ATAC-seq

用测序检测转座酶可及的染色质（ATAC-seq，英文全称为Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing）是用于检测基因组染色质可及性的分子生物学手段 。此方法使用高活性突变型Tn5转座酶将扩增引物插入开放的染色质，之后对这些区域进行扩增，以知道哪些区域是开放（可及）的。此方法是MNase-seq、FAIRE-Seq和DNase-Seq的替代方法，于2013年发表。对与表观基因组的分析，ATAC-seq比DNase-seq和MNase-seq都更快、更灵敏。 ATAC-seq通过使用高活性突变型Tn5转座酶探测开放染色质来识别可访问的DNA区域。DNA测序时需要进行PCR扩增，酶需先与引物结合才能进行扩增。Tn5转座酶可将引物插入基因组的开放区域，以扩增这些区域。天然存在的转座酶活性较低，ATAC-seq使用突变型转座酶具有高活性。 在称为“标记化”的过程中，Tn5转座酶使用测序接头切割和标记双链DNA。然后对标记的DNA片段进行纯化、PCR扩增，并使用下一代测序进行测序。然后可以使用测序读取片段来推断可访问性增加的区域以及绘制转录因子结合位点和核小体位置的区域。 在单核苷酸分辨率下，一个区域的读取片段个数与染色质的开放程度相关。ATAC-seq不需要像FAIRE-seq那样需要使用超声处理或苯酚-氯仿提纯；不需要像ChIP-seq那样使用抗体；也不需要像MNase-seq或DNase-seq那样进行敏感的酶消化。可以在三个小时内完成ATAC-seq的准备。 ATAC-Seq分析可以用于研究许多染色质可及性特征。最常见的用途是核小体定位实验，也可以可用于定位转录因子结合位点，适用于定位DNA甲基化位点，或与其他测序技术相结合 。 高分辨率增强子映射的用途包括研究发育过程中增强子使用的进化差异（例如黑猩猩和人类之间的比较）和揭示血细胞分化过程中使用的谱系特异性增强子图 。 ATAC-Seq也被应用于定义人类癌症中全基因组染色质可及性情况，揭示了黄斑变性中染色质可及性的整体下降。可以在 ATAC-seq 上运用计算足迹方法，以找到具有细胞特异性活性的细胞特异性结合位点和转录因子。 为了进行单细胞分析，有人已对ATAC-seq步骤进行了修改，以进行scATAC-seq（sc代表“单细胞”）。微流控技术可用于分离单个核并单独执行ATAC-seq反应。通过这种方法，单个细胞在标记之前被微流体装置或液体沉积系统捕获。一种不需要单细胞分离的替代技术是组合细胞索引。该技术使用条形码来测量数千个单个细胞中染色质的可及性；它可以在每个实验中生成10,000-100,000个细胞的表观基因组图谱。但是组合细胞索引需要额外的、定制设计的设备或大量定制的、修改过的Tn5。最近，有人开发了称为sci-CAR的混合条形码方法，允许对单细胞的染色可及性和基因表达进行联合分析 。 在进行scATAC-seq的计算分析时，可以以每个开放染色质区域的读取片段数建立计数矩阵。可通过伪多细胞的ATAC-seq数据的标准峰值来定义开放染色质区域。随后，可使用PCA进行数据降维，对细胞进行聚类。scATAC-seq矩阵可能非常大（数十万个区域）并且非常稀疏，即不到3%的条目是非零的。 因此，计数矩阵的填补是另一个关键步骤。与多细胞ATAC-seq一样，scATAC-seq可以找到调节因子，如控制细胞基因表达的转录因子。这可以通过查看围绕转录因子模式序列的读取片段个数或足迹分析来实现。 Buenrostro JD, Giresi PG, Zaba LC, Chang HY, Greenleaf WJ. 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