יוונים

היוונים או כמו שהם מכנים את עצמם ה"הלנים" (ביוונית: Έλληνες) הם עם וקבוצה אתנית, אשר מרוכז בעיקר ביוון ובקפריסין, אך ישנם ריכוזים משמעותיים שלהם גם באמריקה הצפונית, בבריטניה, בגרמניה ובאלבניה. עוד מזמנים קדומים היו קהילות יווניות רבות בכל אזור הים התיכון, אך לרוב היו היוונים מרוכזים סביב הים האגאי, והיוונית היא השפה המדוברת בפי רובם מימי העת העתיקה. כיום דתם היא בעיקר הנצרות היוונית-אורתודוקסית. ביוון ישנם (נכון ליולי 2014) מעל ל-10 מיליון יוונים, ומעריכים שמספרם בשאר העולם הוא כ-6 מיליון. מושבות וקהילות יווניות הוקמו לאורך ההיסטוריה לחופי הים התיכון והים השחור, אך היוונים היו מרוכזים מאז ומעולם לחופי הים האגאי והים היוֹנִי, היכן שהשפה היוונית מדוברת מתקופת הברונזה. עד תחילת המאה ה-20, היוונים היו מפוזרים בין חצי האי היווני, החוף המערבי של אסיה הקטנה, חוף הים השחור, קפדוקיה, מצרים, חבל הבלקן וקונסטנטינופול. רצח העם היווני-פונטי וחילופי האוכלוסין בין יוון לטורקיה כמעט הביאו לקיצה של הנוכחות היוונית בת 3,000 השנים באסיה הקטנה, וכיום בטורקיה ישנם כ-4,000 יוונים בלבד. רוב היוונים האתניים גרים כיום בגבולות יוון וקפריסין המודרניות. קהילות יווניות ותיקות קיימות גם בדרום איטליה, בקווקז, בדרום רוסיה ובאוקראינה, וכן בתפוצה היוונית ברחבי העולם. היוונים נחשבים למי שתרמו תרומה אדירה לתרבות המערבית והעולמית. הישגיהם בתחומי האמנות, המדע, התיאטרון, הספרות, הפילוסופיה, האתיקה, הפוליטיקה, המוזיקה, האדריכלות, המתמטיקה, הרפואה, הטכנולוגיה, הסחר, המטבח והספורט עיצבו במידה רבה את ההיסטוריה והתרבות האנושית עד ימינו אלה. מקורו של השם "יוונים" בשפה העברית הוא מהתרבות האיונית. הפרוטו-יוונים הגיעו ככל הנראה אל האזור שידוע היום בשם יוון, בקצהו הדרומי של חבל הבלקן, בסוף האלף השלישי לפנה"ס, בין שנת 2200 לשנת 1900 לפנה"ס. היו לפחות שתי הגירות גדולות: הראשונה של האיונים ושל האכאים, שהביאו ללידתה של יוון המיקנית במאה ה-16 לפנה"ס, והשנייה, הפלישה הדורית, סביב המאה ה-11 לפנה"ס, שהביאה להחלפת הניב הארקדו־קיפרי. ההגירה הראשונה אירעה במעבר לתקופת הברונזה המאוחרת, ואילו השנייה במשבר תקופת הברונזה המאוחרת. Maratou-Alipranti 2013, p. 196: "The Greek diaspora remains large, consisting of up to 4 million people globally." Clogg 2013, p. 228: "Greeks of the diaspora, settled in some 141 countries, were held to number 7 million although it is not clear how this figure was arrived at or what criteria were used to define Greek ethnicity, while the population of the homeland, according to the 1991 census, amounted to some 10.25 million." "2011 Population and Housing Census". Hellenic Statistical Authority. 12 בספטמבר 2014. אורכב מ-המקור (PDF) ב-2016-07-16. נבדק ב-2017-05-11. The Resident Population of Greece is 10.816.286, of which 5.303.223 male (49,0%) and 5.513.063 female (51,0%) ... The total number of permanent residents of Greece with foreign citizenship during the Census was 912.000. [See Graph 6: Resident Population by Citizenship] {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Statistical Data on Immigrants in Greece: An Analytic Study of Available Data and Recommendations for Conformity with European Union Standards" (PDF). Archive of European Integration (AEI). University of Pittsburgh. 15 בנובמבר 2004. נבדק ב-18 במאי 2016. [p. 5] The Census recorded 762.191 persons normally resident in Greece and without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of these, 48.560 are EU or EFTA nationals; there are also 17.426 Cypriots with privileged status. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates". American FactFinder. U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau. 2013. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2020-02-14. נבדק ב-2017-05-11. "U.S. Relations with Greece". United States Department of State. 10 במרץ 2016. נבדק ב-18 במאי 2016. Today, an estimated three million Americans resident in the United States claim Greek descent. This large, well-organized community cultivates close political and cultural ties with Greece. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) Statistical Service (2003–2016). "Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011". Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Finance, Statistical Service. Cole 2011, Yiannis Papadakis, "Cypriots, Greek", pp. 92–95 "Where are the Greek communities of the world?". themanews.com. Protothemanews.com. 2013. "United Kingdom: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 ביולי 2013. There are between 40 and 45 thousand Greeks residing permanently in the UK, and the Greek Orthodox Church has a strong presence in the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain ... There is a significant Greek presence of Greek students in tertiary education in the UK. A large Cypriot community – numbering 250–300 thousand – rallies round the National Federation of Cypriots in Great Britain and the Association of Greek Orthodox Communities of Great Britain. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Statistical Yearbook Germany Extract Chapter 2: Population, Families and Living Arrangements in Germany". Statistisches Bundesamt. 14 במרץ 2013. p. 21. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "2071.0 - Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 ביוני 2012. נבדק ב-13 בפברואר 2014. {{cite news}}: (עזרה) "Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey". Statistics Canada. 8 במאי 2013. נבדק ב-21 במאי 2016. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) Jeffries 2002, p. 69: "It is difficult to know how many ethnic Greeks there are in Albania. The Greek government, it is typically claimed, says there are around 300,000 ethnic Greeks in Albania, but most Western estimates are around the 200,000 mark ..." "Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей". "Ukraine: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 בפברואר 2011. There is a significant Greek presence in southern and eastern Ukraine, which can be traced back to ancient Greek and Byzantine settlers. Ukrainian citizens of Greek descent amount to 91,000 people, although their number is estimated to be much higher by the Federation of Greek communities of Mariupol. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Italy: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 ביולי 2013. The Greek Italian community numbers some 30,000 and is concentrated mainly in central Italy. The age-old presence in Italy of Italians of Greek descent – dating back to Byzantine and Classical times – is attested to by the Griko dialect, which is still spoken in the Magna Graecia region. This historically Greek-speaking villages are Condofuri, Galliciano, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Bova and Bova Marina, which are in the Calabria region (the capital of which is Reggio). The Grecanic region, including Reggio, has a population of some 200,000, while speakers of the Griko dialect number fewer that 1,000 persons. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Grecia Salentina" (באיטלקית). Unione dei Comuni della Grecìa Salentina. 2016. La popolazione complessiva dell'Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278). Bellinello 1998, p. 53: "Le attuali colonie Greche calabresi; La Grecìa calabrese si inscrive nel massiccio aspromontano e si concentra nell'ampia e frastagliata valle dell'Amendolea e nelle balze più a oriente, dove sorgono le fiumare dette di S. Pasquale, di Palizzi e Sidèroni e che costituiscono la Bovesia vera e propria. Compresa nei territori di cinque comuni (Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Condofuri), la Grecia si estende per circa 233 kmq. La popolazione anagrafica complessiva è di circa 14.000 unità." "South Africa: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 בפברואר 2011. It is difficult to determine the precise number of Greeks due to constant comings and goings, although the estimated figure is above 45,000. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "The Greek Community". אורכב מ-המקור ב-13 ביוני 2007. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "France: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 ביולי 2013. Some 15,000 Greeks reside in the wider region of Paris, Lille and Lyon. In the region of Southern France, the Greek community numbers some 20,000. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Argentina: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 ביולי 2013. It is estimated that some 20,000 to 30,000 persons of Greek origin currently reside in Argentina, and there are Greek communities in the wider region of Buenos Aires. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Migranti z Řecka v Česku" (PDF). Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 במרץ 2011. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Belgium: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 בינואר 2011. Some 35,000 Greeks reside in Belgium. Official Belgian data numbers Greeks in the country at 17,000, but does not take into account Greeks who have taken Belgian citizenship or work for international organizations and enterprises. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Georgia: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 31 בינואר 2011. The Greek community of Georgia is currently estimated at 15,000 people, mostly elderly people living in the Tsalkas area. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Sweden: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 בפברואר 2011. The Greek community in Sweden consists of approximately 12,000 – 15,000 Greeks who are permanent inhabitants, included in Swedish society and active in various sectors: science, arts, literature, culture, media, education, business, and politics. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Kazakhstan: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3 בפברואר 2011. There are between 10,000 and 12,000 ethnic Greeks living in Kazakhstan, organized in several communities. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Switzerland: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 10 בדצמבר 2015. The Greek community in Switzerland is estimated to number some 11,000 persons (of a total of 1.5 million foreigners residing in the country. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Greeks in Uzbekistan". Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst. The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute. 21 ביוני 2000. Currently there are about 9,500 Greeks living in Uzbekistan, with 6,500 living in Tashkent. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Romania: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 6 בדצמבר 2013. The Greek Romanian community numbers some 10,000, and there are many Greeks working in established Greek enterprises in Romania. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) Asatryan & Arakelova 2002, p. 8. "Mexico: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 9 ביולי 2013. There are about 1,500 families of Greek origin living in Mexico and they are organised in three Greek associations, in Mexico City, Guadalajaras, and Sinaloa. Greece has Honorary Consulates in Merida and Monterey. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Austria: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 בינואר 2011. Today, the Greeks residing permanently in Austria are graduates of Austrian universities and number some 5,000, half of whom are Greek citizens. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Rum Orthodox Christians". Minority Rights Group (MRG). 2005. אורכב מ-המקור ב-29 במרץ 2014. נבדק ב-1 במרץ 2014. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Pontic". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. 2016. נבדק ב-13 במאי 2016. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Hungary: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 31 בינואר 2011. There are some 5,000 Greek Hungarians in Hungary, and they have received official minority recognition. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Bulgaria: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 28 בינואר 2011. There are some 28,500 persons of Greek origin and citizenship residing in Bulgaria. This number includes approximately 15,000 Sarakatsani, 2,500 former political refugees, 8,000 "old Greeks", 2,000 university students and 1,000 professionals and their families. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Poland: Cultural Relations and Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 בפברואר 2011. The Greek Polish community is approximately 3,000 strong, with half living in the city of Wroclaw in south east Poland. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Greek". Statistics New Zealand. נבדק ב-9 בדצמבר 2015. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) "Syria: VI. The Greek Community". Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs. בדצמבר 2008. אורכב מ-המקור ב-2007-05-13. There are about 1,500 people of Greek descent, most of whom have Syrian nationality, and live mainly in Aleppo Syria's main trade and financial centre and Damascus. {{cite web}}: (עזרה) Joachim Latacz, Troy and Homer: Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery, OUP Oxford, 2004-10-28. 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