矽藻

硅藻綱（學名：Bacillariophyceae）是真核藻類的一个主要类群，同时也是最常见的一种浮游藻類，其下任一种可泛称为硅藻（diatom）或矽藻。硅藻綱成員多數為單細胞生物，尽管有些种类可以丝状或带状群体（如Fragilaria）、扇状群体（如Meridion）、锯齿状群体（如Tabellaria）以及星形群体（如Asterionella）形式存在。 硅藻在食物链中属于生产者。硅藻的一个主要特点是硅藻细胞外覆硅质（主要是二氧化硅）的细胞壁，即矽藻殼。硅质细胞壁纹理和形态各异，但多呈对称排列。这种排列方式可作为分类命名的依据。但是这种对称并不是完全的对称，因为硅藻细胞壁的一侧比另一侧略大一点，这样才能嵌合在一起。化石遗迹显示，硅藻最早起源于早白垩纪时期。仅中心硅藻类的雄配子具鞭毛，可以游动。硅藻一直以来是一种重要的环境监测指示物种，常被用于水质研究。分類上歸為一綱，轄下有中心矽藻目及羽紋矽藻目。此外也是近海的优势类群。 载色体中有叶绿素a和叶绿素c，α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素，叶黄素类中主要含有墨角藻黄素，其次是硅藻黄素和硅甲黄素，由于墨角藻黄素和其他色素所占比例比叶绿素大，使载色体呈现橙黄色或黄褐色；细胞壁都是由果胶和二氧化硅组成的，没有纤维素，质地坚硬，硅质细胞壁上有呈辐射对称或左右对称排列的花纹。具有上下半壳套合而成的壳体。硅藻营养体中没有游动细胞，仅精子具鞭毛，电子显微镜下观察是茸鞭型，轴丝是9条，没有中央轴丝，这种构造是硅藻独有的。 矽藻綱有超過200個現存的屬，估計有接近十萬個現存物種。矽藻的分布廣泛，不管是海洋、淡水、汽水、泥土及潮濕的表面上均可發現。大部分生活在开阔的远洋水域，当然也有的像膜一样生活在海底砂砾上，更有能在仅仅是潮湿的大气中存活的种类。硅藻在海洋中尤为重要，海洋中总初级生产力的45%由硅藻提供。海洋浮游植物的水平分布和垂直分布都受到限制。但显微观察到，硅藻的一些种甚至会布在2公里的高空。 硅藻属于不等长鞭毛类这一大类群，这一大类群既有自养生物（如金藻、巨藻）又有异养生物（如水霉）。黄棕色叶绿体是不等长鞭毛类的一个特征，这种叶绿体有四层膜，含有类胡萝卜素、墨角藻黄素。硅藻个体通常无鞭毛，但其雄配子具不等长鞭毛，同时与其他类群相比其鞭毛缺乏茸毛。 大部分硅藻是不游动的，有的通过鞭毛移动。也有的观点认为有些羽纹硅藻有自发的运动，而这可能是原生质环流所致。因为硅藻的细胞壁相对致密而容易沉降，在开阔水域浮游种类通常依靠湍流混合层的上部的风以保持悬浮在阳光充足的水面。有些种还会主动调节细胞内的脂质来改变自身浮力以阻止下沉。 硅藻的一大特点是具有尿素循环，这暗示它们在进化上与动物有关。这是艾伦、鲍勒所领导的团队于2011年发现的。他们的这一发现意义非凡，因为之前尿素循环被认为起源于在硅藻几百万年后才出现的后生动物上。他们的研究表明，虽然硅藻和动物的尿素循环目的不同，但它们相同的方式却显示了动物和植物进化的相关性。 硅藻的硅质细胞壁（矽藻殼）由两个独立的半片（壳面）组成。细胞壁生物硅是在胞内由硅酸单体聚合而成，然后再挤压到细胞外添加到细胞壁上。硅藻细胞壁的两个壳面通常像培养皿的底和盖一样套合在一起。在多数种中，当一个硅藻分裂产生两个子细胞，每个子细胞将保留其中的一个壳面，再长出一个套在里面的较小的另一个壳面。因此每个分裂周期后，硅藻种群的平均尺寸将变小。这样细胞尺寸一旦达到了最小，就不再简单地分裂，而是以产生复大孢子（英语：Auxospore）的方式恢复其大小。这样会产生一个大得多的细胞，然后再像原来一样越分裂越小。复大孢子（英语：Auxospore）的产生几乎总是伴随着减数分裂和有性生殖。 硅藻的死亡和分解产生了有机和无机硅酸盐沉淀物。因为无机物在黏土和淤泥沉积中，会形成了一个永久性的海相地层地质记录，所以可以通过挖掘海底或海湾淤泥，研究其中无机成分来分析过去的海洋环境。（参见矽質軟泥） 硅藻的研究是藻类学一个分支，而专攻硅藻方面的藻类学家被称为硅藻学家（英文：diatomists）。 不等鞭毛類物種的分類至今仍然有爭議，不同的分類把物種歸等為門級、界級或兩者之間。因此，矽藻類物種其實可以根據其父系分類單元而被置放於不同的位置上，並相對調整其子系分類單元。本條目使其定位於綱級。 傳統上，矽藻綱物種分為以下兩個目： 中心矽藻目（Centrales）：有輻射對稱外形的物種； 羽紋矽藻目（Pennales）：有鏡射對稱外形的物種。 前者是後者的並系群。 較近期的分類把矽藻分為三個基本分類，也有再細分為更多細目的。這分別主要是由於羽紋矽藻類之間的分別，主要在於有沒有殼縫，即瓣膜的緃向槽。 中心矽藻綱/中心矽藻目（Coscinodiscophyceae）或中心矽藻亞綱（Coscinodiscophycidae） Round & R.M.Crawford Anaulales Round & R.M.Crawford Arachnoidiscales Round Asterolamprales Round Aulacoseirales R.M.Crawford 中心硅藻目 Coscinodiscophyceae Chaetocerotales Round & R.M.Crawfor 金盘藻目 Chrysanthemodiscales Round 金盘藻科 Chrysanthemodiscaceae 金盘藻属 Chrysanthemodiscus A.Mann, 1925 金色金盘藻 Chrysanthemodiscus floriatus A.Mann, 1925 Corethrales Round & R.M.Crawford Coscinodiscales Round 波纹藻目 Cymatosirales Round & R.M.Crawford Desmomastigales Ethmodiscales Round Hemiaulales Round & R.M.Crawford Leptocylindrales Round & R.M.Crawford Lithodesmiales Melosirales R.M.Crawford 正盘藻目 Orthoseirales R.M.Crawford Paraliales R.M.Crawford Rhizosoleniales Stictocyclales Round Stictodiscales Round & R.M.Crawford 海链藻目 Thalassiosirales 角藻目 Triceratiales Round & R.M.Crawford 無殼縫綱（Fragilariophyceae）或無殼縫亞綱（Fragilariophycidae）F.E.Round：無殼縫的羽紋矽藻（araphids） Ardissoneales F.E.Round 梯楔藻目 Climacospheniales Round Cyclophorales Round & R.M.Crawford Fragilariales P.C.Silva Licmophorales Round Protoraphidales Round Rhabdonematales Round & R.M.Crawford Rhaphoneidales Round Striatellales F.E.Round Tabellariales Round Thalassionematales Round Toxariales Round 有殼縫綱（Bacillariophyceae）或有殼縫亞綱（Bacillariophycidae） D.G.Mann：有殼縫的羽紋矽藻（raphids） 曲壳藻目 Achnanthales P.C.Silva 棍形藻目 Bacillariales Hendey Cymbellales D.G.Mann Dictyoneidales D.G.Mann 短缝藻目 Eunotiales P.C.Silva Lyrellales D.G.Mann Mastogloiales D.G.Mann 舟形藻目 Naviculales Bessey Rhopalodiales D.G.Mann 双菱藻目 Surirellales D.G.Mann 锥藻目 Thalassiophysales D.G.Mann 在GBIF上，硅藻纲有以下目： 曲壳藻目 Achnanthales Anaulales Arachnoidiscales Ardissoneales Asterolamprales Aulacoseirales Bacillariales Biddulphiales Centrales Chaetocerales Chaetocerotales Chrysanthemodiscales 梯楔藻目 Climacospheniales Round 梯楔藻科 Climacospheniaceae Corethrales Coscinodiscales Cyclophorales Cyclophoraceae Entopylaceae Entopyla C.G.Ehrenberg, 1848 弓桥藻属 Gephyria G.A.W.Arnott, 1858 Gephyria castracanei Leuduger-Fortmorel, 1892 Gephyria constricta Gephyria dyerana O'Meara, 1877 Gephyria gigantea Gephyria harveyi O'Meara, 1866 Gephyria incurvata 日本弓桥藻 Gephyria japonica Wolle, 1890 中间弓桥藻 Gephyria media Arnott, 1860 Gephyria parodii Frenguelli, 1941 Gephyria rinnboeckii (Pantocsek) Forti, 1912 Gephyria rodriguezi Azpeitia, 1911 Gephyria telfairiae Walker-Arnott, 1858 波纹藻目 Cymatosirales Cymbellales Anomoeoneidaceae Cymbellaceae Gomphonemataceae 弯楔藻科 Rhoicospheniaceae Campylopyxis L.K.Medlin, 1985 Chelonicola Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver Cuneolus M.H.Giffen, 1970 Epiphalaina R.W.Holmes, S.Nagasawa & H.Takano, 1993 Gomphonemopsis L.Medlin, 1986 Gomphoseptatum L.Medlin, 1986 Gomphosphenia H.Lange-Bertalot, 1995 Poulinea Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver 弯楔藻属 Rhoicosphenia A.Grunow, 1860 Rhoicosphenula Lange-Bert., Kociolek, A.A.Saber & Cantonati, 2021 Tripterion R.W.Holmes, S.Nagasawa & H.Takano, 1993 Tursiocola R.W.Holmes, S.Nagasawa & H.Takano, 1993 Dictyoneidales Ethmodiscales 短缝藻目 Eunotiales Fragilariales Hemiaulales Leptocylindrales Licmophorales Lithodesmiales Lyrellales 胸隔藻目 Mastogloiales 胸隔藻科 Mastogloiaceae Aneumastus D.G.Mann & A.J.Stickle, 1990 Decussiphycus Guiry & Gandhi, 2019 Gato C.S.Lobban & J.N.Navarro, 2013 Gato hyalinus Lobban & J.N.Navarro, 2013 胸隔藻属 Mastogloia Thwaites ex W.Sm. Mastogloiopsis Lobban & Navarro, 2012 Skeletomastus M.A.Harper, 2009 Melosirales 舟形藻目 Naviculales Orthoseirales Paraliales Protoraphidales 杆线藻目 Rhabdonematales Grammatophoraceae 杆线藻科 Rhabdonemataceae Rhaphoneidales Asterionellopsidaceae 缝舟藻目 Rhaponeidales Psammodiscaceae 缝舟藻科 Rhaphoneidaceae Asterionellopsis 具槽藻属 Delphineis G.W.Andrews, 1977 Delphineis abbottii E.Fourtanier, 1987 Delphineis andrewsii Hendey, 1981 狭窄具槽藻 Delphineis angustata (Pantocsek Andrews,1977) Delphineis kamenooensis Yanagisawa, 1994 Delphineis kippae Sancetta, 1982 Delphineis lineata G.W.Andrews, 1977 Delphineis livingstonii Prasad, 1986 Delphineis lohmanii Hendey, 1981 Delphineis ovata Andrews, 1977 Delphineis penelliptica G.W.Andrews, 1977 Delphineis sheshukovae Akiba, 1985 双菱具槽藻 Delphineis surirella (Ehr. Andrews G. W.,1980) Delphineis tiltilensis (Frenguelli) Sar & Sala, 2009 Delphineis urbinai Gariboldi, 2016 Diplomenora K.Blazé, 1984 Drewsandria P.A.Sims & R.Ross, 1996 Meloneis I.Louvrou, D.B.Danielidis & A.Economou-Amilli, 2013 新具槽藻属 Neodelphineis H.Takano, 1982 大洋新具槽藻 Neodelphineis pelagica Takano, 1982 Neodelphineis silenda (Hohn & Hellerman, 1966) Desianti & Potapova, 2015 Neodetonia S.Blanco, 2011 Perissonoë G.W.Andrews & V.A.Stoelzel, 1984 十字奇异藻 Perissonoë cruciata (Janisch et Rabenhorst) Andrews et Stoelzel, 1982 Perissonoë pentagona Desikachary, Gowthaman, Hema, Prasaed & Prema, 1987 Perissonoë trigona (Grunow) Andrews & Stoelzel, 1984 缝舟藻属 Rhaphoneis C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis adamantea Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis affinis Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis africana Ehrenberg, 1854 双角缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis amphiceros (Ehrenberg) Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis angularis Lohman, 1938 Rhaphoneis angulata Fenner, 1976 Rhaphoneis angusta Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis angustata Pantocsek, 1886 Rhaphoneis archeri O'Meara, 1867 Rhaphoneis asiatica Brun, 1889 Rhaphoneis atlantica Andrews, 1989 Rhaphoneis australis H.L.Smith, 1878 Rhaphoneis belgica Grunow, 1881 Rhaphoneis bergonil H.Peragallo Rhaphoneis bicuneata Grunow, 1879 Rhaphoneis bilineata Grunow & Cleve Rhaphoneis biseriata Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis boryana Pantocsek, 1889 Rhaphoneis caballeroi Azpeitia y Moros, 1911 Rhaphoneis capensis A.Schmidt, 1894 Rhaphoneis capensis Alferov, 1932 Rhaphoneis capitata Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis carolinica Andrews, 1979 卡氏缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis castracanii Grunow, 1881 Rhaphoneis clavata Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis cocconeides Schrader, 1973 Rhaphoneis cocconeis Ehrenberg, 1870 发状缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis crinigera Takano, 1983 Rhaphoneis crozierii Bailey, 1924 Rhaphoneis debyi Pantocsek, 1886 Rhaphoneis delicatula Pantocsek, 1886 Rhaphoneis delicatus Loseva, 1983 Rhaphoneis diamantella Andrews, 1976 Rhaphoneis digitus Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis discoides Subrahmanyan, 1946 Rhaphoneis dissita Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis dubia Grunow, 1867 Rhaphoneis elegantula Hustedt, 1952 Rhaphoneis elliptica Castracane, 1886 Rhaphoneis elliptica Ehrenberg, 1856 Rhaphoneis elliptica Jousé, 1951 Rhaphoneis elliptica Schrader, 1976 Rhaphoneis entomon Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis fasciata Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis fasciolata Janisch & Rabenhorst, 1862 Rhaphoneis fatula Lohman, 1938 Rhaphoneis fluminensis Grunow, 1862 Rhaphoneis foliacea Ehrenberg, 1849 Rhaphoneis fragilaroidea Patrick, 1944 Rhaphoneis fuchsii Pantocsek, 1889 Rhaphoneis fusiformis Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis fusus Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis gangetica Ehrenberg, 1892 Rhaphoneis gemmifera Ehrenberg Rhaphoneis granulata Patrick, 1944 Rhaphoneis gratiosa Hajós, 1968 Rhaphoneis grossepunctata Hustedt, 1955 Rhaphoneis hachiroensis Rhaphoneis hauckii Grunow, 1879 Rhaphoneis hungarica Pantocsek, 1886 Rhaphoneis immunis Andrews, 1976 Rhaphoneis immunis Lohman, 1948 Rhaphoneis indica Ehrenberg, 1845 Rhaphoneis inflata Hustedt, 1952 Rhaphoneis intermedia Hajós, 1973 Rhaphoneis itaparicana Zimmermann, 1918 日本缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis japonica Castracane, 1886 Rhaphoneis jonesii O'Meara, 1867 Rhaphoneis kinkerii Pantocsek, 1892 Rhaphoneis kronowetterii Ehrenberg, 1862 Rhaphoneis krusadiensis Desikachary & Sridharan, 1989 Rhaphoneis laevigata Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis laevis Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis lanceolata Ehrenberg, 1845 矛状缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis lancettula Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis lepta Schrader, 1969 Rhaphoneis liburnica Grunow, 1862 Rhaphoneis linearis Ehrenberg, 1856 Rhaphoneis linearis Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis lorenziana Grunow, 1862 Rhaphoneis luciana Cholnoky, 1968 Rhaphoneis lumen Brun, 1889 Rhaphoneis lusitanica Rabenhorst, 1864 Rhaphoneis maculata Cleve, 1883 Rhaphoneis magnapunctata Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis mammalis Castracane, 1886 Rhaphoneis margaritalimbata Mertz, 1966 Rhaphoneis margaritata Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis marginulata Cleve, 1883 Rhaphoneis mascarenae Giffen, 1980 Rhaphoneis mediopunctata Hajós, 1968 Rhaphoneis mediterranea Grunow Rhaphoneis mertzi Hajós, 1973 Rhaphoneis mica Hohn & Hellerman, 1966 Rhaphoneis minutissima Hustedt, 1939 Rhaphoneis miocenica Schrader, 1973 Rhaphoneis mirabunda Giffen, 1963 Rhaphoneis molucensis Ehrenberg, 1870 Rhaphoneis moorii O'Meara, 1867 Rhaphoneis morsiana Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis nana Ehrenberg, 1872 Rhaphoneis nitida (Gregory) Grunow, 1868 Rhaphoneis nitida A.Schmidt, 1894 Rhaphoneis nodulifer Rhaphoneis obesa Hanna, 1932 Rhaphoneis obesa Peragallo, 1911 Rhaphoneis obesula Hanna, 1932 Rhaphoneis oregonica Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis orientalis Hendey, 1939 Rhaphoneis ossiformis Schrader, 1976 Rhaphoneis ovalis Korotkevich, 1957 相同缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis paralis Hanna, 1932 Rhaphoneis parallelica Schrader, 1976 Rhaphoneis parcepunctata (Pantocsek & Grunow) Andrews, 1975 Rhaphoneis parvula Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis perspicua Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, 1959 Rhaphoneis petropolitana Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis pinnularia Tempère & Brun, 1889 Rhaphoneis praeparilis Andrews, 1987 Rhaphoneis pretiosa Ehrenberg Rhaphoneis psammicola Riznyk, 1973 Rhaphoneis quarnerensis Grunow, 1862 似菱形缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis rhomboides Hendey, 1958 Rhaphoneis rhombus Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis rhomoides Hendey Rhaphoneis robustata Schrader, 1976 Rhaphoneis rostrata Ehrenberg, 1856 Rhaphoneis sachalinensis Sheshukova-Poretskaya, 1967 Rhaphoneis sanctaecrucis H.Peragallo, 1909 Rhaphoneis scalaris Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis schulzii Anissimova ex Proschkina-Lavrenko, 1949 Rhaphoneis scutelloides Grunow, 1862 Rhaphoneis scutellum Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhaphoneis scutula Andrews, 1978 Rhaphoneis setacea Ehrenberg, 1854 Rhaphoneis sharktoothensis VanLandingham, 1978 Rhaphoneis simbirskiana Grunow, 1886 Rhaphoneis similis Hustedt, 1952 Rhaphoneis simonseni Mertz, 1966 Rhaphoneis suborbicularis O'Meara, 1867 Rhaphoneis subtilissima Pantocsek, 1886 双菱缝舟藻 Rhaphoneis surirella (Her.) Grunow, 1880 Rhaphoneis surirelloides Simonsen, 1974 Rhaphoneis szakalensis Pantocsek, 1886 Rhaphoneis tatsunokuchiensis Koizumi, 1972 Rhaphoneis tenuis Hustedt, 1952 Rhaphoneis tibialis Tempère & Brun, 1889 Rhaphoneis triangularis Hajós, 1968 Rhaphoneis wetzeli Mertz, 1966 Rhaphoneis wicomicoensis Lohman, 1948 Rhaponeis Sceptroneis C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Rhizosoleniales Rhopalodiales Stictocycales 斑环藻目 Stictocyclales 斑环藻科 Stictocyclaceae 斑环藻属 Stictocyclus A.Mann, 1925 射纹斑环藻 Stictocyclus stictodiscus (Grunow Ross, 1973) Stictocyclus varicus A.Mann, 1925 斑盘藻目 Stictodiscales Benetoraceae Plurifenestraceae 斑盘藻科 Stictodiscaceae Actinodiscus R.K.Greville, 1863 Compositus V.N.Vekschina, 1960 Pseudostictodiscus A.Grunow ex A.Schmidt et al., 1882 Rhaphidophoropsis S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016 Rocella 斑盘藻属 Stictodiscus R.K.Greville, 1861 Striatellales 双菱藻目 Surirellales Tabellariales Thalassionematales 锥藻目 Thalassiophysales 海链藻目 Thalassiosirales Toxariales Triceratiales 目的地位未定的科： Arcanodiscaceae Archaegladiopsidaceae Diatomaceae Disciferiaceae Eustephaniaceae Gladiaceae Hydroseraceae Kerkiaceae Nitzschiaveae Rhynchopyxidaceae Trigoniumaceae Xanthiopyxaceae 目和科的地位未定的属： Achnanthepyla Perag., 1921 Actinodictyon J.Pantocsek, 1889 Actinogonium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1847 Actinogramma C.G.Ehrenberg, 1872 Actinoneis P.T.Cleve, 1895 Actinophaenia G.Shadbolt, 1854 Actinostephanos G.K.Khursevich, 1989 Aggericorona S.Komura, 2006 Alloeoneis J.Schumann, 1867 Alloioneis J.Schumann ex P.T.Cleve, 1878 Amphicampa Rabenh. Amphicephalosperma Meunier, 1910 Amphidiscus C.G.Ehrenberg, 1839 茧形藻属 Amphiprora Kütz. 两形壳缝藻属 Amphiraphia J.-Y.Chen & H.-Z.Zhu, 1983 Amphitrite P.T.Cleve ex O.Kunze, 1891 Amphitropis L.Rabenhorst, 1868 Anisodiscus A.Grunow, 1886 Anisoraphe R.E.Norris, 1971 Annellus J.Tempère, 1908 Annularius S.Komura, 2005 Annulodiscus Hajós 异菱藻属 Anomoeoneis Pitzer Antelminellia F.Schütt, 1893 Anthemodiscus J.W.Barker & S.H.Meakin, 1944 Aplotella (Kützing) L.Agassiz, 1843 Aporidiscus Rattray, 1889 Aporodiscus J.Rattray, 1890 Apteroe P.T.Cleve, 1891 Apterosoma S.Komura, 1997 Archaegoniothecium J.Witkowski, D.M.Harwood & M.Kulikovskiy, 2012 Archeopantocsekia Borbas, 1893 Archepyrgus R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 Archimedea J.B.M.Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1824 Argonauta G.Karsten, 1928 Aristella Arthrogyra C.G.Ehrenberg ex Ralfs, 1861 Arthrotoma Corda, 1840 Asterodiscus A.S.Johnson, 1852 Astrosyne Ashworth & Lobban, 2012 Aulacocystis A.H.Hassall, 1845 Auriculopsis N.I.Hendey, 1964 Bactryllium O.Heer, 1853 Baculites J.Grüss, 1928 Badiaga Sprengel Balanosa S.Komura, 1996 Baxteria H.Van Heurck, 1896 Belonastrum E.Lemmermann, 1900 Belonidium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1854 Biblarium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Bifibulatia H.Takano, 1983 Bilingua R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 Bolewskia B.Kwiecinska & J.Sieminska, 2000 Botellus F.Schütt, 1900 Brachybaculites J.Grüss, 1928 Brasiliella C.Zimmermann S.J., 1918 Brenneckella H.Lohman, 1912 Brunia J.Tempère ex G.B.De Toni, 1894 Bruniella H.Van Heurck, 1896 Bruniopsis G.Karsten, 1928 Calcothrix N.A.Desvaux, 1830 Callimastogloia S.Komura, 2005 Calodiscus L.Rabenhorst, 1853 Calophyllum G.Shadbolt, 1854 Calyptosporium D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 Campylostylus G.Shadbolt ex C.S.Boyer, 1927 Capsula J.Brun, 1896 Carrodoria Kuntze, 1898 Castracania G.B.De Toni, 1892 Cavitatus D.M.Williams, 1989 Centrodiscus Pantocsek, 1889 Centroporus J.Pantocsek, 1889 Ceratangula P.A.Sims, 2008 Ceratodiscus S.H.Meakin, 1938 Ceratophora Pantocsek, 1889 Chasea G D.Hanna, 1934 Cheloniodiscus J.Pantocsek, 1889 Chuniella G.Karsten, 1905 Circularius E.A.Molinari-Novoa, C.E.Sánchez Ocharan & M.D.Guiry, 2021 Cladogramma C.G.Ehrenberg, 1854 Cladomphalus J.W.Bailey, 1894 Clavicula J.Pantocsek, 1886 Clavularia R.K.Greville, 1865 Clevamphora C.Mereschkowsky, 1903 Cleveamphora Mereschkowsky, 1903 Cleveia J.Pantocsek, 1895 Clevia C.Mereschkowsky, 1902 Climacidium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1870 Clipeoparvus J.Woodbridge, E.J.Cox & N.Roberts, 2010 Coenobiodiscus A.R.Loeblich Iii, W.W.Wight & W.M.Darley, 1968 Cohaesum V.A.Nikolaev & D.M.Harwood, 2007 Colletonema A.de Brébisson ex F.T.Kützing, 1849 Confervea O.F.Müller, 1873 棘冠藻属 Corethron (Castracane) H.Perag. Corinna P.A.C.Heiberg, 1863 Coronia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1840 Coronodiscus I.Suto, 2004 Coscinophaena C.G.Ehrenberg, 1854 Coscinorima N.I.Strelnikova, 1999 Cotyledon J.Brun, 1891 Craspedopleura M.Poulin, 1993 Craspedoporus R.K.Greville, 1863 Cresswellia Arnott ex R.K.Greville, 1857 Cristodiscus Z.I.Glezer & A.P.Olshtynskaya, 1994 Crossophialus D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 Crystalia Sommerfeld, 1824 Ctenophora A.de Brebisson ex F.T.Kützing, 1849 Cultria (D.Metzeltin & H.Lange-Bertalot) D.Metzeltin & H.Lange-Bertalot, 2007 Cussia H.-J.Schrader, 1974 Cycloites J.Grüss, 1928 Cycloplea V.B.A.Trevisan di San Leon, 1848 Cyclosira H.Peragallo & M.Peragallo, 1907 Cyclostephanopsis L.Loginova, 1993 Cymatogonia A.Grunow, 1883 Cymatotheca N.I.Hendey, 1958 Cymbamphora P.T.Cleve, 1895 Cymbelgeia L.N.Bukhtiyarova & G.V.Pomazkina, 2013 Cymbellopsis K.Krammer, 1997 Cymbophora (F.T.Kützing) A.de Brébisson, 1838 Cymbosira F.T.Kützing, 1844 Cypellachaetes D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 Cystopleura A.de Brébisson ex O.Kuntze, 1891 指管藻属 Dactyliosolen (Castracane) H.Perag. Dalai-Lama C.Mereschkowsky, 1906 Dalailama Mereschkowsky Dandrelion P.Lefebure, 1947 Dasyangea D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 Debya J.Pantocsek, 1886 Debya J.Rattray, 1888 Dendrelion J.Pantocsek, 1928 Dendrella J.B.M.Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822 Dendrogonia S.Komura, 2007 Denticula Ehrenb. Diatomosira V.B.A.Trevisan di San Leon, 1848 Diatostephana E.A.Molinari-Novoa & M.D.Guiry, 2021 Dichomenis C.G.Ehrenberg, 1862 Dichotropiscus S.Komura, 1995 Dickensoniaforma Dicladia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Dicladiopsis G.B.De Toni, 1894 Dictyolampra C.G.Ehrenberg, 1847 Dictyopyxis C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Didymohelix J.W.Griffith Dimeractis S.Komura, 2001 Dimerosira H.Peragallo, 1901 Diomphala C.G.Ehrenberg, 1842 Discoites J.Grüss, 1928 Disconeis P.T.Cleve, 1895 Discoplea C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Discosira L.Rabenhorst, 1853 Discus C.Stodder, 1879 Disiphonia Dispinodiscus I.Suto, 2004 Distichanthes C.G.Ehrenberg, 1854 Doryphora Dossetia F.Azpeitia, 1911 Drepanotheca H.-J.Schrader ex Round, Crawford & Mann, 1990 Echinaria F.T.Kützing, 1844 Echinodiscus A.Mann, 1925 Ectodictyon G.C.Khursevich & G.P.Cherniaeva, 1989 Endosigma A.de Brébisson, 1848 Endostauron A.Grunow, 1880 Endostauron Brébisson ex Möller, 1892 Entogonia R.K.Greville, 1863 Entomogaster C.G.Ehrenberg, 1871 Epithelion J.Pantocsek, 1905 Epithema A.de Brébisson, 1838 Euceratoneis A.Grunow, 1865 Eumeridion F.T.Kützing, 1844 Euphyllodium Eupleuria G.A.W.Arnott, 1858 Eupterotrum S.Komura, 1997 Eurossia Mahood et al., 1993 Eurossia P.A.Sims, 1993 Excentron J.Ralfs, 1861 Fenestrellina Greville, 1863 Fibula Wm.Smith, 1859 Flexibiddulphia R.Simonsen, 1987 Fontigonium P.A.Sims & N.I.Hendey, 1996 Fusotheca C.Mereschkowsky, 1878 Gemellodiscus I.Suto, 2004 Girodella Gaillon ex P.J.F.Turpin, 1827 Gleseria E.G.Lupikina, L.M.Dolmatova & L.M., 1984 Gloeonema C.G.Ehrenberg, 1856 Gloionema C.A.Agardh, 1812 Glyphodiscus R.K.Greville, 1862 Goldfishia L.N.Bukhtiyarova & G.V.Pomazkina, 2013 Golovenkinia N.I.Strelnikova, 1997 Gomphogramma A.Braun, 1853 Grammatonema F.T.Kützing, 1845 Grayia E.Grove & J.Brun, 1892 Groentvedia N.I.Hendey, 1964 Grovea A.Schmidt ex Van Heurck, 1896 Grunoviella H.Van Heurck, 1896 Grymaia J.W.Bailey ex L.W.Bailey, 1861 Gutwinskiella G.B.De Toni, 1894 Gyropandorus S.Komura, 1997 Gyroptychus A.Schmidt, 1890 Halionyx C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Halonetrum H.Lohmann, 1919 Halopetitia S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016 Halurina C.Zimmermann, 1918 Handmannia M.Peragallo, 1913 Hantzschiopsidea J.Grüss, 1928 Harrisonii E.M.Nelson Haynaldella J.Pantocsek, 1892 Haynaldiella J.Pantocsek ex H.Van Heurck, 1896 Heibergia R.K.Greville, 1865 Heliopelta C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Helisella A.Jurilj, 1949 Helissella Jurilj, 1949 Helminthopsidella P.C.Silva, 1970 Hemiboscia V.A.Nikolaev & D.M.Harwood, 2012 Hemizoster C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Hendeya J.A.Long, D.P.Fuge & J.Smith, 1946 Hendeyscoresbya S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016 Henshawia A.Mann, 1925 Heribaudia M.Peragallo, 1893 Heromphala P.Lefebure, 1947 Heroneis P.Lefebure, 1947 Hesslandia A.Cleve-Euler, 1947 Heterangion S.Komura, 2001 Heterocampa C.G.Ehrenberg, 1870 Heterodictyon R.K.Greville, 1863 Heteromphala C.G.Ehrenberg, 1859 Heteroneis P.T.Cleve, 1895 Heterostephania C.G.Ehrenberg, 1854 Himantidium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1840 Himantosoma V.B.A.Trevisan di San Leon, 1848 Homalodiscus A.S.Orsted, 1844 Hormophora A.Jurilj, 1957 Horstia J.Sieminska & B.Kwiecinska, 2002 Humbugodiscus J.Deby, 1890 Hustedtia F.Meister, 1932 Huttoniella G.Karsten, 1928 Hyalodes F.Dujardin, 1842 Hyalodictya C.G.Ehrenberg, 1871 Hyalopyxis I.V.Makarova, 1989 Hyalotrochus D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 Hydrolinum H.F.Link, 1820 Hydrosirella F.Hustedt, 1952 Hylobiblium Wolle, 1894 Hystrix J.B.M.Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822 Iconella Ikebea S.Komura, 1975 Imparvalvia S.Komura, 2007 Incisoria M.Hajos, 1975 Insilella C.G.Ehrenberg, 1845 Isomeria Chevallier Isthmiella P.T.Cleve, 1873 Janischia A.Grunow, 1883 Jousea Z.I.Glezer, 1967 Kannoa S.Komura, 1980 Katahiraia S.Komura, 1976 Kidoa S.Komura, 1979 Kozloviella A.P.Jousé, 1973 Kreagra R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 Ktenodiscus J.Pantocsek, 1889 Kuemmerlea J.A.Krenner, 1926 Lacustriella H.Lange-Bertalot, M.S.Kulikovskiy & D.Metzeltin, 2012 Lamella J.Brun, 1894 Lamprotediscus J.Pantocsek, 1892 Lancineis G.W.Andrews, 1990 Lentiliforma Leptoscaphos H.-J.Schrader, 1969 Lingulatium Lioneis C.G.Ehrenberg, 1861 Liostephania C.G.Ehrenberg, 1847 Liparogyra C.G.Ehrenberg, 1848 Liradiscus R.K.Greville, 1865 Liradiscus akibae I.Suto, 2004 Liradiscus asperulus Andrews, 1976 Liradiscus barbadensis Greville, 1865 Liradiscus bipolaris K.E.Lohman, 1948 Liradiscus capensis Cleve, 1881 Liradiscus circularis Hanna, 1927 Liradiscus ellipticus Greville, 1865 Liradiscus furcatus Grove MS., 1889 Liradiscus japonicus I.Suto, 2004 Liradiscus lucidus Brun, 1889 Liradiscus marginatus Grove MS., 1889 Liradiscus marginatus Grunow, 1879 Liradiscus minimus Lohman, 1948 Liradiscus minutus Forti, 1914 Liradiscus minutus Greville, 1865 Liradiscus oblongus Grunow, 1890 卵形脊刺藻 Liradiscus ovalis R.K.Greville, 1865 Liradiscus pacificus I.Suto, 2004 Liradiscus petasus I.Suto, 2004 Liradiscus plicatulus Hajós, 1968 Liradiscus plicatus Hajós, 1968 肾形脊刺藻 Liradiscus reniformis Chin & Cheng, 1982 Liradiscus reticulatus I.Suto, 2004 Liradiscus rotundus Hajós, 1968 Liriogramma R.W.Kolbe, 1954 Lithobotrys C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Lobarzewskya V.B.A.Trevisan di San Leon, 1848 Lomonycus S.Komura, 1996 Longinata M.Hajos, 1975 Lophotheca H.-J.Schrader, 1969 Lunulina J.B.M.Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822 Lyngbyea Lysicyclia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1856 Lysigonium H.F.Link, 1820 Maluina R.Ross & P.A.Sims, 1987 Mammidion J.A.Long, D.P.Fuge & J.Smith, 1946 Mammula G.Karsten, 1928 Margaritoxon C.Janisch, 1862 Mediaria V.S.Scheschukova-Poretzkaja, 1962 Mediopyxis L.K.Medlin & Kühn, 2006 Medlinella Frankovich, Ashworth & M.J.Sullivan, 2016 Melchersiela C.Teixeira, 1959 Melotomus Corda Meretrosulus G D.Hanna, 1927 Meristosolen D.M.Harwood & R.Gersonde, 1990 Mesasterias C.G.Ehrenberg, 1872 Micromega C.A.Agardh, 1827 Microneis P.T.Cleve, 1895 Microorbis R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 Microspodiscus A.Grunow, 1883 Microstigma (P.T.Cleve) F.Meister, 1919 Moelleria P.T.Cleve, 1873 Moisseevia N.I.Strelnikova, 1997 Monema M.J.Berkeley, 1833 Monema R.K.Greville, 1827 Monobrachia H.-J.Schrader, 1976 Monoceros A.C.J.Van Goor, 1924 Monocis P.Lefebure, 1947 Monocladia I.Suto, 2003 Monogramma C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Monopsia E.Grove & G.Sturt, 1887 Muelleriopsis N.I.Hendey, 1972 Nadiya L.N.Bukhtiyarova, 2013 Nanoneis R.E.Norris, 1973 Naunema C.G.Ehrenberg, 1838 Naviculonema C.L.Graeff, J.P.Kociolek & S.R.Rushforth, 2013 Nematoplata J.B.M.Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1822 Neograya O.Kuntze, 1898 Neomoelleria S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016 Nephrodiscus S.Komura, 1996 Nitzschiopsidea J.Grüss, 1928 Nothoceratium G.B.De Toni, 1894 Novilla P.A.C.Heiberg, 1863 Ocularia E.J.Quekett, 1844 Omphalopelta C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Oncodiscus J.W.Bailey Oncosphenia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1845 Opephoropsis J.Frenguelli, 1945 Orthotropis P.T.Cleve, 1891 Oscillaria C.Pollini, 1816 Oshitea S.Komura, 1993 Paleopandorus S.Komura, 1996 Palmella E.A.Flint Paltonella (Kützing) L.Agassiz, 1843 Paltonophora F.T.Kützing, 1833 Pandurella (Kützing) L.Agassiz, 1843 Pappia M.Hajos, 1974 Paradesmus A.C.J.Corda, 1835 Parelion Pentapodiscus C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Peponia R.K.Greville, 1863 Peragalla F.Schütt, 1895 Peragallia F.Schütt, 1895 Peragalloella H.Van Heurck, 1909 Periptera Ehrenberg, 1845 Peristephania C.G.Ehrenberg, 1854 Perithyra C.G.Ehrenberg ex H.Van Heurck, 1896 Perizonium F.Cohn & C.Janisch ex L.Rabenhorst, 1864 Phaeoceros Phaeothallus K.I.Meyer Phalarina Ehrenberg Pharyngoglossa Corda, 1835 Phialediscus L.Vailionis, 1930 Phlyctaenia F.T.Kützing, 1849 Phycorona Blanco, 2020 Pinnulariosigma T.V.Desikachary, V.N.Raja Rao & V.T.Sridharan, 1989 Pleurodesmium F.T.Kützing, 1846 Pleurodiscina P.C.Silva, 1970 Pleurodiscus J.W.Barker & S.H.Meakin, 1944 Pleuroneis P.T.Cleve, 1895 Pleurosiphonia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1871 Pleurostauron Plicatodiscus Z.I.Glezer, 1988 Ploiaria J.Pantocsek ex Van Heurck, 1896 Podiscus J.W.Bailey, 1844 Pododiscus F.T.Kützing, 1844 Podosphenia Ehrenberg, 1836 Pogoneis F.E.Round & P.W.Basson, 1997 Polyceratium A.F.Castracane, 1886 Polymyscos C.Janisch, 1888 Ponticella C.G.Ehrenberg, 1873 Pontodiscus D.N.Temniskova-Topalova & V.S.Sheshukova-Poretzkaya, 1981 Poretzkia A.P.Jousé, 1949 Porocyclia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1848 Porodiscus R.K.Greville, 1863 Porostauros F.Habirshaw, 1877 Porosularia B.V.Skvortzov, 1976 Praecymatosira Dzinoridze et al., 1979 Praecymatosira N.I.Strelnikova, 1979 Praeepithemia A.P.Jousé, 1952 Pravifusus A.Witkowski, H.Lange-Bertalot & D.Metzeltin, 2000 Pritchardia L.Rabenhorst, 1864 Proboscidea T.B.B.Paddock & P.A.Sims, 1980 Proboscineis F.Butzin, 1980 Prorostaurus C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Proshkinia N.I.Karayeva, 1978 Protonema Meneghinini, 1845 Protorhaphoneis B.Kwiecinska & J.Sieminska, 2000 Psammoparalia M.G.Baptista, 1998 Pseudauliscus G.Leuduger-Fortmorel, 1879 Pseudo-pleurosigma P.T.Cleve & A.Grunow, 1880 Pseudoaulacodiscus V.N.Vekschina, 1961 Pseudocerataulus J.Pantocsek, 1889 Pseudocoscinodiscus A.Grunow, 1883 Pseudodictyoneis P.T.Cleve ex J.Pantocsek, 1892 Pseudodimerogramma H.-J.Schrader, 1976 Pseudodiploneis A.Schmidt, 1874 Pseudohyalodiscus T.F.Kozyrenko & I.V.Makarova, 1997 Pseudomastogloia J.Pantocsek, 1905 Pseudostephanodiscus A.Grunow, 1884 Pseudosynedra G.Leuduger-Fortmorel ex C.S.Boyer, 1827 Pseudosynedra J.Pantocsek ex G.Moesz, 1904 Pseudotribrachia S.Blanco & C.E.Wetzel, 2016 Psygmatella F.T.Kützing, 1834 Pterotheca A.Grunow ex Forti, 1909 Ptychodiscus E.O'Meara, 1867 Radiodiscus (W.M.Bale) Mills, 1932 Radiodiscus A.Forti & P.Schulz, 1932 Radiopalma J.Brun, 1891 Ralfsia E.O'Meara, 1875 Rancia L.Mangin ex J.Chavaillon, 1939 Raphidogloea Raphoneis Ehrenb. Reicheltia H.Van Heurck, 1896 Rhabdium C.F.W.Wallroth, 1833 Rhabdosira C.G.Ehrenberg, 1870 Rhaphidogloea F.T.Kützing, 1844 Rhaphiophorasphaera B.L.Clark & A.S.Campbell, 1945 Rhaphococcus C.G.Ehrenberg, 1871 Rhipidophora F.T.Kützing, 1844 Rhizonotia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Robinsetta G D.Hanna & A.L.Brigger, 1964 Robinsonetta G.D.Hanna & A.L.Brigger, 1964 Rosaria Carmichael, 1833 Rouxia J.Brun & J.Heribaud, 1893 Rouxiopsis S.Komura, 1996 Rutilariopsis H.Van Heurck, 1896 Saeptifera R.M.Gogorev, 2014 Sagittula S.Komura, 1997 Salacia J.Pantocsek, 1889 Salpa P.Lefebure, 1947 Sameioneis D.J.Russell & R.E.Norris, 1971 Sawamuraia S.Komura, 1976 Scalariella C.Riaux-Gobin, 2012 Scalptrum A.C.J.Corda, 1835 Scapha Edwards ex C.Johnston, 1860 Scaphularia F.T.Kützing, 1844 Schimittia P.Lefebure, 1947 Schimperiella G.Karsten, 1905 Schizonema C.A.Agardh, 1824 Schizostauron A.Grunow, 1867 Schmidtia C.Janisch, 1888 Schmidtiella C.H.Ostenfeld, 1903 Schumanniana P.Lefebure, 1947 Scoliodiscus A.Jurilj, 1954 Scytellum C.Agardh, 1827 Secallia F.Azpeitia, 1911 Sellaphoropsis D.Metzeltin & H.Lange-Bertalot, 2002 Sembeya P.Lefebure, 1947 Semseyia J.Pantocsek, 1902 Sieminskia D.Metzeltin & H.Lange-Bertalot, 1998 Sigma M.Peragallo, 1920 Simonseniella J.Fenner, 1991 Siphonodiscus S.Komura, 1996 Skvortzowia M.S.Kulikovskiy, H.Lange-Bertalot & D.Metzeltin, 2012 Smithiella H.Peragallo, 1901 Solium P.A.C.Heiberg, 1863 Spermatogonia G.Leuduger-Fortmorel, 1892 Sphaerophora (A.H.Hassall) J.Lindley, 1846 Sphaerotermia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1852 Sphenella (Kützing) L.Agassiz, 1843 Sphenella F.T.Kützing, 1844 Sphenoneis V.B.A.Trevisan di San Leon, 1848 Sphenophora (Kützing) L.Agassiz, 1843 Sphenophora F.T.Kützing, 1833 Sphenosira C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Sphinctocystis A.H.Hassall, 1845 Spinigera H.Heiden & R.W.Kolbe, 1928 Spinivinculum R.Ross, 1990 Spinodiscus T.V.Desikachary & K.A.Ranjitha Devi, 1986 Staurogramma L.Rabenhorst, 1853 Stauronella C.Mereschkowsky, 1901 Staurosigma A.Grunow ex Rabenhorst, 1864 Stelladiscus J.Rattray, 1890 Stelodiscus S.Komura, 2001 Stenopterotia F.Habirshaw, 1878 Stephanogonia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Stephanosira C.G.Ehrenberg, 1848 Stichochrysis Pringsheim, 1955 Stichocrysis Stichostaura C.G.Ehrenberg, 1853 Stictodiscella G.B.De Toni, 1894 Stictolecanon S.Komura, 1999 Stictoneis F.T.Kützing, 1844 Stigmaphora G.C.Wallich, 1860 Stigmaphora hungarica Pantocsek, 1892 Stigmaphora lanceolata Wallich, 1860 Stigmaphora rostrata Wallich, 1860 Stoschiella C.Gardner & K.Wenderoth, 1966 Stoschiella hebetata C.Gardner & K.Wenderoth, 1996 Streptommion S.Komura, 1997 Striatocellina Z.I.Glezer, 1988 Strombus F.Schütt ex A.F.Castracane, 1892 Sturtgrovea O.Kuntze, 1898 Stylaria Hooker Stylobiblium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1845 Styloneis C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Suriraya E.Pfitzer, 1871 Syncyclia C.G.Ehrenberg, 1837 Syndendrium C.G.Ehrenberg, 1845 Syrinx A.C.J.Corda, 1835 Systephania C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Szechenyia J.Pantocsek, 1903 Tabulina J.Brun, 1889 Temperea M.Peragallo, 1908 Temperella F.W.Mills, 1935 Terebraria R.K.Greville, 1864 Tessella C.G.Ehrenberg, 1837 Tetrachaeta C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Tetralophus S.Komura, 2007 Tetramphora C.Mereschkowsky, 1903 Tetrapodiscus C.G.Ehrenberg, 1843 Thaumaleorhabdium V.B.A.Trevisan di San Leon, 1848 Thumia Cleve ex Lefébure & Chenevière, 1938 Thumia P.T.Cleve ex F.B.Taylor, 1929 Tibiella C.E.Bessey, 1900 Tortilaria W.J.Barker & S.H.Meakin, 1948 Toxosira A.de Brébisson ex M.Peragallo, 1903 Triaulacias C.G.Ehrenberg, 1844 Tribrachia A.Mann, 1925 Triceras Lobarzewski Trifonovia M.S.Kulikovskiy & H.Lange-Bertalot, 2012 Trisystema S.Komura, 2005 Trochosirella S.Komura, 1996 Trochus R.Gersonde & D.M.Harwood, 1990 Tropidosiphonus S.Komura, 1994 Truania J.Pantocsek, 1886 Tschestnovia J.Pantocsek, 1889 Tubaformis Gombos A.M.Jr., 1983 Tubularia J.Brun, 1894 Undatodiscus E.G.Lupikina, 1984 Unguiella S.Komura, 1996 Upothema J.A.Long, D.P.Fuge & J.Smith, 1946 Valdiviella A.F.W.Schimper, 1907 Valdiviella brevicornis Sars G.O., 1905 Valdiviella brodskyi Zvereva, 1975 Valdiviella ignota Sewell, 1929 Valdiviella imperfecta Brodsky, 1950 Valdiviella insignis Farran, 1908 Valdiviella minor Wolfenden, 1911 Valdiviella oligarthra Steuer, 1904 Vanheurckella J.Pantocsek, 1892 奇异范氏藻 Vanheurckella admirabilis Pantocsek, 1892 Vanheurckiella Pantocsek ex M.Peragallo, 1897 Vanhoeffenus H.Heiden & R.W.Kolbe, 1928 Vavia A.Missuna, 1914 Vernadskowia A.Missuna, 1914 Vibrio O.F.Müller, 1773 Vulcanella P.A.Sims & A.D.Mahood, 1998 Weissflogia C.Janisch, 1888 Willemoesia F.Castracane, 1886 Williamsella C.L.Graeff, J.P.Kociolek & S.R.Rushforth, 2013 Wittia J.Pantocsek, 1889 Xanthioisthmus I.Suto, 2006 Xanthiopsis F.Wolle, 1890 Xanthiopyxis (C.G.Ehrenberg) C.G.Ehrenberg, 1845 Zotheca J.Pantocsek, 1902 矽藻（光學顯微鏡下，暗視野） 各種硅藻的表面。扫描电子显微镜拍攝。 （A：左上）Biddulphia reticulata （B：左下）Diploneis sp. （C：右上）Eupodiscus radiatus （D：右下）Melosira varians Paul G. Falkowski, Miriam E. Katz, Andrew H. Knoll, et al., The Evolution of Modern Eukaryotic Phytoplankton. SCIENCE, VOL 305, 2004 吴国芳等. 植物学（第二版）下册. 北京: 高等教育出版社. 1992年: 33-36 [2013年2月28日]. ISBN 7-04-003388-7 （中文（简体））.  Hasle, G.R.; Syvertsen,E.E. Marine Diatoms. In: Tomas, C.R.（1997）. Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates. Academic Press. 1997: 5–385.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Round, F. E.; Crawford, R. M. The Diatoms. Biology and Morphology of the Genera. UK: Cambridge University Press. 1990.  Canter-Lund, H; Lund, J.W.G. Freshwater Algae. Biopress Limited. 1995. ISBN 0-948737-25-5 （英语）.  Mann, D. G. The species concept in diatoms. Evolution. 1989, 24 (1): 1–22. [永久失效連結] Yool, Andrew; Tyrrell, Toby. Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean’s silicon cycle (PDF). Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 3003, 17 (4): 1103–1124 [2013-04-22]. doi:10.1029/2002GB002018. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-09-21）.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Lipps, J.H. Plankton Evolution. Diatoms occur in all oceans from the poles to the tropics; polar and subpolar regions contain relatively few species compared with temperate biota. Although tropical regions exhibit the greatest number of species, more abundant populations are found in polar to temperate regions. 1970, 24 (1): 1–22. JSTOR 2406711. doi:10.2307/2406711.  Horner, R.A. A Taxonomic Guide to Some Common Marine Phytoplankton. BiopressLtd. 2002: 25–30. ISBN 0-948737-65-4.  存档副本. [2013-04-22]. （原始内容存档于2012-12-23）.  存档副本. [2013-04-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-05）.  O.E.D. 2nd edition 2005 CHRISTOPHER S. LOBBAN,J. NELSON NAVARRO．Gato hyalinus gen. etsp. nov., an unusual araphid tube-dwelling diatom from Western Pacific and Caribbean islands[J]．Phytotaxa,2013,127(1) Claire Gardner , Dieter Schulz , Richard M. Crawford & Klaus Wenderoth (1995) STOSCHIELLA HEBETATA GEN. ET SP. NOV. A DIATOM FROM INTERTIDAL SAND, Diatom Research, 10:2, 241-250, DOI: 10.1080/0269249X.1995.9705347 維基物種上的相關信息：Diatoms 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：矽藻