言語間距離

言語間距離（Linguistic distance)とは、ある言語間（あるいは方言間）の差異の程度である。言語間距離を定量化する統一されたアプローチは無いが、言語学の実践者は、第二言語習得、歴史言語学、言語が基盤となる対立、言語の違いが貿易に及ぼす影響など、様々な状況でこの概念が使用される。 [脚注の使い方] ^ Colin Renfrew; April M. S. McMahon; Robert Lawrence Trask (2000), Time depth in historical linguistics, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2000, ISBN 978-1-902937-06-9, https://books.google.com/books?id=M3BsAAAAIAAJ, "... The term 'linguistic distance' is often used to refer to the degree of similarity/ difference between any two language varieties ..."  ^ Li Wei (2000), The bilingualism reader, Psychology Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-21336-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=ekbAksyK_ZwC, "... linguistic distance is a notion which still remains problematic (for a discussion, see Hinskens, 1988), it does seem possible to place languages along a continuum based on formal characteristics such as the number of cognates in languages or sets of shared syntactic characteristics ..."  ^ Michael H. Long (2009-07-15), The Handbook of Language Teaching, John Wiley and Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-5489-5, https://books.google.com/books?id=QznXclD7N0gC, "... findings from work on linguistic transfer, typology and 'linguistic distance' ... two related issues arise in these studies: typological distance/phylogenetic relatedness and transfer ... Spanish-Basque bilinguals learning English demonstrated a stronger influence from Spanish, typologically a closer language ..."  ^ Terry Crowley; Claire Bowern (2010-03-04), An Introduction to Historical Linguistics, Oxford University Press US, 2009, ISBN 978-0-19-536554-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=_N8v-s6fyt0C, "... Methods that hypothesize relationships in this way are called distance-based methods because they infer the historical relationships from the linguistic distance between languages. Lexicostatistics is a commonly used distance-based ..."  ^ North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, Issues 27-29, Odense University Press, 1996, (1996), ISBN 9788778381842, https://books.google.com/books?id=YuwoAQAAIAAJ, "... The main reason for the rapid language shift is said to be the lack of linguistic 'distance' between the two codes (both of them being Germanic and therefore genetically closely related) ..."  ^ Marshall B. Reinsdorf; Matthew Jon Slaughter (2009-08-01), International trade in services and intangibles in the era of globalization, University of Chicago Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-226-70959-8, https://books.google.com/books?id=cGZejZbPlVsC, "... We measure cultural trade costs between the United States and its trading partners using indicators of the linguistic distance between English and other countries' primary languages ..."  ^ Jeffrey A. Frankel; Ernesto Stein; Shang-Jin Wei (1997), Regional trading blocs in the world economic system, Peterson Institute, 1997, ISBN 978-0-88132-202-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=1GNwBYHpy3cC, "... The implication is that two countries sharing linguistic/colonial links tend to trade roughly 55 percent more than they would ... a new measure of linguistic distance that is a continuous scalar rather than a discrete dummy variable ..."  ^ William Hernandez Requejo; John L. Graham (2008-03-04), Global negotiation: the new rules, Macmillan, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4039-8493-7, https://books.google.com/books?id=sflRX1l-aBsC, "... Linguisitic distance has been shown to be an important factor in determining the amount of trade between countries ... 'wider' language differences increases transaction costs and makes trade and negotiations less efficient ..."  ^ Jyotirindra Dasgupta, University of California, Berkeley. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies (1970-01-01), Language conflict and national development: group politics and national language policy in India, University of California Press, 1970, ISBN 978-0-520-01590-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=qGACL5YJRjEC, "... The linguistic distance between East and West Pakistan has therefore tended to increase ..."  表示 編集