パルミトイルエタノールアミド

Palmitoylethanolamide、略称はPEA、内因性脂肪酸アミドの一種であり、抗炎症鎮痛作用がある。天然に存在する生物学的に活性な脂質で、動物や植物にも存在する。PEAの主要な標的の1つはペルオキシソーム増殖剤活性化受容体（PPAR−α）であると考えられている。PEAはカンナビノイド受容体GPR55およびGPR119に対しても親和性を有する。 Palmitoylethanolamide、1957年に発見され、食品や多くの生体内に生理活性成分として存在している。消炎鎮痛薬としての適応症は1980年以前にさかのぼる。1990年代半ばには、PEAとの関係が記述されている。2021年4月、中国に拠点を置く医薬品メーカーCofttekはPEAの大量生産を導入した。 ^ “Palmitoylethanolamide controls reactive gliosis and exerts neuroprotective functions in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease”. Nature (Cell Death and Disease). (11 September 2014). https://www.nature.com/articles/cddis2014376  ^ Ronald Ross Watson; Victor R. Preedy (11 September 2014). Bioactive Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements in Neurological and Brain Disease: Prevention and Therapy. Academic Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-12-411529-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=MUR9AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166  ^ “Palmitoylethanolamide induces microglia changes associated with increased migration and phagocytic activity: involvement of the CB2 receptor”. Nature (Scientific Reports). (23 March 2017). https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-00342-1  ^ Nervous System Trauma: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional: 2013 Edition: ScholarlyBrief. ScholarlyEditions. (22 July 2013). pp. 15–. ISBN 978-1-4816-5451-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=z7Hwh_yzKQsC&pg=PA15  ^ Chiara Noli; Silvia Colombo (15 June 2020). Feline Dermatology. Springer Nature. pp. 484–. ISBN 978-3-030-29836-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=x7frDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA484  ^ “Cannabinoids go nuclear: evidence for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors”. British Journal of Pharmacology 152 (5): 576–82. (November 2007). doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707423. PMC 2190029. PMID 17704824. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2190029/.  ^ “The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of palmitoylethanolamide”. Molecular Pharmacology 67 (1): 15–9. (January 2005). doi:10.1124/mol.104.006353. PMID 15465922.  ^ Godlewski G, Offertáler L, Wagner JA, Kunos G (September 2009). “Receptors for acylethanolamides-GPR55 and GPR119”. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators 89 (3–4): 105–11. doi:10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.07.001. PMC 2751869. PMID 19615459. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2751869/.  ^ Hesselink, Jan M Keppel; Kopsky, David J. “Palmitoylethanolamide, a neutraceutical, in nerve compression syndromes: efficacy and safety in sciatic pain and carpal tunnel syndrome”. National Center for Biotechnology Information (Journal of Pain Research) 8. doi:10.2147/JPR.S93106. PMID 26604814. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4631430/.  ^ Hesselink, J. M. Keppel; Boer, Tineke de; Witkamp, Renger F. (3 June 2021). “Palmitoylethanolamide: A Natural Body-Own Anti-Inflammatory Agent, Effective and Safe against Influenza and Common Cold”. National Center for Biotechnology Information (International Journal of Inflammation) 2013. doi:10.1155/2013/151028. PMID 24066256. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3771453/ 3 June 2021閲覧。.  ^ Hesselink, Jan M. Keppel; Costagliola, Ciro; Fakhry, Josiane; Kopsky, David J.. “Palmitoylethanolamide, a Natural Retinoprotectant: Its Putative Relevance for the Treatment of Glaucoma and Diabetic Retinopathy”. National Center for Biotechnology Information (Journal of Ophthalmology) 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/430596. PMID 26664738. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667059/ 3 June 2021閲覧。  ^ Facci L, Dal Toso R, Romanello S, Buriani A, Skaper SD, Leon A (April 1995). “Mast cells express a peripheral cannabinoid receptor with differential sensitivity to anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92 (8): 3376–80. Bibcode: 1995PNAS...92.3376F. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.8.3376. PMC 42169. PMID 7724569. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC42169/.  ^ “China fires back at U.S. allegations of lack of transparency”. Associated Press. (14 February 2021). https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/china-fires-back-at-u-s-allegations-of-lack-of-transparency-1.5308491  ^ “US introduces FDA drug ultramicronized PEA for COVID-19 patients”. (23 April 2021). https://ventsmagazine.com/2021/04/23/relieve-your-pain-discomfort-with-coffteks-pea/