ライヒェンバッハ条約 (1790年)

ライヒェンバッハ条約（ライヒェンバッハじょうやく、ドイツ語: Reichenbacher Konvention）は1790年7月27日にライヒェンバッハ（英語版）で締結された、プロイセン王フリードリヒ・ヴィルヘルム2世と神聖ローマ皇帝レオポルト2世の間の条約。 直近にオーストリアとロシア帝国が対オスマン帝国の戦争で勝利したため、オーストリアとプロイセンは利害の調整を試み、特にレオポルト2世は譲歩した。 条約により、オーストリアは直近にオスマン帝国から奪取した領地を全て返還、さらにオーストリア領ネーデルラントに恩赦と古い憲法を与えた。プロイセン代表のエヴァルト・フリードリヒ・フォン・ヘルツベルク伯爵はオーストリアがオスマン帝国からわずかながら領土を獲得することに同意したが、オスマン帝国の同意という条件を付け、さらにプロイセンも領土を獲得するという条件も付けた。 オーストリアはオスマン帝国に領土を返還しなければならなかったが、ホティン（英語版）の駐留軍を維持することは許された。さらに、ボスニアの国境の保護も保障された。プロイセンはこれらの譲歩の代償を支払うとした。また別の条項ではオーストリアが対オスマン戦争を継続したロシアに公的にでも暗にでも援助しないことを約束した。 条約はレオポルト2世の外交的成功であった。ライヒェンバッハ条約はレオポルト2世の名声を高め、彼が自領の平穏の維持に専念することができた。一方のプロイセンは領土拡大の計画を捨てなければならず、オーストリアの損失に乗じて戦略的利益を得る機会も失われた。ライヒェンバッハ条約は歴史家にフリードリヒ2世の政策の終焉、およびプロイセンの衰退の始まりを象徴したと見られた。やがて、イエナ・アウエルシュタットの戦いでプロイセンは衰退を極めた。 ^ Lodge, p. 466. By the treaty of Reichenbach (27 July, 1790) Austria engaged to restore all her conquests to Turkey and to grant an amnesty and their old constitution to the Belgians. Hertzberg, who was completely disconcerted at the turn which affairs had taken, could only secure the insertion of a clause by which, if Austria did make any small acquisition of Turkish territory, it should be with the free will of the Porte, and Prussia was to get an equivalent. ^ Williams, p. 497. "The status quo was accordingly accepted. Austria engaged herself to return to the Sublime Porte all acquisitions derived from the late war; only Chotin for the time being was to remain garrisoned, and the Bosnian frontier was to be protected. Prussia, in return, made herself responsible for several stipulated compensations. In a declaration commenting upon the arrangement, the expectation was expressed that during the continuance of the Russo-Austrian war Austria would hold herself aloof from any interference, and would refrain from giving direct or indirect assistance to Russia against the Porte. As to Belgian affairs, she declared that in the direction of subjugation as well as constitution she would be willing to throw her lot with the maritime powers." ^ Williams, p. 497. "This Treaty of Reichenbach, signed July 27, 1790, is a great and most diplomatic victory for Austria, which is due to Leopold's skill and moderation. With one stroke the situation was adjusted, the respect for Leopold among foreign powers strengthened, action in relation to the Netherlands and Hungary freed from all outside restraints, and the way was cleared for concentrating all Austria's strength on establishing conditions of peace throughout the country itself. That, moreover, Prussia was compelled to withdraw from her wide-reaching plans, and obliged to give up the idea of turning Austria's embarrassment to her own profit, was a very decided advantage, obvious to all observers." ^ Lodge, p. 466. The treaty of Reichenbach, as competent observers saw at the time, marks the first retreat from the policy of Frederick the Great and the first step in the decline of Prussia. Lodge, Richard. The Student's Modern Europe: A History of Modern Europe. From the Capture of Constantinople, 1453, To The Treaty of Berlin, 1878. American Book Company, 1885 (Originally from Harvard University). Williams, Henry Smith. The Historians' History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by over Two Thousand of the Great Writers of all Ages. The Times, 1907. ライヒェンバッハ条約 (1813年)