アメリカ人

アメリカ人（アメリカじん、Americans）とは、アメリカ合衆国（米国）の市民と国民のこと。多重国籍者、駐在員とその子女、永住者もアメリカ人であると自認している場合がある。米国は世界中の人種・民族の祖国である。そのため、米国の文化と法律は、国籍を人種や民族と同視するのではなく米国市民権と永続的忠誠と同視する 。 アメリカ先住民とハワイ、プエルトリコ、グアム、フィリピン諸島の人々を除いて、アメリカ人またはその祖先の大多数はアメリカに移住したか、過去5世紀以内に奴隷として連れてこられた人々の子孫である。19世紀、米国の拡大によってアメリカ人の範囲は拡大した。さらにアメリカは20世紀に入りアメリカインディアン、米領バージン諸島、北マリアナ諸島に拡大した。 その多民族の構成にもかかわらず、大多数のアメリカ人に共通して保持されているアメリカの文化は、主に北欧と西欧の入植者の伝統から派生した西洋文化とも呼ばれる。これはアフリカ系アメリカ人の文化の影響も含まれる。19世紀後半から20世紀初頭にかけての南ヨーロッパと東ヨーロッパからの大規模な移民は、アジア、アフリカ、ラテンアメリカからの移民は米国人に様々な影響を及ぼした。人種のるつぼ、またはサラダボウルは、何世代にも渡ってアメリカ人が独特のお互いの文化的特徴を尊重し合ってきた過程をよく表象している語である。 アメリカ合衆国は多民族国家であるため、人種と民族は多岐に渡る。米国国勢調査によると、以上の6人種が米国で認知されている。 米国国勢調査局はまた、アメリカ人を「ヒスパニック系・ラテン系」、「非ヒスパニック系・ラテン系」に分けて分類し、それらを人種的に多様であり最も人口の多いマイノリティグループであるとしている。 [脚注の使い方] ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Announces 2010 Census Population Counts – Apportionment Counts Delivered to President" (Press release). United States Census Bureau. December 21, 2010. 2010年12月24日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年11月23日閲覧。 ^ “U.S. and World Population Clock”. U.S. Census Bureau. 2019年3月16日閲覧。 ^ “People live in Mexico, INEGI, 2010”. 2020年11月5日閲覧。 ^ “These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout”. OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation (August 2010). October 24, 2013時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年12月11日閲覧。 “Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.” ^ “Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data”. Statistics Canada. Government of Canada (June 10, 2010). 2013年2月17日閲覧。 “Ethnic origins Americans Total responses 316,350” ^ Barrie McKenna (June 27, 2012). “Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada”. The Globe and Mail (Ottawa). https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-investor/personal-finance/taxes/tax-amnesty-offered-to-americans-in-canada/article4372266/ 2012年12月17日閲覧. "There are roughly a million Americans in Canada – many with little or no ties to the United States."  ^ Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2019年6月29日). “Table 1. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country, or a area of destination, 1990-2017”. United Nations. 2019年6月29日閲覧。 “HV1731 2,694” United Nations Population Division (2018年2月28日). “Origins and Destinations of the World's Migrants, 1990-2017”. Pew Research Center. p. Global Attitudes & Trends. 2019年6月29日閲覧。 “United States <10,000” Gottipati, Sruthi (8 February 2012). “Expats Flock to India Seeking Jobs, Excitement”. The New York Times. https://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/08/expats-flock-to-india-seeking-jobs-opportunity/ 20 March 2019閲覧. "While 35,973 U.S. citizens (not including those eligible for special visas available for Americans of Indian origin) registered in 2008, 41,938 did so the following year, according to the latest figures available with the Ministry of Home Affairs."  White House (June 26, 2017). “The United States and India — Prosperity Through Partnership”. 2019年3月19日閲覧。 “Today, nearly 4 million Indian-Americans reside in the United States and over 700,000 U.S. citizens live in India. Last year, the United States Government issued nearly one million visas to Indian citizens, and facilitated 1.7 million visits by Indian citizens to the United States.” ^ Evan S. Medeiros; Keith Crane; Eric Heginbotham; Norman D. Levin; Julia F. Lowell (November 7, 2008). Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to Chinaâ€TMs Rise. Rand Corporation. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8330-4708-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ndb6KWTKRrwC&pg=PA115. "An estimated 4 million Filipino-Americans, most of whom are U.S. citizens or dual citizens, live in the United States, and over 250,000 U.S. citizens live in the Philippines."  “New U.S. ambassador to PH aims to 'strengthen' ties”. CNN Philippines (Metro Manila). (December 2, 2016). http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/12/02/New-U.S.-ambassador-to-PH-aims-to-strengthen-ties.html March 20, 2017閲覧. "According to his figures, there are about 4 million Filipino-Americans residing in the U.S., and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines."  Lozada, Aaron (December 2, 2016). “New U.S. envoy: Relationship with PH 'most important'”. ABS-CBN News (Manila). http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/12/01/16/new-us-envoy-relationship-with-ph-most-important March 20, 2017閲覧. "According to Kim, the special relations between the U.S. and the Philippines is evident in the "four million Filipino-Americans who are residing in the United States and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines.""  International Business Publications, USA (August 1, 2013). Philippines Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. Int'l Business Publications. p. 29. ISBN 978-1-4387-7078-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=c7ucUVVBsg4C&pg=PA29. "An estimated 600,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year, while an estimated 300,000 reside in-country."  Kapoor, Kanupriya; Dela Cruz, Enrico (17 October 2016). “Americans in Philippines jittery as Duterte rails against United States”. Reuters (Olongapo). https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-usa-mood/americans-in-philippines-jittery-as-duterte-rails-against-united-states-idUSKBN12I07K 20 April 2018閲覧. "About four million people of Philippine ancestry live in the United States, one of its largest minorities, and about 220,000 Americans, many of them military veterans, live in the Philippines. An additional 650,000 visit each year, according to U.S. State Department figures."  “FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations”. U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. United States Department of State (28 April 2014). 20 April 2018閲覧。 “Around 350,000 Americans reside in the Philippines, and approximately 600,000 U.S. citizens visit the country each year.” ^ Cooper, Matthew (November 15, 2013). “Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony”. National Journal. http://www.nationaljournal.com/magazine/why-the-philippines-is-america-s-forgotten-colony-20131115 January 28, 2015閲覧. "c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief."  ^ “BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt”. www.bib-demografie.de. December 9, 2017時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。March 2, 2017閲覧。 ^ US Embassy in Brazil US Embassy in Brazil. Retrieved March 29, 2020. ^ Daphna Berman (January 23, 2008). “Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line!”. Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/need-an-appointment-at-the-u-s-embassy-get-on-line-1.237816 2012年12月11日閲覧. "According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories."  ^ Michele Chabin (March 19, 2012). “In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship”. USA Today (Jerusalem). http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/story/2012-03-19/in-vitro-citizenship/53656616/1 2012年12月11日閲覧. "Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free."  ^ “Americans in France”. Embassy of the United States, Paris. United States Department of State. April 18, 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年4月26日閲覧。 “Today, although no official figure is available it is estimated that over 150,000 American citizens reside in France, making France one of the top 10 destinations for American expatriates.” ^ “Population by Country of Birth and Nationality Report, August 2012”. Office for National Statistics (August 30, 2012). 2012年12月11日閲覧。 ^ Simon Rogers (May 26, 2011). “The UK's foreign-born population: see where people live and where they're from”. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/26/foreign-born-uk-population 2013年2月17日閲覧. "County of birth and county of nationality. United States of America 197 143"  ^ “U.S. Citizen Services”. Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea. United States Department of State. November 30, 2012時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年12月11日閲覧。 “This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea.” “North Korea propaganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking”. Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. (March 22, 2013). http://m.adelaidenow.com.au/news/world/north-korea-propganda-video-depicts-invasion-of-south-korea-us-hostage-taking/story-fnd11ay0-1226603593729 2013年3月23日閲覧. "According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops."  ^ “Background Note: Costa Rica”. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State (April 9, 2012). 2012年12月11日閲覧。 “Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually.” Bloom, Laura Begley (31 July 2018). “More Americans are fleeing to cheap faraway places”. New York Post. https://nypost.com/2018/07/31/more-americans-are-fleeing-to-cheap-faraway-places/ 19 February 2020閲覧. "Approximately 120,000 citizens live in this stable country, many as retirees, according to the State Department."  ^ Calum Macleod (November 18, 2005). “A guide to success in China, by Americans who live there”. May 24, 2020閲覧。 ^ “Colombia (03/28/13)”. United States Department of State. April 20, 2013時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年2月27日閲覧。 “Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year.” ^ “Hong Kong (10/11/11)”. Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State (October 11, 2011). 2012年12月11日閲覧。 “There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong.” ^ “ibid, Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia”. 2014年10月19日閲覧。 ^ Gishkori, Zahid (July 30, 2015). “Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar”. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/929229/over-280000-immigrants-living-in-pakistan-says-nisar/ 2017年8月3日閲覧. "As many as 116,308 Afghan nationals are living as immigrants in the country, higher than any other country,” Nisar told the House. Besides Afghans, 52,486 Americans, 79,447 British citizens and 17,320 Canadians are residing in the country, the interior minister added."  ^ “Table 10.1 Registered Foreigners by Nationality: 1950-2006”. Ministry of Justice, . Annual Report of Statistics on Legal Migrants. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research (2008年). 2012年12月11日閲覧。 ^ Kelly Carter (May 17, 2005). “High cost of living crush Americans' dreams of Italian living”. USA Today (Positano, Italy). https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-05-09-italy-expats_x.htm 2012年12月17日閲覧. "Nearly 50,000 Americans lived in Italy at the end of 2003, according to Italy's immigration office."  ^ “UAE´s population – by nationality”. BQ Magazine (April 12, 2015). July 11, 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年6月13日閲覧。 ^ “For 45,000 Americans in Haiti, the Quake Was 'a Nightmare That's Not Ending'”. The New York Times (January 17, 2010). 2015年2月27日閲覧。 ^ “SAUDI-U.S. TRADE”. Commerce Office. Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington D.C.. September 13, 2012時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年2月14日閲覧。 “Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.” ^ “Argentina (03/12/12)”. Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State (March 12, 2012). 2012年12月24日閲覧。 “The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year.” ^ “Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. January 1, 2010”. 2014年10月19日閲覧。 ^ “Bahamas, The (01/25/12)”. Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State (January 25, 2012). 2012年12月29日閲覧。 “The countries share ethnic and cultural ties, especially in education, and The Bahamas is home to approximately 30,000 American residents.” ^ Bertrand, Eva (December 20, 2012). “US citizens moving to Russia”. Voice of Russia (Russia). オリジナルのNovember 6, 2017時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20171106134706/https://sputniknews.com/voiceofrussia/2012_12_20/US-citizens-moving-to-Russia-interview/ May 7, 2017閲覧. "There are about 6.32 million American citizens living abroad, of those about 30,000 chose Russia, according to the Association of Americans Resident Overseas."  ^ Kate King (July 18, 2006). “U.S. family: Get us out of Lebanon”. CNN. オリジナルのMarch 6, 2012時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002338/http://articles.cnn.com/2006-07-18/world/stranded.family_1_beirut-lebanon-bombing?_s=PM:WORLD 2012年2月14日閲覧. "About 350 of the estimated 25,000 American citizens in Lebanon had been flown to Cyprus from the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by nightfall Tuesday, Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, told reporters."  ^ “Panama (03/09)”. Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State (March 2009). 2012年12月17日閲覧。 “About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality.” ^ “Foreign population by sex, country of nationality and age (up to 85 and above).” (スペイン語). Instituto Natcional de Estadistica (1 January 2007). 28 May 2018閲覧。 “Both genders 22,082” ^ S. Vedoya; V. Rivera (4 April 2018). “Gobierno cifra en más de un millón el número de inmigrantes que están en Chile” (スペイン語). Latercera. http://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/gobierno-cifra-mas-millon-numero-inmigrantes-estan-chile/121733/ 2018年4月20日閲覧。  ^ “El Salvador (01/10)”. United States Department of State. April 13, 2014時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2014年4月11日閲覧。 “More than 19,000 American citizens live and work full-time in El Salvador” ^ "North Americans: Facts and figures". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. ^ “Honduras (11/23/09)”. Previous Editions of Honduras Background Note. United States Department of State (November 23, 2009). 2012年12月17日閲覧。 “U.S.-Honduran ties are further strengthened by numerous private sector contacts, with an average of between 80,000 and 110,000 U.S. citizens visiting Honduras annually and about 15,000 Americans residing there.” ^ a b Luis Lug (February 2008). “U.S. Religious Landscape Survey”. Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. 2012年2月12日閲覧。 ^ 8 U.S.C. § 1101(22) ("The term 'national of the United States' means (A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.") (emphasis added). ^ “Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition”. definitions.uslegal.com. 2020年11月5日閲覧。 ^ Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright (January 15, 2013). Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. pp. 31 – 33. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=40dPkS2aRZEC&pg=PA31 2015年1月6日閲覧. "Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens"  Shklar, Judith N. (1991). American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. pp. 3 – 4. ISBN 9780674022164. https://books.google.com/books?id=8n829DOw1PMC&pg=PA3 2012年12月17日閲覧。  Slotkin, Richard (2001). “Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality”. American Literary History (Oxford University Press) 13 (3): 469 – 498. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=div2facpubs 2012年12月17日閲覧。.  Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard (2001). European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. pp. 25 – 26. ISBN 9780199241200. https://books.google.com/books?id=lL-FiY6xhfUC&q=%22American%20nationality%22%20citizenship&pg=PA25 2013年2月1日閲覧. "In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior."  Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip (1982). Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. p. 62. ISBN 9780674157262. https://books.google.com/books?id=7Mkxdz_3d-oC&q=To%20be%20or%20to%20become%20an%20American&pg=PA62 2013年2月1日閲覧. "To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American."  Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind (November 4, 1999). The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3. https://archive.org/details/handbookofintern00char  David Halle (July 15, 1987). America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=1KCdTkq56zoC&pg=PA233. "The first, and central, way involves the view that Americans are all those persons born within the boundaries of the United States or admitted to citizenship by the government."  ^ Karen R. Humes (March 2011). “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010”. United States Census Bureau. 2015年1月2日閲覧。 ^ “Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2010”. 2010 Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau (2010年). January 3, 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年1月2日閲覧。 ^ “Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010”. 2010 Census Summary File 1. United States Census Bureau (2010年). January 3, 2015時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2015年1月2日閲覧。 ^ “Our Diverse Population: Race and Hispanic Origin, 2000”. United States Census Bureau. 2008年4月24日閲覧。 ^ a b “Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity”. Office of Management and Budget. March 15, 2009時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2008年5月5日閲覧。 ^ a b Grieco, Elizabeth M. “Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000”. United States Census Bureau. 2015年1月2日閲覧。 ^ a b “U.S. Census website”. 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. 2010年2月28日閲覧。