人為的な要因による死者数一覧

以下は世界史における人為的な要因による死者数一覧である。一覧では、出来事の名前、場所、それぞれの出来事の開始と終了の時期についても述べている。いくつかの出来事については、含まれるカテゴリーが一つ以上になる場合もある。また、いくつかの出来事では、他の出来事と重なっている場合もあり、小さな出来事における死者数がさらに大きな出来事の中で発生した一部であることもある。 死者数はほとんどの場合、多くの不確実な部分がある。表では、低い推定値と高い推定値の相乗平均の順に並べてある。例えば、低い推定値が500人、高い推定値が2000人であったとき 500 ⋅ 2000 = 1000 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {500\cdot 2000}}=1000} となる. ここでは、高い推定値による死者数が10万人以上となる全ての戦争について一覧を載せる。これには軍人と民間人の両方の死者数が含まれる。直接、戦争によって死亡しただけでなく、それによって引き起こされた戦闘、病気、飢餓、虐殺、自殺、ジェノサイドによる死者も含む。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ここでは軍事組織によって引き起こされた非戦闘員の死者数の一覧を載せる。特定の民族、宗教、政治的グループをターゲットにしたものに限ることなく、一般市民の生命を軽視した軍事戦略や残虐行為について記述する。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ここでは人種、宗教、民族に基づいて行われた大量虐殺（または強制移住によって引き起こされた死亡）について一覧を載せている。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ここでは政治的な対立による大量殺害についての一覧を載せる。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ここでは、労働条件の悪さによる死亡、労働能力を十分に発揮できなかったことによる死刑、輸送中や職場での労働者の不当な扱いによる死亡について一覧を載せる。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ここでは、人間の行動によって引き起こされた、または悪化させた飢饉や病気の発生について一覧を載せている。 なお、こうした飢饉や病気の中には、部分的には自然が原因であるものもある。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ダム、堤防、防潮堤、擁壁の故障など、人間によって部分的に引き起こされた洪水や地すべりを載せる。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 人身御供や自殺の実行による死亡について一覧を載せる。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 100人以上が死亡した暴動や事件について載せる。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 このセクションでは、特定の刑務所、強制収容所または絶滅収容所で発生した死者数をまとめる。ここでの死者数は、収容所内の条件と囚人による殺人や処刑またはその両方によるものを示す。 この一覧は未完成です。加筆、訂正して下さる協力者を求めています。 ここでは、特定の政治指導者が原因となった死者数を載せる。死亡者は国策による国内の状況と、問題の指導者に対して忠実な軍隊による積極的な殺害の両方に起因している。 [脚注の使い方] ^ These death toll estimates vary due to lack of consensus as to the demographic size of the native population pre-Columbus, which some say might never be accurately determined. Modern scholarship tend to side with the higher estimates, but there is still variance based on calculation methods used. Even using conservative populations estimates, however, "one dreadful conclusion is inescapable: the 150 years after Columbus's arrival brought a toll on human life in this hemisphere comparable to all of the world's losses during World War II. ... Against the alien agents of disease, the indigenous people never had a chance. Their immune systems were unprepared to fight smallpox and measles, malaria and yellow fever. The epidemics that resulted have been well documented." A small industry of researchers in recent years have focused their attention on Native American population size in 1492, and the subsequent decimation of the population after contact with Europeans. They have stated that their findings in no way diminish the "dreadful impact Old World diseases had on the people of the New World. But it suggests that the New World was hardly a healthful Eden." For example, they note that as the previously thriving indigenous peoples became more urbanized and less mobile, they succumbed to the same declining sanitation and health conditions of other urban cultures, including tuberculosis. The researchers stress, however, that "their findings in no way mitigated the responsibility of Europeans as bearers of disease devastating to native societies." ^ While there are many estimates for civilian deaths, with some even going well over a million for the war, modern historians generally place the death toll between 200,000 and 250,000; see "Casualties". ^ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate". ^ The Casement estimate is used by Ascherson in his book The King Incorporated, although he notes that it is "almost certainly an underestimate". ^ a b c d e f g h Pinto, Carla M. A.; Lopes, A. Mendes; Machado, J.A. Tenreiro (2014). 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Historynet.com. 2008年2月9日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。 ^ Nigel Bagnall., "The Punic Wars", June 23, 2005. ^ "Sudan: Nearly 2 million dead as a result of the world's longest running civil war". 2004年12月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2004年12月10日閲覧。, U.S. Committee for Refugees, 2001. Archived December 10, 2004 on the Internet Archive. Retrieved April 10, 2007 ^ [Documentary] Qin Dynasty (221 – 206 BC) -Terracotta Army 秦兵马俑 - YouTube ^ Derk Bodde, China's First Unifier: A Study in the Ch'in Dynasty as Seen in the Life of Li Ssu, 280? – 208 BC, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1967, pp. 5–6. ^ Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230–221 BC, Warlords of China, 700 BC to AD 1662, London: Arms and Armour, 1998, pg. 59. ^ a b Pang., Loretta『Horizons. History 241W: Asian History from the 15th Century to Present.』Kapiolani Community College、1997年。  ^ a b "Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". 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Colonial Armies in Southeast Asia (Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia). Abingdon-on-Thames, United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33413-6. p.172 ^ a b Aguinaldo, E. (2016). A Second Look at America (Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-333-84114-0. Retrieved November 17, 2022. ^ a b Ramsey, Robert D. III (2007). Savage Wars of Peace: Case Studies of Pacification in the Philippines, 1900–1902 (PDF). United States Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-16-078950-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2016. p.103 ^ a b Smallman-Raynor, Matthew; Cliff, Andrew D. (1998). "The Philippines insurrection and the 1902–4 cholera epidemic: Part I—Epidemiological diffusion processes in war". Journal of Historical Geography. 24 (1): 69–89. doi:10.1006/jhge.1997.0077. ^ a b Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005). 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"Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, p.148. ^ Gough, Hugh (December 1987). "Genocide and the Bicentenary: The French Revolution and the Revenge of the Vendee". The Historical Journal. 30 (4): 977–988. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00022433. JSTOR 2639130。 ^ What justice for Chechnya's disappeared? , AI Index: EUR 46/015/2007, May 23, 2007. ^ Cherkasov, Alexander. "Book of Numbers, Book of Losses, Book of the Final Judgment". Polit.ru. 2016年1月2日閲覧。 ^ "Yahoo! 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The Logic of Massacres in Algeria" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine., Stathis N. Kalyvas, Rationality and Society, Vol. 11, No. 3, 243–85 (1999) ^ "The Russian operations complete their 43rd month on the Syrian territory by killing 22 citizens including about 10 children and women by its warplanes • The Syrian Observatory For Human Rights". 30 April 2019. 2019年12月22日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年12月22日閲覧。 ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". users.erols.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ Ray, Fulcher. "Balochistan: Pakistan's internal war History of an insurgency". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ "Balochistan Assessment: 2016". 2018年3月4日閲覧。 ^ "September 11th Fast Facts". CNN. 27 March 2015. 2015年5月14日閲覧。 ^ Humanitarian Bulletin Ukraine Issue 11" (PDF), OHCHR, July 9, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2018. ^ "Massacres at Sabra & Shatila". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2016年9月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ "Remembering Sabra & Shatila: The death of their world". Ahram online. 16 September 2012. 2012年11月13日閲覧。 ^ Rummel, R.J. "DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ a b "341 students died at Northern residential schools – CBC News". CBC. Sinclair said the total number of recorded residential school deaths in Canada — 3,201 — could be an underestimate given poor record keeping, and the real number of deaths could have been five to 10 times higher. ^ a b Tasker, John Paul (29 May 2015). "Residential schools findings point to 'cultural genocide', commission chair says". CBC News. 2016年5月18日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年7月1日閲覧。 ^ a b Smith, Joanna (15 December 2015). "Truth and Reconciliation Commission's report details deaths of 3,201 children in residential schools". Toronto Star. 2016年8月26日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年11月27日閲覧。 ^ a b Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (2015). "Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" (PDF). p. 1. 2018年9月21日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2018年9月20日閲覧。The establishment and operation of residential schools were a central element of this policy, which can best be described as 'cultural genocide'. ^ a b KUROMIYA Hiroaki, Stalin: Profiles In Power、Routledge、2005, p103, ネイマーク『スターリンのジェノサイド』第四章原注(2):p.xvi ^ a b コンクエスト『悲しみの収穫』恵雅堂出版、2007年、, p495-509 ^ Oleh Wolowyna, Serhii Plokhy, Nataliia Levchuk, Omelian Rudnytskyi, Alla Kovbasiuk, Pavlo Shevchuk, Regional variations of 1932–34 famine losses in Ukraine,Canadian Studies in Population43, no. 3–4 (2016): 175–202. ^ 中井和夫他『ポーランド・ウクライナ・バルト史』 ^ 栗生沢猛夫『図説　ロシアの歴史』2010年（2014年増補）, p.131-134. ^ 『世界歴史体系　ロシア史3』山川出版社、1997年、p.201-206. ^ ティモシー・スナイダー『ブラッドランド　上』p82-93, 100-112. ^ ヴィクトル・コンドラーシン,2006,p495-503 ^ Reitlinger, Gerald. The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945, New York: Beechhurst Press. Review by Friedman, Philip (1954). "Review of The Final Solution". Jewish Social Studies 16 (2): 186–89. JSTOR 4465231. See also a review by Hyamson, Albert M. (1953). "Review of The Final Solution". International Affairs 29 (4): 494–95. JSTOR 2606046 ^ "How many Jews were murdered in the Holocaust?". Yad Vashem. (FAQs about the Holocaust). ^ "The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". JVL. Retrieved November 2013. ^ a b Sharp, Bruce (1 April 2005). "Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia". 2006年7月5日閲覧。 ^ a b Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia". In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ^ a b c d e f White, Matthew. "20th Century death tolls larger than one million but fewer than 5 million people-Cambodia". necrometrics. 2018年3月8日閲覧。 ^ "H A Z A R A G E N O C I D E ( 1 8 8 8 - 1 8 9 3 )". Wixsite. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Bussi, Pierluigi. "IL GENOCIDIO DEGLI HAZARA". Kim International Magazine. 2019年10月31日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Purcell, Victor. China. London: Ernest Benn, 1962. pg. 167 ^ Quoted in ibid., pg. 239. ^ Chesneaux, Jean. Peasant Revolts in China, 1840–1949. Translated by C. A. Curwen. New York: W. W. Norton, 1973. pg. 40 ^ Jalata, Asafa (2016). Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–3. ISBN 978-1-137-55234-1。 ^ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia, Routledge. pg. 53; ISBN 9780415565660 ^ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations, Routledge. pg. 5; ISBN 9781134378258 ^ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India, Duke University Press. ^ a b Rummel, R.J. "Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 237. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ a b White, Matthew. "Albigensian Crusade". necrometrics. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Raphael Lemkin (2012). Steven Leonard Jacobs (ed.). Lemkin on Genocide. Lexington Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7391-4526-5。 ^ Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski (2009), Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami, Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance; ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 (Excerpt reproduced in digital form). ^ White, Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century – Brazil". Necrometrics. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Smith 1997, pp. 600–01 n. 8 ^ "Tibet: Proving Truth from Facts". Archived June 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine., The Department of Information and International Relations: Central Tibetan Administration, 1996. pg. 53 ^ Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011. ^ "Alleged atrocities by the Pakistan Army (paragraph 33)". Hamoodur Rahman Commission Report. 23 October 1974. 2014年10月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年6月13日閲覧。 ^ Rummel, R.J. "Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 82. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Totten, Samuel; William S. Parsons; Israel W. Charny (2004). Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts. Routledge. p. 345. ISBN 0-415-94430-9。 ^ Hannum, Hurst (1989). "International Law and Cambodian Genocide: The Sounds of Silence", Human Rights Quarterly (Johns Hopkins University Press) 11 (1): 82–138. doi:10.2307/761936. JSTOR 761936. ^ CDI: The Center for Defense Information, The Defense Monitor, "The World At War: January 1, 1998". ^ Reyntjens, Filip. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 1996–2006. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2009. pg. 100 ^ "Democratic Republic of Congo. An long-standing crisis spinning out of control". . Amnesty International, September 3, 1998, pg. 9. AI Index: AFR 62/33/98. ^ 《晉書·卷一百七》 Jin Shu Original text 閔躬率趙人誅諸胡羯，無貴賤男女少長皆斬之，死者二十余萬，屍諸城外，悉為野犬豺狼所食。屯據四方者，所在承閔書誅之，于時高鼻多須至有濫死者半。 ^ John Morley, Biography of Oliver Cromwell, p. 298. published 1900 and 2001; ISBN 978-1-4212-6707-4 "Cromwell is still a hate figure in Ireland today because of the brutal effectiveness of his campaigns in Ireland. Of course, his victories in Ireland made him a hero in Protestant England." "Archived copy". 2007年9月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年5月25日閲覧。 British National Archives web site. Retrieved March 2007; "Archived copy". 2004年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年1月17日閲覧。 From a history site dedicated to the English Civil War. "... making Cromwell's name into one of the most hated in Irish history". Retrieved March 2007. "Archived copy". 2004年12月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年1月17日閲覧。 ^ Philip McKeiver in his 2007 work, A New History of Cromwell's Irish Campaign ISBN 978-0-9554663-0-4 and Tom Reilly, 1999, Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy; ISBN 0-86322-250-1 ^ Coyle, Eugene (Winter 1999). "Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy, Tom Reilly [review of]". Book Reviews. History Ireland. 7 (4). 2014年10月10日閲覧。 ^ Robins & Jones 2009, p. 50. ^ Dutton, Donald G. (2007). The Psychology of Genocide, Massacres, and Extreme Violence: Why "normal" People Come to Commit Atrocities. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 9780275990008。 ^ Friedman, Mark (2013). Genocide (Hot Topics). Raintree. p. 58. ISBN 9781406235081。 ^ a b c d Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates. https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF row 1313 and 1314 1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would of died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used. ^ Chestnut Greitens, Sheena (16 August 2016). Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. p. 289. ISBN 9781316712566。 ^ Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501. ^ Al-Hakeem, Dr. Sahib (2003). Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. pp. 489–492. ^ "The Tragedy of the Missing Barzanis". Kurdistan Memory Programme. 2019年11月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月19日閲覧。 ^ Jones, Dave. "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein 1983 The Missing Barzanis". Frontline World. PBS. 2006年2月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年2月6日閲覧。 ^ a b GENOCIDE IN IRAQ Human Rights Watch, 1993 ^ a b "The Crimes of Saddam Hussein – 1988 The Anfal Campaign". PBS Frontline. 24 January 2006. 2006年2月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月15日閲覧。 ^ Zenko, Micah. "Remembering the Iraqi Uprising Twenty-Five Years Ago". Council on Foreign Relations. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ a b 1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy, Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least April 13th (b) up to between May 1st and May 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates. ^ "Microsoft Word – Letters9" (PDF). 2010年3月24日閲覧。 ^ "Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur", Associated Press. Archived July 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. ^ Dr. Eric Reeves, Quantifying Genocide in Darfur, April 28, 2006 Archived July 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. ^ "U.N.: 100,000 more dead in Darfur than reported". CNN. 22 April 2008. 2008年4月22日閲覧。 ^ "Q&A: Sudan's Darfur conflict". BBC News. 8 February 2010. 2010年3月24日閲覧。 ^ "Darfur conflict". Alertnet.org. 2010年3月24日閲覧。 ^ "The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir". International Criminal Court. 2016年4月24日閲覧。 ^ Pohl, J. Otto (1999). Ethnic Cleansing in the USSR, 1937–1949. Greenwood Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780313309212. LCCN 98046822。 ^ Bancheli, Tozun; Bartmann, Barry; Srebrnik, Henry (2004). De Facto States: The Quest for Sovereignty. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 9781135771201。 ^ Cribb, Robert (2001). "How many deaths? Problems in the statistics of massacre in Indonesia (1965-1966) and East Timor (1975-1980)". Bepress (英語). ^ a b Defert, Gabriel, Timor Est le Genocide Oublié, L'Hartman, 1992. ^ "Conflict-related deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999" (PDF). Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor. 2013年12月29日閲覧。 ^ Asia Watch, Human Rights in Indonesia and East Timor, Human Rights Watch, New York, 1989, p. 253 ^ "Yale University" (PDF). 2009年2月27日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2008年2月18日閲覧。 ^ The Reconstruction of Nations, 2004 ^ W kręgu Łun w Bieszczadach, 2009, page 13 ^ Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła", 2011, pp. 447–448 ^ Terles in Ethnic Cleansing, p. 61 Czesław Partacz, Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946 Lucyna Kulińska "Dzieci Kresów III", Kraków 2009, p. 467 Józef Turowski, Władysław Siemaszko: Zbrodnie nacjonalistów ukraińskich dokonane na ludności polskiej na Wołyniu 1939–1945. Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Hitlerowskich w Polsce – Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Środowisko Żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Armii Krajowej w Warszawie, 1990 Hochspringen ↑ Władysław Siemaszko, Ewa Siemaszko [2000]: Ludobójstwo dokonane przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich na ludności polskiej Wołynia 1939–1945. Borowiecky, Warszawa 2000; ISBN 83-87689-34-3, S. 1056. ^ "Uchwala Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 lipca 2009 r. w sprawie tragicznego losu Polakow na Kresach Wschodnich". Biuro Prasowe Kancelarii Sejmu. 2011年8月17日閲覧。 ^ W świetle przedstawionych wyżej ustaleń nie ulega wątpliwości, że zbrodnie, których dopuszczono się wobec ludności narodowości polskiej, noszą charakter niepodlegających przedawnieniu zbrodni ludobójstwa. – Piotr Zając, Prześladowania ludności narodowości polskiej na terenie Wołynia w latach 1939–1945 – ocena karnoprawna zdarzeń w oparciu o ustalenia śledztwa OKŚZpNP w Lublinie, [in:] Zbrodnie przeszłości. Opracowania i materiały prokuratorów IPN, t. 2: Ludobójstwo, red. Radosław Ignatiew, Antoni Kura, Warszawa 2008, pp. 34–49 ^ Timothy Snyder "A fascist hero in democratic Kiev", New York Review of Books, February 24, 2010. ^ Keith Darden, Resisting Occupation: Lessons from a Natural Experiment in Carpathian Ukraine, pg. 5, Yale University, October 2, 2008. ^ J.P. Himka, "Interventions: Challenging the Myths of Twentieth-Century Ukrainian history", University of Alberta, March 28, 2011, pg. 4 ^ Grzegorz Motyka, "Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła",. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947, Kraków (2011), pg. 447 ^ Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999, Yale University Press. 2003. pp. 170, 176 ^ Weinberg, Robert. The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps. 1993, pg. 164. ^ "Pogroms". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2018年3月8日閲覧。 ^ Lundgren, Asa (2007). The unwelcome neighbour: Turkey's Kurdish policy. London: Tauris & Co., pg. 44. ^ McDowall, David (2007). A Modern History of the Kurds. London: Tauris & Co. pp. 207–08. ^ Şafak, Yeni. "Nearly 7,000 civilians killed by PKK in 31 years". yenisafak.com. 2016年10月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年3月8日閲覧。 ^ Visweswaran, Kamala, ed. (2013). Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East (1st ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0812207835。 ^ Romano, David (2005). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0521684269。 ^ Yusuf Mazhar, Cumhuriyet, 16 Temmuz 1930, ... Zilan harekatında imha edilenlerin sayısı 15,000 kadardır. Zilan Deresi ağzına kadar ceset dolmuştur... ^ Ahmet Kahraman, ibid, pg. 211, Karaköse, 14 (Özel muhabirimiz bildiriyor) ... ^ Ayşe Hür, "Osmanlı'dan bugüne Kürtler ve Devlet-4" Archived February 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine., Taraf, October 23, 2008. Retrieved August 16, 2010. ^ M. 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Retrieved June 16, 2015.(クロアチア語) Martić Witness Details Croatian War Casualties", Global Voices BALKANS. Retrieved April 13, 2006.(英語) Marko Attila Hoare, "Genocide in Bosnia and the failure of international justice" (PDF), Kingston University (UK), April 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2011. ^ *"Dëshmorët e Ushtrisë Çlirimtare Kombëtare", shkruar nga Xhemal Selimi. Tanusha 2001. February 15, 2011. Bender, Kristof (2013). "How the U.S. and EU Stopped a War and Nobody Noticed: The Containment of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Soft Power". In Berdal, Mats; Zaum, Dominik. Political Economy of Statebuilding: Power After Peace. London: Routledge. pg. 341; ISBN 978-0-203-10130-8 ^ Lukas, Richard C. (2012). The Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7818-1302-0. ^ Walter Laqueur & Judith Tydor Baumel (2001). "Dirlewanger, Oskar". The Holocaust Encyclopedia, Yale University Press (pg. 150), ISBN 0300084323. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ "15,000 black people died in concentration camps". 16 March 2011. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ Biondich, Mark (2011). The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence since 1878. OUP Oxford. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-19-929905-8。 ^ Naimark, Norman M. Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, pg. 52. ^ Irving Louis Horowitz; Rudolph J. Rummel (1994). "Turkey's Genocidal Purges". Death by Government. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56000-927-6。, pg. 233. ^ Naimark. Fires of Hatred, pp. 47–52. ^ "Commission Calls 1916 Tsarist Mass Killings Of Kyrgyz Genocide Print Share". Radio Free Europe. ^ "Krugosvet Encyclopaedia. Article on Sturmer". 2007年11月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ a b Graeme R. Newman (2010). Crime and Punishment around the World [4 volumes]: [Four Volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1。 ^ a b Alex von Tunzelmann (2012). Red Heat: Conspiracy, Murder and the Cold War in the Caribbean. Simon and Schuster. p. 1933. ISBN 978-1-4711-1477-9。 ^ Budapest Declaration and Geneva Declaration on Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 adopted by the OSCE and recognized as ethnic cleansing in 1994 and 1999. ^ The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, pg. 27. ^ Anatol Lieven, "Victorious Abkhazian Army Settles Old Scores in An Orgy of Looting", The Times, October 4, 1993. ^ "In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander", International Herald Tribune, October 22, 1993. ^ The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Michael O'Flaherty ^ The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Michael Bourdeaux, pg. 237. ^ Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekseĭ Georgievich Arbatov, pg. 388 ^ Georgiy I. Mirsky, On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union, pg. 72 ^ "Georgia: History". Nationsencyclopedia.com. 2013年4月16日閲覧。 ^ Roger Kaplan, Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, pg. 564 ^ Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus, pg. 174. ^ Michael Bourdeaux, The Politics of Religion in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, pg. 238. ^ Svetlana Mikhailovna Chervonnaia, Conflict in the Caucasus: Georgia, Abkhazia, and the Russian Shadow, Gothic Image Publications, 1994. ^ Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell ^ Tamaz Nadareishvili, Conspiracy Against Georgia, Tbilisi, 2002. ^ Human Rights Watch Helsinki, Vol 7, No 7, March 1995, pg. 230. ^ Gary K. Bertsch, Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia, pg. 161. ^ "Dersim '38 Conference" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ "The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937–38)" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania. 2011年10月9日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2016年1月20日閲覧。 ^ Jacqueline Sammali (1995). Etre Kurde, un délit?: portrait d'un peuple nié. Harmattan. p. 119. ISBN 978-2-7384-3772-3。 ^ Sabri Cigerli (1999). Les Kurdes et leur histoire. Harmattan. p. 125. ISBN 978-2-7384-7662-3。 ^ "Can Kurds rely on the Turkish state?". Weeklyzaman.com. 14 October 2011. 2014年11月29日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年12月24日閲覧。 ^ "16. Turkey/Kurds (1922–present)". Uca.edu. 2013年12月24日閲覧。 ^ Birinci Genel Müfettişlik Bölgesi, Güney Doğu, İstanbul, pp. 66, 194. (トルコ語). Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "Accueil – Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance – Réseau de recherche" (PDF). massviolence.org. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ "Accueil | Sciences Po Violence de masse et Résistance - Réseau de recherche". www.sciencespo.fr. 2019年7月29日閲覧。 ^ McKenna, Joseph C. (1969). "Elements of a Nigerian Peace". Foreign Affairs. 47 (4): 668–680. doi:10.2307/20039407. JSTOR 20039407。 ^ Osborn, William M. (2001). The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, Garden City, New York: Random House; ISBN 978-0-375-50374-0 ^ George Fink (2010). Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Academic Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-12-381382-4。 ^ Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict: Po – Z, index. 3. Academic Press. 1999. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-12-227010-9。 ^ "CCJP" ^ Hill, Geoff (2005) [2003]. The Battle for Zimbabwe: The Final Countdown. Johannesburg: Struik Publishers. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-86872-652-3。 ^ Ian Stephens, Pakistan (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), pg. 111. ^ The New York Times (a) 1946. ^ "Canada's Dark Secret". www.aljazeera.com. 2018年5月20日閲覧。6,000 children died in these schools. Some evidence puts the casualties at three times that number. ^ CBC News: The National (14 December 2015). Death toll in Residential Schools (YouTube). ^ Miller, J.R. "Residential Schools". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ "The Canadian Genocide: Tens of Thousands of CHILDREN Killed by the CHURCH". humansarefree.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明)[信頼性要検証] ^ Luxen, Micah (24 June 2016). "Survivors of Canada's 'cultural genocide' still healing". BBC. 2016年7月25日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年6月28日閲覧。 ^ Pamela Palmater (29 March 2017). "Canada 150 is a celebration of Indigenous genocide". Now. Celebrating genocide is not what most would consider a modern Canadian value. While use of the term "genocide" to describe Canada's treatment of Indigenous peoples has created a great deal of debate, there has always been a recognition that, at minimum, Canada was guilty of "cultural genocide," even if individuals couldn't bring themselves to accept more sinister intentions. Former prime minister Paul Martin told the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) that it was time to call the residential schools policy what it was: "cultural genocide." Supreme Court of Canada Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin weighed in on Canada's dismal human rights record, saying that residential schools were attempts to commit "cultural genocide" against Indigenous peoples. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Zubaida 2000, p. 370 ^ "Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran" (PDF). fidh.org. International Federation for Human Rights. January 2003. 2011年9月23日閲覧。 ^ DeKelaita, Robert (22 November 2009). "The Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism" (PDF). Committee on International Relations Of the University of Chicago. Assyrian International News Agency. 2011年9月23日閲覧。 ^ Sargon Donabed (2015). Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the 20th Century. Edinburgh University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-7486-8605-6。 ^ "Genesis of Nellie massacre and Assam agitation", Indilens news team. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ Girard 2011, pp. 319–322. ^ "Will anyone stop ISIS?". CNN.com. 7 August 2014. 2014年8月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 ^ Smith-Spark, Laura. "Iraq: 'Hundreds of Yazidi minority slaughtered'". CNN. 2014年8月10日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年8月10日閲覧。 ^ Chapman 2010, p. 544. ^ Gardini, Walter (1984). "Restoring the Honour of an Indian Tribe-Rescate de una tribu". Anthropos. Bd. 79, H. 4./6.: 645–47. ^ "Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis". 6 December 2012. www.bbc.comより。 {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (July 2003). "Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk?" (PDF). Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics: 16. 2013年11月5日閲覧。 ^ "Which groups are under threat by ISIS in Iraq?", cnn.com. Retrieved December 22, 2015. ^ Carlos A. Floria and César A. García Belsunce, 1971. Historia de los Argentinos I and II; ISBN 84-599-5081-6. [要ページ番号] ^ "As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". NPR. December 24, 2015. "At least a thousand Christians have been killed. Hundreds of thousands have fled." ^ a b “New study gives first verifiable death toll at Cold War East German borders - The Local”. web.archive.org (2017年6月8日). 2024年8月19日閲覧。 ^ “'More than 1,000 died' trying to flee East Germany - Telegraph”. web.archive.org (2012年4月12日). 2024年8月19日閲覧。 ^ a b Maurice Meisner (1999). Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic (3rd ed.). Free Press. p. 354. ISBN 978-0-684-85635-3。 ^ USHMM (5 December 1995). "The Chinese Case: Was It Genocide or Poor Policy?". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2017年8月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。The Cultural Revolution was modern China's most destructive episode. It is estimated that 100 million people were persecuted and about five to ten million people, mostly intellectuals and party officials lost their lives. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4008-8886-3。 ^ Indonesia's killing fields. Al Jazeera, December 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2016. Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben (July 2003). The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 290–91. ISBN 0521527503. 2015年10月19日閲覧。 "Blumenthal80">Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; ISBN 9004156917, pg. 80. ^ Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965–66. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–207. ISBN 9781400888863。 ^ Cribb, Robert (2002). "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966". Asian Survey. 42 (4): 550–63. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550。 ^ Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. p. 1. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4。 ^ Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1022. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597。 ^ Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, ISBN 83-07-02122-7 ^ a b Mosher, Steven (1992). China Misperceived: American Illusions and Chinese Reality. Basic Books. p. 74. ISBN 0-465-09813-4. The Terror—no other term will do—that began in 1950 was to last for three years and cost several million lives before it ended. It originated in two distinct political campaigns, each a ruthless effort to crush a particular class. The land reform, while nominally an effort to reapportion the land to poor and lower-middle-class peasants, was actually intended to destroy the old rural elite, replacing it with a new rural power structure dominated by those who had received parcels of land from the CCP and the new regime.4 The "suppression of counterrevolutionaries" campaign was designed to eliminate the bureaucratic bourgeoisie—those compradores, traders, and KMT functionaries who were seen by the party as economic parasites or political foes. [...] The U.S. State Department in 1976 estimated that there may have been a million killed in the land reform, 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign.7 Maurice Meisner, who is sympathetic to the need for revolutionary terror, allowed that perhaps 2 million people were executed during the first three years of the PRC.8 Jacques Guillermaz, the distinguished French Sinologist, who served as French Military Attaché in Nanjing during the civil war and later in Beijing, estimated in his La Chine populaire, published in 1964, that a total of 1 to 3 million were executed.9 He later increased this estimate to 5 million, a figure that Fairbank has cited as the upper range of "sober" estimates.10 The highest estimate comes from Nationalist officials on Taiwan, who were not inclined to underestimate the ferocity of their victorious opponents. They alleged that 6 million urban residents and 4 million rural gentry had been killed during these years. [...] 7. Stephen Rosskamm Shalom, Deaths in China Due to Communism, Occasional Paper No. 15., Center for Asian Studies (Tempe: Arizona State University, 1984), p. 24. 8. Maurice Meisner, Mao's China: A History of the People's Republic (New York: The Free Press, 1977), p. 81. 9. Jacques Guillermaz, La Chine populaire, (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1959), p. 47. 10. Jacques Guillermaz, The Chinese Communist Party in Power, 1949—1976 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1976), p. 24, n. 6 ^ Эрлихман, Вадим (2004). Потери народонаселения в XX веке. Издательский дом "Русская панорама". ISBN 5931651071。 ^ Julián Casanova, Francisco Espinosa, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez. "Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco", Editorial Crítica. Barcelona, Spain. 2002. p. 8. ^ Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936–1945, Cambridge University Press. 1998. pg. 11. ^ Antony Beevor. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2006), pp. 89–94. ^ "Genocides, Politicides, and Other Mass Murder Since 1945, With Stages in 2008". Genocide Prevention Advisory Network. 2016年8月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年7月22日閲覧。 ^ Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988). ^ Agence France Presse (8 Oct. 1996) ^ Christopher M. Andrew; Vasili Mitrokhin (2005). The World was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-465-00311-2。 ^ Riccardo Orizio, US admits helping Mengistu escape, BBC, December 22, 1999. ^ Talk of the Devil: Encounters with Seven Dictators, pg 151. ^ Paul M. Edwards, Historical Dictionary of the Korean War, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2010, p. 32, entry "Bodo League Massacre" ^ Kim 2004, p. 535. ^ a b Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-1118412084。 ^ Ryan, James (2012). Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence. London: Routledge. pg. 114; ISBN 978-1138815681 ^ Lajos Szaszdi (2008). Russian Civil-Military Relations and the Origins of the Second Chechen War. University Press of America. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7618-4178-4。 ^ "Justice For Iraq". Mafhoum.com. 2013年8月14日閲覧。 ^ "Background on Chile". The Center for Justice & Accountability. 2013年7月9日閲覧。 ^ a b c McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578。 ^ Blakeley, Ruth (2009). State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South. Routledge. p. 22 & 23. ISBN 978-0415686174。 ^ Beevor, Antony. The Battle for Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87 ^ de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", Journal of Contemporary History, 3, 198, pp. 355–69. JSTOR 261121 ^ Julian Casanova, Unearthing Franco's Legacy, pp. 105–06, University of Notre Dame Press, 2010; ISBN 0-268-03268-8 ^ Beevor, Antony (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, pg. 81. ^ Moise, pp. 205–22; "Newly released documents on the land reform", Vietnam Studies Group. "Archived copy". 2011年4月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年6月30日閲覧。 ^ Lam Thanh Liem (2005), "Ho Chi Minh's Land Reform: Mistake or Crime". Retrieved October 4, 2015. ^ Dr. Linton, Marisa. "The Terror in the French Revolution" (PDF). Kingston University, UK. 2019年3月11日閲覧。 ^ "The Reign of Terror". Lumen Learning. 2019年3月11日閲覧。 ^ University of California, San Diego (2001). "El Salvador elections and events 1902–1932". 2008年5月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年8月12日閲覧。 ^ Phil Gunson (2 April 2009). "Obituary: Raúl Alfonsín – World news – The Guardian". Guardian. London. 2013年8月23日閲覧。 ^ Paavolainen 1966, pp. 183–208, Paavolainen 1967, Keränen et al. 1992, pp. 121, 138, Eerola & Eerola 1998, pp. 59, 91, Westerlund 2004a, p. 15, Tikka 2006, pp. 19–30, Jyränki 2014, pp. 150–88, Tikka 2014, pp. 90–118, Kekkonen 2016, pp. 106–66, 287–356 ^ "Archived copy". 2014年8月7日閲覧。 ^ "Iran Focus". 2016年5月12日閲覧。 ^ "News". The Telegraph. 2016年5月12日閲覧。 ^ "At least 10,000 people died in Tiananmen Square massacre, secret British cable alleges". independent.co.uk. 23 December 2017. ^ (スペイン語) English translation of the Rettig Report ^ "Chile to sue over false reports of Pinochet-era missing". Latin American Studies. 30 December 2008. 2010年3月10日閲覧。 ^ see Notes ^ a b Ronald Segal, in Islam's Black Slaves, estimates the total number of African slaves shipped to the Muslim world at 11.5M-14M. This breaks down as follows: From 650-1600 CE Citing Ralph Austen: Trans-Saharan: 4,820,000 Red Sea: 1.6M East Africa: 0.8M TOTAL: 7.22M shipped Citing Paul Lovejoy: 3.5-10.0M shipped 17th Century Sahara: 0.7M Red Sea: 0.1M East Africa: 0.1M TOTAL: 900,000 shipped 18th C Sahara: 0.7M Red Sea: 0.2M East Africa: 0.4M TOTAL: 1,300,000 shipped 19th C Sahara: 1.2M Red Sea: 0.45M East Africa: 0.442M TOTAL: 2,092,000 shipped TOTAL: 11,512,000 shipped Segal also mentions estimates by Raymond Mauvy: 7th C: 0.1M 8th C: 0.2M 9th C: 0.4M 10th-13th Cs: 2.0M 14th C: 1.0M 15th-19th Cs: 10.0M First half 20th C.: 300,000 TOTAL: 14M shipped What was the mortality rate among these slaves? Here are a few estimates in Segal: Wylde: Each eunuch in Cairo represented 200 dead Sudanese. Hourst, 19th C: each sale represented a loss of ten in the original population, including raids. Livingstone: 1 living = 10 dead. British Govt Rpt: For every 10 slaves reaching 19C Cairo, 50 died on the way. Nachtigal: on one large [typical?] Saharan caravan, 3 or 4 died for every survivor. UK Consul in Zanzibar: 1:1 ratio Mahadi: 20% d. in Saharan trade Lovejoy, citing Martin: 9% overall in 19th C. East Africa. (Segal: safe estimate) [MEDIAN of these estimates: 3 to 5 deaths for every 1 live import] ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ Aikman, David. "The Laogai Archipelago", The Weekly Standard, September 29, 1997. ^ "Reeducation Through Labor in China". Human Rights Watch. June 1998. 2008年9月15日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年10月12日閲覧。 ^ Greenberg, Jon. "Jon Stewart: Slave trade caused 5 million deaths". Pundit Fact. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Stannard, David (1992). American Holocaust. ISBN 978-0-19-508557-0。 ^ Davis, Robert. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800. ^ The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420–AD 1804. ^ a b Ascherson 1999, p. 9. ^ a b Hochschild 1999, p. 315. ^ a b Hochschild, Adam (1999), pp. 226–32, King Leopold's Ghost, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; ISBN 0-547-52573-7 ^ a b Hochschild, pp. 226–32. ^ Pool, The Stalinist Penal System, pg. 131 ^ Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1024. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597。 ^ Alexopoulos, Golfo (2017). Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag, Yale University Press. ^ Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity." The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953. ^ Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (2): 320. doi:10.1080/09668139999056。 ^ Steven Rosefielde. Red Holocaust. Routledge, 2009. ISBN 0-415-77757-7 pg. 67 "...more complete archival data increases camp deaths by 19.4 percent to 1,258,537"; pg 77: "The best archivally based estimate of Gulag excess deaths at present is 1.6 million from 1929 to 1953." ^ a b c Black Book of Communism, pg. 564. ^ a b c Haas, Benjamin (19 September 2018). "'Ashamed': South Koreans chilled by Kim Jong-un's cuddles". the Guardian. 2018年9月20日閲覧。North Korea runs massive prison camps that hold between 80,000 and 120,000 political prisoners, according to a United Nations inquiry that compiled evidence of a raft of crimes against humanity. The UN commission cited 'extermination, murder, enslavement, torture, imprisonment, rape, forced abortions and other sexual violence, persecution on political, religious, racial and gender grounds, the forcible transfer of populations, the enforced disappearance of persons and the inhumane act of knowingly causing prolonged starvation'. ^ Rummel, R.J. (1999). Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1990. Lit Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-4010-7。 Available online: "Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 – Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources". Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War. 2006年3月1日閲覧。 ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ White, Matthew. "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". Necrometrics. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios". remilitari.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ a b c MacPherson, Neil, "Death Railway Movements", mansell.com. Retrieved January 6, 2015. ^ "L'Aventure Humaine: Le canal de Suez, Article de l'historien Uwe Oster". 2011年8月19日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2011年8月19日閲覧。 ^ The Suez Crisis – Key maps, bbc.co.uk. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ a b c d e Katz, Brigit. "Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru". Smithsonian.com. 2019年11月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月11日閲覧。 ^ a b c d e Hwang, Justina. "Chinese in Peru in the 19th century". Brown University. 2019年11月11日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月11日閲覧。 ^ "Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants". Phys.org. 24 August 2017. The Chinese were discriminated against even in death, having to be buried in the pre-Incan sites after being barred from cemeteries reserved for Roman Catholics. ^ "Japan News and Discussion". Japan Today. 2008年2月7日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2016年2月15日閲覧。 ^ "Bataan Rescue: People & Events". American Experience. 2016年2月15日閲覧。 ^ Stephenson, Wesley. "Have 1,200 World Cup workers really died in Qatar?". BBC News. 2018年3月4日閲覧。 ^ Patnaik, Utsa. "On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths'". Internet Archive. 2019年3月30日閲覧。 ^ Wemheuer, Felix (July 2011). "Sites of horror: Mao's Great Famine [with response]". The China Journal (66): 155–64. JSTOR 41262812。 on p.163 Frank Dikötter, in his response, quotes Yu Xiguang's figure of 55 million ^ Becker, Jasper (1998). Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Holt Paperbacks, pg. xi. ^ Dikötter, Frank. Mao's Great Famine: The History of China's Most Devastating Catastrophe, 1958–62, Walker & Company, 2010. pg. 298. ^ a b c "The five worst atrocities carried out by the British Empire will make you wonder why we're apparently proud of it". The Independent. 19 January 2016. 2017年9月23日閲覧。 ^ a b Seavoy, Ronald (1986). Famine in Peasant Societies. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 9780313251306。 ^ "Notes from India". The Lancet. 157 (4055): 1430. 1901. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)88925-X。 ^ a b Amartya Sen (1981). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-19-828463-5。 ^ a b Fredrik Albritton Jonsson (2013). Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. Yale University Press. pp. 167–70. ISBN 978-0-300-16374-2。 ^ Digby, William (1901). 'Prosperous' British India. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 128. OCLC 6671095。 ^ "Nineteenth Century Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2016年11月20日閲覧。 ^ a b "How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine", Stanford University. April 4, 2011. ^ Hiroaki Kuromiya『Stalin (PLOFILES IN POWER)』Routledge book、2005年、103頁。  ^ 『世界歴史体系　ロシア史3』山川出版社、1997年、p217-227頁。  ^ 中井和夫他. ポーランド・ウクライナ・バルト史. pp. 318－321.  ^ a b 『悲しみの収穫』恵雅堂、2007年、p495-509頁。  ^ ネイマーク『スターリンのジェノサイド』、82－86頁。  ^ Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor." ^ Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate." ^ Winegard 2016, p. 85: "Between 1917 and 1919, it is estimated that nearly half (nine to eleven million people) of the Persian population died of starvation or disease brought on by malnutrition." ^ Majd 2003, p. 72: "According to the American Charge d'Affaires, Wallace Smith Murray, this famine had claimed one-third of Iran's population. A famine that even according to British sources as General Dunsterville, Major Donohoe, and General Sykes had claimed vast numbers of Iranians". ^ Majd 2003, p. 40. In the matter of tough custom regulations, Majd mentions incidents of unsuccessful importation of foodstuff recorded by the American embassy. He also refers to a letter by an American official saying "for the last two years practically all the importations have ceased" ^ Rubin 2015, p. 508: "Despite Iran's official neutrality, this pattern of interference continued during World War I as Ottoman-, Russian-, British-, and German-supported local forces fought across Iran, wreaking enormous havoc on the country. With farmland, crops, livestock, and infrastructure destroyed, as many as 2 million Iranians died of famine at the war's end. Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 led to the recall of Russian troops, and thus gave hope to Iranians that the foreign yoke might be relenting, the British quickly moved to fill the vacuum in the north, and by 1918, had turned the country into an unofficial protectorate." ^ Patnaik, Utsa. "The Republic of Hunger" (PDF). 2019年3月30日閲覧。 ^ a b “英国は1943年の飢饉でベンガルを飢えさせる”. 英国は1943年の飢饉でベンガルを飢えさせる (2019年11月5日). 2024年8月3日閲覧。 ^ Nicholas Tarling (ed.) The Cambridge History of SouthEast Asia Vol.II Part 1 pp. 139–40 ^ a b c Madhusree Mukerjee, Churchill's Secret War: The British Empire and the Ravaging of India During World War II. ^ a b c Book review: Churchill's secret war in India, southasiarev.wordpress.com, April 12, 2011. ^ Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314. ^ "Biafra/Nigeria". eNotes.com. 2009年8月30日閲覧。 ^ "Nigerian Civil War". Polynational War Memorial. 2014年1月4日閲覧。 ^ a b Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) "Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950", MPRA Paper No. 8852, pp. 35–38. / ^ a b c Spoorenberg, Thomas; Schwekendiek, Daniel (2012). "Demographic Changes in North Korea: 1993–2008". Population and Development Review. 38 (1): 133–158. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00475.x。 ^ a b Becker, Jasper (2005-05-01) (英語). Rogue Regime: Kim Jong Il and the Looming Threat of North Korea. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-803810-8. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=UpZWfYqiVLMC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=F87IWGlpya&sig=aHKcWtTC8Gp59N1NbBpKsIGImUE  ^ Daniel Goodkind; Loraine West; Peter Johnson (28 March 2011). "A Reassessment of Mortality in North Korea, 1993–2008". U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. 2014年11月8日閲覧。 ^ Foster, R.F. Modern Ireland 1600–1972, Penguin Press, 1988. pg. 324. Foster's footnote reads: "Based on hitherto unpublished work by C. Ó Gráda and Phelim Hughes, 'Fertility trends, excess mortality and the Great Irish Famine'...Also see C.Ó Gráda and Joel Mokyr, 'New developments in Irish Population History 1700–1850', Economic History Review, vol. xxxvii, no. 4 (November 1984), pp. 473–88." ^ Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society pg. 1. Lee says 'at least 800,000'. ^ Vaughan, W.E. and Fitzpatrick, A.J.(eds). Irish Historical Statistics, Population, 1821/1971. Royal Irish Academy, 1978. ^ Cecil Woodham-Smith (1991). The great hunger: Ireland 1845–1849. Penguin Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-14-014515-1。 ^ Christine Kinealy (2006). This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine, 1845–52. ISBN 978-0-7171-4011-4。 ^ Charles Hirschman et al. "Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate" Archived June 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.. Population and Development Review (December 1995). ^ a b Koh, David (21 August 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times. Singapore. 2010年1月25日閲覧。 ^ Bruce Sharp (2008), Counting Hell 2.Ben Kiernan, paragraph 3. Mekong. ^ Marek Sliwiński (1995), Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique, L'Harmattan, pg. 82. ^ a b de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa. Oxford: James Currey. ISBN 0-85255-810-4。 ^ "Flashback 1984: Portrait of a famine", BBC News, April 6, 2000. ^ Sheina, Robert L., Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899 (2003) ^ COWP: Correlates of War Project, University of Michigan. ^ Harris 2012, p.174 ^ Ghazal, Rym (14 April 2015). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. 2016年1月24日閲覧。 ^ Ó Gráda, Cormac (2009). Famine: a short history. Princeton University Press. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-691-12237-3。 ^ "Despite aid effort, Sudan famine squeezing life from dozens daily", CNN. Retrieveded May 25, 2006. ^ a b c "Yemen crisis: Half of population facing 'pre-famine conditions'". BBC. 24 October 2018. 2018年10月28日閲覧。 ^ Kristof, Nicholas (26 September 2018). "Be Outraged by America's Role in Yemen's Misery". The New York Times. 2018年10月28日閲覧。 ^ "Yemen could be 'worst famine in 100 years'". BBC. 15 October 2018. 2018年10月28日閲覧。 ^ a b "Worst Natural Disasters In History". Nbc10.com. 2008年4月21日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年8月11日閲覧。 ^ 朱蕾 (2015-10-27). "資料解密：黃河花園口決堤 阻敵南下". World Journal. Whitestone, NY. Archived from the original on 2018-08-18 – via United Daily News. ^ 李怡芸 (2015-09-30). "重探抗戰史 黃河決堤有效禦敵". 旺報. Taipei: China Times Group. ^ 汤其成; 李秀云; Institute of Geographic Sciences, China Academy of Sciences (1995). "水圈中的自然灾害". In 王劲峰 (ed.). 中国自然灾害区划——灾害区划、影响评价、减灾对策. Beijing: 中国科学技术出版社. p. 41. ^ a b The Associated Press of 1979 ^ Dai Qing (1998). The River Dragon Has Come!: The Three Gorges Dam and the Fate of China's Yangtze River and Its People. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7656-0206-0。 ^ 230,000 is the highest of a range of unofficial estimates, including also deaths of ensuing epidemics and famine, in Yi 1998 ^ Cocker, Mark (1998). Rivers of Blood, Rivers of Gold. ^ Prescott, William (1843). History of the Conquest of Mexico. ^ Ruben Mendoza (2007) pp. 407–08. ^ Harner (1977) p. 122 ^ National Geographic, July 2003, cited by White ^ Hicks, Madelyn Hsiao-Rei; Dardagan, Hamit; Bagnall, Peter M; Spagat, Michael; Sloboda, John A (3 September 2011). "Casualties in civilians and coalition soldiers from suicide bombings in Iraq, 2003–10: a descriptive study". The Lancet. 378 (9794): 906–14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61023-4. PMID 21890055。 ^ Sakuntala Narasimhan, Sati: widow burning in India, quoted by Matthew White, "Selected Death Tolls for Wars, Massacres and Atrocities Before the 20th Century", pg. 2 (July 2005), Historical Atlas of the 20th Century (self-published, 1998–2005). ^ "Emad Baghi : English" (no). emadbaghi.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ Karatnycky, Adrian; Cavanaugh, Kathleen; Finn, James; Graybow, Charles; Payne, Douglas W.; Ryan, Joseph E.; Sussman, Leonard R.; Zarycky, George; Finn, James (1995). Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties, 1994–1995 (PDF). New York: Freedom House. p. 521. 2018年10月5日時点のオリジナル (PDF)よりアーカイブ。2018年10月5日閲覧。During the first four months of 1994, the Human Rights Committee of South Africa reported that politically motivated killings occurred at a rate of nearly fourteen deaths per day. ^ "An African Lysistrata in Togo – African Futures". 23 September 2012. 2012年9月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年12月25日閲覧。 ^ "Death Toll in Kenya Exceeds 1,000, but Talks Reach Crucial Phase – The New York Times". 5 October 2018. 2018年10月5日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年10月5日閲覧。 ^ "500 killed in Togo electoral violence – UN". Independent Online. AFP. 26 September 2005. 2017年12月29日閲覧。 ^ August 29, 2005. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). "Conclusions.""La mission d'établissement des faits chargée de faire la lumière sur les violences et les allégations de violations des droits de l'homme survenues au Togo avant, pendant et après l'élection présidentielle du 24 avril 2005" Archived December 17, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. ^ "Death Toll in Nicaraguan Protests Hits 317, OAS Says". {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ "Sudan protest death toll hits 90: doctors committee". News24 (英語). 6 May 2019. 2019年8月12日閲覧。 ^ Walsh, Declan (4 July 2019). "Sudan Power-Sharing Deal Reached by Military and Civilian Leaders". The New York Times (アメリカ英語). ISSN 0362-4331. 2019年8月12日閲覧。 ^ "Sudan protests: Death toll reaches 11 after anti-military rallies". www.aljazeera.com. 2019年8月12日閲覧。 ^ Harding, Luke (29 September 2006). "How one of the biggest rows of modern times helped Danish exports to prosper". the Guardian. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Wellers, Georges. "Essai de determination du nombre de morts au camp d'Auschwitz (attempt to determine the number of dead at the Auschwitz camp)", Le Monde Juif, Oct–Dec 1983, pp. 127–59. ^ Brian Harmon, John Drobnicki, Historical sources and the Auschwitz death toll estimates Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine., vex.net. Retrieved August 2, 2018. ^ "Operation Reinhard: Treblinka Deportations". Nizkor.org. 2013年9月23日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。 ^ Encyclopedia Americana ^ Peter Witte and Stephen Tyas, A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol 15, No. 3, Winter 2001; ISBN 0-19-922506-0 ^ Raul Hilberg (2003). The Destruction of the European Jews: Third Edition. ISBN 978-0-300-09557-9。 ^ Yitzhak Arad, Bełżec, Sobibor, Treblinka. The Operation Reinhard Death Camps, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1987; NCR 0-253-34293-7 ^ "Library". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 2013年8月23日閲覧。 ^ "Croatian holocaust still stirs controversy". BBC News. 29 November 2001. 2010年9月29日閲覧。 ^ "Balkan 'Auschwitz' haunts Croatia". BBC News. 25 April 2005. 2010年9月29日閲覧。No one really knows how many died here. Serbs talk of 700,000. Most estimates put the figure nearer 100,000. ^ Ludwik Kowalski: Alaska notes on Stalinism. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Case Study: Stalin's Purges from Genderside Watch. Retrieved January 19, 2007. George Bien, Gulag Survivor in the Boston Globe, June 22, 2005, Kolyma. ^ Jelka Smreka. "STARA GRADIŠKA Ustaški koncentracijski logor". Spomen područja Jasenovac. 2011年7月17日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2010年8月25日閲覧。 ^ Davor Kovačić (2004). "Iskapanja na prostoru koncentracijskog logora Stara Gradiška i procjena broj žrtava". 2010年8月25日閲覧。 ^ A History of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979). Documentation Center of Cambodia. p. 74. ISBN 99950-60-04-3。 ^ The Andersonville Prison Trial: The Trial of Captain Henry Wirz, by General N.P. Chipman, 1911. ^ "On the killing of Roma in World War II". Mrc.org.rs. 13 March 2013. 2011年10月6日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年8月23日閲覧。 ^ Horigan, Michael (2002). Death Camp of the North: The Elmira Civil War Prison Camp. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books. ISBN 0-8117-1432-2。[要ページ番号] ^ Erichsen 2005, p. 133. ^ a b c “Communist Body Count” (英語). Scott Manning (2006年12月4日). 2024年8月19日閲覧。 ^ Patnaik, Utsa. "On Famine and Measuring 'Famine Deaths'". Internet Archive. 2019年4月27日閲覧。 ^ Gruson, Sidney. "Mao Text Shows Reds 'Liquidated' 800,000 Since '49". New York Times. ^ a b c d e f “戦争による国別犠牲者数 - 人間自然科学研究所”. www.hns.gr.jp. 2024年8月7日閲覧。 ^ a b "Polish Victims". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (英語). 2019年7月29日閲覧。 ^ a b Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. ^ a b c Ó Gráda, Cormac (2019). "The famines of WWII". Centre for Economic Policy Research. Retrieved 2022-01-03. One famine cost 100,000 lives in Tokyo in the second half of 1945; another was the Soviet famine of 1946–1947. The latter was proportionately most severe in Moldova, where 100,000 or 5% of the population perished, but most costly in numbers of lives in Ukraine (300,000) and elsewhere in the Soviet Union (500,000) (Ellman 2000: 611–617, Vallin et al. 2012: 70). Elsewhere, despite Truman's warning, malnutrition was widespread but famine was averted (Aldous 2010, Collingham 2011: 467–474). ^ a b ゲルハルト・ライヒンク『Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen』1986年。ISBN 3-88557-046-7。  ^ a b Tomasz Szarota; Wojciech Materski, eds. (2009). Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami [Poland 1939–1945. Human Losses and Victims of Repression under two Occupations]. Warsaw: Institute of National Remembrance (IPN). Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. – Janusz Kurtyka; Zbigniew Gluza. Preface.: "ze pod okupacja sowiecka zginelo w latach 1939–1941, a nastepnie 1944–1945 co najmniej 150 tys [...] Laczne straty smiertelne ludnosci polskiej pod okupacja niemiecka oblicza sie obecnie na ok. 2 770 000. [...] Do tych strat nalezy doliczyc ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942–1945 przez nacjonalistów ukrainskich (w tym na samym Wolyniu ok. 60 tys. osób [...] Liczba Zydów i Polaków zydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców siega 2,7– 2,9 mln osób." Translation: "It must be assumed losses of at least 150.000 people during the Soviet occupation from 1939 to 1941 and again from 1944 to 1945 [...] The total fatalities of the Polish population under the German occupation are now estimated at 2,770,000. [...] To these losses should be added more than 100,000 Poles murdered in the years 1942–1945 by Ukrainian nationalists (including about 60,000 in Volhynia [...] The number of Jews and Poles of Jewish ethnicity, citizens of the Second Polish Republic, murdered by the Germans amounts to 2.7–2.9 million people." – Waldemar Grabowski. German and Soviet occupation. Fundamental issues.: "Straty ludnosci panstwa polskiego narodowosci ukrainskiej sa trudne do wyliczenia," Translation: "The losses of ethnic Poles of Ukrainian nationality are difficult to calculate." Note: Polish losses amount to 11.3% of the 24.4 million ethnic Poles in prewar Poland and about 90 percent of the 3.3 million Jews of prewar times. The IPN figures do not include losses among Polish citizens of Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnicity. https://web.archive.org/web/20120323161233/http://niniwa2.cba.pl/polska_1939_1945.htm ^ a b "Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945". encyclopedia.ushmm.org (英語). 2019年7月29日閲覧。 ^ Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). The Final Solution. The Attempt to Exterminate the Jews of Europe, 1939–1945. New York City: Beechhurst Press. ^ Early efforts by scholars to determine the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis were limited by a lack of access to pertinent records. The genocide seldom entered Western discourse, both due to ignorance and to the Cold-War politics which made West Germany a new ally of the United States.The first significant work on the subject published in English was Gerald Reitlinger's Final Solution (1953), which, relying almost exclusively on German documentation, estimated 4.9 million dead. This figure is now considered extremely conservative. Raul Hilberg's 1961 The Destruction of the European Jews became a classic in the field of Holocaust literature and made the genocide of the Jews known to the wider public, Hilberg estimated its victims to be 5.1 million lives, or 4.9 – 5.4 million broadly construed. The trial of Adolph Eichmann further raised awareness of the genocide, Eichmann also provided documentation and testimony which revised the number of the dead.The first work to arrive at a figure comparable to modern estimates was Lucy Dawidowicz's The War Against the Jews, published in 1975, the book provided detailed listings by country of the number of Jews killed in the Holocaust which are still used as a reference in modern Holocaust studies. Dawidowicz researched birth and death records in many cities of prewar Europe to come up with a death toll of 5,933,900 Jews. After the opening of Soviet records, scholarship arrived at a death toll of about 6 million Jews. Gutman and Rozett's Encyclopedia of the Holocaust was published in 1990 and estimated slightly over 5.9 million Jews were murdered.Wolfgang Benz's The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide, published 1995, gave a toll of 6.2 million. ^ Davies, Norman (2012). God's Playground [Boze igrzysko]. Otwarte (publishing). p. 956. ISBN 8324015566. Polish edition, second volume. "To, co robili Sowieci, bylo szczególnie mylace. Same liczby bylSacramentsie wiarygodne, ale pozbawione komentarza, sprytnie ukrywaly fakt, ze ofiary w przewazajacej liczbie nie byly Rosjanami, ze owe miliony obejmowaly ofiary nie tylko Hitlera, ale i Stalina, oraz ze wsród ludnosci cywilnej najwieksze grupy stanowili Ukraincy, Polacy, Bialorusini i Zydzi. Translation: The Soviet methods were particularly misleading. The numbers were correct, but the victims were overwhelmingly not Russian, and came from either one of the two regimes." ^ Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 71 (10): 1032–1033. (1992). doi:10.3775/jie.71.1032. ISSN 0916-8753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.71.1032.  ^ Zemskov, Viktor N. (2012). "О масштабах людских потерь CCCР в Великой Отечественной Войне" [The extent of human losses USSR in the Great Patriotic War]. Military Historical Archive (Военно-исторический архив) (in Russian). 9: 59–71 – via Demoskop Weehly vol. 559–560 (2013) Excludes: Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2) 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016.. ^ Includes: Deaths caused by the result of direct, intentional actions of violence 7,420,379-(see: ????????? 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.) Deaths of forced laborers in Germany 2,164,313-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131.) Deaths due to famine and disease in the occupied regions 4,100,000-(see: Евдокимов 1995, pp. 124–131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.) Excludes: Excludes the 2,500,000 million Jewish civilians killed in Soviet Territories-(see: Gilbert, Martin. Atlas of the Holocaust. 1988. ISBN 978-0-688-12364-2) 30,000 to 35,000 Roma killed in Porajmos-(see: Niewyk, Donald L. (2000). The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. Columbia University Press. p. 422. ISBN 0-231-11200-9. "European Romani (Gypsy) Population". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved January 8, 2016. ^ Richard Overy, Russia's War (1997): "an estimated 500,000 Soviet citizens died from German bomb attacks." ^ "Imperial War Museum - Invasion of the Soviet Union display". www.berkeleyinternet.com. 2019年7月29日閲覧。 ^ Journal of the Japan Institute of Energy 71 (10): 1032–1033. (1992). doi:10.3775/jie.71.1032. ISSN 0916-8753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.71.1032.  ^ "Croatia" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. Yad Vashem. Glišic, Venceslav (January 12, 2006). "Žrtve licitiranja – Sahrana jednog mita, Bogoljub Kocovic". NIN (in Serbian). Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%205930.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20130801090050/http://www.knjigainfo.com/index.php?gde=%40http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knjigainfo.com%2Fpls%2Fsasa%2Fbip.text%3Ftid%3D38347%40 ^ Voglis, Polymeris (2006). "Surviving Hunger: Life in the Cities and the Countryside during the Occupation". In Gildea, Robert; Wievorka, Olivier; Warring, Anette. Surviving Hitler and Mussolini: Daily Life in Occupied Europe. Oxford: Berg. pp. 16–41. ISBN 978-1-84520-181-4. ^ Baranowski, Shelley (2010). Nazi empire : German colonialism and imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-521-67408-9. ^ "Exhibition catalogue in German and English" (PDF). Berlin, Germany: Memorial for the Victims of National Socialist ›Euthanasia‹ Killings. 2018. "Euthanasia Program" (PDF). Yad Vashem. 2018. Chase, Jefferson (January 26, 2017). "Remembering the 'forgotten victims' of Nazi 'euthanasia' murders". Deutsche Welle. https://www.stiftung-denkmal.de/fileadmin/user_upload/projekte/oeffentlichkeitsarbeit/pdf/T4_Flyer_2015_EN_Web.pdf http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206303.pdf http://www.dw.com/en/remembering-the-forgotten-victims-of-nazi-euthanasia-murders/a-37286088 ^ Hodapp, Christopher (2013). Freemasonry for Dummies, 2. Edition. Wiley Publishing Inc. ISBN 1118412087. ^ Peter Hoffmann "The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945"p.xiii ^ The number of Slovenes estimated to have died as a result of the Nazi occupation (not including those killed by Slovene collaboration forces and other Nazi allies) is estimated between 20,000 and 25,000 people. This number only includes civilians: Slovene partisan POWs who died and resistance fighters killed in action are not included (their number is estimated at 27,000). These numbers however include only Slovenes from present-day Slovenia: it does not include Carinthian Slovene victims, nor Slovene victims from areas in present-day Italy and Croatia. These numbers are result of a 10-year-long research by the Institute for Contemporary History (Inštitut za novejšo zgodovino) from Ljubljana, Slovenia. The partial results of the research have been released in 2008 in the volume Žrtve vojne in revolucije v Sloveniji (Ljubljana: Institute for Contemporary History, 2008), and officially presented at the Slovenian National Council http://www.ds-rs.si/sites/default/files/dokumenti/zbornik_zrtve_vojne_in_revolucije.pdf ^ van der Zee, Henri A (1998), The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944–1945, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 304–5. ^ Barnouw, David (1999). De hongerwinter. ISBN 978-9065504463. ^ Pike, David Wingeate. Spaniards in the Holocaust: Mauthausen, the horror on the Danube; Editorial: Routledge Chapman & Hall ISBN 978-0-415-22780-3. London, 2000. ^ The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd., p. 108. ^ Shulman, William L. A State of Terror: Germany 1933–1939. Bayside, New York: Holocaust Resource Center and Archives. ^ a b Johan Norberg『Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future.』Oneworld Publications.、1 September 2016、95頁。ISBN 978-1-78074-951-8。  ^ a b Pinker, Steven『The Better Angels of Our Nature』Penguin Books.、2011年、194頁。ISBN 978-1-846-14093-8。  ^ 吉田裕 2017, p. 64. ^ 「地域別兵員及び死没者概数表」厚生省援護局1964年3月 ^ 伊藤正徳・5 1961, p. 209. ^ ロシア連邦政府等から提供された抑留者に関する資料の公表（特定者の追加掲載）について令和元年12月6日、厚生労働省。 ^ 伊藤正徳・5 1961, p. 194. ^ Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1022. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597。 ^ Wielka czystka by Alexander Weissberg-Cybulski, ISBN 83-07-02122-7 ^ a b Lacina, Bethany (September 2009). "The PRIO Battle Deaths Dataset, 1946-2008, Version 3.0" (PDF). Peace Research Institute Oslo. pp. 359–362. 2019年8月30日閲覧。 ^ a b Valentino (2005) Final solutions Table 2 found at pg. 75. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Communist Body Count". scottmanning.com. 4 December 2006. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ a b Hanna Arendt Center in Sofia, with Dinyu Sharlanov and Venelin I. Ganev. Crimes Committed by the Communist Regime in Bulgaria. Country report. "Crimes of the Communist Regimes" Conference. February 24–26, 2010, Prague. ^ a b Шарланов, Диню. История на комунизма в Булгария: Комунизирането на Булгариия. Сиела, 2009; ISBN 978-954-28-0543-4. ^ a b "CommunistCrimes.org – Poland: Communist Era". www.communistcrimes.org. 2019年5月8日閲覧。 ^ 村知, 稔三 (2004). “1920年代初めのロシアにおける飢饉と乳幼児の生存・養育環境(5 比較教育)”. 日本教育学会大會研究発表要項 63: 118–119. doi:10.11555/taikaip.63.0_118. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/taikaip/63/0/63_KJ00004056824/_article/-char/ja/.  ^ マーティン・メイリア、白須英子訳『ソヴィエトの悲劇 上巻』草思社、1997年、237-239頁。  ^ a b “De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios”. remilitari.com. 2024年8月30日閲覧。 ^ Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. ^ Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L’Harmattan, 1995). ^ Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. ^ 通常、ベトナム側の資料では相反した数を示すが、ベトナム軍の将官であるTran Cong Manは以下のように述べた。「10年に及ぶカンボジア内の作戦で15,000名が死亡し、また他に30,000名が負傷した。」したがってこの数字には、1975年から1978年までの時期の犠牲者は含まれない。 Thayer, 10 ^ Khoo, p. 127 ^ Campbell, Gwyn (October 1991). "The state and pre-colonial demographic history: the case of nineteenth century Madagascar". Journal of African History. 23 (3): 415–45. ^ Laidler (2005) ^ 朝鮮の人口推移：1392年(554万人)、1522年(1061万人)、1591年(1409万人)、1637年(1063万人)、1822年(1621万人)、1910年(1742万人)。Estimated data are from Kwon and Sin, "Choson." Composite recorded data are from the Hogu ch'ongsu (1789); Choson Wangjo Sillok entries and T'akchiji entries are from the Seoul National University edition of the Hogu ch'ongsu; records from 1864 to 1924 are from Zensho, Chosen. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Mar., 2008), pp. 244-282 ^ Reeves, Eric. "QUANTIFYING GENOCIDE IN DARFUR: April 28, 2006 (Part 1)". 2011年7月28日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年4月27日閲覧。 ^ トルバドール出版社。ISBN 978-1-78589-158-8。  ^ “「EVIL DAYS - ヒューマン・ライツ・ウォッチ」”. 2024年9月5日閲覧。 ^ a b Dillon, Michael (1998). China: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary. Routledge. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-7007-0439-2。 from J.B. Parsons, The Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (University of Arizona Press), 1970. ^ “iafrica.com | news | world news No consensus on genocide death toll”. web.archive.org (2007年3月12日). 2024年8月12日閲覧。 ^ 『饗場』2006年、p. 57頁。  ^ a b A January 26, 2003 The New York Times article by John F. Burns similarly states "the number of those 'disappeared' into the hands of the secret police, never to be heard from again, could be 200,000." Noting that the Iran–Iraq War cost approximately 800,000 lives on both sides and that—while "surely a gross exaggeration"—Iraq estimated there were 100,000 deaths resulting from U.S. bombing in the Gulf War, Burns concludes: "A million dead Iraqis, in war and through terror, may not be far from the mark." See Burns, John F. (26 January 2003). "How Many People Has Hussein Killed?". The New York Times. 2016年12月4日閲覧。 Also writing in The New York Times, Dexter Filkins appeared to echo but misrepresent Burns's remark on October 7, 2007: "[Saddam] murdered as many as a million of his people, many with poison gas. ... His unprovoked invasion of Iran is estimated to have left another million people dead." See Filkins, Dexter (7 October 2007). "Regrets Only?". The New York Times. 2016年12月4日閲覧。 In turn, Arthur L. Herman accused Saddam of "kill[ing] as many as two million of his own people" in Commentary on July 1, 2008. See Herman, Arthur L. (1 July 2008). "Why Iraq Was Inevitable". Commentary. 2016年12月4日閲覧。 ^ SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF (899×5509) (hawaii.edu)line.329 ^ SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF (899×5509) (hawaii.edu)line.472 ^ a b "Croatia should apologize for World War II genocide before joining the EU". Christian Science Monitor. 2 April 2010. ^ Rummel, R.J. "Yugoslavian Democide: Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". View Line 245. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ a b カシウス・ディオ、アーネスト・ケアリーによる翻訳。ローマ史、本69、12.1-14.3。ローブ古典図書館、9巻、ギリシャ語のテキストと英語の翻訳に直面している:ハーバード大学出版局、1914年から1927年。LacusCurtiusのオンラインおよび livius.org:アーカイブ 2016-08-13 で Wayback Machine.インターネットアーカイブの本のスキャン。 ^ a b Buttrey, T. V. (2000). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019334 “Unattributed Anonymous quadrantes revisited - RICHARD D. WEIGEL, THE ANONYMOUS QUADRANTES RECONSIDERED (Annotazioni Numismatiche, Supplemento XI, Milan 1998). Pp. 20, figs. 22. ISSN 1121-7464.”]. Journal of Roman Archaeology 13: 589–590. doi:10.1017/s1047759400019334. ISSN 1047-7594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019334.  ^ a b James Grant Duff "History of the Mahrattas, Vol II (Ch. 5), Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826" ^ a b T. S. Shejwalkar, "Panipat 1761" (in Marathi and English) Deccan College Monograph Series. I., Pune (1946) ^ 、[要ページ番号]頁。ISBN 9781590775264。  ^ a b Duggan, Christopher (2007). The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 497. ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. 2019年7月29日閲覧。 ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls". necrometrics.com. http://necrometrics.com/index.htm#Eth35 ^ Doxiadis, Sacrifices of Greece, Claims and Reparations, no.19, p.75-77 ^ Rudolph J. Rummel. "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900." LIT Verlag, 1998. Page 168. ^ "Toledo Blade – Google News Archive Search". news.google.com. {{cite web}}: Cite webテンプレートでは|access-date=引数が必須です。 (説明) ^ Chapuis, Oscar (1995). A history of Vietnam: from Hong Bang to Tu Duc. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-29622-2  ^ Ullman, Richard H. (April 1978). "Human Rights and Economic Power: The United States Versus Idi Amin". Foreign Affairs. 2015年10月4日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年11月14日閲覧。The most conservative estimates by informed observers hold that President Idi Amin Dada and the terror squads operating under his loose direction have killed 100,000 Ugandans in the seven years he has held power. ^ Keatley, Patrick (18 August 2003). "Obituary: Idi Amin". The Guardian. London. 2008年3月18日閲覧。 ^ Mazower, Mark (1999). Dark Continent. p. 235. ISBN 978-0-14-024159-4。 ^ "Data". www.hawaii.edu. 2019年11月20日閲覧。 ^ "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 ^ a b “よくあるご質問 – 公益財団法人 放射線影響研究所 RERF”. www.rerf.or.jp. 2024年9月17日閲覧。 ^ "Twentieth Century Atlas – Historical Body Count". necrometrics.com. 2023年10月6日閲覧。 ^ Rummel, Rudolph. "Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". (Line 642+645). 2019年6月12日閲覧。 ^ Arthur W. Blume (2017). Social Issues in Living Color: Challenges and Solutions from the Perspective of Ethnic Minority Psychology. ABC-CLIO. p. 81. ISBN 9781440833373。 ^ SOD.TAB6.1B.GIF (899×5387) (hawaii.edu)line.675 ^ Jones, Nigel (2014年10月7日). “From Stalin to Hitler, the most murderous regimes in the world”. Mail Online. 2024年8月30日閲覧。 ^ McKernan, Bethan (21 November 2018). "Yemen: up to 85,000 young children dead from starvation". The Guardian. 2018年11月22日閲覧。 ^ Barksdale, Nate (16 December 2014). "8 Things You May Not Know About Henry VIII". History Channel. 2018年11月30日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年11月30日閲覧。 ^ 『開原始未記』 ^ 『開原軍記大成』 ^ 『関原合戦記』 ^ Miranda Twiss (1 January 2002). The most evil men and women in history. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7607-3496-4。 ^ Stoicescu, Vlad Țepeș p. 99 ^ "27 Bloodthirsty Facts About Vlad the Impaler". Factinate. 5 December 2017. 2019年3月8日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年3月8日閲覧。 ^ a b Gardner, Dan (6 November 2005). "The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?". The Ottawa Citizen. 2008年6月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。 ^ a b "La matanza de 1937 – La Lupa Sin Trabas". La Lupa Sin Trabas. 2013年12月3日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2013年12月3日閲覧。 ^ a b Capdevilla (1998) ^ a b Eric Paul Roorda (1996). "Genocide next door: the Good Neighbor policy, the Trujillo regime, and the Haitian massacre of 1937". Diplomatic History. 20 (3): 301–19. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00269.x。 ^ a b Greene, Anne (2001). "Haiti: Historical Setting § François Duvalier, 1957–71". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Dominican Republic and Haiti. Country Studies. Research completed December 1999 (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 288–289. ISBN 978-0-8444-1044-9. ISSN 1057-5294. LCCN 2001023524. OCLC 46321054. President Duvalier reigned supreme for fourteen years. Even in Haiti, where dictators had been the norm, François Duvalier gave new meaning to the term. Duvalier and his henchmen killed between 30,000 and 60,000 Haitians. The victims were not only political opponents, but women, whole families, whole towns. . . . In April 1963, when an army officer suspected of trying to kidnap two of Duvalier's children took refuge in the Dominican chancery, Duvalier ordered the Presidential Guard to occupy the building. The Dominicans were incensed; President Juan Bosch Gaviño ordered troops to the border and threatened to invade. However, the Dominican commanders were reluctant to enter Haiti, and Bosch was obliged to turn to the [Organization of American States] to settle the matter. ^ "Chad's former president has been found guilty of crimes against humanity. Who's next?". The Economist. 1 June 2016. 2016年6月2日閲覧。 ^ “Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era”. necrometrics.com. 2024年8月30日閲覧。 ^ a b "It has so far verified the names of 9,240 victims of the Castro regime and the circumstances of their deaths. Archive researchers meticulously insist on confirming stories of official murder from two independent sources. Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10." ^ "Information about human rights in Cuba" (Spanish). Comision Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. 7 April 1967. 2006年6月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年7月9日閲覧。 ^ "Castro sued over alleged torture". News from Russia. 16 November 2005. 2006年2月14日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2006年7月9日閲覧。 ^ Murphy, Cullen (17 January 2012). God's Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World. HMH. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-618-09156-0. 2019年6月18日閲覧。2,000 people. ^ Rummel, Rudolph. "Pre-20th Century Democide – Estimates, Sources, and Calculations". (Line 20). 2019年6月18日閲覧。 ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 2007, p. 477 ^ Crampton 1997, p. 267 ^ White, Matthew (July 2005). "Minor Atrocities of the Twentieth Century". 2018年5月20日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2018年5月20日閲覧。 ^ Rachel A.G. Reyes, "Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985", manilatimes.net, April 12, 2016. ^ "The tallies of Martial Law". Esquiremag.ph. 2019年12月12日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年12月12日閲覧。 ^ a b c d "Atrocity statistics from the Roman Era". necrometrics.com. 2018年8月2日閲覧。 自然災害による死者数一覧（英語版） 戦闘の死傷者数一覧 ウィキメディア・コモンズには、人為的な要因による死者数一覧に関連するカテゴリがあります。 Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II Top 100 aviation disasters on AirDisaster.com