バトゥ・リンタン捕虜収容所

バトゥ・リンタン捕虜収容所（Batu Lintang camp, Lintang Barracks, Kuching POW camp）は、第2次世界大戦時にボルネオ島サラワク州クチンに位置した日本軍の戦争捕虜収容所。連合国軍の捕虜と被拘留者となった市民の両方が収容されていたことが特徴であった。イギリス領インド陸軍の兵舎だった建物を利用して1942年3月から1945年9月に解放されるまで運用されていた。当初の領域は日本軍によって約50エーカー（20ヘクタール）にまで拡げられた。ボルネオの収容所との間で行われた被収容者の移送や、被収容者の死亡により、収容所内の人口は変動した。最大で約3000人が収容されていた。 捕虜も被拘留者も同様に食料不足や、不十分な医療によって起こる疾病疾患、強制労働や過酷な待遇、十分な衣服や居住区の不足に耐えるよう強制されたため、収容所内での生活は過酷であった。収容されていた約2000人の英国軍の捕虜のうち3分の2以上が監禁されていた間に、若しくはその結果により死亡した。1943年から収容所の解放まで2年半以上続いたラジオ放送の建設と運営は士気を高め、被収容者に戦争の進捗を理解することを助けた。その発見は関係者への確実な死という結果に終わっていたとされる。 1945年8月15日に日本が無条件降伏をした後、同年9月11日にオーストラリア陸軍第9師団によって収容所は解放された。解放時、収容所には捕虜1392人、民間人の男性被拘留者395人、女性、児童237人の計2024人が収容されていた。解放後に収容所で発見された日本軍の書類の中には、2度の『処刑』について書かれていた。1度目の処刑は8月17日もしくは18日を予定していたものの実行されず、2度目の処刑は9月15日に行われる予定であった。この好時期な収容所の解放によって2000人以上の死を防いだとされている。 1948年7月、教員訓練学校が跡地に移転し、マレーシアで最も歴史のある教育大学として現在まで続いている。 ^ Firkins 115 ^ Keith 76 ^ Ooi 1998, 636 Anonymous (1944) "Kuching Internment Camp, July 1943" The Chronicle: A Quarterly Report Of The Borneo Mission Association 28(1), 7 (March 1944) Archer, B. E. (1999) A study of civilian internment by the Japanese in the Far East, 1941–45 Essex: B. Archer (University of Essex PhD thesis) Archer, Bernice (2004) The Internment of Western Civilians under the Japanese 1941-45, A Patchwork of Internment London: Routledge Curzon ISBN 0-7146-5592-9 (A 2008 reprint with expanded final chapter has been published by Hong Kong University Press) Archer, John Belville (1946) (collected and edited) Lintang Camp: Official Documents from the Records of The Civilian Internment Camp (No 1 Camp) at Lintang, Kuching, Sarawak, During the Years 1942-1943-1944-1945. Published as a pamphlet March 1946 Archer, John Belville (1997) Glimpses of Sarawak Between 1912 & 1946: Autobiographical Extracts & Articles of an Officer of the Rajahs Compiled and edited by Vernon L. Porritt Special Issue of the Department of South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull ISBN 0-85958-906-4 Arvier, Robyn (2001) "Caesar's Ghost!": Maurie Arvier's story of war, captivity and survival Launceston, Tasmania. Arvier was in the Australian officers' camp Arvier, Robyn (collected and edited) (2004) Don’t worry about me: Wartime letters of the 8th Division A.I.F. Launceston, Tasmania: Bokprint. ISBN 0646440268 Bell, Frank (1991) Undercover University (revised edition) Cambridge: Elisabeth Bell. ISBN 0-9516984-0-0 (Originally published in 1990, same ISBN). Bell was in the British officers' camp; his wife published his account after his death Brown, D. A. D. (1946) "Reminiscences of Internment" The Chronicle: A Quarterly Report Of The Borneo Mission Association 29(3), 37 (December 1946) Colley, George S. Jr. (1951) Manila, Kuching and return 1941-1945 San Francisco: privately printed (first printing 1946). Colley was in the male civilians' camp; his wife was in the female civilians' camp Cunningham, Michele K. (2006) Defying the Odds. Surviving Sandakan and Kuching Lothian Books/Hachette Livre ISBN 9780734409171 Darch, Ernest G. (Airman) (2000) Survival in Japanese POW Camps with Changkol and Basket London: Minerva Press. ISBN 0-75411-161-X (also published by Stewart Books, Ontario, Canada). Darch was in the British other ranks' camp Dawson, Christopher (1995) To Sandakan: The Diaries of Charlie Johnstone Prisoner of War 1942-45 St Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86373-818-5 Johnstone, an Australian serving in the RAF, was in the British officers' camp Digby, K. H. (1980) Lawyer in the Wilderness Ithaca, New York: Cornell University (Data Paper 114, Southeast Asia Program, Department of Asian Studies) Digby was in the male civilians' camp Evans, Stephen R. (1999) Sabah (North Borneo) Under the Rising Sun Government Printed in Malaysia, no publisher details or ISBN. Contains an account by J. R. Baxter, who was in the male civilians' camp Firkins, Peter (1995) Borneo Surgeon: A Reluctant Hero Carlisle, Western Australia: Hesperian Press. ISBN 0-85905-211-7. A biography of Dr James P. Taylor, Principal Medical Officer in North Borneo when the Japanese invaded. His wife Celia was in the female civilians' camp Forbes, George K. et al. (1947) Borneo Burlesque: Comic Tragedy/Tragic Comedy Sydney: H. S. Clayton. Edition limited to 338 copies Howes, Peter H. H. (1976) "The Lintang Camp: Reminiscences of an Internee during the Japanese Occupation, 1942-1945" Journal of the Malaysian Historical Society (Sarawak Branch) 2, 33-47. Howes was a Church of England priest in Sarawak, and was in the male civilians' camp Howes, Peter H. H. (1994) In a Fair Ground or Cibus Cassowari London: Excalibur Press. ISBN 1-85634-367-7 Keith, Agnes Newton (1955) Three Came Home London: Michael Joseph (Mermaid Books). Originally published in 1947 by Little Brown and Company, Boston, Mass. Keith was in the female civilians' camp Keith, Agnes Newton (1972) Beloved Exiles Boston, Mass: Little Brown and Company Semi-autobiographical novel based on Keith's time in Borneo, including her internment Kell, Derwent (1984) A Doctor's Borneo Brisbane: Boolarong Publications. ISBN 0-908175-80-9. Derwent Kell is the pen name of Dr Marcus C. Clarke, who was in the male civilians' camp Kirby, S. Woodburn et al. (1957) The War Against Japan. Volume 1: The Loss of Singapore London: HMSO Kirby, S. Woodburn et al. (1969) The War Against Japan. Volume 5: The Surrender of Japan London: HMSO Lim, Shau Hua Julitta (1995) From an Army Camp to a Teacher College: A History of Batu Lintang Teachers' College, Kuching, Sarawak ISBN 9839906801 Lim, Shau Hua Julitta (2005) Pussy's in the well: Japanese Occupation of Sarawak 1941 - 1945 Kuching, Sarawak: Research and Resource Centre ISBN 983-41998-2-1 Some accounts, many photographs and some nominal rolls Long, Gavin (1963) The Final Campaigns Australia in the War 1939-1945 Series 1 (Army), Volume 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (Online in PDF form at [1]) Mackie, John (2007) Captain Jack Surveyor and Engineer: The autobiography of John Mackie Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Institute of Surveyors ISBN 0-9582-486-6 4 Mackie was in the British officers' camp Newman, Carolyn (ed) (2005) Legacies of our Fathers South Melbourne: Lothian Books ISBN 0-7344-0877-3 Accounts of six Australian officers and a female civilian internee O'Connor, Michael P. (1954) The More Fool I Dublin: Michael F. Moynihan Account of O'Connor's time in Malaya, including Batu Lintang. He was in the male civilians' camp Ooi, Keat Gin (1998) Japanese Empire in the Tropics: Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak, Northwest Borneo, 1941-1945 Ohio University Center for International Studies, Monographs in International Studies, SE Asia Series 101 (2 vols) ISBN 0-89680-199-3 Contains many accounts by British POWs and civilian internees. Ooi, Keat Gin (2006) "The 'Slapping Monster' and Other Stories: Recollections of the Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) of Borneo through Autobiographies, Biographies, Memoirs, and Other Ego-documents" Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 7(3), Winter 2006 Purden, Ivor M. (1989) "Japanese P.O.W. Camps in Borneo" in Neville Watterson (1989) Borneo: The Japanese P.O.W. Camps - Mail of the Forces, P.O.W. and Internees (published by W. N. Watterson) Reece, Bob (1998) Masa Jepun: Sarawak under the Japanese 1941-1945 Kuching, Sarawak: Sarawak Literary Society ISBN 983-9115-06-5 St. John-Jones, L. W. (2004) "The Kuching Prisoner-of-War Camp 1944-45: Heroism and Tragedy" Sabah Society Journal 21 Smallfield, E. J. (1947) "Internment Under the Japanese" New Zealand Surveyor 19, no 4, April 1947, 301-310. Smallfield was in the male civilians' camp Southwell, C. Hudson (1999) Uncharted Waters Calgary, Canada: Astana Publishing ISBN 0-9685440-0-2 Southwell was in the male civilians' camp Taylor, Brian (2006) "Lintang Camp Memorials" The Sarawak Museum Journal 62(83), 59-62 (December 2006) Torrens, Alexandra (1998) "Borneo burlesque" Wartime 4 (Summer 1998), 51-55. Wartime is the official magazine of the Australian War Memorial. The article is about a group of officers who made it their mission to uphold the morale of Australian POWs in Batu Lintang Walker, Allan S. (1953) Middle East and Far East Australia in the War 1939-1945 Series 5 (Medical), Volume 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (1962 reprint online in PDF form at [2]) Wall, Don (no date, post-1993) Kill the Prisoners! Mona Vale, NSW, Australia: Don Wall ISBN 0646 278 347 Watterson, W. N. (1989) and (1994) Borneo: The Japanese P.O.W. Camps - Mail of the Forces, P.O.W. and Internees (published in two parts by W. N. Watterson) ISBN 0-9514951-0-0 (Part 1, 1989); ISBN 0-9514951-2-7 (Part 2, 1994) Wigmore, Lionel (1957) The Japanese Thrust Australia in the War 1939-1945 Series 1 (Army), Volume 4. Canberra: Australian War Memorial (Online in PDF form at [3]) Yap, Felicia (2004) Reassessing the Japanese prisoner of war and internment experience: the Lintang Camp, Kuching, Sarawak, 1942-45 Cambridge: M. Phil. dissertation (copy held in the Seeley Library, University of Cambridge Faculty of History) Plan of the camp, one of several different versions The plan is dated 1945, and the layout of the barracks differs (mostly in orientation rather than location) from that shown in the 1945 aerial reconnaissance photographs held at the AWM Sketch of malnutrition cases from Batu Lintang "Typical Malnutrition Cases: Australian and British Prisoners of War just released from Lintang Barracks, Kuching, Borneo 16 September 1945" by Tony Rafty. Imperial War Museum, Catalogue Number ART LD5884 Sketch of hospitalised POWs from Batu Lintang "British Prisoners-of-War after Rescue from Kuching, Borneo" by Tony Rafty. Imperial War Museum, Catalogue Number ART LD5885 Photograph of the stone which commemorated the opening of the camp on 15 August 1942. The stone bears the name of the camp commander, Colonel Tatsuji Suga, and the command "Be faithful". It is now housed at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra. Information on Borneo Burlesque (Forbes et al..) Episode 10 of Can We Help? Broadcast by ABC 18 April 2008. Part of the programme features Dandi Michael Tiong, who with his twin brother Danis Stephen Tiong was in the camp as a child. Includes some AWM archive footage of the camp. (NB all archive film material shows Batu Lintang, not the Labuan camp mentioned). Relevant times: 01:24-02:05 and 17:58-25:03. "Perspex Crucifix" by Sarah Hilary, an article in foto8 about her mother and maternal grandparents who were civilian internees in the camp Maurie Arvier (Australian serviceman) Short account Scroll down to near the bottom of the page Mary Baldwin (civilian internee) Captivity; Release John Stewart Bell (Australian serviceman) Short account; Short account Same article but both have small amounts of additional information Leslie Bickerton (British serviceman) The Batu Lintang Union Jack Charles Cleal (British serviceman) Short account W. G. Cockburn (British serviceman) The use of maggots to clean a wound Second article down on the page Edwin John Esler (Australian serviceman) Short account Robert Fyvie and Frances Colina (British serviceman and civilian internee) Couple who met at Batu Lintang and married soon after their liberation Bennie Gold (British serviceman) Near-discovery of the generator; Religion in the camp Harold McManus (American serviceman) Short account The webpage is mainly about Harold's brother, O. C. McManus Les Mockridge (British serviceman) Short account. Mockridge was initially at Sandakan Dennis Riley (British serviceman) Life in the camp; The radio; Liberation of the camp; Labuan field hospital Vernon Hopetoun Smith (Australian serviceman) Brief profile Australian War Memorial Batu Lintang Teachers' Training College website (in Malay) Borneo POW Relatives Association of Western Australia Parts of the site still under construction COFEPOW (Children and Families of Far East Prisoners of War) Commonwealth War Graves Commission FEPOW (Far East Prisoners of War) Community Imperial War Museum (London) 表示 編集 座標: 北緯1度31分51秒 東経110度20分53秒﻿ / ﻿北緯1.53083度 東経110.34806度﻿ / 1.53083; 110.34806