分子結

分子結（molecular knot，也稱為knotane）為一種類似繩結的机械互锁分子结构。三叶结組態的分子結為手性分子，至少有二個对映异构，像DNA和一些特定蛋白都是自然生成的分子結。乳铁蛋白和其線性的異構物有不同的性質。其他的合成分子結因為其球狀外形及奈米尺寸，因此是奈米科技中潛在的建設方塊。第一個合成分子結是由Sauvage在1989年合成。 knotane一詞是由Fritz Vögtle等在2000年在应用化学期刊中創建，類似Rotaxane（轮烷）、catenane（索烃），不過IUPAC尚未核定此一詞語。 已發現許多合成分子結的方式。也已找到合成五葉（英语：pentafoil）分子結的方式。 大環 (化學)（英语：Macrocycle） 超分子化學 Albrecht-Gary, A. M.; Meyer, M.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J. P.; Guilhem, J.; Pascard, C. Dicopper (I) trefoil knots: Demetallation kinetic studies and molecular structures. Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas. 2 September 2010, 112 (6): 427–428. doi:10.1002/recl.19931120622.  Lukin, Oleg; Vögtle, Fritz. Knotting and Threading of Molecules: Chemistry and Chirality of Molecular Knots and Their Assemblies. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 25 February 2005, 44 (10): 1456–1477. PMID 15704147. doi:10.1002/anie.200460312.  Dietrich-Buchecker, Christiane O.; Sauvage, Jean-Pierre. A Synthetic Molecular Trefoil Knot. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. February 1989, 28 (2): 189–192. doi:10.1002/anie.198901891.  Lukin O, Vögtle F. Knotting and Threading of Molecules: Chemistry and Chirality of Molecular Knots and Their Assemblies. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2005, 44 (10): 1456–1477. PMID 15704147. doi:10.1002/anie.200460312.  Safarowsky O, Nieger M, Fröhlich R, Vögtle F. A Molecular Knot with Twelve Amide Groups - One-Step Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Chirality. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2000, 39 (9): 1616–1618. PMID 10820452. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000502)39:9<1616::AID-ANIE1616>3.0.CO;2-Y.  Ashton, Peter R.; Matthews, Owen A.; Menzer, Stephan; Raymo, Françisco M.; Spencer, Neil; Stoddart, J. Fraser; Williams, David J. Molecular Meccano, 27. A Template-directed Synthesis of a Molecular Trefoil Knot. Liebigs Annalen. December 1997, 1997 (12): 2485–2494. doi:10.1002/jlac.199719971210.  Rapenne, Gwénaël; Dietrich-Buchecker , and Jean-Pierre Sauvage *, Christiane; Sauvage, Jean-Pierre. Copper(I)- or Iron(II)-Templated Synthesis of Molecular Knots Containing Two Tetrahedral or Octahedral Coordination Sites. Journal of the American Chemical Society. February 1999, 121 (5): 1002–1015. doi:10.1021/ja982239+.  Feigel, Martin; Ladberg, Rüdiger; Engels, Simon; Herbst-Irmer, Regine; Fröhlich, Roland. A Trefoil Knot Made of Amino Acids and Steroids. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 25 August 2006, 45 (34): 5698–5702. doi:10.1002/anie.200601111.  Guo, Jun; Mayers, Paul C.; Breault, Gloria A.; Hunter, Christopher A. Synthesis of a molecular trefoil knot by folding and closing on an octahedral coordination template. Nature Chemistry. 7 February 2010, 2 (3): 218–222. doi:10.1038/nchem.544.  Barran, Perdita E.; Cole, Harriet L.; Goldup, Stephen M.; Leigh, David A.; McGonigal, Paul R.; Symes, Mark D.; Wu, Jhenyi; Zengerle, Michael. Active-Metal Template Synthesis of a Molecular Trefoil Knot. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 16 December 2011, 50 (51): 12280–12284. doi:10.1002/anie.201105012.  Carina, Riccardo F.; Dietrich-Buchecker, Christiane; Sauvage, Jean-Pierre. Molecular Composite Knots. Journal of the American Chemical Society. January 1996, 118 (38): 9110–9116. doi:10.1021/ja961459p.  Ayme, Jean-François; Beves, Jonathon E.; Leigh, David A.; McBurney, Roy T.; Rissanen, Kari; Schultz, David. A synthetic molecular pentafoil knot. Nature Chemistry. 6 November 2011, 4 (1): 15–20. PMID 22169866. doi:10.1038/nchem.1193.