ギリシア祖語

ギリシア祖語（英: Proto-Greek）、またはヘレニック祖語（英: Proto-Hellenic）は、インド・ヨーロッパ語族に属する言語であり、ミュケーナイ語、それに続く古代ギリシア語諸方言（つまり、アッティカ方言・イオニア方言・アイオリス方言・ドーリス方言・古代マケドニア方言・アルカディア=キプロス方言）、最終的にはコイネー・ギリシア語、中世ギリシア語、現代ギリシア語に連なる、古代から現在にかけて知られている全てのギリシア諸語の祖先である。ギリシア祖語の時代は、ミュケーナイ語の前身を話していたヘレニック人の移民が青銅器時代のある時期にギリシア半島（Greek peninsula）に入ったことによって終わりをつげたと考えられている。 ギリシア祖語は当初はインド・ヨーロッパ語の方言であった。新石器時代後期に、後にギリシア祖語に変化するこの方言の話者は黒海の北西部にあった故地からバルカン半島に至り、ギリシア半島に入った。ギリシア祖語への変化は、個別の言語の正確な境界を引くことを困難にする早期の古バルカン言語連合（Paleo-Balkan sprachbund）の環境の下で考えられるかもしれない。また祖語における語頭の喉音が母音挿入によって実現されるというギリシア語に特徴的な変化を一例として、いくつかの音韻・形態論的特徴をアルメニア語派とギリシア語は共有している。これから、証拠は余り残っていないが、一部の言語学者は仮説的にヘレニック語派とアルメニア語派のあいだの類縁関係が近い (Graeco-Armenian) ことを提案している。 ギリシア祖語はほとんど早期ヘラディック期（後期前4000年紀、およそ紀元前3200年頃）から南ヨーロッパの新石器時代の終わりに向けて話されていた。Russel GrayとQuentin Atkinsonは2003年の論文で、スワデシュ・リストから計算言語学的な方法で、ギリシア・アルメニア語もしくはギリシア・アーリア語の分裂に紀元前5000年ごろ、ギリシア語とアルメニア語が分岐した言語系統になったのは紀元前4000年ごろという風に、もう少し早い時代を推定している。 ギリシア祖語は次に記す音素で構成されていたと考えられている: ^ a b c d e 口蓋化 ČČ < Cy の結果としてのみ長子音化が起こり、 ť はまた pť < py と組み合わせて起こる。 ^ a b c 表音の評価はまだ確定したものでない。 [脚注の使い方] ^ A comprehensive overview in J.T. Hooker's Mycenaean Greece (Hooker 1976, Chapter 2: "Before the Mycenaean Age", pp. 11–33 and passim); for a different hypothesis excluding massive migrations and favoring an autochthonous scenario, see Colin Renfrew's "Problems in the General Correlation of Archaeological and Linguistic Strata in Prehistoric Greece: The Model of Autochthonous Origin" (Renfrew 1973, pp. 263–276, especially p. 267) in Bronze Age Migrations by R.A. Crossland and A. Birchall, eds. (1973). ^ Renfrew, Colin (2003). "Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.). Languages in Prehistoric Europe. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH. pp. 17–48. ISBN 978-3-82-531449-1, p. 35: "Greek The fragmentation of the Balkan Proto-Indo-European Sprachbund of phase II around 3000 BC led gradually in the succeeding centuries to the much clearer definition of the languages of the constituent sub-regions." ^ Clackson, James (1995). The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631191971. ^ 例えばVladimir I. Georgievがギリシア祖語を後期新石器時代に北西ギリシアにおいている。(Georgiev 1981, p. 192: "Late Neolithic Period: in northwestern Greece the Proto-Greek language had already been formed: this is the original home of the Greeks.") ^ Coleman, John E. (2000). "An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C." The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 28 (1–2): 101–153. ^ Gray & Atkinson 2003, pp. 437–438; Atkinson & Gray 2006, p. 102: "Hittite appears to have diverged from the main Proto-Indo-European stock around 8700 years ago, perhaps reflecting the initial migration out of Anatolia. Indeed, this date exactly matches estimates for the age of Europe’s first agricultural settlements in southern Greece. Following the initial split, the language tree shows the formation of separate Tocharian, Greek, and then Armenian lineages, all before 6000 BP, with all of the remaining language families formed by 4000 BP. We note that the received linguistic orthodoxy (Indo-European is only 6000 years old) does approximately fit the divergence dates we obtained for most of the branches of the tree. Only the basal branches leading to Hittite, Tocharian, Greek and Armenian are well beyond this age." ^ Hamp, Eric P. (1960). “Notes on Early Greek Phonology”. Glotta 38 (3/4): 187-203. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265810.  Anthony, David (2010). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400831104. https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC  Buck, Carl Darling (1933). Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=EHtfAAAAMAAJ  Clackson, James (1995). The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780631191971. https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ  Coleman, John E. (2000). “An Archaeological Scenario for the "Coming of the Greeks" ca. 3200 B.C.”. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 28 (1–2): 101–153. https://www.academia.edu/4908240.  Demand, Nancy (2012). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. Chicester: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781405155519. https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6rsLG3NbSgC  Drews, Robert (1994). The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 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