ミクロモノスポラ科

ミクロモノスポラ科（Micromonosporaceae）は真正細菌の放線菌門放線菌綱ミクロモノスポラ目ミクロモノスポラ科の属の一つである。グラム陽生且つ胞子及び菌糸形成性の土壌細菌である。 好気性、グラム陽性、非抗酸性、且つ中温性であり、断片化せずに分岐し且つ中隔のある菌糸を形成する。Actinocatenisporaは約10個の胞子の鎖に分化する気中菌糸を形成するが、この科の細菌が気中菌糸を形成することはめったにないか、乏しい。胞子の単一細胞、短鎖、又は小胞が基質菌糸上に形成される。胞子は鞭毛により運動性を有することがあり、例えばアクチノプラネス属（Actinoplanes）、ダクチロスポランギウム属（Dactylosporangium）、及びピリメリア属（Pilimelia）の細菌種は、細胞極又は側面の房に鞭毛を持つ。この胞子は短い又は長い胞子嚢胞の先端で発生した胞子小胞 (胞子嚢) 内で形成され、この胞子小胞の形状は多様で、球状、亜球状、又は棒状であり、2～5個（ダクチロスポランギウム属）又は多数（アクチノプラネス属、ピリメリア属）の胞子を内包する。胞子の細胞壁は単層で構成され、装飾は無い。一方で、ミクロモノスポラ属（Micromonospora）細菌では胞子は非運動性であり、球形、卵形、又は楕円形であり、その細胞壁は厚く、また全体的に滑らか又は先端の鈍い突起で装飾されている。コウチオプラネス属（Couchioplanes）では胞子は鎖状に形成され、運動性を持つ。胞子鎖と気菌糸は集められてしばしば胞子嚢に似たクラスターが形成されるが、真の胞子嚢は観察されない。カテヌロプラネス属（Catenuloplanes）では気菌糸はまばらで、胞子は鎖状に形成される。個々の胞子は、棒状、直線状、又は滑らかな表面を持つ湾曲した形をしており、周毛鞭毛によって運動する。カテラトスポラ属（Catellatospora）は気菌糸を持たず、非運動性の胞子の短鎖が単独で、或いは栄養菌糸から房状に現れる。コロニーはオレンジ、赤、黄、緑、又は紫色である。高度に着色された拡散性顔料が産生される場合がある。 ペプチドグリカンは通常、DL-A2pmを含有し、いくつかの種は、主要なジアミノ酸としてL-リジン又は3-OH A2pmを含む。ペプチドグリカンのムラミン酸残基はN-グリコール化されている。主要なイソプレノログとして、MK-9及びMK-10系列の全てのタイプが検出される場合がある。極性脂質としてホスファチジルエタノールアミン（PE）は全ての種で検出され、一部の種ではジホスファチジルグリセロール（DPG）、ホスファチジルグリセロール（PG）、ホスファチジルイノシトール（PI）、及びホスファチジルイノシトールマンノシド（PIM）が発見されることがある。飽和iso-及びanteiso-分岐脂肪酸は、ほとんど全ての属で優勢である。ミコール酸は存在しない。メナキノンのプロファイルは不定であり、アクチノプラネス属、ダクチロスポランギウム属、ピリメリア属及びコウチオプラネス属では9個のイソプレン単位を持つ四水素化メナキノンのMK-9(H4)型が、ミクロモノスポラ属では、9、10、及び/又は12個のイソプレン単位を持つテトラ、ヘキサ及び/又はオクタ水素化メナキノンが優勢である。アサノア・フェルギネア（Asanoa ferruginea）はMK-10(H8)とMK-10(H6)を含み、カテヌロプラネス属は主にMK-9(H8)とMK-10(H8)を含む。GC含量は約65～75%である。 16S rDNAのヌクレオチド配列のシグネチャパターンは127:234(A–U)、209(G)、534(G)、831:855(U–G)、832:854(G–Y)、833:853(U–G)、840:846(Y–G)、845(G)、955:1225(A–U)、986:1219(U–A)及び987:1218(G–C)で構成される。 1938年にKrasilni’kovはミクロモノスポラ科をミクロモノスポラ属（Micromonospora）のみの科として提案した。 1990年にGoodfellowは形態学的・化学的分類法によってアクチノプラネス属（Actinoplanes）、ダクチロスポランギウム属（Dactylosporangium）、及びピリメリア属（Pilimelia）をミクロモノスポラ科に移動するよう提案した。 1996年にKochらはミクロモノスポラ科の16S rRNA遺伝子配列の解析を行い、カテラトスポラ属（Catellatospora）、カテヌロプラネス属（Catenuloplanes）、及びコウチオプラネス属（Couchioplanes）をミクロモノスポラ科に移動するよう提案し、且つ形態学的・化学的特性が異なる新属が加入したことに伴い同科の説明の修正を提案した。このとき、同科は放線菌目（Actinomycetales）に分類された。同年に同提案が承認された。 1997年にStackebrandtらは放線菌目にミクロモノスポラ亜目（Micromonosporineae）を新設しそこにミクロモノスポラ科を分類するよう提案した。また、ミクロモノスポラ科の16S rDNAのヌクレオチド配列のシグネチャパターンを明らかにした。同年に同提案は承認された。 2009年にZhiらは16S rRNA遺伝子配列の解析を更新し、タイプ属のミクロモノスポラ属（Micromonospora）のほか、Actinocatenispora Thawai et al. 2006、アクチノプラネス属（Actinoplanes Couch 1950）、アサノア属（Asanoa Lee and Hah 2002）、カテラトスポラ属（Catellatospora Asano and Kawamoto 1986）、カテヌロプラネス属（Catenuloplanes Yokota et al. 1993）、コウチオプラネス属（Couchioplanes Tamura et al. 1994）、ダクチロスポランギウム属（Dactylosporangium Thiemann et al. 1967）、ロンジスポラ属（Longispora Matsumoto et al. 2003）、ピリメリア属（Pilimelia Kane 1966）、Polymorphospora Tamura et al. 2006、Planosporangium Wiese et al. 2008、Pseudosporangium Ara et al. 2008、サリニスポラ属（Salinispora Maldonado et al. 2005）、スピリリプラネス属（Spirilliplanes Tamura et al. 1997）、ベルコシスポラ属（Verrucosispora Rheims et al. 1998）、及びバルジスポランジウム属（Virgisporangium Tamura et al. 2001）が分類されることを確認し、またシグネチャー配列の情報が更新された。 2018年にNouiouiらによって放線菌門の全ゲノム解析が行われ、ほかの多くの分類項目とともにミクロモノスポラ科の説明が修正された。 現在受け入れらている分類体系はList of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)に従う。下記の系統樹は全ゲノム解析の結果に基づく。 ^ Actinorhabdospora、Allocatelliglobosispora、Allorhizocola、Catellatospora、Couchioplanes、Krasilnikovia、Luedemannella、Mangrovihabitans、Phytohabitans、Phytomonospora、Pilimelia、Planosporangium、Plantactinospora、Polymorphospora、Rhizocola、Rugosimonospora、Spirilliplanes、及びVirgisporangiumはこの系統樹には含まれていない。 ^ a b Krassilnikov NA (1938). “Ray fungi & related organisms, Actinomycetales”. Akademii Nauk SSSR (モスクワ).  ^ a b c d e f g h V. B. D. Skerman, Vicki. McGOWAN, P. H. A. Sneath (01 January 1980). “Approved Lists of Bacterial Names”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 30 (1): 225-420. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-1-225.  ^ a b Ørskov J. (1923). “Investigations into the morphology of the ray fungi”. Levin and Munksgaard (コペンハーゲン).  ^ a b Couch JN (1955). “Actinosporangiaceae should be Actinoplanaceae”. Journal of Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 71: 269.  ^ a b Nimaichand Salam, Jian-Yu Jiao, Xiao-Tong Zhang, Wen-Jun Li (06 December 2019). “Update on the classification of higher ranks in the phylum Actinobacteria”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70 (2): 1331-1355. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003920. PMID 31808738.  ^ a b Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity (29 May 2020). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 70, part 2 of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 70 (5): 2967-2971. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004148.  ^ Chitti Thawai, Somboon Tanasupawat, Takashi Itoh, Takuji Kudo (01 August 2006). “Actinocatenispora thailandica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56 (8): 1789-1794. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64081-0. PMID 16902009.  ^ a b “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 56, part 8, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56 (11): 2509-2510. (01 November 2006). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64760-0.  ^ Couch JN (1950). “Actinoplanes. A new genus of the Actinomycetales”. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 66: 87-92.  ^ Ratchanee Mingma, Kazuki Tanaka, Satoshi Ōmura, Yōko Takahashi, Atsuko Matsumoto (01 August 2016). “Actinorhabdospora filicis gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66 (8): 3071-3077. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001145. PMID 27169368.  ^ Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity (01 November 2016). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 66, part 8, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 66 (11): 4306-4309. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.001518.  ^ Dong Wan Lee, Soon Dong Lee (01 February 2011). “Allocatelliglobosispora scoriae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from volcanic ash”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (2): 264-270. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.020313-0. PMID 20207801.  ^ “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 61, part 2, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (5): 1014-1015. (01 May 2011). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.033506-0.  ^ Ye Sun, Zhu-Ming Jiang, Li-Li Zhao, Jing Su, Li-Yan Yu, Yong-Qiang Tian, Yu-Qin Zhang (16 November 2018). “Allorhizocola rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of Micromonosporaceae isolated from rhizosphere soil of the plant Calligonum mongolicum”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 69 (1): 109-115. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003114. PMID 30444473.  ^ Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity (24 January 2019). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 69, part 1, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 69 (4): 875-876. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.003251.  ^ Soon Dong Lee, Yung Chil Hah (01 May 2002). “Proposal to transfer Catellatospora ferruginea and "Catellatospora ishikariense" to Asanoa gen. nov. as Asanoa ferruginea comb. nov. and Asanoa ishikariensis sp. nov., with emended description of the genus Catellatospora”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 (3): 967-972. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-3-967. PMID 12054264.  ^ “NOTIFICATION LIST: Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 52, part 3, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 (4): 1077-1079. (01 July 2002). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02435-0.  ^ Kozo Asano, Isao Kawamoto (01 October 1986). “Catellatospora, a New Genus of the Actinomycetales”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 36 (4). doi:10.1099/00207713-36-4-512.  ^ a b Ismet Ara, Mohammad Abdul Bakir, Takuji Kudo (01 August 2008). “Transfer of Catellatospora koreensis Lee et al. 2000 as Catelliglobosispora koreensis gen. nov., comb. nov. and Catellatospora tsunoense Asano et al. 1989 as Hamadaea tsunoensis gen. nov., comb. nov., and emended description of the genus Catellatospora Asano and Kawamoto 1986 emend. Lee and Hah 2002”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (8): 1950-60. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65548-0. PMID 18676486.  ^ a b “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 58, part 8, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (11): 2473-2474. (01 November 2008). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.2008/008649-0.  ^ Akira Yokota, Tomohiko Tamura, Toru Hasegawa, Liang H. Huang (01 October 1993). “Catenuloplanes japonicus gen. nov., sp. nov., nom. rev., a New Genus of the Order Actinomycetales”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 43 (4): 805-812. doi:10.1099/00207713-43-4-805.  ^ “Notification that New Names and New Combinations Have Appeared in Volume 43, No. 4, of the IJSB”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 44 (1): 184. (01 January 1994). doi:10.1099/00207713-44-1-184.  ^ TOMOHIKO TAMURA, YUMIKO NAKAGAITO, TADASHI NISHII, TORU HASEGAWA, ERKO STACKEBRANDT, AKIRA YOKOTA (01 April 1994). “A New Genus of the Order Actinomycetales, Couchioplanes gen. nov., with Descriptions of Couchioplanes caeruleus (Horan and Brodsky 1986) comb. nov. and Couchioplanes caeruleus subsp. azureus subsp. nov.”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 44 (2): 193-203. doi:10.1099/00207713-44-2-193. PMID 8186084.  ^ “Notification that New Names and New Combinations Have Appeared in Volume 44, No. 2, of the IJSB”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 44 (3): 596. (01 January 1994). doi:10.1099/00207713-44-3-596.  ^ J. E. Thiemann, H. Pagani & Grazia Beretta (March 1967). “A new genus of the Actinoplanaceae: Dactylosporangium, gen. nov.”. Archiv für Mikrobiologie Article 58: 42–52. doi:10.1007/BF00691167. PMID 5600784.  ^ Chuang Han, Ting Liu, Lifeng Guo, Xiangjing Wang, Junwei Zhao, Wensheng Xiang (04 January 2023). “Description of Jidongwangia harbinensis gen. nov. sp. nov.”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 73 (1): 0. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005670. PMID 36748694.  ^ Aharon Oren, Markus Göker (28 April 2023). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 73, part 1 of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 73 (4): 5835. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005835.  ^ Ismet Ara, Takuji Kudo (2007). “Krasilnikovia gen. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae and description of Krasilnikovia cinnamonea sp. nov.”. Actinomycetologica 21 (1): 1-10. doi:10.3209/saj.SAJ210101.  ^ “List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57 (11): 2449-2450. (01 November 2007). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65639-0.  ^ Atsuko Matsumoto, Yōko Takahashi, Mayumi Shinose, Akio Seino, Yuzuru Iwai, Satoshi Ōmura (01 September 2003). “Longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel genus of the family Micromonosporaceae”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53 (5): 1553-1559. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02595-0. PMID 13130047.  ^ “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 53, part 5, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54 (1): 3-6. (01 January 2004). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.63062-0.  ^ Ismet Ara, Takuji Kudo (2007). “Luedemannella gen. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae and description of Luedemannella helvata sp. nov. and Luedemannella flava sp. nov.”. The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 53 (1): 39-51. doi:10.2323/jgam.53.39. PMID 17429160.  ^ “List of new names and new combinations previously effectively, but not validly, published”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57 (7): 1371-1373. (01 July 2007). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65337-0.  ^ Shao-Wei Liu, Li Tuo, Xiao-Jun Li, Fei-Na Li, Jing Li, Ming-Guo Jiang, Li Chen, Li Hu, Cheng-Hang Sun (01 June 2017). “Mangrovihabitans endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae isolated from Bruguiera sexangula”. 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Garrity (30 September 2022). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations, and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 72, part 6 of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 72 (9): 5524. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005524.  ^ Yuki Inahashi, Atsuko Matsumoto, Hirofumi Danbara, Satoshi Ōmura, Yōko Takahashi (01 November 2010). “Phytohabitans suffuscus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete of the family Micromonosporaceae isolated from plant roots”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60 (11). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.016477-0.  ^ “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 60, part 11, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 61 (2): 221-222. 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(01 January 2010). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.021097-0.  ^ Tomohiko Tamura, Kazunori Hatano, Ken-ichiro Suzuki (01 August 2006). “A new genus of the family Micromonosporaceae, Polymorphospora gen. nov., with description of Polymorphospora rubra sp. nov.”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56 (8): 1959-1964. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64046-0. PMID 16902037.  ^ Ismet Ara, Atsuko Matsumoto, Mohammad Abdul Bakir, Takuji Kudo, Satoshi Ōmura, Yoko Takahashi (01 July 2008). “Pseudosporangium ferrugineum gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Micromonosporaceae”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (7): 1644-1652. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65680-0. PMID 18599710.  ^ “Notification that new names and new combinations have appeared in volume 58, part 7, of the IJSEM”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (10): 2247-2248. (01 October 2008). doi:10.1099/ijs.0.2008/007849-0.  ^ Atsuko Matsumoto, Yoko Kawaguchi, Takuji Nakashima, Masato Iwatsuki, Satoshi Ōmura, Yōko Takahashi (01 August 2014). “Rhizocola hellebori gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete of the family Micromonosporaceae containing 3,4-dihydroxydiaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan”. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64 (Pt_8): 2706-2711. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.060293-0. PMID 24893943.  ^ Aharon Oren, George M. Garrity (01 November 2014). “Notification that new names of prokaryotes, new combinations and new taxonomic opinions have appeared in volume 64, part 8, of the IJSEM”. 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