スピリルム目

スピリルム目（スピリルムもく、Spirillales）は真正細菌Pseudomonadota門ベータプロテオバクテリア綱の目の一つである。 細胞は球状であり、2カ所の細胞極における鞘状鞭毛の房によって運動する。各房は個別の鞘で覆われており、位相差顕微鏡では容易に観察でき、一見一本の太い極鞭毛のように見える。硫化物又は多硫化物が有る環境で増殖するとき、細胞は硫黄元素の球状塊を蓄積する。カタラーゼについては不活性又は非常に低い活性を示す。偏性または通性微好気性である。増殖は低NaCl濃度（0.5%未満）でのみ起こる。ペプトン及びカゼイン加水分解物は窒素源として利用される。培養には増殖因子及びビタミンが必要である。主要な脂肪酸は16:0、16:1、及び18:1である。代表的には、硫化物を含む淡水及び人為的な水生環境に広く分布している。 以下の科を含む(2024年9月現在)。 Gallionellaceae　ガリオネラ科 Henrici and Johnson 1935 (IJSEMリストに記載 1980)、修正　Boden et al. 2017 (IJSEMリストに記載 2017)、修正　Kojima et al. 2021 (IJSEMリストに記載 2021) Methylophilaceae　メチロフィラス科 Garrity et al. 2006 (IJSEMリストに記載 1980) Nitrosomonadaceae　ニトロソモナス科 Garrity et al. 2006 (IJSEMリストに記載 1980) Spirillaceae　スピリルム科 Migula 1894 (IJSEMリストに記載 1980) Sterolibacteriaceae　ステロリバクテリウム科 Boden et al. 2017 (IJSEMリストに記載 2017) Sulfuricellaceae　 Watanabe et al. 2015 (IJSEMリストに記載 2015)、修正　Kojima et al. 2021 (IJSEMリストに記載 2021) Thiobacillaceae　チオバシラス科 Boden et al. 2017 (IJSEMリストに記載 2017) Usitatibacteraceae　 Vieira et al. 2021 (IJSEMリストに記載 2021) [脚注の使い方] ^ Prévot AR (1940). Manuel de classification et de determination des bacteries anaerobies. 1st ed. Masson, Paris  ^ a b c d V. B. D. Skerman, Vicki. McGOWAN and P. H. A. Sneath (01 January 1980). “Approved Lists of Bacterial Names”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 30 (1): 225-420. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-1-225.  ^ Ehrenberg CG (1832). “Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Organisation der Infusorien und ihrer geographischen Verbreitung besonders in Sibirien”. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1830: 1-88.  ^ a b Daria Podkopaeva1, Margarita Grabovich1, Jan Kuever2, Anatoly M. Lysenko3, Tatiana P. Tourova3, Tatiana V. Kolganova4 and Galina Dubinina3 (1: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Soil Science, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, Voronezh 394006, Russia. 2: Bremen Institute for Materials Testing, Department of Microbiology, Paul-Feller-Straße 1, D-28199 Bremen, Germany. 3: Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow 117312, Russia. 4: Bioengineering Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 60-letiya Oktyabrya 7/2, Moscow 117312, Russia.) (01 November 2009). “Proposal of Spirillum winogradskyi sp. nov., a novel microaerophilic species, an emended description of the genus Spirillum and Request for an Opinion regarding the status of the species Spirillum volutans Ehrenberg 1832”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 59 (11): 2916-20. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.009605-0. PMID 19625415.  ^ “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 59, part 11, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (2): 269-270. (01 February 2010). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.021279-0.  ^ Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T (2005). “Order V. Nitrosomonadales ord. nov.”. In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria). Springer, New York. p. 863  ^ a b c d “List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56 (1): 1-6. (01 January 2006). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64188-0.  ^ a b c d Rich Boden1,2, Lee P Hutt1,2 and Alex W Rae1 (1: School of Biological and Marine Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK. 2: Sustainable Earth Institute, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK) (01 May 2017). “Reclassification of Thiobacillus aquaesulis (Wood & Kelly, 1995) as Annwoodia aquaesulis gen. nov., comb. nov., transfer of Thiobacillus (Beijerinck, 1904) from the Hydrogenophilales to the Nitrosomonadales, proposal of Hydrogenophilalia class. nov. within the ‘Proteobacteria’, and four new families within the orders Nitrosomonadales and Rhodocyclales”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67 (5): 1191-1205. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001927. PMID 28581923.  ^ a b c d Aharon Oren1 and George M. Garrity2 (1: The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. 2: Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA) (01 August 2017). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 67, part 5, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 67 (8): 2495-2498. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.002156.  ^ Hisaya Kojima1 and Manabu Fukui1 (1: Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan) (01 December 2010). “Sulfuricella denitrificans gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfur-oxidizing autotroph isolated from a freshwater lake”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (12): 2862-2866. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.016980-0. PMID 20081014.  ^ “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 60, part 12, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (3): 477-478. (01 March 2011). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.031948-0.  ^ Jean P. Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte. “Order Spirillales”. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. 2024年9月18日閲覧。 ^ A T Henrici 1, D E Johnson (1: Laboratories of Bacteriology at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and at Station-on-Alexander, Cushing, Minnesota.) (1 July 1935). “Studies of Freshwater Bacteria: II. Stalked Bacteria, a New Order of Schizomycetes”. Journal of Bacteriology 30 (1): 61-93. doi:10.1128/jb.30.1.61-93.1935. PMC 543637. PMID 16559821. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543637/.  ^ a b Hisaya Kojima 1, Mamoru Kanda 2 3, Kazuhiro Umezawa 2, Manabu Fukui 2 (1: The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan. 2: The Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0819, Japan. 3: Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.) (14 September 2020). “Sulfurimicrobium lacus gen. nov., sp. nov., a sulfur oxidizer isolated from lake water, and review of the family Sulfuricellaceae to show that it is not a later synonym of Gallionellaceae”. Archives of Microbiology 203: 317-323. doi:10.1007/s00203-020-02029-0. PMID 32926197.  ^ a b Aharon Oren1 and George M. Garrity2 (1: The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel. 2: Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA) (02 August 2021). “Notification of changes in taxonomic opinion previously published outside the IJSEM list of changes in taxonomic opinion no. 34”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 71 (7): 4816. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004816.  ^ Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T (2005). “Family I. Methylophilaceae fam. nov.”. In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria). Springer, New York. p. 770  ^ Garrity GM, Bell JA, Lilburn T (2005). “Family I. Nitrosomonadaceae fam. nov.”. In Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, Garrity GM. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria). Springer, New York. p. 864  ^ Migula N (1894). “Ueber ein neues System der Bakterien”. Arbeiten aus dem Bakteriologischen Institut der Technischen Hochschule zu Karlsruhe 1: 235-238.  ^ Tomohiro Watanabe1, Hisaya Kojima1 and Manabu Fukui1 (1: Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan) (01 May 2015). “Sulfuriferula multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater lake, reclassification of ‘Thiobacillus plumbophilus’ as Sulfuriferula plumbophilus sp. nov., and description of Sulfuricellaceae fam. nov. and Sulfuricellales ord. nov.”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65 (Pt_5): 1504-1508. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.000129. PMID 25701846.  ^ Aharon Oren1 and George M. Garrity2 (1: The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel. 2: Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-4320, USA.) (01 August 2015). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 65, part 5, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65 (Pt_8): 2343-2344. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.000413.  ^ Selma Vieira 1, Katharina J Huber 1, Meina Neumann-Schaal 1, Alicia Geppert 1, Manja Luckner 2, Gerhard Wanner 2, Jörg Overmann 3 1 (1: Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany. 2: Department of Biology I, Biozentrum Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany. 3: Braunschweig University of Technology, Spielmanstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.) (12 January 2021). “Usitatibacter rugosus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Usitatibacter palustris sp. nov., novel members of Usitatibacteraceae fam. nov. within the order Nitrosomonadales isolated from soil”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 71 (2): 4631. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004631. PMID 33433313.  ^ Aharon Oren1ORCID icon and George M. Garrity2 (1: The Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel, 2: Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-4320, USA) (02 June 2021). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 71, part 2 of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 71 (5): 4766. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004766.