ウルトラナショナリズム

ウルトラナショナリズム（英: Ultranationalism）とは、「特定の国家あるいは民族の利益を他の何よりも追求する極端なナショナリズム」を意味する用語である。日本語では超国家主義と訳されるが、ほとんど逆の意味のスープラナショナリズム（国家を超越した国際機関に主権を委ねるべきとする思想）にも同じ訳語が充てられることがあるので、本項では混同を避ける意味からも、ウルトラナショナリズムの語を用いる。 ウルトラナショナリズムは、「国家再生 (Palingenesis)」の概念と組み合わさることにより、ファシズムの重要な基盤となり得る。政治思想としては極右に位置付けられ、国によっては一部のウルトラナショナリズム団体をテロ組織として取り締まっている場合もある。 ヤヌシュ・ブガジスキによれば、「ウルトラナショナリズムは、最も極端、あるいは発展した形態においてファシズムに似ており、特徴として外国人嫌悪や全体主義とさえ言える権威主義的政策、カリスマ的指導者と国家、必ずしも政党の形態をとらない政治運動組織の「有機的統一」という神話の強調などが見いだされる」。 ロジャー・グリフィンによれば、ウルトラナショナリズムは本質的に「外国人嫌悪」であり、「過去の文化史・政治史における自国または自民族の偉大さや、敵勢力を打倒してきた歴史などといったひどく神話化された物語を通して」それ自体を正当化することが知られており、また、「下品な形態の人類学、遺伝学、優生学を利用して、国家の優越性と使命、さらには悪徳や非人間性を合理化することさえある」という。 ブルガリア: アタカ国民連合 キプロス: ELAM ドイツ：ドイツのための選択肢 (AfD) ギリシャ: ギリシャの解決策 インド: シヴ・セーナー イスラエル: ツクマ イタリア: イタリアの同胞 ポーランド: 国民運動 ロシア: エル・デー・ペー・エル（ロシア自由民主党）、祖国 (ロシア) セルビア: セルビア急進党 スロヴァキア: 人民党・我らがスロヴァキア スペイン: Vox スイス: スイス国民党 トルコ: 民族主義者行動党、大統一党 ウクライナ: 全ウクライナ連合「自由」 ギリシャ：黄金の夜明け 日本：日本会議、在日特権を許さない市民の会、国家社会主義日本労働者党、維新政党・新風、幸福実現党、日本第一党 ロシア：ルシッチ、ロシア帝国運動、スパルタ大隊、ソマリア大隊、ワグネル・グループ。 トルコ：灰色の狼 イギリス：イングランド防衛同盟 第二次世界大戦後の1946年（昭和21年）1月4日、連合国軍最高司令官総司令部は、大日本一新会（前身は大日本生産党）、大日本興亜連盟、言論報国会など27団体を超国家主義団体であるとして解散を指令した。 極右 ネオ・ファシズム 右派ポピュリズム 過激派保守主義 超国家主義（曖昧さ回避） [脚注の使い方] ^ Ultranationalism. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2017. ^ Ultranationalism. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2017. ^ Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53. ^ Pamuk, Humeyra. “U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization”. US News. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-04-06/us-designates-russia-based-ultranationalist-group-as-terrorist-organisation-us-official 9 October 2020閲覧。  ^ The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe. EastWest Institute. p.65. Section author - Janusz Bugajski. Book edited by Johnathan P.Stein. Published by M.E. Sharpe. Published in New York in 2000. Retrieved via Google Books. ^ Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia. p. 452. ISBN 9781576079409. https://books.google.com/books?id=dDYRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%22through+deeply+mythicized+narratives+of+past+cultural+or+political+periods%22  ^ Katsikas, Stefanos (2011). Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria. I.B. Tauris. p. 64.  ^ Cyprus and the roadmap for peace - A critical interrogation of the conflict. p.87. Edited by Michalis S. Michael and Yucel Vural. Chapter authors - Yucel Vural, Sertac Sonan and Michalis S. Michael. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing in Cheltenham, UK. Published in 2018. ^ “The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history”. Washington Post (20 August 2019). 8 September 2019閲覧。 “A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...” ^ “Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition”. The Times (23 July 2019). 8 September 2019閲覧。 “A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel’s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.” ^ “Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party”. The Guardian (7 July 2019). 10 September 2019閲覧。 “Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.” ^ Mark Magnier (8 March 2012). “In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes”. Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes.com. 2015年12月2日閲覧。 ^ “Election Polls: 6-14 Seats for Bennett and Shaked's New Right-wing Party, Labor Party Crashes”. Times of Israel. (30 December 2018). https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/.premium-israel-elections-far-right-parties-mull-next-steps-after-bennett-s-bombshell-1.6789549  ^ “Can a left-wing alliance stop Salvini from forming a far-right government in Italy?”. France 24 (2019年8月15日). 2020年3月15日閲覧。 ^ “Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw”. The Algemeiner. (31 January 2018). https://www.algemeiner.com/2018/01/31/polish-interior-minister-issues-last-minute-ban-on-neo-fascist-show-of-force-outside-israeli-embassy-in-warsaw/  ^ “Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words” (21 February 2013). 2019年4月1日閲覧。 ^ Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2015). Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34  ^ Ford, Peter (2018年). “Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform”. Christian Science Monitor. 17 December 2018閲覧。 ^ “Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.”. ニューヨーク・タイムズ. (17 December 2016). https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/17/world/europe/slovakia-european-union-populists-migrants.html  ^ Acha, Beatriz (6 January 2019). “No, no es un partido (neo)fascista”. Agenda Pública. http://agendapublica.elpais.com/no-no-es-un-partido-neofascista/.  ^ Antón-Mellón, Joan (29 April 2019). “Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal”. Agenda Pública. http://agendapublica.elpais.com/vox-del-nacional-catolicismo-al-ultranacionalismo-neoliberal/.  ^ “Danger on the Swiss Stock Exchange”. INGグループ (5 December 2018). 2020年3月17日閲覧。 “The ultra-nationalist Swiss People's Party (SVP or UDC) - the most powerful political movement in the country - is campaigning against European agreements.” ^ Arman, Murat Necip (2007). “The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism”. CEU Political Science Journal (2): 133–151.  ^ Eissenstat, Howard. (November 2002). Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism. Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C. ^ Gocek, Fatma Muge (2014). Denial of Violence. Oxford University Press. p. 402  ^ “Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists”. BBC. (25 December 2012). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-20824693 1 March 2015閲覧。  ^ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), “Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece”, Journal of Political Ideologies 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, "...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi)."  ^ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15, http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/Politics/papers/2006/ivarsflatenapsa2006.pdf  ^ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece’s Ultra-Nationalist Party. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017. ^ Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire. ABC News Online. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018. ^ “Abe's cabinet reshuffle”. East Asia Forum (14 September 2019). 2020年10月3日閲覧。 “Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.” ^ “Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine”. South China Morning Post (17 October 2019). 5 June 2020閲覧。 “Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the “national consciousness” surrounding the prosecution of Japan’s war criminals and to change the nation’s pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes “patriotic education”.” ^ Michal Kolmas, ed (2019). National Identity and Japanese Revisionism. Routledge. ISBN 9781351334396. https://books.google.com/books?id=XUNvDwAAQBAJ&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PT245. "... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ..."  ^ Ugo Dessì, ed (2013). Japanese Religions and Globalization. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9780415811705. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNhgxGsyzwsC&q=Nippon+Kaigi+ultranationalism&pg=PA146  ^ “Japan combats rise in hate speech”. Al Jazeera. (30 November 2015). http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/11/30/japan-encounters-rise-in-hate-speech.html 5 June 2020閲覧. "... and many don’t speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan’s very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously."  ^ “Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down”. Japan Times. (30 November 2015). https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/11/12/national/head-of-anti-foreigner-group-zaitokukai-to-step-down/#.XtnM2NUzaUk 5 June 2020閲覧. "The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization’s influence."  ^ ワグネル・グループ (PDF) 2022年6月30日閲覧 ^ https://stockholmcf.org/germany-seeks-to-ban-ultranationalist-turkish-grey-wolves-symbols/ ^ https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/24c5f251-70e1-482a-a81a-6644a2e9bc75 ^ https://www.duvarenglish.com/human-rights/2020/05/09/far-right-group-attempts-to-attack-grup-yorum-member-gokceks-grave-to-burn-his-body/ ^ Alessio, Dominic; Meredith, Kristen (2014). “Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League”. Social Identities 20 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1080/13504630.2013.843058.  ^ 世相風俗観察会『増補新版 現代世相風俗史年表 昭和20年（1945）-平成20年（2008）』河出書房新社、2003年11月7日、12頁。ISBN 9784309225043。