絨毛乳菇

絨毛乳菇（學名：Lactarius torminosus）又稱疝疼乳菇，是乳菇屬的一種真菌，最早於1774年由德國真菌學家雅各布·舍費爾（英语：Jacob Christian Schäffer）發表描述，當時被歸入傘菌屬中；1821年又由塞缪尔·弗里德里克·格雷改置於乳菇屬，其種小名torminosus意為「折磨人的、造成腹痛的」，指生食本種後會產生腸胃不適的症狀。2011年紅菇科類群因分子證據而發生許多分類改動，本種由此被作為乳菇屬的模式種。絨毛乳菇分布於歐洲、北非、亞洲與北美洲等北半球的溫帶至副極地地區。 絨毛乳菇的蕈傘直徑為2—12公分，呈淡粉紅色至橘色，菌髓為白色；蕈柄長1.5—8公分，粗0.6—2公分，呈淡粉紅色或稍帶橘黃色，有時近地處可見白色的菌絲體；孢子印為乳白色至淡黃色，擔孢子為球形至橢球形，顏色透明，長8—10.2微米，寬5.8—6.6微米，表面具突起的飾物。本種之下有一變種L. torminosus var. nordmanensis，分布於北美洲。 絨毛乳菇的口感嗆辣，有些學者形容其有毒，或指其可導致程度不一的腸胃炎。食用本種後可能出現的症狀包括頭暈、嘔吐與嚴重腹瀉等。但本種仍在東歐、北歐等地被食用。本種的辣味可能是來自绒白乳菇醛，為此菌防止動物捕食的機制。 絨毛乳菇可與樺木與鐵杉等樹木形成菌根，其子實體會被歐亞紅松鼠取食，且為部分果蠅與蕈蚋的繁殖場所。本種也可能被寄生真菌Hypomyces lithuanicus（英语：Hypomyces lithuanicus）感染。 真菌主题 Species synonymy: Lactarius torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray. Index Fungorum. CAB International. [2012-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-07）.  Schäffer JC. Fungorum qui in Bavaria et Palatinatu circa Ratisbonam nascuntur icones [The Fungi that Grow in Bavaria and the Palatine, around Ratisbon] 4. Erlangen, Germany: Apud J.J. Palmium. 1774: 7–8 （拉丁语及德语）.  Gray SF. A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. London, UK: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy. 1821: 623.  Roody WC. Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 2003: 107. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.  Norvell LL. Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16. Taxon. 2011, 60 (1): 223–26. doi:10.1002/tax.601023 .  Barrie FR. Report of the General Committee: 11. Taxon. 2011, 60 (4): 1211–14. doi:10.1002/tax.604026 .  Roberts P, Evans S. The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 2011: 193. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.  Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. 1991: 215. ISBN 978-0-919433-47-2.  Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA. Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. 1985: 275–76. ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4.  Bessette AR, Bessette AE, Harris DB. Milk Mushrooms of North America: A Field Guide to the Genus Lactarius. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. 2009: 257-258. ISBN 978-0-8156-3229-0.  Hesler LR, Smith AH. North American Species of Lactarius. Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. 1979: 277-278. ISBN 978-0-472-08440-1.  Methven AS. New and interesting species of Lactarius from California. Mycologia. 1985, 77 (3): 472–82. JSTOR 3793204. doi:10.2307/3793204.  Arora D. All that the Rain Promises and More: A Hip Pocket Guide to Western Mushrooms. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1991: 19. ISBN 978-0-89815-388-0.  Groves JW. Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada revised. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. 1979: 57–58. ISBN 978-0-660-10136-1.  Elvin-Lewis MP, Lewis WH. Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 2003: 61. ISBN 978-0-471-62882-8.  Reichl FX, Ritter L. Illustrated Handbook of Toxicology. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme. 2011: 296. ISBN 978-3-13-149591-4.  Arora D. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1986: 73. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.  Camazine S, Lupo TL Jr. Labile toxic compounds of the Lactarii: the role of the laticiferous hyphae as a storage depot for precursors of pungent dialdehydes. Mycologia. 1984, 76 (2): 355–58. JSTOR 3793113. doi:10.2307/3793113.  Grönwall O, Pehrson Å. Nutrient contents in fungi as a primary food of the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris L.. Oecologia (Berlin). 1984, 64 (2): 230–31. Bibcode:1984Oecol..64..230G. JSTOR 4217450. PMID 28312343. S2CID 28125328. doi:10.1007/BF00376875.  Shorrocks B, Charlesworth P. The distribution and abundance of the British fungal-breeding Drosophila. Ecological Entomology. 1980, 5 (1): 61–78. S2CID 85392656. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1980.tb01124.x.  Rogerson CT, Samuels GJ. Agaricolous species of Hypomyces. Mycologia. 1994, 86 (6): 839–66. JSTOR 3760597. doi:10.2307/3760597.