锡安长老会纪要

《锡安长老会纪要》（俄语：Протоколы сионских мудрецов，简称Сионские протоколы；英語：The Protocols of the Elders of Zion）是1903年在沙俄首度出版一本反猶太主题的書，原始语言为俄语，作者不详，其內容为描述所谓“猶太人征服世界”陰謀的具体计划。其他中文译名包括《锡安长老议定书》、《犹太贤者议定书》、《犹太精英协议》等等。 从1903年初版到1917-1918年俄国革命之间，该书在俄国境外几乎无人知晓。随着十月革命中大量俄国資產贵族阶层出逃，该书也随之流传到西方。十月革命的發動随之被解释为《纪要》中“犹太人阴谋”的一部分。在20世纪上半叶席卷欧洲的纳粹灭犹浪潮中，该书被希特勒要求进入德国课本并广为流传，至今仍是各种阴谋论原始来源。 眾多不同獨立研究皆證明這是一本剽竊其他作者、以煽动和欺骗为目的虛構文學作品。书中的大量文字或复制、或少量修改自1864年法国作家毛里斯·若利针对拿破仑三世的讽刺小说《马基雅维利与孟德斯鸠在地狱的对话（法语：Dialogue aux enfers entre Machiavel et Montesquieu）》，以及1868年德国反犹作家赫尔曼·古德切（英语：Sir John Retcliffe）的小说《比亚里茨》（Biarritz）。 學者們一般相信這些文字是俄羅斯帝國祕密警察組織奧克瑞那在1890年代末或1900年代初虛構出來的。對於這本「議定書」早期最著名的駁斥理論之一是倫敦泰晤士報所發行的一系列文章，揭露了這本「議定書」很多內容皆剽竊自更早發行、且沒有反猶太橋段的一本政治諷刺文學（英语：Political satire）。自這本書在1903年開始印刷起，那些早期的發行者們對於他們是如何拿到那個傳說中原稿的副本就只能提供不清不楚且經常自相矛盾的解釋。 這本「議定書」被廣泛認為是現代陰謀文學的開端，此書使用的描述形式是一本對「賢士們」新進成員的指導手冊，講解他們是如何經由控制媒體和金融來操控世界，和如何用大量宣傳取代傳統社會規則。 隨著納粹在二戰的戰敗，將這本書用來做為反猶太人宣傳工具的行為也跟著減少，但仍經常被反猶太主義者引用和再出版，並且有時候被用來做為指控所謂的猶太秘密結社的証據，特別是在中東。 以下是本書中所记载的各“决议”以及主题。决议共有24条： 该《纪要》声称，所记载的内容出自19世纪末世界犹太人领袖团体——“锡安长老会”。所有“决议文”均以“长老”们教导其追随者的语气写成。“长老会”的最终目的是通过各种阴谋手段统治全球。然而，其中许多内容却和之前近千年里在欧洲流传过的反犹谣言高度一致。譬如：《纪要》中提到要破坏非犹太（外邦人）民族的道德体系，利用犹太银行家在金融界的影响力操纵世界经济、操纵传媒，最终消灭文明等等。《纪要》共包含24条“决议文”，列在下表中。专门研究反犹言论的学者Steven Jacobs和Mark Weitzman提取每条决议文的主题列在右列，可看出不少主题在不同决议文中反复出现。 犹太教主题 俄罗斯主题 黑色宣传 血祭诽谤 文化马克思主义阴谋论 造谣 仇恨言論 犹太布尔什维主义 影子政府 世界政府 马丁·海德格尔与纳粹主义（英语：Martin Heidegger and Nazism） 《共济会最高的永久指令（英语：Alta Vendita）》 哈马斯章程（英语：Hamas Covenant） 《英国驻中东间谍汉弗先生的回忆录（英语：Memoirs of Mr. Hempher, The British Spy to the Middle East）》 《布拉格墓園》 《锡安长老会纪要（英语：Protocols of Zion (film)）》（电影） 《二十世纪的种族计划（英语：A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century）》 田中奏摺 这是现时流传最广的马斯登（Marsden）的英译本中的编排。有部分其他版本收录了多于或少于24条“决议文”。 Cohn 1967. 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Kellogg, Michael, The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945, Cambridge, 2005 . Lüthi, Urs, Der Mythos von der Weltverschwörung: die Hetze der Schweizer Frontisten gegen Juden und Freimaurer, am Beispiel des Berner Prozesses um die "Protokolle der Weisen von Zion", Basel/Frankfurt am Main: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1992, ISBN 978-3-7190-1197-0, OCLC 30002662 （德语） . de Michelis, Cesare G; Newhouse, Richard; Bi-Yerushalayim, The non-existent manuscript: a study of the Protocols of the sages of Zion, Lincoln and London: Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Universiṭah ha-ʻIvrit; University of Nebraska Press: 113, June 1, 2004 [1998], ISBN 978-0-8032-1727-0 . Pipes, Daniel, Conspiracy: How the Paranoid Style Flourishes and Where It Comes From, The Free Press, Simon & Schuster, 1997, ISBN 0-684-83131-7 . Singerman, Robert, The American Career of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, American Jewish History, 1980, 71 . 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Matussek, Carmen, Carmen Matussek: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion in the Arab world, World Jewish Congress website, 2013 [2015-08-03], （原始内容存档于2013-12-05） . 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：锡安长老会纪要 维基文库中的相关原始文献：The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion Public Statement (PDF), The American Jewish Committee, [2015-08-03], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-06-15） , 4pp. A disclaimer published as a result of a conference held in New York City on November 30, 1920. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion: Between History and Fiction （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, By Michael Hagemeister Protocols of the Elders of Zion; a fabricated "historic" document (PDF) (report), United States Holocaust Museum: Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, 88th Congress, 2d Session, August 6, 1964, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-05-28） . The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, Jewish Virtual Library, [2015-08-03], （原始内容存档于2017-01-03） . 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Rothstein, Edward, The Antisemitic Hoax That Refuses to Die, The New York Times (exhibition review), April 21, 2006 [2015-08-03], （原始内容存档于2016-03-22） . Weiss, Anthony, Elders of Zion to Retire, The Jewish Daily Forward (Purim spoof article), March 4, 2009 [2015-08-03], （原始内容存档于2011-10-09） . Wiesel, Elie, Nobel Peace Prize winner (audio) (talk), August 13, 2006 [失效連結]. History of the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, BCY, CA: Freemasonry, [2015-08-03], （原始内容存档于2021-03-30） . Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, Encyclopaedia Britannica, [2015-08-03], （原始内容存档于2015-05-22） .