羊膜上皮细胞

羊膜上皮細胞 (human amniotic epithelial cells，hAECs) 是一種從胎盤內膜內側提取的立方體柱状緊密排列的單層幹細胞。此類細胞在受精後八天左右，開始由多能性上胚層分化形成，並且擁有部分胚胎幹細胞所特有的Oct4及同源框蛋白質NANOG等生物標記。這些作為乾細胞生物標記的轉錄因子是亞全能幹細胞的基礎。hAECs具有分化成三胚層（內胚層，中胚層，外胚層）中任意一層的潛能，即分化成與三胚層發育相對應的各組織器官，如心臟、大腦和肝臟等。同時因為hAECs具有分化、抗纖維化、不產生免疫排斥反應、不具致瘤性等的能力，使其能夠在治療各種與人體器官相關的疾病中發揮重大作用。hAECs目前可用於制備人工心臟瓣膜和氣管等，以及分化肌肉細胞、脂肪細胞、骨細胞、心肌細胞、神經樣細胞及肝臟細胞等。 通過旁分泌，hAECs釋放出多種生長因子、集落刺激因子及趨化因子等細胞因子，包括表皮生長因子、成纖維細胞生長因子、神經生長因子（英语：Nerve growth factor）、血管內皮生長因子及胰島素樣生長因子等生長因子；粒細胞集落刺激因子（G-CSF）、顆粒球-巨噬細胞集落刺激因子等集落刺激因子；IL-6、CCL2（英语：CCL2）、CXCL8等白細胞介素和趨化因子。這些細胞可通過與靶細胞表面受體的結合，激活或阻斷信號通路，從而調節細胞的增殖、分化、遷移，以及炎症反應和細胞外基質的產生，故而在皮膚創傷及肺損傷等組織損傷修復研究中，具有重要作用。 Bilic, G; Zeisberger, SM; Mallik, AS; Zimmermann, R; Zisch, AH. Comparative characterization of cultured human term amnion epithelial and mesenchymal stromal cells for application in cell therapy.. Cell transplantation. 2008, 17 (8): 955–68 [2019-11-22]. PMID 19069637. doi:10.3727/096368908786576507.  Miki, T; Lehmann, T; Cai, H; Stolz, DB; Strom, SC. Stem cell characteristics of amniotic epithelial cells.. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio). NaN, 23 (10): 1549–59 [2019-11-22]. PMID 16081662. doi:10.1634/stemcells.2004-0357.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Ilancheran, S; Michalska, A; Peh, G; Wallace, EM; Pera, M; Manuelpillai, U. Stem cells derived from human fetal membranes display multilineage differentiation potential.. Biology of reproduction. 2007-09, 77 (3): 577–88 [2019-11-22]. PMID 17494917. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.106.055244.  Pratama, G; Vaghjiani, V; Tee, JY; Liu, YH; Chan, J; Tan, C; Murthi, P; Gargett, C; Manuelpillai, U. Changes in culture expanded human amniotic epithelial cells: implications for potential therapeutic applications.. PloS one. 2011, 6 (11): e26136 [2019-11-22]. PMID 22073147. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026136.  Meirelles Lda, S; Fontes, AM; Covas, DT; Caplan, AI. Mechanisms involved in the therapeutic properties of mesenchymal stem cells.. Cytokine & growth factor reviews. NaN, 20 (5-6): 419–27 [2019-11-22]. PMID 19926330. doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.10.002.  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Murphy, SV; Atala, A. Amniotic fluid and placental membranes: unexpected sources of highly multipotent cells.. Seminars in reproductive medicine. 2013-01, 31 (1): 62–8 [2019-11-22]. PMID 23329638. doi:10.1055/s-0032-1331799.  Bollini, S; Silini, AR; Banerjee, A; Wolbank, S; Balbi, C; Parolini, O. Cardiac Restoration Stemming From the Placenta Tree: Insights From Fetal and Perinatal Cell Biology.. Frontiers in physiology. 2018, 9: 385 [2019-11-22]. PMID 29695981. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00385.  Fang, CH; Jin, J; Joe, JH; Song, YS; So, BI; Lim, SM; Cheon, GJ; Woo, SK; Ra, JC; Lee, YY; Kim, KS. In vivo differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells into cardiomyocyte-like cells and cell transplantation effect on myocardial infarction in rats: comparison with cord blood and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells.. Cell transplantation. 2012, 21 (8): 1687–96 [2019-11-22]. PMID 22776022. doi:10.3727/096368912X653039.  Zhu, S; Li, J; Zhu, Q; Dai, T; He, B; Zhou, X; Xiang, J; Liu, X. Differentiation of human amniotic epithelial cells into Schwann‑like cells via indirect co‑culture with Schwann cells in vitro.. Molecular medicine reports. 2015-02, 11 (2): 1221–7 [2019-11-22]. PMID 25374158. doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2881.  Grzywocz, Z; Pius-Sadowska, E; Klos, P; Gryzik, M; Wasilewska, D; Aleksandrowicz, B; Dworczynska, M; Sabalinska, S; Hoser, G; Machalinski, B; Kawiak, J. Growth factors and their receptors derived from human amniotic cells in vitro.. Folia histochemica et cytobiologica. 2014, 52 (3): 163–70 [2019-11-22]. PMID 25308731. doi:10.5603/FHC.2014.0019.  Insausti, CL; Blanquer, M; García-Hernández, AM; Castellanos, G; Moraleda, JM. Amniotic membrane-derived stem cells: immunomodulatory properties and potential clinical application.. Stem cells and cloning : advances and applications. 2014, 7: 53–63 [2019-11-22]. PMID 24744610. doi:10.2147/SCCAA.S58696.  Zou, G; Liu, T; Guo, L; Huang, Y; Feng, Y; Duan, T. MicroRNA‑32 silences WWP2 expression to maintain the pluripotency of human amniotic epithelial stem cells and β islet‑like cell differentiation.. International journal of molecular medicine. 2018-04, 41 (4): 1983–1991 [2019-11-22]. PMID 29393344. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3436.