乙型流感病毒

乙型流感病毒（英文：Influenza B virus）是一种流感病毒，為正黏液病毒科乙型流感病毒屬下的一種（學名：Betainfluenzavirus），可引起流行性感冒。乙型流感病毒只感染人和鳍足类动物（比如海豹），因此乙型流感病毒并未造成如甲型流感病毒所致的各种流感大流行。虽然都会发生基因重排、抗原漂移，但乙型流感病毒在人群中的演化速率要低于甲型流感病毒（低2-3倍，但高于丙型流感病毒的演化速率）。尽管如此，乙型流感病毒依然可在世界范围内造成巨大伤亡，尤其是对青少年和儿童。 乙型流感病毒的基因序列含有14,548个核苷酸，分为8个单链RNA片段。依据其表面糖蛋白血球凝集素的抗原特性，流行的乙型流感病毒有两个分支：B/Yamagata/16/88-型病毒，以及 B/Victoria/2/87-型病毒，其中B/Yamagata毒株可能已在COVID-19大流行后消失。 甲型流感病毒 丙型流感病毒 丁型流感病毒 ICTV 2nd Report Fenner, F. (1976). Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Second report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Intervirology 7: 1-115. p57 https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/ICTV%202nd%20Report.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ICTV 6th Report Murphy, F. A., Fauquet, C. M., Bishop, D. H. L., Ghabrial, S. A., Jarvis, A. W. Martelli, G. P. Mayo, M. A. & Summers, M. D.(eds)(1995). Virus Taxonomy. Sixthreport of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Archives of Virology Supplement 10, p297 https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/ICTV%206th%20Report.pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Smith, Gavin JD; et al. Changing individual genus and species names in the family Orthomyxoviridae. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). 8 June 2017 [22 March 2019]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-19） （英语）.  Complete genomes: Betainfluenzavirus. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. [2021-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-24）.  Osterhaus AD, Rimmelzwaan GF, Martina BE, Bestebroer TM, Fouchier RA. Influenza B virus in seals. Science. 2000, 288 (5468): 1051–53. Bibcode:2000Sci...288.1051O. PMID 10807575. doi:10.1126/science.288.5468.1051.  Hay AJ, Gregory V, Douglas AR, Lin YP. The evolution of human influenza viruses. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 2001, 356 (1416): 1861–70. PMC 1088562 . PMID 11779385. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0999.  Matsuzaki Y, Sugawara K, Takashita E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Katsushima N, Mizuta K, Nishimura H. Genetic diversity of influenza B virus: The frequent reassortment and cocirculation of the genetically distinct reassortant viruses in a community. J. Med. Virol. 2004, 74 (1): 132–40. PMID 15258979. doi:10.1002/jmv.20156.  Lindstrom SE, Hiromoto Y, Nishimura H, Saito T, Nerome R, Nerome K. Comparative Analysis of Evolutionary Mechanisms of the Hemagglutinin and Three Internal Protein Genes of Influenza B Virus: Multiple Cocirculating Lineages and Frequent Reassortment of the NP, M, and NS Genes. J. Virol. 1999, 73 (5): 4413–26. PMC 104222 . PMID 10196339. doi:10.1128/JVI.73.5.4413-4426.1999.  Biere, Barbara; Bauer, Bettina; Schweiger, Brunhilde. Differentiation of Influenza B Virus Lineages Yamagata and Victoria by Real-Time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2010-04-01, 48 (4): 1425–1427 [2021-01-06]. ISSN 0095-1137. PMID 20107085. doi:10.1128/JCM.02116-09. （原始内容存档于2021-04-15） （英语）.  季节性流感. 世界卫生组织. [2021-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-22） （中文）.  Alhoufie, Sari T.; Alsharif, Naif H.; Alfarouk, Khalid O.; Ibrahim, Nadier A.; Kheyami, Ali M.; Aljifri, Alanoud A. COVID-19 with underdiagnosed influenza B and parainfluenza-2 co-infections in Saudi Arabia: Two case reports. Journal of Infection and Public Health. November 2021, 14 (11): 1567–1570. PMC 8442300 . PMID 34627054. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.005.  Koutsakos, Marios; Wheatley, Adam K.; Laurie, Karen; Kent, Stephen J.; Rockman, Steve. Influenza lineage extinction during the COVID-19 pandemic?. Nature Reviews Microbiology. December 2021, 19 (12): 741–742. PMC 8477979 . PMID 34584246. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00642-4.