Jenkinsi kõrva sõda

Jenkinsi kõrva sõda (inglise keeles War of Jenkins' Ear; hispaania keeles Guerra del Asiento ehk lepingusõda) oli sõda Suurbritannia ja Hispaania vahel aastatel 1739–1748. Suurem osa kokkupõrgetest leidis aset Uus-Granadas ja Kariibi merel ning enne aastat 1742. Jenkinsi kõrva sõda oli seotud aastatel 1740–1748 toimunud Austria pärilussõjaga. Nime "Jenkinsi kõrva sõda" võttis 1858. aastal kasutusele Briti ajaloolane Thomas Carlyle ning see viitab prikk Rebecca kaptenile Robert Jenkinsile, kelle kõrva Hispaania rannavalvurid aprillis 1731 väidetavalt maha raiusid. Robert Jenkinsi vahejuhtumile Suurbritannias algselt ei reageeritud, kuid seitse aastat hiljem kasutasid Briti parlamendi opositsioonipoliitikud Lõunamere kompanii toetusel seda õigustamaks sõda Hispaaniaga. Briti võimud lootsid seeläbi parandada kaubandusvõimalusi Kariibi merel. Lisaks taheti säilitada hinnaline leping Asiento de Negros (hispaania keelest Mustade leping), millega Hispaania oli andnud brittidele loa müüa Hispaania Ameerikasse orje (seetõttu nimetatakse seda Hispaania ajalookirjanduses lepingusõjaks). Briti 1741. aasta rünnak Cartagena de Indiasele oli nende jaoks hävitav (peamiselt nakkushaiguste tõttu) ning seda ei korratud. Kui välja arvata väiksemad kokkupõrked Floridas, Georgias ja Havannas, oli sõda 1742. aastaks suuresti lõppenud, kuid 1748. aastani jätkus Austria pärilussõda, mis lõppes Aacheni rahuga. Jenkinsi kõrva sõjaga ei õnnestunud Suurbritannial oma territoriaalseid ja majanduslikke eesmärke täita ning Hispaania kaitses oma Ameerika valduseid edukalt. Briti merendusajalukku läks Jenkinsi kõrva sõda tänud admiral George Ansoni ümbermaailmareisile. Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; Fruchtman (Jr. ), Jack; Graham Cummings, A.J.; Tasch, Peter A. (1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780815303961. All in all, the war cost Britain 20,000 casualties and 407 ships, primarily merchantmen, in exchange for little commercial or strategic gain. Walpole, Horace (2015). Delphi Complete Works of Horace Walpole (Illustrated). We have already lost seven millions of money and thirty thousand men in the Spanish war and all the fruit of all this blood and treasure is the glory of having Admiral Vernon's head on alehouse signs! Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1965). A Diplomatic History of the United States. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Lk 8. Anderson, M.S. (1976). Europe in the Eighteenth Century, 1713–1783 (A General History of Europe). Longman. ISBN 978-0582486720. Browning, Reed (1975). The Duke of Newcastle. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300017465. Browning, Reed (1993). The War of the Austrian Succession. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0312094836. Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). 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Lodge, Richard (1930). Studies in Eighteenth Century Diplomacy 1740–1748. John Murray. Lodge, Richard (1933). "Presidential Address: The Treaty of Seville (1729)". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. 16 (16): 1–43. DOI:10.2307/3678662. JSTOR 3678662. S2CID 154733459. Longmate, Norman (1990). Defending the Island. London: Grafton Books. ISBN 0-586-20845-3. McKay, Derek (1983). The Rise of the Great Powers 1648–1815. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582485549. McLachlan, Jean Olivia (1940). Trade and Peace with Old Spain, 1667–1750: A study of the influence of commerce on Anglo-Spanish diplomacy in the first half of the eighteenth century (2015 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107585614. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1965). The Oxford History of the American People. Oxford University Press. Newman, Gerald; Brown, Leslie Ellen; et al., toim-d (1997). Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714–1837. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8153-0396-3. Ogelsby, J. C. M. (1970). 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Britain and Colonial Maritime War in the Early Eighteenth Century. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843838623. Webb, Stephen (2013). Marlborough's America. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300178593. Woodfine, Philip (1998). Britannia's Glories: The Walpole Ministry and the 1739 War with Spain. Royal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0861932306. Finucane, Adrian. The Temptations of Trade: Britain, Spain, and the Struggle for Empire (2016) Gaudi, Robert (2021). The War of Jenkins' Ear: The Forgotten Struggle for North and South America, 1739–1742. New York: Pegasus Books, Ltd., distributed by Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-64313-819-0. OCLC 1272907990. Norris, David A. "The War of Jenkins' Ear". History Magazine (Aug/Sep 2015) 16#3 pp. 31–35. Shepard, Odell & Shepard, Willard. Jenkins' Ear: A Narrative Attributed to Horace Walpole, Esq. (1951). Historical fiction. Rivas, Ignacio. Mobilizing Resources for War: The British and Spanish Intelligence Systems in the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–1744) (2010). 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Don Blas de Lezo: defensor de Cartagena de Indias. Editorial Planeta Colombiana, Bogotá, Colombia.