Äädikakärbes (perekond)

Äädikakärbes ehk puuviljakärbes (Drosophila) on kõdukärblaste sugukonda ning kahetiivaliste seltsi kuuluv perekond. Sellesse perekonda kuulub üks kõige põhjalikumalt uuritud putukaid, geneetika mudelobjekt harilik äädikakärbes (Drosophila melanogaster). Harilikud puuviljakärbsed (koos rukki- ja puuvillaseemnetega) olid esimesed Maa elusolendid, kes saadeti 20. veebruaril 1947 Maa orbiidile. Eksperiment viidi läbi ameeriklaste poolt sakslastelt konfiskeeritud V2-raketiga. Konteiner elusate ja tervete putukatega naasis langevarjuga Maale. Katse mõte oli uurida kosmilise kiirguse mõju elusorganismidele. Sõna "Drosophila" pärineb ladina keeles a-sufiksi lõpuga moodustatud terminist, mis tuleneb vanakreekakeelsetest sõnadest δρόσος, drósos, "kaste(piisk)" ja φίλος, phílos, "armas". Tõlge võiks olla "kastepiiskade armastaja". Eestis elab 16 liiki äädikakärbseid. Äädikakärbse perekond liigitatakse 400 liigiks: Drosophila abjuncta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila acrostichalis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila acutilabella Stalker, 1953 Drosophila adiastola Hardy, 1965 Drosophila adventitia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila agitona Hardy, 1965 Drosophila aglaia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila alabamensis Sturtevant, 1918 Drosophila albifacies Hardy, 1965 Drosophila aldrichi Patterson & Crow, 1940 Drosophila algonquin Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936 Drosophila amydrospilota Hardy, 1965 Drosophila ananassae Doleschall, 1858 Drosophila ancyla Hardy, 1965 Drosophila anomalipes Grimshaw Drosophila anthrax Hardy, 1965 Drosophila apicipuncta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila apicisetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila apodasta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila apoxyloma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila aquila Hardy, 1965 Drosophila araiotrichia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila artigena Hardy, 1965 Drosophila asketostoma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila attenuata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila azteca Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936 Drosophila badia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila baja Mettler, 1963 Drosophila balioptera Hardy, 1965 Drosophila basdeni Wheeler, 1957 Drosophila basimacula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila basisetosa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila beardsleyi Hardy, 1965 Drosophila bicondyla Hardy, 1965 Drosophila bifurca Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila bimaculata Loew, 1866 Drosophila bipolita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila biseriata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila bizonata Kikkawa & Peng Drosophila boletina Duda, 1927 Drosophila borealis Patterson, 1952 Drosophila bostrycha Hardy, 1965 Drosophila brevicarinata Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila brevicilia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila brevissima Hardy, 1965 Drosophila brevitarsus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila bridwellius Hardy, 1965 Drosophila bromeliae Sturtevant, 1921 Drosophila brooksi Pipkin Drosophila brunneifrons Hardy, 1965 Drosophila brunneisetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila busckii Coquillett, 1901 Drosophila caccabata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila californica Sturtevant, 1923 Drosophila canapalpa Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila canipolita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila canuta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila capitata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila carbonaria Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila cardini Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila carnosa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila carsoni Wheeler, 1957 Drosophila casteeli Pipkin, 1961 Drosophila chaetopeza Hardy, 1965 Drosophila chagrinensis Stalker & Spencer, 1939 Drosophila ciliaticrus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila cilifemorata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila cinerea Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila clavata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila clavitibia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila clydonia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila cnecopleura Hardy, 1965 Drosophila colorata Walker, 1849 Drosophila comatifemora Hardy, 1965 Drosophila conformis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila confutata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila conjectura Hardy, 1965 Drosophila conspicua Grimshaw Drosophila contorta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila cracens Hardy, 1965 Drosophila crassifemur Grimshaw Drosophila crucigeraur Grimshaw Drosophila curticilia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila curvitibia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dasycnemia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila deflecta Malloch & Mcatee, 1924 Drosophila deltaneuron Bryan Drosophila demipolita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila denotata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila desertorum Wasserman, 1962 Drosophila diffusa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila diminuens Hardy, 1965 Drosophila disjuncta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dissita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila disticha Hardy, 1965 Drosophila distinguenda Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dobzhanskii Patterson, 1943 Drosophila dolomata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dorsigera Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dorsociliata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dracaenae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila dumalis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila duncani Sturtevant, 1918 Drosophila elliptica Sturtevant, 1942 Drosophila engyochracea Hardy, 1965 Drosophila enoplotarsus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila erecta Tsacas & Lachaise, 1974 Drosophila eremophila Wasserman, 1962 Drosophila eumecothrix Hardy, 1965 Drosophila euronotus Patterson & Ward, 1952 Drosophila eurypeza Hardy, 1965 Drosophila expansa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila falleni Wheeler, 1960 Drosophila fasciculisetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila fastigata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila felix Dobzhansky, 1976 Drosophila flavibasis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila flaviceps Grimshaw Drosophila flavisternum Hardy, 1965 Drosophila flavomontana Patterson, 1952 Drosophila flavopinicola Wheeler, 1954 Drosophila flexa Loew, 1865 Drosophila floricola Sturtevant, 1942 Drosophila fragilis Wheeler, 1949 Drosophila freycinetiae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila fulvalineata Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila fundita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila funebris (Fabricius, 1787) Drosophila fungicola Hardy, 1965 Drosophila furva Hardy, 1965 Drosophila furvifacies Hardy, 1965 Drosophila fuscifrons Hardy, 1965 Drosophila fuscoamoeba Bryan Drosophila fuscoapex Hardy, 1965 Drosophila fusticula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila gilvilateralis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila grimshawi Oldenberg Drosophila grisea Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila guttifera Walker, 1849 Drosophila hamatofila Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila hawaiiensis Grimshaw Drosophila hexachaetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila hexastigma Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila hirticoxa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila hirtitarsus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila hirtitbia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila humeralis Grimshaw Drosophila hydei Sturtevant, 1921 Drosophila hydeoides Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila iki Bryan Drosophila illusiopolita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila imitator Hardy, 1965 Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921 Drosophila imparisetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila improcera Hardy, 1965 Drosophila incognita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila incompleta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila inedita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila infuscata Grimshaw Drosophila innubila Spencer, 1943 Drosophila insignita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila intermedia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila involuta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila iroquois Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936 Drosophila ischnotrix Hardy, 1965 Drosophila joycei Hardy, 1965 Drosophila kauluai Bryan Drosophila kikkawai Burla Drosophila krassi Hardy, 1965 Drosophila lacicola Patterson, 1944 Drosophila laciniosa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila lanaiensis Grimshaw Drosophila larifuga Hardy, 1965 Drosophila latifasciaeformis Duda, 1940 Drosophila latigena Hardy, 1965 Drosophila lemniscata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila leonis Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila limpiensis Mainland, 1941 Drosophila lonchoptera Hardy, 1965 Drosophila longala Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila longicornis Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila lowei Heed, Crumpacker & Ehrma, 1968 Drosophila luteola Hardy, 1965 Drosophila lutzii Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila macrochaetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila macropolia Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila macroptera Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila macrospina Stalker & Spencer, 1939 Drosophila magnabadia Patterson & Mainland, 1943 Drosophila magnafumosa Stalker & Spencer, 1939 Drosophila magnaquinaria Wheeler, 1954 Drosophila magnimacula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila magnipalpa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila mahican Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936 Drosophila mainlandi Patterson, 1943 Drosophila mathisi Vilela, 1983 Drosophila mauritiana Tsacas & David, 1974 Drosophila mecocnemia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila mediana Hardy, 1965 Drosophila megasticta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila melanderi Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila melanica Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila melanissima Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 – harilik äädikakärbes Drosophila melanoloma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila melanopedis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila melanosoma Grimshaw Drosophila melanura Miller, 1944 Drosophila mercatorum Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila meridiana Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila mettleri Heed, 1977 Drosophila micromelanica Patterson, 1941 Drosophila mimica Hardy, 1965 Drosophila mimiconformis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila mimiconfutata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila miranda Dobzhansky, 1935 Drosophila mitchelli Hardy, 1965 Drosophila mojavensis Patterson Drosophila molokaiensis Grimshaw Drosophila montana Stone, Griffen & Patter, 1942 Drosophila mulleri Sturtevant, 1921 Drosophila munda Spencer, 1942 Drosophila musae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila musaphilia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila mycetophila Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nanella Hardy, 1965 Drosophila narragansett Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936 Drosophila nasalis Grimshaw Drosophila nebulosa Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila neglecta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila neorepleta Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila neutralis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nigella Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nigra Grimshaw Drosophila nigripalpus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nigritarsus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nigrocirrus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nigrohalterata Duda, 1925 Drosophila nigrohydei Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila nigromelanica Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila nigropolita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila nigrospiracula Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila novitskii Sulerud & Miller, 1966 Drosophila occidentalis Spencer, 1942 Drosophila ochracea Grimshaw Drosophila ohiensis Spencer, 1940 Drosophila olaae Grimshaw Drosophila orbospiracula Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila ordinaria Coquillett, 1904 Drosophila oreas Hardy, 1965 Drosophila orena Tsacas & David, 1978 Drosophila orestes Hardy, 1965 Drosophila pachea Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila pachuca Wasserman, 1962 Drosophila palustris Spencer, 1942 Drosophila parva Grimshaw Drosophila paucipuncta Grimshaw Drosophila paucula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila pectinitarsus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila pegasa Wasserman, 1962 Drosophila peniculipedis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila peninsularis Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila percnosoma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila perissopoda Hardy, 1965 Drosophila persimilis Dobzhansky & Epling, 1944 Drosophila petalopeza Hardy, 1965 Drosophila picticornis Grimshaw Drosophila pictiventris Duda, 1925 Drosophila pilimana Grimshaw Drosophila pinicola Sturtevant, 1942 Drosophila plumosa Grimshaw Drosophila polita Grimshaw Drosophila polliciforma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila pollinospadix Patterson & Mainalnd, 1944 Drosophila polychaeta Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila ponderosa Patterson & Mainland, 1943 Drosophila populi Wheeler & Throckmorton, 1961 Drosophila praesutilis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila pretiosa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila proceriseta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila prodita Hardy, 1965 Drosophila projectans Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila prolaticilia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila prolixa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila prominens Hardy, 1965 Drosophila propachuca Wasserman, 1962 Drosophila propiofacies Hardy, 1965 Drosophila pseudoobscura Frolova & Astaurov, 1929 Drosophila punalau Bryan Drosophila putrida Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila pychnochaetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila quadrisetae Hardy, 1965 Drosophila quasianomalipes Hardy, 1965 Drosophila quasiexpansa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila quinaria Loew, 1866 Drosophila racemova Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila recens Wheeler, 1960 Drosophila reducta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila redunca Hardy, 1965 Drosophila rellima Wheeler, 1960 Drosophila repleta Wollaston, 1858 Drosophila residua Hardy, 1965 Drosophila retrusa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila rioensis Patterson, 1943 Drosophila ritae Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila robusta Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila rubidifrons Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila rubrifrons Patterson & Wheeler, 1942 Drosophila ruburra Hardy, 1965 Drosophila rustica Hardy, 1965 Drosophila sabroskyi Hardy, 1965 Drosophila sadleria Hardy, 1965 Drosophila santomea Lachaise & Harry, 2000 Drosophila scolostoma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila sechellia Tsacas & Bächli, 1981 Drosophila seclusa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila semifuscata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila seminole Sturtevant & Dobzhansky, 1936 Drosophila seorsa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila septuosa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila setapex Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila setiger Grimshaw Drosophila setipalpus Hardy, 1965 Drosophila sharpi Grimshaw Drosophila sigmoides Loew, 1872 Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, 1919 Drosophila sordidapex Grimshaw Drosophila spectabilis Grimshaw Drosophila spenceri Patterson, 1943 Drosophila spicula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila stalkeri Wheeler, 1954 Drosophila stenoptera Hardy, 1965 Drosophila subfunebris Stalker & Spencer, 1939 Drosophila suboccidentalis Spencer, 1942 Drosophila subpalustris Spencer, 1942 Drosophila subsigmoides Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila subviridis Patterson & Mainland, 1943 Drosophila sucinea Patterson & Mainland, 1944 Drosophila suffusca Spencer, 1943 Drosophila suzukii, Matsumura, 1931 Drosophila swezeyi Hardy, 1965 Drosophila taeniata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila tamashiroi Hardy, 1965 Drosophila taractica Hardy, 1965 Drosophila tarphytrichia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila teissieri Tsacas, 1971 Drosophila tendomentum Hardy, 1965 Drosophila tenebrosa Spencer, 1943 Drosophila tenuipes (Walker, 1849) Drosophila testacea Roser, 1840 Drosophila tetraspilota Hardy, 1965 Drosophila texana Patterson, 1940 Drosophila thoracis Williston, 1896 Drosophila tira Wasserman, 1962 Drosophila torula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila totonigra Hardy, 1965 Drosophila tranquilla Spencer, 1943 Drosophila transfuga Hardy, 1965 Drosophila trichaetosa Hardy, 1965 Drosophila tripunctata Loew, 1862 Drosophila trispina Wheeler, 1949 Drosophila truncipenna Hardy, 1965 Drosophila undulata Grimshaw Drosophila unicula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila unipucntata (Patterson, 1943) Drosophila varga Hardy, 1965 Drosophila variabilis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila varipennis (Grimshaw) Drosophila velata Hardy, 1965 Drosophila velutinifrons Hardy, 1965 Drosophila venusta Hardy, 1965 Drosophila vicaria Hardy, 1965 Drosophila victoria Sturtevant, 1942 Drosophila villitibia Hardy, 1965 Drosophila villosipedis Hardy, 1965 Drosophila vinnula Hardy, 1965 Drosophila virilis Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila wheeleri Patterson & Alexander, 1952 Drosophila williamsi Hardy, 1965 Drosophila willistoni Sturtevant, 1916 Drosophila xanthognoma Hardy, 1965 Drosophila xanthosoma Grimshaw Drosophila xuthoptera Hardy, 1965 Drosophila yakuba Burla, 1954 Drosophila z-notata Bryan "QI C seeria 4. episood - Cheating". BBC. 14. oktoober 2005. Nate Barksdale (29. aprill 2015). "What was the first animal in space?". History. "Drosophile veebiversioon (vaadatud 02.10.2013) (prantsuse keeles)". Originaali arhiivikoopia seisuga 30.04.2013. Vaadatud 2.10.2013. Piret Pappel. TEADUSFOTO: Spermatosoidide sõda. Mõne liigi puhul vägagi vihane, Novaator 1. oktoober 2013, veebiversioon (vaadatud 2.10.2013)