双翼机

双翼机，指拥有两副机翼的固定翼飞机，莱特兄弟所发明的莱特飞行器即采用双翼上下并列配置布局。此类布局机翼的总面积比单翼机大，在低速飞行时可以产生较大的升力，因此这种布局也被飞机历史上早期的主流所采用。 F. H. Norton, The effect of staggering a biplane, NACA TN-70, Table, 1 p.3 1921 Andrews, C.F. Profile No 17: The SPAD XIII C.1. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications, 1965. Andrews, C. F. The Nieuport 17. Aircraft in Profile no. 49. Leatherhead, Surrey: Profile Publications. 1966.  Berriman, A.E.; Aviation, Methuen, 1913. Bruce, J.M. The Bristol M.1 (Aircraft in Profile no. 193). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. Cattaneo, Gianni. The Fiat CR.42 (Aircraft in Profile no. 170). Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967. Chatterjee S, Templin RJ. Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur Microraptor gui. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 30 January 2007, 104 (5): 1576–80. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.1576C. PMC 1780066 . PMID 17242354. doi:10.1073/pnas.0609975104 .  Chassard, Marc. Nieuport 17 Analyse détaillée des premières series. France: FAREWO (French Aviation Research Work). 2018 （法语）.  Coggins, Edward V. Wings That Stay on. Turner. 2000. ISBN 978-1681621760.  Cooksley, Peter. Sopwith Fighters in Action (Aircraft No. 110). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1991. ISBN 0-89747-256-X. Dommasch, Daniel O.; Sherby, Sydney S.; Connolly, Thomas F. Airplane Aerodynamics 3rd. Pitman Publishing. 1961. ASIN B003YKT5YK.  Dorr, Robert F. B-29 Superfortress units of the Korean War. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-654-2. Grosz, Peter. Dornier D.I Windsock Mini datafile # 12. Hertfordshire, UK: Albatros Publications. 1998. ISBN 9780948414923.  Gunston, Bill. Cambridge Aerospace dictionary 2nd. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2009: 606. ISBN 978-0-521-19165-4.  Gunston, Bill. The Cambridge Aerospace Dictionary Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 34. ISBN 978-0521841405.  Jackson, A.J. The de Havilland Tiger Moth: Aircraft Profile No. 132. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1966. Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919: Volume II. London:Putnam, Second edition 1973. ISBN 0-370-10010-7. Lake, Jon. The Great Book of Bombers: The World's Most Important Bombers from World War I to the Present Day. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing Company, 2002. ISBN 0-7603-1347-4. Lamberton, W.M. Fighter Aircraft of the 1914-1918 War. Herts, UK: Harleyford Publications Ltd., 1960, pp. 84–85. Lewis, Peter. British Racing and Record-Breaking Aircraft. London: Putnam. 1971. ISBN 0-370-00067-6.  London, Peter. Saunders and Saro Aircraft since 1917. London: Putnam & Company Ltd. 1988: 125–130. ISBN 0-85177-814-3.  Moss, Peter W. The de Havilland Rapide: Profile Publications Number 144. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications. 1966.  "Report on the Junker Armoured Two-Seater Biplane, Type J.1." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Flight, 18 March 1920. Riding, Richard. The Black Dragons. Aeroplane Monthly. Vol. 8 no. 6. June 1980: 284–290. ISSN 0143-7240.  Stott, Ian G. The Fairey Swordfish Mks. I-IV (Aircraft in Profile 212). Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications, 1971. OCLC 53091961. VanWyngarden, Greg. Albatros Aces of World War I Part 2 (Aircraft of the Aces No. 77). Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 1-84603-179-6. Wragg, David W. Flight before flying. Osprey Publishing. 1974. ISBN 978-0850451658.  Wragg, David. Swordfish: The Story of the Taranto Raid. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003. ISBN 0-297-84667-1. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：双翼机 Historical Collection of Biplane Pictures Jacqui Hayes: Bird wings evolved from biplane dinosaurs 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-01-27., Cosmos Spicerweb.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Octave Chanute biplane hang glider