古鯨

古鯨小目（學名：Archaeoceti）也作原鲸小目，即古代鯨魚，包括現代鯨魚的祖先。古鯨小目是鯨下目三個小目之一，传统上用以概括史前鲸豚类，但不包括其存活至现代的后代，因此，这是一个并系群分类，不是自然的演化支。古鯨擁有後肢，不像今日的鯨類。最早的古鯨可能完全在陸地上活動。其滅絕原因至今眾說紛紜，其中一種解釋是由於氣候變化，海洋變得過份寒冷，造成古鯨類滅絕。 古鯨小目 Archaeoceti Flower, 1833 巴基鲸科 Pakicetidae Gingerich e Russell, 1990 巴基鲸 Pakicetus Gingerich e Russell, 1981 娜拉鲸 Nalacetus Thewissen e Hussain, 1998 鱼中兽 Ichthyolestes Dehm e Oettingen-Spilberg, 1958 步鲸科 Ambulocetidae Thewissen, Madar e Hussain, 1996 走鲸 Ambulocetus Thewissen, Hussain e Arif, 1994 甘达克鲸 Gandakasia Dehm e Oettingen-Spilberg, 1958 喜马拉雅鲸 Himalayacetus Bajpai e Gingerich, 1998 雷明頓鯨科 Remingtonocetidae Kumar e Sahni, 1986 安德鲁斯鲸 Andrewsiphius Sahni e Mishra, 1975 雷明顿鲸 Remingtonocetus Kumar e Sahni, 1986 大连特鲸 Dalanistes Gingerich, Arif e Clyde, 1995 阿托克鲸 Attockicetus Thewissen e Hussain, 2000 库奇鲸 Kutchicetus Bajpai e Thewissen, 2000 Rayanistes Bebej, Zalmout, El-Aziz, Antar, and Gingerich, 2016 原鲸科 Protocetidae Stromer, 1908 埃及鲸属 Aegyptocetus Bianucci & Gingerich 2011 埃及鲸 Aegyptocetus tarfa Bianucci & Gingerich 2011 Tupelocetus 原鲸亚科 Protocetinae Gingerich et al. 2005) 熊神鲸 Artiocetus Gingerich, ul Haq, Zalmout, Khan & Malkani, 2001 圆齿鲸 Crenatocetus McLeod & Barnes 2008 Dhedacetus Bajpai and Thewissen, 2014 加氏鲸 Gaviacetus Gingerich, Arif e Clye, 1995 印支鲸 Indocetus Sahni e Mishra, 1975 Kharodacetus Bajpai and Thewissen, 2014 慈母鲸 Maiacetus Gingerich et al., 2009 原鲸 Protocetus Fraas, 1904 乔丹斯鲸 Qaisracetus Gingerich,Ul-Haq, Khan e Zalmout, 2001 罗德侯鲸 Rodhocetus Gingerich, Raza, Arif, Anwar e Zhou, 1994 泰卡鲸 Takracetus Gingerich, Arif e Clyde, 1995 多哥鲸 Togocetus Gingerich & Cappetta 2014 Peregocetus Lambert et al., 2019 麦卡鲸亚科 Makaracetinae P. D. Gingerich et al. 2005 麦卡鲸 Makaracetus P. D. Gingerich et al. 2005 乔治亚鲸亚科 Georgiacetinae Gingerich et al., 2005 巴比亚鲸 Babiacetus Trivedy e Satsangi, 1984 卡罗莱鲸 CarolinacetusGeisler et al. 2005 始原鲸 Eocetus Fraas, 1904 乔治亚鲸 Georgiacetus Hulbert, Petkewich, Bishop, Bukry e Aleshire, 1998 那支特鲸 Natchitochia Uhen, 1998 帕坡氏鲸 Pappocetus Andrews, 1920 Pontobasileus Leidy 1873 龙王鲸科 Basilosauridae Cope, 1868 龙王鲸亚科 Basilosaurinae Cope, 1868 帝王鲸 Basilotritus Goldin & Zvonok 2013 龙王鲸 Basilosaurus Harlan, 1834 王鲸 Basiloterus Gingerich, Arif, Bhatti, Anwar e Sanders, 1997 Eocetus Fraas, 1904 Platyosphys Kellogg, 1936 矛齿鲸科 Dorudontidae (Miller, 1923) 矛齿鲸亚科 Dorudontinae Miller, 1923 弯臂鲸 Ancalecetus Gingerich e Uhen, 1996 金原鲸 Chrysocetus Uhen e Gingerich, 2001 辛西娅鲸 Cynthiacetus Uhen, 2005 矛齿鲸 Dorudon Gibbes, 1845 奥库卡赫鲸 Ocucajea Uhen et al. 2011 海乡鲸 Pontogeneus Leidy, 1852 施特罗默鲸 Stromerius Gingerich, 2007 撒格哈鯨屬（英语：Saghacetus） Saghacetus Gingerich, 1992 死神鲸 Supayacetus Uhen et al. 2011 轭根鲸 Zygorhiza True, 1904 Andrews, C. W. A description of new species of zeuglodont and of leathery turtle from the Eocene of Southern Nigeria (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1919. 1920, 18: 309–19 [April 2013]. OCLC 228169273. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-01-04）.  Bajpai, Sunil; Gingerich, Philip D. A new Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from India and the time of origin of whales. PNAS. December 1998, 95 (26): 15464–68. OCLC 678707438. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15464.  Bajpai, S; Thewissen, JG; Sahni, A. The origin and early evolution of whales: macroevolution documented on the Indian subcontinent (PDF). J Biosci. November 2009, 34 (5): 673–86 [February 2013]. OCLC 565869881. PMID 20009264. doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0060-0.  Dehm, Richard; Oettingen-Spielberg, Therese zu. Paläontologische und geologische Untersuchungen im Tertiär von Pakistan. 2. Die mitteleocänen Säugetiere von Ganda Kas bei Basal in Nordwest-Pakistan. Abhandlungen / Neue Folge, 91. Munich: Beck. 1958. OCLC 163296508.  Flower, William Henry. On the Arrangement of the Orders and Families of existing Mammalia (PDF). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 1883: 178–86. OCLC 83091701.  Fordyce, Ewan. Cetacean Evolution. Perrin, William R; Wiirsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J G M (编). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. 2002: 214–25. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.  Fraas, E. Neue Zeuglodonten aus dem unteren Mitteleozän von Mokattam bei Cairo 6 (3). Jena: Verlag Gustav Fischer: 199–220. 1904.  Geisler, Jonathan H; Sanders, Albert E; Luo, Zhe-Xi. A new protocetid whale (Cetacea, Archaeoceti) from the late middle Eocene of South Carolina. American Museum Novitates. July 2005, 3480: 1–68. OCLC 4630500767. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)480[0001:ANPWCA]2.0.CO;2.  Gingerich, Philip D; Haq, U; Khan, H; Zalmout, S. Eocene stratigraphy and archaeocete whales (Mammalia, Cetacea) of Drug Lahar in the eastern Sulaiman range, Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 2001, 30 (11): 269–319. OCLC 50061585.  Gingerich, Philip D; Haq, U; Zalmout, S; Khan, H; Malkani, S. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science. September 2001, 293 (5538): 2239–2242. Bibcode:2001Sci...293.2239G. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 11567134. doi:10.1126/science.1063902.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Gingerich, Philip D; Arif, M; Bhatti, M Akram; Anwar, M; Sanders, William J. Basilosaurus drazindai and Basiloterus hussaini, New Archaeoceti (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, with a Revised Interpretation of Ages of Whale-Bearing Strata in the Kirthar Group of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 1997, 30 (2): 55–81. OCLC 742731913.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Gingerich, Philip D. Stromerius nidensis, new archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Upper Eocene Qasr El-Sagha Formation, Fayum, Egypt (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 2007, 31 (13): 363–78. OCLC 214233870.  Gingerich, Philip D.; Arif, Muhammad; Clyde, William C. New Archaeocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Domanda Formation of the Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, The University of Michigan. 1995, 29 (11): 291–330 [February 2013]. OCLC 34123868.  Gingerich, Philip D.; Raza, S. M.; Arif, M.; Anwar, M.; Zhou, X. New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin of cetacean swimming. Nature. 1994, 368: 844–47 [April 2013]. OCLC 742745707. doi:10.1038/368844a0.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Gingerich, Philip D.; Russell, Donald E. Pakicetus inachus, A New Archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan) (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, The Museum of Michigan. 1981, 25 (11) [February 2013]. OCLC 742729300.  Gingerich, Philip D.; ul-Haq, Munir; von Koenigswald, Wighart; Sanders, William J.; Smith, B. Holly; Zalmout, Iyad S. New Protocetid Whale from the Middle Eocene of Pakistan: Birth on Land, Precocial Development, and Sexual Dimorphism. PLoS ONE. 2009, 4 (2): e4366. OCLC 678622523. PMC 2629576 . doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004366.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Gingerich, Philip D.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Ul-Haq, Munir; Bhatti, M. Akram. Makaracetus bidens, a new protocetid archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the early middle Eocene of Balochistan (Pakistan) (PDF). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 2005, 31 (9): 197–210 [March 2013]. OCLC 742723177.  Hulbert, Jr, Richard C; Petkewich, Richard M; Bishop, Gale A; Bukry, David; Aleshire, David P. A New Middle Eocene Protocetid Whale (Mammalia: Cetacea: Archaeoceti) and Associated Biota from Georgia. Journal of Paleontology. September 1998, 72 (5): 907–927. JSTOR 1306667. OCLC 4908698029.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Kumar, K.; Sahni, A. Remingtonocetus harudiensis, new combination, a middle Eocene archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) from western Kutch, India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1986, 6 (4): 326–349. OCLC 4649653943. doi:10.1080/02724634.1986.10011629.  McLeod, S. A.; Barnes, L. G. A new genus and species of Eocene protocetid archaeocete whale (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the Atlantic Coastal plain. Wang, Xiaoming; Barnes, Lawrence G. (编). Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of Western and Southern North America (PDF) 41. 2008: 73–98 [February 2013].  |journal=被忽略 (帮助) Rose, Kenneth David. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. JHU Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8018-8472-6.  Sahni, Ashok; Mishra, Vijay Prakash. Lower Tertiary vertebrates from western India. Monograph of the PaleontologicalSociety of India. 1975, 3: 1–48. ASIN B0007AL8UE. OCLC 3566369.  Thewissen, JGM. Archaeocetes, Archaic. Perrin, William R; Wiirsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J G M (编). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press. 2002: 36–9. ISBN 0-12-551340-2.  Thewissen, J.G.M.; Hussain, S.T. Attockicetus praecursor, a new remingtonocetid cetacean from marine Eocene sediments of Pakistan. Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 2000, 7 (3): 133–46. OCLC 362777268. doi:10.1023/A:1009458618729.  Thewissen, J. G. M.; Hussain, S. T. Systematic review of the Pakicetidae, Early and middle Eocene Cetacea (Mammalia) from Pakistan and India. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum. 1998, 34: 220–38.  Thewissen, J.G.M.; Madar, S.I.; Hussain, S.T. Ambulocetus natans, an Eocene cetacean (Mammalia) from Pakistan. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 191. 1996: 1–86. ISBN 9783929907322. OCLC 36463214.  Thewissen, J. G. M.; Williams, E. M.; Roe, L. J.; Hussain, S. T. Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls (PDF). Nature. 2001, 413: 277–81 [February 2013]. OCLC 118116179. doi:10.1038/35095005.  Trivedy, A. N.; Satsangi, P. P. A new archaeocete (whale) from the Eocene of India. Abstracts of 27th International Geological Congress, Moscow. 1984, 1: 322–23.  True, F.W. The fossil cetacean, Dorudon serratus GIBBES. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 1908, 52 (4): 5–78. OCLC 355813868. OL 19219818M.  Uhen, Mark D. New protocetid (Mammalia, Cetacea) from the late middle Eocene Cook Mountain Formation of Louisiana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1998, 18 (3): 664–8. OCLC 204612030.  Uhen, Mark D; Gingerich, Philip D. New genus of dorudontine archaeocete (Cetacea) from the middle-to-late Eocene of South Carolina. Marine Mammal Science. January 2001, 17 (1): 1–34. OCLC 204061291. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2001.tb00979.x.  West, Robert M. Middle Eocene large mammal assemblage with Tethyan affinities, Ganda Kas region, Pakistan. Journal of Paleontology. 1980, 54 (3): 508–533. JSTOR 1304193. OCLC 4899161959.  Archaeoceti Giovanni Bianucci and Philip D. Gingerich. 2011. Aegyptocetus tarfa, n. gen. et sp. (Mammalia, Cetacea), from the Middle Eocene of Egypt: Clinorhynchy, Olfaction, and Hearing in a Protocetid Whale. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 31(6); 1173–1188. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2011.607985