白人特権

白人特権（white privilege）、または白い肌の特権（white skin privilege）は、特に同じ社会的、政治的、または経済的状況下にある場合に、一部の社会で白人以外の人々よりも白人に利益をもたらす社会的特権。 ヨーロッパの植民地主義と帝国主義と大西洋奴隷貿易にルーツを持ち、白人の特権はさまざまな国民の市民権、およびその他の権利や特別な利益を保護することを広く求めてきた状況で発展した。 白人特権は、人種や人種差別が絡み合った社会現象である。アメリカ人類学会は、「人種的な世界観は一部のグループを永続的な低い地位に割り当てるために考案されたが、他のグループは特権、権力、富へのアクセスを許可された」と述べている。「白人特権」の定義はやや流動的だが、白人と見なされない人々と比較して、白人と見なされる人々が持つ暗黙的または体系的な利点を指すことは一般的に合意されている。その人種に対する不信感やその他の悪影響を経験する必要がないことも、一種の白人特権と呼ばれることがよくある。この用語は、人種差別の対象である人々への不利益ではなく、人種差別が蔓延し、白人が正常であると見なされる社会で白人が持つほとんど隠された利益に焦点を当てた議論で使用される 。このように、概念のほとんどの定義と議論は、人種差別が常態化した社会で白人が無意識に「身に着けている」「見えないバックパック」のマッキントッシュのメタファーを出発点として使用されている 。 ^ a b “References about social phenomena”  ^ a b Neville, H., Worthington, R., Spanierman, L. (2001). Race, Power, and Multicultural Counseling Psychology: Understanding White Privilege and Color Blind Racial Attitudes. In Ponterotto, J., Casas, M, Suzuki, L, and Alexander, C. (Eds) Handbook of Multicultural Counseling, Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. ^ Stephen, James (1824). The Slavery of the British West India Colonies Delineated. Cambridge University Press. p. 179  ^ Bischoff, Eva; Elisabeth Engel (2013). Colonialism and Beyond: Race and Migration from a Postcolonial Perspective. LIT Verlag. p. 33. ISBN 978-3643902610. "Whiteness scholars mostly concentrate on the idea of power as a white economic and political privilege, which is assumed to have been formed over centuries and to still be unconsciously perpetuated by individuals."  ^ Hintzen, Percy C. (2003). Henke, Holger. ed. Modern Political Culture in the Caribbean. University Press of the West Indies. p. 396. ISBN 978-9766401351. "In making their claims to white elite status, the elite of colonial Africa and its colonized diaspora have managed to reproduce, in postcolonial political economy, the very forms of domination that existed under colonialism. These forms are rooted in racial exclusivity and racial privilege."  ^ Henry, Frances; Carol Tator (2006). Racial Profiling in Canada: Challenging the Myth of 'a Few Bad Apples'. University of Toronto Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0802087140. "Whiteness studies analyse the link between white skin and the position of privilege operating in most societies, including those which have been subjected to European colonialism."  ^ Talley, Clarence R. (2017). Theresa Rajack-Talley. ed. Living Racism: Through the Barrel of the Book. Lexington Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-1498544313. "Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in their book, Black Power: The Politics of Liberation in America, argue that the internal colonialism of the Black population occurs as the purposeful relegation of the Black population to inferior political and economic status both during and subsequent to slavery. From this perspective, white privilege emerges in American society because of the relations of colonialism and exploitation."  ^ American Anthropological Association (1998年). “AAA Statement on Race”. June 21, 2021閲覧。 ^ Pulido, L. (2000). “Rethinking Environmental Racism: White Privilege and Urban Development in Southern California”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90: 15. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00182. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/10214/1833/1/30-Pulido.pdf.  ^ Andersen, Chris (2012). “Critical Indigenous Studies in the Classroom: Exploring 'the Local' using Primary Evidence”. International Journal of Critical Indigenous Studies 5 (1). doi:10.5204/ijcis.v5i1.95. http://www.isrn.qut.edu.au/publications/internationaljournal/documents/Final_Anderson_IJCIS.pdf.  ^ Marcus, David (November 6, 2017). “A Conservative Defense of Privilege Theory” (英語). The Weekly Standard. https://www.weeklystandard.com/david-marcus/a-conservative-defense-of-privilege-theory. "First described by Peggy McIntosh in the late 1980s, white privilege basically describes somewhat hidden advantages that white people in our society enjoy, that they did not earn. It absolutely describes an actual phenomenon. Her most basic examples ring true. White people do see themselves represented more often in our culture and history, and rarely are the only person who looks the way they do in rooms where power exists."  ^ Banks, J. (2012). Encyclopedia of Diversity in Education. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 2300. ISBN 978-1-4129-8152-1  ^ Lund, C. L. (2010). “The nature of white privilege in the teaching and training of adults”. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education 2010 (125): 18. doi:10.1002/ace.359.