ミドルパワー

ミドルパワー（英語: Middle power）とは、超大国や大国ではないが、一定程度の穏健な国際的影響力を持つ国家を指す。日本語では「中堅国家」と表記されることが多い。 ミドルパワー国家の明確な定義は学者や研究者の間で意見が分かれており、一部大国との重複が見られる。アメリカ合衆国、中華人民共和国、ロシア、イギリス、フランスは国際連合安全保障理事会における常任理事国であり、巨大な経済力や強大な軍事力、公式な核兵器の保有などから大国の地位にあると考えられている一方で、超大国とされるアメリカと中国を除きミドルパワーと扱う事例も存在する。日本とドイツは経済力の大きさから一般的には大国と考えられる。イタリアについては評価が分かれており、強力な経済力やG7としての地位から大国の一員であると考える学者もいる。同じくカナダも大国とする場合がある。新興国（グローバルサウス）では、経済力のあるインドやブラジルも大国や列強の一員とする場合がある。 グレートパワー（大国）と一部重なる国家  イギリス  フランス  ロシア  日本  ドイツ  インド  カナダ  イタリア  ブラジル ミドルパワー  アンゴラ  アルゼンチン  アルジェリア  オーストラリア  オーストリア  バングラデシュ  ベルギー  チリ  コロンビア  チェコ  デンマーク  エジプト  エチオピア  フィンランド  ギリシャ  ハンガリー  インドネシア  イラン  イラク  イスラエル  カザフスタン  クウェート  ルクセンブルク  マレーシア  メキシコ  モロッコ  オランダ  ニュージーランド  ナイジェリア  ノルウェー  パキスタン  ペルー  フィリピン  ポーランド  ポルトガル  カタール  ルーマニア  サウジアラビア  シンガポール  南アフリカ  韓国  スペイン  スリランカ  スウェーデン  スイス  台湾  タイ  トルコ  ウクライナ  ベネズエラ  ベトナム [脚注の使い方] ^ 日本国縦横無尽-7-「大国」,「中国」,「小国」 ^ Mehmet Ozkan. "A NEW APPROACH TO GLOBAL SECURITY: PIVOTAL MIDDLE POWERS AND GLOBAL POLITICS" Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs XI.1 (2006) ^ a b c P. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status. ^ Why are Pivot states so Pivotal?. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016. ^ Gwynne Dyer ,Canada in the Great Power Game 1914-2014 ^ Strategic Vision: America & the Crisis of Global Power by Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski, pp 43–45. Published 2012 ^ Malik, Mohan (2011). China and India: Great Power Rivals. United States: FirstForumPress. ^ Kwang Ho Chun (2013). The BRICs Superpower Challenge: Foreign and Security Policy Analysis. Ashgate. ^ Heine J (2006) On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy ^ Neumann, Iver B. (2008). “Russia as a great power, 1815–2007”. Journal of International Relations and Development 11: 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. "As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power."  ^ a b c d Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.' ^ Robert W. Cox, 'Middlepowermanship, Japan, and Future World Order, International Journal, Vol. 44, No. 4 (1989), pp. 823-862. ^ Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, Japan Echo, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36-41. ^ Otte M, Greve J (2000) A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989-1999, St. Martin's Press ^ Sperling, James (2001). “Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe”. British Journal of Political Science 31 (2). doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=BAF3F6B6103D4CEF49834F52571F68B0.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=68015.  ^ Charalampos Efstathopoulosa, 'Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism', Asian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 19, Issue 1 (2011), p. 75: 'India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.' ^ Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former." ^ Jan Cartwright, 'India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?', Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 3 (May/June 2009), p. 424: 'India’s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising “middle power.” (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)' ^ a b Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).' ^ Jordaan E (2003) The concept of a middle power in international relations, informaworld ^ a b c d Behringer RM (2005) Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda, SAGE ^ Crosby AD (1997) A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD, JSTOR ^ Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power, Dissident Voice ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership Archived 2015年4月26日, at the Wayback Machine., ISS ^ "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171. ^ "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9. ^ a b c Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990). ^ a b c Heine J (2006) On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy, ISN ^ a b Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.' ^ Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007. ^ a b c d e f g h Willem Oosterveld and Bianca Torossian,Strategic Monitor 2018-2019A Balancing ActThe Role of Middle Powers in Contemporary Diplomacy ^ a b Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper Archived 2007年6月14日, at the Wayback Machine., GSI ^ Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War, palgrave ^ a b Martín,Lucas(5 June 2020),Morocco and Algeria, the struggle for regional leadership ^ a b c d Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. pp. 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7  ^ Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States, allacademic ^ “アーカイブされたコピー”. 2016年3月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年6月4日閲覧。 ^ a b c Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote Archived 2013年1月16日, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Caplan G (2006) From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?, SudanTribune ^ a b c d Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism, MQUP ^ a b c d Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687. ^ a b Ploughshares Monitor (1997) Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries ^ Alain Gascon,L’Éthiopie, une puissance africaine ? ^ Thanos Veremēs (1997)The Military in greek Politics "Black Rose Books" ^ Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building ^ a b Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005). ^ Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997). ^ Nayef H. Samhat, 'Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations, Policy Studies Journal, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2000), pp. 11-26. ^ Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly, MIT ^ Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran ^ www.lrb.co.uk ^ www.acronym.org.uk ^ Spectator USA(5 June 2019)Kazakhstan and the struggle over Central Asia ^ Zholdasbekova, Aidar Kurmashev, Dana Akhmedyanova, Houman Sadri, Akbota (1 October 2018)Kazakhstan’s Middle Power Response to Terrorism ^ Bernard Wood（1987）,Middle Powers in the International System: A Preliminary Assessment of Potential ^ a b Mace G, Belanger L (1999) The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism (p 153) ^ Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). ^ Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). ^ a b Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69. ^ Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power?, FES ^ JIA SIPA（2019）,Morocco's Contemporary Diplomacy as a Middle Power ^ Middle Powers Initiative (2004) Building Bridges: What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT Archived 2007年6月14日, at the Wayback Machine., GSI ^ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. https://books.google.co.jp/books?id=XvtS5hKg9jYC&pg=PR8&redir_esc=y&hl=ja 27 December 2011閲覧。  ^ McKercher,B.J.C.,Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft(2012),“a Middle Power like Peru lack the diplomatic and other resources...” ^ a b c d Jonathan H. Ping Middle Power Statecraft (p 104) ^ a b Spero, Joshua (2004). Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 206. ISBN 9780742535534. ISBN 0-7425-3553-3  ^ Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success? ^ a b according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas. ^ Cooper, Andrew F. "Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?". Public Diplomacy Magazine. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. ^ Kamrava, Mehran. "Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy" (PDF). ^ findarticles.com ^ yaleglobal.yale.edu Archived 2004年8月26日, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Loo BF (2005) Transforming Singapore's Military Security Landscape: Problems and Prospects, allacademic ^ Tan ATH (1999) Singapore's Defence: Capabilities, Trends, and Implications, questia ^ Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). ^ Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455. ^ Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States, H-Net ^ Eduard Jordaan, 'Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East', Round Table, Vol. 97, No. 397 (2008), pp. 547-549. ^ Armstrong DF (1997) South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective Archived 2011年7月20日, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Gilbert Rozman, 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', Pacific Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220. ^ Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008). ^ Sheridan, Greg (27 November 2008). “The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer”. The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24712289-7583,00.html  ^ Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks Archived 2007年4月22日, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). 超大国 大国 地域大国 BRICS NEXT11 MIKTA