폴 밀그럼

폴 로버트 밀그럼(Paul Robert Milgrom, 1948년 4월 20일 ~ )은 미국의 경제학자이다. 1987년부터 스탠퍼드 대학교의 인문과학교수로 재직 중이다. 밀그럼은 게임 이론, 특히 경제 이론과 가격 결정 전략의 전문가이다. 2020년에 경매 이론의 개선과 새 경매 형식의 발명에 대한 공로로 로버트 B. 윌슨과 함께 노벨 경제학상을 수상했다. 낸시 스토키와 공동으로 무거래 정리(no-trade theorem)를 개발하였다. 여러 기업들의 공동 설립자이기도 한데, 그 기업들 중 가장 최근의 것으로는 옥셔노믹스(Auctionomics)가 있으며 상업 경매와 거래소를 위한 소프트웨어와 서비스를 제공한다. Milgrom, Paul (1979a). 《The Structure of Information in Competitive Bidding》. New York: Garland Press.  (Ph.D. Dissertation) Milgrom, Paul (1979b). “A Convergence Theorem for Competitive Bidding with Differential Information”. 《Econometrica》 47 (3): 679–88. doi:10.2307/1910414. JSTOR 1910414.  Milgrom, Paul (1981a). “An Axiomatic Characterization of Common Knowledge” (PDF). 《Econometrica》 49 (1): 219–222. doi:10.2307/1911137. JSTOR 1911137.  Milgrom, Paul (1981b). “Rational Expectations, Information Acquisition, and Competitive Bidding”. 《Econometrica》 49 (4): 921–943. doi:10.2307/1912511. JSTOR 1912511.  Milgrom, Paul (1981c). “Good News and Bad News: Representation Theorems and Applications”. 《Bell Journal of Economics》 12 (2): 380–91. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.465.6331. doi:10.2307/3003562. JSTOR 3003562.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1982). “Limit Pricing and Entry Under Incomplete Information: An Equilibrium Analysis” (PDF). 《Econometrica》 50 (2): 443–59. doi:10.2307/1912637. JSTOR 1912637.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John Roberts (1982). “Predation, Reputation, and Entry Deterrence” (PDF). 《Journal of Economic Theory》 27 (2): 280–312. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90031-X. ISSN 0022-0531.  Milgrom, Paul; Stokey, Nancy (1982). “Information, Trade and Common Knowledge” (PDF). 《Journal of Economic Theory》 26 (1): 17–27. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90046-1.  Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1982a). “The Value of Information in a Sealed Bid Auction” (PDF). 《Journal of Mathematical Economics》 10 (1): 105–14. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(82)90008-8. hdl:10419/220822. ISSN 0304-4068.  Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1982b). “A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding”. 《Econometrica》 50 (5): 1089–1122. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.186.4633. doi:10.2307/1911865. JSTOR 1911865.  Kreps, David; Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John; Wilson, Robert (1982). “Rational Cooperation in the Finitely‑Repeated Prisoners' Dilemma” (PDF). 《Journal of Economic Theory》 27 (2): 245‑252. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(82)90029-1.  Engelbrecht-Wiggans, R.; Milgrom, Paul R.; Weber, Robert J. (1983). “Competitive bidding and proprietary information” (PDF). 《Journal of Mathematical Economics》 11 (2): 161–169. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(83)90034-4. 2020년 10월 18일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.  Milgrom, Paul (1984). “Axelrod's "The Evolution of Cooperation"”. 《The RAND Journal of Economics》 15 (2): 305–309. doi:10.2307/2555683. JSTOR 2555683.  Milgrom, Paul; Weber, Robert (1985). “Distributional Strategies for Games with Incomplete Information” (PDF). 《Mathematics of Operations Research》 10 (4): 619–32. doi:10.1287/moor.10.4.619. hdl:10419/220788.  Glosten, Larry; Milgrom, Paul (1985). “Bid, Ask and Transactions Prices in a Specialist Market with Insider Trading”. 《Journal of Financial Economics》 14 (1): 71‑100. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.460.947. doi:10.1016/0304-405X(85)90044-3. ISSN 0304-405X.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986a). “Price and Advertising Signals of Product Quality” (PDF). 《Journal of Political Economy》 94 (4): 796–821. doi:10.1086/261408. JSTOR 1833203. S2CID 154506015. 2020년 8월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1986b). “Relying on the Information of Interested Parties” (PDF). 《The RAND Journal of Economics》 17 (1): 18–32. doi:10.2307/2555625. JSTOR 2555625. 2020년 8월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.  Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1987). “Aggregation and Linearity in the Provision of Intertemporal Incentives” (PDF). 《Econometrica》 55 (2): 303–328. doi:10.2307/1913238. JSTOR 1913238. 2020년 10월 31일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1987). “Informational Asymmetries, Strategic Behavior, and Industrial Organization”. 《The American Economic Review》 77 (2): 184–193. JSTOR 1805448.  Milgrom, Paul; Oster, Sharon (1987). “Job Discrimination, Market Forces and the Invisibility Hypothesis” (PDF). 《Quarterly Journal of Economics》 102 (3): 453–476. doi:10.2307/1884213. JSTOR 1884213. 2020년 8월 6일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 10월 17일에 확인함.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1988). “An Economic Approach to Influence Activities and Organizational Responses”. 《American Journal of Sociology》 94: S154–S179. doi:10.1086/228945. JSTOR 2780245. S2CID 154341784.  Milgrom, Paul (1988). “Employment Contracts, Influence Activities, and Efficient Organization Design”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 96 (1): 42–60. doi:10.1086/261523. JSTOR 1830709. S2CID 154458173.  Milgrom, Paul and John Roberts (1988). “Communication and Inventories as Substitutes in Organizing Production”. 《Scandinavian Journal of Economics》 90 (3): 275–289. doi:10.2307/3440309. JSTOR 3440309.  Milgrom, Paul (1989). “Auctions and Bidding: A Primer”. 《The Journal of Economic Perspectives》 3 (3): 3–22. doi:10.1257/jep.3.3.3. JSTOR 1942756.  Fudenberg, Drew; Holmstrom, Bengt and Paul Milgrom (1990). “Short-term contracts and long-term agency relationships”. 《Journal of Economic Theory》 51 (1): 154–159. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. hdl:1721.1/64269. JSTOR 2006561.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990a). “The Efficiency of Equity in Organizational Decision Processes”. 《The American Economic Review》 80 (2): 1–31. doi:10.1016/0022-0531(90)90048-O. hdl:1721.1/64269. ISSN 0022-0531. JSTOR 2006561.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990b). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization”. 《American Economic Review》 80 (3): 511–28. JSTOR 2006681.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1990c). “Rationalizability, Learning and Equilibrium in Games With Strategic Complementarities”. 《Econometrica》 58 (6): 1255–1278. doi:10.2307/2938316. JSTOR 2938316.  Milgrom, Paul; North, Douglass C.; Weingast, Barry R. (1990). “The role of institutions in the revival of trade: the law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs”. 《Economics and Politics》 2 (1): 1–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.669.1678. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0343.1990.tb00020.x.  Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1991). “Multitask Principal-Agent Analyses: Incentive Contracts, Asset Ownership and Job Design”. 《Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization》 7: 303–328. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.715.3715. doi:10.1093/jleo/7.special_issue.24. JSTOR 764957.  Abreu, D.; Milgrom, Paul; Pearce, David (1991). “Information and Timing in Repeated Partnerships”. 《Econometrica》 59 (6): 1713–1733. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.295.1370. doi:10.2307/2938286. JSTOR 2938286.  Milgrom, Paul; Qian, Yingi; Roberts, John (1991). “Complementarities, Momentum, and the Evolution of Modern Manufacturing”. 《The American Economic Review》 81 (2): 84–88. JSTOR 2006831.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1991). “Adaptive and sophisticated learning in normal form games”. 《Games and Economic Behavior》 82 (100): 82–100. doi:10.1016/0899-8256(91)90006-Z. ISSN 0899-8256.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1992). 《Economics, Organization and Management》. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0132246507.  Bresnahan, Timothy F.; Milgrom, Paul; Paul, Jonathan (1992). “The Real Output of the Stock Exchange”. 《Output Measurement in the Services Sectors》: 195–216.  Meyer, Margaret; Paul Milgrom; Roberts, John (1992). “Organizational Prospects, Influence Costs, and Ownership Changes”. 《Journal of Economics & Management Strategy》 1 (1): 9–35. doi:10.1111/j.1430-9134.1992.00009.x.  Milgrom, Paul (1994). “Comparing Optima: Do Simplifying Assumptions Affect Conclusions?”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 102 (3): 607–615. doi:10.1086/261948. JSTOR 2138625. S2CID 153568621.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1994). “Comparing Equilibria”. 《The American Economic Review》 84 (3): 441–459. JSTOR 2118061.  Milgrom, Paul; Shannon, Chris (1994). “Monotone Comparative Statics”. 《Econometrica》 62 (1): 157–180. doi:10.2307/2951479. JSTOR 2951479.  Holmstrom, Bengt; Milgrom, Paul (1994). “The Firm as an Incentive System”. 《The American Economic Review》 84 (4): 972–991. JSTOR 2118041.  Greif, Avner; Milgrom, Paul; Weingast, Barry R. (1994). “Coordination, Commitment, and Enforcement: The Case of the Merchant Guild”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 102 (4): 745–776. doi:10.1086/261953. JSTOR 2138763. S2CID 154501745.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1994). “Complementarities and Fit: Strategy, Structure and Organizational Change in Manufacturing”. 《Journal of Accounting and Economics》 19 (2–3): 179–208. doi:10.1016/0165-4101(94)00382-f. ISSN 0165-4101.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1995). “The Economics of Modern Manufacturing: Reply”. 《The American Economic Review》 85 (4): 997–999. JSTOR 2118249.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1996a). “The LeChatelier Principle”. 《The American Economic Review》 86 (1): 113–128. JSTOR 2118261.  Milgrom, Paul; Roberts, John (1996b). “Coalition-Proofness and Correlation with Arbitrary Communication Possibilities”. 《Games and Economic Behavior》 17 (1): 173–179. doi:10.1006/game.1996.0096.  Milgrom, Paul (1998). “Game theory and the spectrum auctions”. 《European Economic Review》 42 (3–5): 771–778. doi:10.1016/S0014-2921(97)00146-3. ISSN 0014-2921.  Milgrom, Paul (2000). “Putting Auction Theory to Work: The Simulteneous Ascending Auction”. 《Journal of Political Economy》 108 (2): 245–272. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.195.7314. doi:10.1086/262118. JSTOR 262118. S2CID 14242011.  Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2002). “Ascending Auctions with Package Bidding”. 《The B.E. Journal of Theoretical Economics》 1 (1). CiteSeerX 10.1.1.528.8990. doi:10.2202/1534-5963.1019. ISSN 1534-5963. S2CID 1083684.  Milgrom, Paul; Segal, Ilya (2002). “Envelope Theorems for Arbitrary Choice Sets”. 《Econometrica》 70 (2): 583–601. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.217.4736. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00296. JSTOR 2692283. SSRN 312251.  Milgrom, Paul (2004). 《Putting Auction Theory to Work》. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53672-1.  Hatfield, John W.; Milgrom, Paul (2005). “Matching with Contracts”. 《The American Economic Review》 95 (4): 913–935. doi:10.1257/0002828054825466. JSTOR 4132699.  Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Cramton, Peter; Milgrom, Paul (2006). Cramton, Peter; Shoham, Yoav; Steinberg, Richard, 편집. “The Clock-Proxy Auction: A Practical Combinatorial Auction Design”. 《In Combinatorial Auctions, Edited by Cramton, P., Shoham, Y., and Steinberg, R.》 (MIT Press). doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-2620-3342-8.  CS1 관리 - 여러 이름 (링크) Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2006a). Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R., 편집. “The Lovely but Lonely Vickrey Auction”. 《In Combinatorial Auctions》 (MIT press): 17–40. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.120.7158. doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262033428.003.0002. ISBN 9780262033428.  Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Milgrom, Paul (2006b). Cramton, P.; Shoham, Y.; Steinberg, R., 편집. “Ascending Proxy Auctions”. 《In Combinatorial Auctions》.  Milgrom, Paul (2007). “Package Auctions and Exchanges”. 《Econometrica》 75 (4): 935–965. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2007.00778.x. JSTOR 4502017.  Milgrom, Paul (2008). “What the Seller Won't Tell You: Persuasion and Disclosure in Markets”. 《Journal of Economic Perspectives》 22 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1257/jep.22.2.115. JSTOR 27648244.  Hall, Robert E.; Milgrom, Paul R. (2008). “The Limited Influence of Unemployment on the Wage Bargain”. 《The American Economic Review》 98 (4): 1653–1674. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.516.6267. doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1653. JSTOR 29730140. S2CID 18040832.  Day, R.; Milgrom, Paul (2008). “Core-selecting package auctions”. 《International Journal of Game Theory》 36 (3–4): 393–407. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.529.9950. doi:10.1007/s00182-007-0100-7. S2CID 7593117.  Milgrom, Paul (2009). “Assignment Messages and Exchanges”. 《American Economic Journal: Microeconomics》 1 (2): 95–113. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.487.2981. doi:10.1257/mic.1.2.95.  Milgrom, Paul; Bruno Strulovici (2009). “Substitute goods, auctions, and equilibrium”. 《Journal of Economic Theory》 144 (1): 212–247. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.9686. doi:10.1016/j.jet.2008.05.002.  Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Ascending Prices and Package Bidding: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis”. 《American Economic Journal: Microeconomics》 2 (3): 160–185. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.4004. doi:10.1257/mic.2.3.160.  Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Simplified mechanisms with an application to sponsored-search auctions”. 《Games and Economic Behavior》 70 (1): 62–70. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.151.6989. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2008.12.003. SSRN 1022220.  Levin, Jonathan; Milgrom, Paul (2010). “Online Advertising: Heterogeneity and Conflation in Market Design”. 《American Economic Review》 100 (2): 603–607. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.727.1750. doi:10.1257/aer.100.2.603.  Milgrom, Paul (2011). “Critical Issues in the Practice of Market Design”. 《Economic Inquiry》 49 (2): 311–320. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00357.x. S2CID 153765277.  Budish, E.; Che, Y.-K.; Kojima, F.; Milgrom, Paul (2013). “Designing Random Allocation Mechanisms: Theory and Applications”. 《American Economic Review》 103 (2): 585–623. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.649.5582. doi:10.1257/aer.103.2.585.  “The Prize in Economic Sciences 2020” (PDF) (보도 자료). Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2020년 10월 12일.  Riley, Charles. “Nobel Prize in economics awarded to Paul Milgrom and Robert Wilson for auction theory”. 2020년 10월 12일에 확인함.  “Auctionomics”.  폴 밀그럼 - 공식 웹사이트 폴 밀그럼 출판 - 구글 학술 검색 색인 폴 밀그럼 - Nobelprize.org Paul Milgom on EconBiz Author Profiles