副同源异形基因动物

副同源異形基因動物（學名：ParaHoxozoa）是真後生動物的一個演化支，包含扁盤動物門、刺胞動物門與兩側對稱動物，為栉水母动物门的姊妹群。 副同源異形基因動物因擁有同源异形基因/副同源異形基因（英语：ParaHox）（Hox/ParaHox）而得名，後來雖有研究指出動物演化樹中更早分支的多孔動物門可能也具有此類基因，但原先定義的副同源異形基因動物（不含多孔動物門）應為單系群，此名稱也被持續使用。 副同源異形基因動物中，扁盤動物門在演化樹上的位置尚不清楚，有研究認為其為所有其他副同源異形基因動物（合稱浮浪幼蟲樣動物）的姊妹群，也有研究認為其為刺胞動物門的姊妹群。 Feuda, Roberto; Dohrmann, Martin; Pett, Walker; Philippe, Hervé; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert; Pisani, Davide. Improved Modeling of Compositional Heterogeneity Supports Sponges as Sister to All Other Animals. Current Biology. 2017, 6 (24): 3864–3870.e4. PMID 29199080. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.008 （英语）.  Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 15 December 2015, 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4687580 . PMID 26621703. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112 （英语）.  Simion, Paul; Philippe, Hervé; Baurain, Denis; Jager, Muriel; Richter, Daniel J.; Franco, Arnaud Di; Roure, Béatrice; Satoh, Nori; Quéinnec, Éric. A Large and Consistent Phylogenomic Dataset Supports Sponges as the Sister Group to All Other Animals (PDF). Current Biology (Submitted manuscript). 3 April 2017, 27 (7): 958–967 [2020-02-05]. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 28318975. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.031. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-25） （英语）.  Giribet, Gonzalo. Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects. Zoologica Scripta. 1 October 2016, 45: 14–21. ISSN 1463-6409. doi:10.1111/zsc.12215 （英语）.  Laumer, Christopher E; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G; Pearse, Vicki B; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C; Giribet, Gonzalo. Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias. eLife. 2018-10-30, 7. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202 . PMID 30373720. doi:10.7554/elife.36278 （英语）.  Ryan, Joseph F.; Pang, Kevin; Mullikin, James C.; Martindale, Mark Q.; Baxevanis, Andreas D. The homeodomain complement of the ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi suggests that Ctenophora and Porifera diverged prior to the ParaHoxozoa. EvoDevo. 2010-10-04, 1 (1): 9. ISSN 2041-9139. PMC 2959044 . PMID 20920347. doi:10.1186/2041-9139-1-9.  Eitel, Michael; Francis, Warren; Osigus, Hans-Jürgen; Krebs, Stefan; Vargas, Sergio; Blum, Helmut; Williams, Gray Argust; Schierwater, Bernd; Wörheide, Gert. A taxogenomics approach uncovers a new genus in the phylum Placozoa. bioRxiv. 2017-10-13: 202119 [2020-02-05]. doi:10.1101/202119. （原始内容存档于2018-11-18） （英语）.  Fortunato, Sofia A. V.; Adamski, Marcin; Ramos, Olivia Mendivil; Leininger, Sven; Liu, Jing; Ferrier, David E. K.; Adamska, Maja. Calcisponges have a ParaHox gene and dynamic expression of dispersed NK homeobox genes. Nature. 2014-10-30, 514 (7524): 620–623. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..620F. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25355364. doi:10.1038/nature13881. hdl:10023/6597 （英语）.  Larroux, Claire; Fahey, Bryony; Degnan, Sandie M.; Adamski, Marcin; Rokhsar, Daniel S.; Degnan, Bernard M. The NK Homeobox Gene Cluster Predates the Origin of Hox Genes. Current Biology. 1996, 17 (8): 706–710. Bibcode:1996CBio....6.1213A. PMID 17379523. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.008.  Ryan, Joseph F.; DeBiasse, Melissa B.; Pastrana, Claudia C. Sponges lack ParaHox genes. Genome Biology and Evolution. 2019, 11 (4): 1250–1257. PMC 6486804 . PMID 30859199. doi:10.1093/gbe/evz052 （英语）.