 연구에는 별로 관심을 두지 않는다. Stephen Kalberg, Max Weber's Comparative-Historical Sociology (University of Arizona Press, 1994) Spengler (1918) Sorokin (1950); Sorokin (1959) Toynbee (1934-61) Barraclough (1979), chapter 1. Mann (1993) William H. McNeill, Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life (1989) ch 1 Barraclough; Geoffrey. 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