约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹

约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹 FRS（英語：John Burdon Sanderson Haldane，1892年11月5日—1964年12月1日；通常被称做J.B.S.霍尔丹、霍爾丹，在他的著作中有时也使用J.B.S.；姓或譯作荷頓）， 出生于大不列颠， 是一名遗传学家和进化生物学家。霍尔丹是一名坚定的马克思主义者， 由于对大不列颠政府对于苏伊士运河危机的政策感到不满，离开牛津大学去往印度并成为一名印度公民。霍尔丹同羅納德·費雪和休厄爾·賴特一起被认为是种群遗传学的奠基人。 J.B.S.霍爾丹在1929年發表的一篇關於「生命起源」的文章中提出了「有機物可由無機物形成」的假說，而這個假說已於1924年由俄羅斯科學家亚历山大·伊万诺维奇·奥巴林提出。由於兩人是分別提出相同的假說，並不互相知情，因此後人稱此假說為「歐帕林—霍爾丹假說」。 1952年, 霍尔丹获得了英国皇家学会達爾文獎章。1956年，他获得英国皇家人类学研究所授予赫胥黎（Huxley）纪念奖章。在其他的荣誉中，他还获得了Feltrinelli 奖，科学名誉博士学位，新学院荣誉院士和美国科学院授予的 Kimber 奖。1958年，他被伦敦林奈学会授予达尔文-华莱士奖章。 Daedalus; or, Science and the Future（英语：Daedalus; or, Science and the Future） (1924), E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., a paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4, 1923 second edition (1928), London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. see also Haldane's Daedalus Revisited (1995), ed. with an introd. by Krishna R. Dronamraju, Foreword by Joshua Lederberg; with essays by M.F. Perutz, Freeman Dyson, Yaron Ezrahi, Ernst Mayr,Elof Axel Carlson, D.J. Weatherall, N.A. Mitchison and the editor. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854846-X A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection（英语：A Mathematical Theory of Natural and Artificial Selection）, a series of papers beginning in 1924 G.E. Briggs and J.B.S. Haldane (1925). A note on the kinetics of enzyme action, Biochem. J., 19: 338–339 Callinicus: A Defence of Chemical Warfare (1925), E. P. Dutton Possible Worlds and Other Essays (1928), Harper and Brothers. 1937 edition London: Chatto & Windus. 2001 edition Transaction Publishers: ISBN 0-7658-0715-7 (includes On Being the Right Size（英语：On Being the Right Size）) Animal Biology (1929) Oxford: Clarendon Enzymes (1930), MIT Press 1965 edition with new preface by the author written just prior to his death: ISBN 0-262-58003-9 The Inequality of Man, and Other Essays (1932) The Causes of Evolution (1932) Science and Human Life (1933), Harper and Brothers, Ayer Co. reprint: ISBN 0-8369-2161-5 Science and the Supernatural: Correspondence with Arnold Lunn (1935), Sheed & Ward, Inc, Fact and Faith (1934), Watts Thinker's Library My Friend Mr Leakey (1937), Vigyan Prasar 2001 reprint: ISBN 81-7480-029-8 Air Raid Precautions (A.R.P.) (1938), Victor Gollancz Marxist Philosophy and the Sciences (1939), Random House, Ayer Co. reprint: ISBN 0-8369-1137-7 Science and Everyday Life (1940), Macmillan, 1941 Penguin, Ayer Co. 1975 reprint: ISBN 0-405-06595-7 Science in Peace and War (1941), Lawrence & Wishart Ltd New Paths in Genetics (1941), George Allen & Unwin Heredity & Politics (1943), George Allen & Unwin Why Professional Workers should be Communists (1945), London: Communist Party (of Great Britain) In this four page pamphlet, Haldane contends that Communism should appeal to professionals because Marxism is based on the scientific method and Communists hold scientists as important; Haldane subsequently disavowed this position Adventures of a Biologist (1947) Science Advances (1947), Macmillan What is Life? (1947), Boni and Gaer, 1949 edition: Lindsay Drummond Everything Has a History (1951), Allen & Unwin -- Includes "Auld Hornie, F.R.S."; C.S. Lewis's "Reply to Professor Haldane" is available in "On Stories and Other Essays on Literature," ed. Walter Hooper (1982), ISBN 0-15-602768-2. "The Origins of Life", New Biology, 16, 12–27 (1954). Suggests that an alternative biochemistry could be based on liquid ammonia. "Origin of Man", Nature, 176, 169 (1955) "Cancer's a Funny Thing", New Statesman, 21 February 1964 N. W. Pirie. John Burdon Sanderson Haldane, 1892-1964. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1966-11-01, 12: 218–249 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0080-4606. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1966.0010. （原始内容存档于2018-08-25） （英语）.  （[//web.archive.org/web/20070929145748/http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/4423692 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Fact and faith, [WorldCat.org]] 维基语录上的J.B.S. Haldane语录 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：约翰·伯顿·桑德森·霍尔丹 An online copy of Daedalus or Science and the Future （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） A review (from a modern perspective) of The Causes of Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Unofficial SJG Archive – People – JBS Haldane (1892–1964) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed 22 February 2006. Useful text but the likeness is not of JBS but of his father John Scott Haldane. Haldane's contributions to science in India （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Marxist Writers: J.B.S. Haldane （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） There are photographs of Haldane at JBS Haldane （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, on the Portraits of Statisticians （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） page. The biography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on the Marxist Writers page has a photograph of Haldane when younger. My Friend Mr. Leakey – text – Haldane's most amusing imaginary acquaintance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）