最大の都市の一覧の変遷

本稿では、歴史家の推定による世界最大の人口を有した人類居住地を列挙する。以下の一覧では、およそ1000〜2000人の人口を有する紀元前7000年の古代オリエントの原始都市であった時代から、2600万人の人口を抱える2000年の東京圏までを記載する。アレクサンドリア、ローマ、あるいはバグダッドは、早くとも紀元前100年、遅くとも紀元後925年に100万人の人口を有した最初の都市であり得る。長安、開封、杭州、南京、北京、及び江戸は、後に人口が100万人に到達した可能性がある都市である。また、ロンドンが初の200万都市であること、ニューヨークが初の1000万都市であること、及び東京圏が初の2000万都市であることについては、広く合意されている。 1955年より、東京圏が世界で最も多くの人口を擁する都市圏であり続けており、2020年には人口は3739万人を超えている。2030年までには、東京圏の人口減少もあり、ジャカルタが東京圏を追い抜くと見込まれている。 資料間の相違からもわかるように、19世紀以前、特に古代における数字はいずれも確定的なものではない。各種国勢調査が実施される以前の人口規模の推定は、至難の業である。 以下の表は、イアン・モリス、ジョージ・モデルスキー、テルチウス・チャンドラーの3人の教授のによる、歴史上の特定時点における推定人口で、最も人口の多い人類の居住地の一覧である。前述の3つの推計がすべて合致した都市名については、太字で示している。下記の表は、原始都市から都市、都市的地域、そして都市圏へと、最大の居住地の発展段階を示している。 歴史上の推定都市人口：紀元前7000年から1875年までを掲載している。 ヨーロッパの最大の都市の一覧の変遷 歴史上の推定世界人口 ^ The date that the population of Beidha, Basta and Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 1,000 is given as 7500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632). ^ a b c Suggested to be the largest cities in Modelski's text, but not given constantly prior to 3700 BC (p. 3, p. 17, and p. 20). No entry is suggested for the Halafian and Ubaid periods. ^ A Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement located ca. 25 km north of Petra. ^ The rough year that Çatalhöyük was supposed to be the largest is not given in Modelski's text which cites Ian Hodder's report (p. 3 and p. 17). The year 6500 BC is based on the recent report by Hodder (Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–99 Seasons (Çatalhöyük Research Project), Cambridge, UK: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2005.) where less inhabitants (1,500 to 2,000) are suggested by Craig Cessford (pp. 323–326). ^ The date that the population of Çatalhöyük is estimated to be 3,000 is given as 6500 BC in Morris's published text (p. 632). ^ a b c Suggested to be housing up to 10,000 people in Modelski's text (pp. 24–25), but only Eridu is listed as the largest city in Table 2 (a) (p. 22). The estimate is based on the author's personal communication with Mikhail Videiko, Institute of Archaeology, Kiev, October 2002 (p. 75). The previous estimates by S. I. Kruts for Maydanets and Talianki are 8,000 (1,575 housed within 270 ha) and 14,000 (2,700 houses within 450 ha), respectively (Pitskhelauri, K. N., and Chernykh, E. N. Eds., Kavkaz v sisteme paleometallicheskikh kultur Evrazii, Metsniereba, Tbilisi, 1989, pp. 146–156.). ^ Suggested to be more than 45,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632). ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Nippur shares the top with Lagash with 60,000 inhabitants in 2500 BC, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Nippur is 20,000, the value of which is even lower than those estimated for Mari (50,000); Uruk and Umma (40,000); Memphis, Ebla, Urkesh, and Shuruppak (30,000) (p. 28). ^ a b c Girsu (Telloh), the later capital of the state of Lagash, was situated 25 km NW of Lagash (Tell al Hiba), though both sites are frequently referred as Lagash. ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), Girsu shares the top with Mari with 50,000 inhabitants, though Table 2 (b) suggests that the population of Girsu as well as Umma and Mohenjo-daro is 40,000 (p. 28). ^ a b According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218), the population of Girsu for 2300 BC is estimated as 50,000, which is less than that appears in Table 2 (b) and is the same value with that estimated for Mari (p. 28). ^ Location uncertain. Maybe west of Sippar. ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 218) excludes Girsu for 2000 BCE, though Table 2 (b) lists Girsu with 40,000 inhabitants (p. 28), sharing the top with Isin and Larsa. ^ a b c The palace of Pi-Ramses (Qantir) was founded 2 km NE of Avaris (or Hawaret, Tell el-Dab'a), the residential area of which overlaps. ^ a b c d e When the city first passed 100,000, suggested by Richard Forstall (pp. 541–542). ^ a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523–527), Thebes was the largest for 1400–668 BC, but Memphis was also supposed to be somewhat larger during 1205–1188 (p. 94, p. 460). ^ a b Modelski's list of the world's largest cities treats Thebes and Haojing as the top cities with 100,000 inhabitants (p. 218), though the same list on the next page (p. 219) as well as Table 2 (c) place the population of Thebes at 120,000, while that for Haojing as well as Memphis and Babylon at 100,000 (pp. 33–34). ^ a b c Chandler listed Thebes, Haojing, and Chengzhou (Luoyang) as the largest, second-largest, and third-largest cities (p. 460), though Luoyang is supposed to pass 100,000 in 1000 BC (p. 541). ^ a b c d e f Haojing, which formed the capital of Western Zhou together with Fenghao, was located 15 km SW of Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty as well as the present center of Xi'an. Han capital was located 5 km NW of the center of modern Xi'an. All these sites are now within the sub-provincial city of Xi'an. ^ a b c Chengzhou was founded on the east side of the Luo river with Wangzheng on the west side. Both cities were later annexed to form Luoyi (Luoyang), the center of which has often shifted. ^ According to Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219), the population of Babylon for 700 BC is estimated as 120,000, which makes Babylon the only city to appear as the largest, while Table 8 (a) shows that Babylon has 100,000 inhabitants in 700 BC (p. 55). ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) excludes Linzi for 500 BC, though Table 5 (a) lists Linzi with 200,000 inhabitants (p. 41). ^ a b According to Chandler's list of the largest cities (pp. 523–527), Pataliputra was the largest for 300 to 195 BC, but Chang'an is listed as the largest already in 200 BC (p. 462). ^ Based on historical documents, in Southern Liang dynasty, Jiankang (Nanjing) had 280,000 registered households, and assuming an average Nanjing household had about 5.1 people at that time, the city had more than 1.4 million residents. (Shufen Liu, "Jiankang and the Commercial Empire of the Southern Dynasties", in Pearce, Spiro, Ebrey eds. Culture and Power, 2001:35.) ^ Seleucia was founded on the right bank of Tigris opposite to Ctesiphon. Figures for Seleucia include the population of Ctesiphon as a suburb during the Seleucid era and vice versa during the Sassanid era. ^ The population of Daxing (Chang'an) in AD 600 is estimated at 250,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 600,000. ^ (a) Morris, Ian (October 2010). “Social Development”. Ian Morris. 26 July 2011時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年7月26日閲覧。 This contains supporting materials for the following book: (b) Morris, Ian (2010). Why the West Rules—For Now. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-29002-3  ^ Modelski's list of world's largest cities (p. 219) estimates the population of Baghdad for AD 1000 as 1,500,000, which is much higher than the value listed in Table 8 (b) (1,200,000 inhabitants) (p. 55). ^ The population of Hangzhou in AD 1200 is estimated at 800,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 1,000,000. ^ Includes Üsküdar in Asia Minor as a suburb. ^ According to Morris (p. 483), Edo grew into the world's biggest city by 1720, but the estimated population for Edo is not given. ^ The population of Tokyo in AD 2000 is estimated at 26,700,000 in Morris's published text (p. 632), while the supporting material describes 26,400,000. Template:World's largest cities