古风暴学

古风暴学（Paleotempestology）是一门通过气候代理数据研究古代热带气旋的学科，由麻省理工的气象学家凯瑞·伊曼纽尔创建，1990年代开始在美国兴起。 它兴起的主要原因是科学家意识到不能只靠历史文献来研究古代风暴，这些文献经常太过简短。尤其是在美国，历史记载最多只能追溯到150年前。 Oliva, Peros & Viau 2017，第172頁. Fan & Liu 2008，第2908頁. Goslin & Clemmensen 2017，第81頁. Oliva et al. 2018，第1664頁. Frappier et al. 2007，第529頁. Adomat, Friederike; Gischler, Eberhard. Assessing the suitability of Holocene environments along the central Belize coast, Central America, for the reconstruction of hurricane records. International Journal of Earth Sciences. 1 January 2017, 106 (1): 283–309. Bibcode:2017IJEaS.106..283A. ISSN 1437-3262. S2CID 131311822. doi:10.1007/s00531-016-1319-y （英语）.  Astakhov, A. S.; Kalugin, I. A.; Aksentov, K. I.; Dar’in, A. V. Geochemical indicators of paleo-typhoons in shelf sediments. Geochemistry International. April 2015, 53 (4): 383–388. ISSN 0016-7029. S2CID 140593833. doi:10.1134/S0016702915040023 –通过ResearchGate （英语）.  Astakhov, A. S.; Dar’in, A. V.; Kalugin, I. A.; Aksentov, K. I. Reconstructing the Frequency of Catastrophic Floods on the Western Coast of the Sea of Japan Based on Sedimentary Proxy. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology. 2019-01-01, 44 (1): 62–70. ISSN 1934-8096. S2CID 146559928. doi:10.3103/S1068373919010072 （英语）.  Bennington, J. Bret; Farmer, E. Christa, Recognizing Past Storm Events in Sediment Cores Based on Comparison to Recent Overwash Sediments Deposited by Superstorm Sandy, Learning from the Impacts of Superstorm Sandy (Elsevier), 2015: 89–106, ISBN 9780128015209, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801520-9.00007-9 （英语）  Besonen, Mark R.; Bradley, Raymond S.; Mudelsee, Manfred; Abbott, Mark B.; Francus, Pierre. A 1,000-year, annually-resolved record of hurricane activity from Boston, Massachusetts. Geophysical Research Letters. 2008-07-24, 35 (14): L14705. Bibcode:2008GeoRL..3514705B. ISSN 0094-8276. S2CID 18959419. doi:10.1029/2008GL033950 （英语）.  Biguenet, M.; Sabatier, P.; Chaumillon, E.; Chagué, C.; Arnaud, F.; Jorissen, F.; Coulombier, T.; Geba, E.; Cordrie, L.; Vacher, P.; Develle, A. L.; Chalmin, E.; Soufi, F.; Feuillet, N. A 1600 year-long sedimentary record of tsunamis and hurricanes in the Lesser Antilles (Scrub Island, Anguilla). Sedimentary Geology. 1 February 2021, 412: 105806. Bibcode:2021SedG..41205806B. ISSN 0037-0738. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2020.105806 （英语）.  Boldt, Katherine V.; Lane, Philip; Woodruff, Jonathan D.; Donnelly, Jeffrey P. Calibrating a sedimentary record of overwash from Southeastern New England using modeled historic hurricane surges. Marine Geology. September 2010, 275 (1–4): 127–139. Bibcode:2010MGeol.275..127B. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.002.  Brandon, Christine M.; Woodruff, Jonathan D.; Lane, D. Phil; Donnelly, Jeffrey P. Tropical cyclone wind speed constraints from resultant storm surge deposition: A 2500 year reconstruction of hurricane activity from St. Marks, FL: PALEO-HURRICANE ACTIVITY IN ST. MARKS, FL. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. August 2013, 14 (8): 2993–3008. doi:10.1002/ggge.20217. hdl:1912/6334  （英语）.  Braun, Erick; Meyer, Brian; Deocampo, Daniel; Kiage, Lawrence M. A 3000 yr paleostorm record from St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. September 2017, 196: 360–372. Bibcode:2017ECSS..196..360B. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2017.05.021 （英语）.  Breitenbach, Sebastian F. M.; Awe, Jaime; Aquino, Valorie V.; Macpherson, Colin G.; Kennett, Douglas J.; Polyak, Victor; Harriet E. Ridley; Prufer, Keith M.; Liu, Kam-biu. Persistent northward North Atlantic tropical cyclone track migration over the past five centuries. Scientific Reports. 2016-11-23, 6: 37522. Bibcode:2016NatSR...637522B. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5120344 . 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JSTOR 25736985.  Donnelly, Jeffrey P., Paleotempestology, The Sedimentary Record of Intense Hurricanes, Gornitz, Vivien (编), Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer Netherlands: 763–766, 2009, ISBN 9781402044113, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4411-3_181 （英语）  Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Hawkes, Andrea D.; Lane, Philip; MacDonald, Dana; Shuman, Bryan N.; Toomey, Michael R.; van Hengstum, Peter J.; Woodruff, Jonathan D. Climate forcing of unprecedented intense-hurricane activity in the last 2000 years: DONNELLY ET AL.. Earth's Future. February 2015, 3 (2): 49–65. doi:10.1002/2014EF000274  （英语）.  Donnelly, Jeffrey P.; Anderson, John B.; Woodruff, Jonathan D.; Wallace, Davin J. Palaeohurricane reconstructions from sedimentary archives along the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and western North Atlantic Ocean margins. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 15 January 2014, 388 (1): 481–501 [2021-11-17]. 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