濁軟腭擦音

濁軟腭擦音是辅音的一种。其国际音标的符号是⟨ɣ⟩，X-SAMPA音标的符号则是⟨G⟩。大部分音韵学家把中古汉语的匣母构拟成浊舌根擦音，但也有一部分构拟为浊声门擦音。類似英語裡的"ng"，但是ɣ沒有鼻腔音。 濁軟腭擦音的特點： 調音方法是摩擦，表示氣流通過位於調音部位的狹窄通道，發生湍流。 調音部位是軟腭，即以舌根部位抵住軟腭。 發聲類型是濁音，意味着發音時聲帶顫動。 本輔音是口腔輔音（口音），表示調音時空氣只從口裡流出。 本輔音為中央輔音，調音時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面，而不從兩側流過。 氣流機制是肺部氣流，即由肺與橫膈膜驱动空气。 下列部分软腭后音可能实际上是小舌擦音。 Watson (2002)，第17 and 19-20頁. Watson (2002)，第17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38頁. Hualde (1991)，第99–100頁. Wheeler (2005)，第10頁. Verhoeven (2005:243頁) Collins & Mees (2003:191頁) Shosted & Chikovani (2006)，第255頁. Krech et al. (2009:108頁) Sylvia Moosmüller. Vowels in Standard Austrian German: An Acoustic-Phonetic and Phonological Analysis (PDF): 6. 2007 [March 9, 2013]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-27）. [與來源不符] Kachru (2006)，第20頁. Pop (1938)，第30頁. Okada (1999)，第118頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOkada1999 (help) Kwak Chung-Gu. The archaic characteristics of the Yukjin lexicon. Jindan Hakbo. 2015, 125: 201-203 [2021-05-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-06）.  赵习; 宣德五. 朝鲜语六镇话的方言特点. 民族语文. 1986, 5: 1–13.  Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:159頁) Peters (2006:119頁) R.E. Keller, German Dialects. Phonology and Morphology, Manchester 1960 Vanvik (1979)，第40頁. Cruz-Ferreira (1995)，第92頁. Mateus & d'Andrade (2000)，第11頁. Barbosa & Albano (2004)，第228頁. Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:17頁) Landau et al. (1999:67頁) 如Quilis (1981)的语音学研究发现西班牙语浊塞音会表现出不同程度的擦音。这些同位异音不局限于一般的擦音调音，而是表现出从几乎完全成阻到几乎成为元音的广泛变体 存档副本. [2020-12-21]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-24）.  Sjoberg (1963)，第13頁. Thompson (1959)，第458–461頁. Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C., Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756  Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5  Booij, Geert, The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-19-823869-X  Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981] [2017-11-29], ISBN 9004103406, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-28）  Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223  Grønnum, Nina, Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk 3rd, Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, 2005 [2017-11-29], ISBN 87-500-3865-6, （原始内容存档于2016-11-27）  Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor, The dialect of Maastricht (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies), 1999, 29: 155–166 [2017-11-29], doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-11）  Hualde, José Ignacio, Basque phonology, New York: Routledge, 1991  Kachru, Yamuna, Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, 2006 [2017-11-29], ISBN 90-272-3812-X, （原始内容存档于2017-12-01）  Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6  Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7  Mateus, Maria Helena; d'Andrade, Ernesto, The Phonology of Portuguese, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-19-823581-X  Nowikow, Wieczysław, Fonetyka hiszpańska 3rd, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2012 [First published 1992], ISBN 978-83-01-16856-8  Okada, Hideo, Japanese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1991, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X  Peters, Jörg, The dialect of Hasselt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428  Pop, Sever, Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj, 1938  Quilis, Antonio, Fonética acústica de la lengua española, Gredos, 1981 [2017-11-29], （原始内容存档于2017-12-01）  Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang, Standard Georgian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659  Sjoberg, Andrée F., Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series 18, Bloomington: Indiana University, 1963  Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer 2nd, Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, 1997 [1987], ISBN 90-70246-34-1, （原始内容存档于2015年9月19日）  Thompson, Laurence, Saigon phonemics, Language, 1959, 35 (3): 454–476, JSTOR 411232, doi:10.2307/411232  Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6  Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173  Watson, Janet C. E., The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002  Wheeler, Max W, The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-19-925814-7  Recordings of the voiced and voiceless velar fricatives are also available at IPA Consonants （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）