細胞外RNA

細胞外RNA（Extracellular RNA，簡稱exRNA）又稱胞外RNA，泛指位於細胞外的RNA，包括環境中的RNA，以及多細胞生物組織間或體液（消化液、毒液、血液、尿液、精液、尿液等）中的RNA，已知原核生物與真核生物皆可釋放RNA到細胞外。胞外RNA的具體功能仍不清楚，但可能與個體或細胞間的訊息傳遞有關。 細胞外RNA通常位於外排體等細胞外囊泡（英语：Extracellular vesicles）中，或是與蛋白質結合，以避免被核糖核酸酶降解。mRNA、tRNA、miRNA、siRNA與lnRNA皆有在細胞外被發現，而rRNA雖為細胞中最多的RNA，但很少出現在細胞外。有些胞外RNA可作為癌症、糖尿病、關節炎或普利昂疾病的生物標記。美國國家衛生院發起了细胞外RNA通讯联盟（Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium，簡稱ERCC）的計畫以促進此領域的研究。 分子与细胞生物学主题 Chen X, Ba Y, Ma L, Cai X, Yin Y, Wang K, Guo J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Guo X, Li Q, Li X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Wang J, Jiang X, Xiang Y, Xu C, Zheng P, Zhang J, Li R, Zhang H, Shang X, Gong T, Ning G, Wang J, Zen K, Zhang J, Zhang CY. Characterization of microRNAs in serum: a novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases.. Cell Research. October 2008, 18 (10): 997–1006. PMID 18766170. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.282.  Michael, A; Bajracharya, SD; Yuen, PS; Zhou, H; Star, RA; Illei, GG; Alevizos, I. Exosomes from human saliva as a source of microRNA biomarkers.. Oral Diseases. January 2010, 16 (1): 34–8. PMC 2844919 . PMID 19627513. doi:10.1111/j.1601-0825.2009.01604.x.  Kosaka, N; Izumi, H; Sekine, K; Ochiya, T. microRNA as a new immune-regulatory agent in breast milk.. Silence. March 1, 2010, 1 (1): 7. PMC 2847997 . PMID 20226005. doi:10.1186/1758-907X-1-7.  Menke, TB; Warnecke, JM. Improved conditions for isolation and quantification of RNA in urine specimens.. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. June 2004, 1022 (1): 185–9. Bibcode:2004NYASA1022..185M. PMID 15251958. doi:10.1196/annals.1318.028.  Zubakov D, Boersma AW, Choi Y, van Kuijk PF, Wiemer EA, Kayser M. MicroRNA markers for forensic body fluid identification obtained from microarray screening and quantitative RT-PCR confirmation.. International Journal of Legal Medicine. May 2010, 124 (3): 217–26. PMC 2855015 . PMID 20145944. doi:10.1007/s00414-009-0402-3.  Hanson, EK; Lubenow, H; Ballantyne, J. Identification of forensically relevant body fluids using a panel of differentially expressed microRNAs.. Analytical Biochemistry. April 15, 2009, 387 (2): 303–14. PMID 19454234. doi:10.1016/j.ab.2009.01.037.  Demain, AL; Burg, RW; Hendlin, D. Excretion and Degradation of Ribonucleic Acid by Bacillus Subtilis.. Journal of Bacteriology. March 1965, 89 (3): 640–6. PMC 277514 . PMID 14273638. doi:10.1128/JB.89.3.640-646.1965.  Iguchi, H; Kosaka, N; Ochiya, T. Secretory microRNAs as a versatile communication tool.. Communicative & Integrative Biology. September 2010, 3 (5): 478–81. PMC 2974086 . PMID 21057646. doi:10.4161/cib.3.5.12693.  Valadi, H; Ekström, K; Bossios, A; Sjöstrand, M; Lee, JJ; Lötvall, JO. Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.. Nature Cell Biology. June 2007, 9 (6): 654–9. PMID 17486113. doi:10.1038/ncb1596.  Noerholm, M; Balaj, L; Limperg, T; Salehi, A; Zhu, LD; Hochberg, FH; Breakefield, XO; Carter, BS; Skog, J. RNA expression patterns in serum microvesicles from patients with glioblastoma multiforme and controls.. BMC Cancer. Jan 17, 2012, 12: 22. PMC 3329625 . PMID 22251860. doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-22.  Kosaka, N; Iguchi, H; Ochiya, T. Circulating microRNA in body fluid: a new potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.. Cancer Science. October 2010, 101 (10): 2087–92. PMID 20624164. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01650.x.  Bellingham, SA; Coleman, BM; Hill, AF. Small RNA deep sequencing reveals a distinct miRNA signature released in exosomes from prion-infected neuronal cells.. Nucleic Acids Research. November 2012, 40 (21): 10937–49. PMC 3505968 . PMID 22965126. doi:10.1093/nar/gks832.  NIH, USA. ERCC2 Projects. [26 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-22）.  Tucker, Ayanna. Research on Cellular 'Packages' Receives $900k in Federal Funding. Newsroom. Johns Hopkins Medicine. 19 August 2019 [26 September 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-22）.