日內瓦第一公約

改善戰地武裝部隊傷者病者境遇之日內瓦公約（英語：Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed forces in the Field)，又稱日內瓦第一公約（英語：First Geneva Convention），是世界上第一條國際人道法，由瑞士商人亨利·杜南所提出，並於1864年8月22日由瑞士政府在瑞士日內瓦召開的國際會議上與12國政府代表共同簽訂。該公約旨在為保護冲突各方的戰地武裝部隊的傷者、病者、醫護人員及隨軍牧師等獲得人道待遇与照顾，禁止对其生命之任何危害或对其人身之暴行，並不得對其加以谋杀或消灭，施以酷刑或供生物学的实验。，並由國際紅十字會推動及執行，通過接受并在其军事行动中应用这些公约的国家的默示同意中產生强制力。 1859年，救援活動家亨利·杜南目睹了在索爾費里諾戰役時，四萬名受傷士兵因缺乏設施、人員和醫療援助而被迫留在戰場上。回到日內瓦後，杜南出版了自己的回憶錄《索爾費里諾回憶錄（英语：A Memory of Solferino）》。他在書中提出在各国设立全国性的志愿伤兵救护组织，以在战时支援军队医疗工作以及签订一份国际公约，给予军事医务人员、医疗机构及各国志愿伤兵救护组织中立地位。隨後與瑞士律師古斯塔夫·穆瓦尼耶於1863年共同創立了傷兵救護國際委員會（國際紅十字會的前身） 國際紅十字會雖然認為“保護本國人民的健康和身體福祉是一個國家的首要責任”，但也認為永遠存在“需要志願機構來補充……每個國家負責這些職責的官方機構”的時候，尤其是在戰爭時期。為確保各國廣泛接受其使命，它需要一套公約以保障其自身和相關交戰方的活動。 因此，在日内瓦委员会的敦促下，瑞士政府邀請了所有歐洲國家、美國、巴西和墨西哥等十六個國家，參加了一次正式的外交會議。前往日內瓦。會議於1864年8月22日在日內瓦市政廳的阿拉巴馬房間舉行，由紀堯姆·亨利·杜福爾將軍主持，並在會議上促成瑞士聯邦、巴登大公國、比利時王國、丹麥王國、西班牙王國、法蘭西第二帝國、黑森大公國、意大利王國、荷蘭王國、葡萄牙王國、普魯士王國以及符騰堡王國等12國代表簽署了日內瓦第一公約。 由于戰爭和軍事技術的迅速發展，原始條款不得不進行修訂和擴展，至1864年8月22日以來，在歷經1906年7月6日、1929年7月27日及1949年8月12日的四次補充後，最初的日內瓦第一公約已從10條已擴展為目前的64條。 截至2022年7月7日，日內瓦第一至四公約共獲得196個國家簽署。 Bennett, Angela. The Geneva Convention, the Hidden Origins of the Red Cross. Sutton Publishing. 2005: xiii. ISBN 978-0750941471.  日內瓦公約. rcshop.redcross.org.hk. [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-20）.  【人道權利】《日內瓦公約》始於1864年，嚴禁對醫療人員作出攻擊，必須予以尊重與保護。. [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-26） （美国英语）.  1949年8月12日日内瓦第一公约 - 红十字国际委员会. www.icrc.org. 1949-08-12 [2022-06-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-14） （中文（中国大陆））.  Davis, George B., The Geneva Convention of 1906, The American Journal of International Law, 1907, 1 (2): 409–417, JSTOR 2186169, doi:10.2307/2186169  Baxter, Richard, Human Rights in War, Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1977, 31 (2): 5, JSTOR 3822833, doi:10.2307/3822833  Dunant, Henri, Un Souvenir de Solferino 1, Geneve: Jules Fick, 1862  世界红十字日｜你知道红十字会的起源吗？. xw.qq.com. [2022-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-27） （中文（简体））.  Sperry, C.S., The Revision of the Geneva Convention, 1906, Proceedings of the American Political Science Association, 1906, 3: 33–57, JSTOR 3038537, doi:10.2307/3038537  Anderson, Chandler P., The International Red Cross Organization, The American Journal of International Law, 1920, 14 (1): 210–214, JSTOR 2187844, doi:10.2307/2187844  Town Hall - Alabama Room. Geneve. [2022-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-25） （英语）.  SFA, Swiss Federal Archives. Geneva Conventions. www.bar.admin.ch. [2022-06-28] （英语）.  Protection des victimes de la guerre. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. [2014-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-10）.  1949 Conventions and Additional Protocols, and their Commentaries. International Committee of the Red Cross. [2013-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-07-06）.  Geneva Convention relative to the protection of civilian persons in time of war. United Nations Treaty Collection. [2016-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-22）.  Conventions de Genève pour la protection des victimes de la guerre: Convention pour l'amélioration du sort des blessés et des malades dans les forces armées en campagne (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. [2014-10-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-27） （法语）.  Conventions de Genève pour la protection des victimes de la guerre: Convention pour l'amélioration du sort des blessés, des malades et des naufragés des forces armées sur mer (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. [2014-10-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-03） （法语）.  Conventions de Genève pour la protection des victimes de la guerre: Convention relative au traitement des prisonniers de guerre (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. [2014-10-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-27） （法语）.  Conventions de Genève pour la protection des victimes de la guerre: Convention relative à la protection des personnes civiles en temps de guerre (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. [2014-10-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-03） （法语）.  Notification to the Governments of the States parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2000-07-07 [2013-07-16].  Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 - China. International Committee of the Red Cross. [2013-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-06）.  Notification to the Governments of the States parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1999-06-28 [2013-07-16].  Accession of the United Nations Council for Namibia to the four Conventions and the two Protocols Additional (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1983-11-30 [2014-04-17].  Succession by Namibia to the Conventions (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1991-10-25 [2014-04-17].  Declaration by Namibia (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1994-07-27 [2014-04-17].  Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protoection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1987-07-10 [2013-08-14].  Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protoection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2006-12-15 [2013-08-14].  Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protoection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2011-10-17 [2013-08-14].  Niue. International Committee of the Red Cross. [2013-07-17]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-04）.  State Parties to the Following International Humanitarian Law and Other Related Treaties as of 29-Sep-2014 (PDF). International Committee of the Red Cross. 2014-09-29 [2014-10-15]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-03-08）.  Niue Laws (PDF). Government of Niue. 2006 [2013-07-16]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-08）.  Note of information (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1989-09-13 [2013-07-16].  Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims of 12 August 1949 and Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 Ratifications, accessions and successions as at 31 December 1996. International Committee of the Red Cross. 1997-04-30 [2014-10-14]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-02）.  Information note (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1990-12-11 [2016-04-14].  Notification to the Governments of the States parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2014-04-10 [2015-01-09].  Notification to the Governments of the States parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2015-01-09 [2015-01-09]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于9 January 2015）.  Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protoection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2002-11-01 [2013-08-14].  Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protoection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2011-07-01 [2013-08-14].  Notification to the Governments of the States Parties to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 for the Protoection of War Victims (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 2013-02-07 [2013-08-14].  存档副本. ihl-databases.icrc.org. [2020-07-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-09）.  GENEVA CONVENTIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF WAR VICTIMS - REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ON EXECUTIVES D, E, F, AND G EIGHTY-SECOND CONGRESS FIRST SESSION (PDF). United States Department of Justice. June 27, 1955 [July 18, 2020]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-09）.  Ratification of the Additional Protocols I and II by the Yemen Arab Republic (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1990-05-31 [2016-04-16].  Declaration of Accession by the People's Republic of Yemen (PDF). Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland. 1977-06-27 [2016-04-16].