电子亲合能

在一般化學與原子物理學中，电子亲合能（或电子亲和势、电子亲和力，electron affinity，Eea）的定義是，將單個電子結合到電中性的氣態原子或分子上所釋放的能量： X(g) + e− → X−(g) + Eea 注意在此定義下，大多數元素原子的電子親和能為正數，即結合電子的過程是放熱的。這裏定義的電子親和能的正負號選取和一般熱力學的定義相反。 在固態物理學之中，對於一表面的電子親合能定義不同。 並非所有的元素的電子親合能均為正，電子親合能為正表示其 -1 價的離子需吸收能量才能變為電中性的原子（早期的教科書寫有些元素，例如稀有氣體，其電子親合能為負，此說法並未被現代的化學家接受）。若其陰離子較不穩定，容易變成原子，則其電子親合能較低。元素中氯的電子親合能最高，汞和稀有氣體等元素的電子親合能都接近零。一般來說，非金屬的電子親合能都比金屬高。 总的来说，同一周期从左至右，價殼層電子递增，使得原子穩定性上昇，原子半径递减，对电子的吸引能力渐强，因而電子親合能递增；同族元素从上到下，因原子半径的增大，而且總電子數增加，原子穩定性下降，元素电负性值递减。 实际上，随核电荷数递增或同族元素从上到下，电子亲和能的变化并不单调。 下列数据以kJ/mol为单位。带星号的元素在量子力学基態被认为有接近零的电子亲合能。 電子親合能 Eea 的定義也可以延伸到分子。如苯和萘的電子親合能為負值，而蒽 、菲、芘的電子親合能為正值。電腦模擬實驗證實六氰基苯 C6(CN)6 的電子親合能較富勒烯要高。 Koopmans' theorem One-electron reduction 游離能 电负性 价电子 國際純化學和應用化學聯合會，化學術語概略，第二版。（金皮書）(1997)。在線校正版: (2006–) "Electron affinity"。doi:10.1351/goldbook.E01977 Bratsch, S.G.; Lagowski, J.J. Predicted stabilities of monatomic anions in water and liquid ammonia at 298.15 K.. Polyhedron. 1986, 5 (11): 1763–1770. doi:10.1016/S0277-5387(00)84854-8.  存档副本. 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