解放了的普罗米修斯

《解放了的普羅米修斯》（英語：Prometheus Unbound）是珀西·雪萊創作的一部四幕詩劇，1820年首版。它本質上是一部书斋剧，並不是為了在劇院上演而創作的。 主人公即希臘神話中因盜天火而遭到宙斯懲罰的普羅米修斯，其靈感來自埃斯库罗斯創作的同名三部劇。和原作一樣，普羅米修斯最終都得以脫困，但雪萊的作品中，普羅米修斯並沒有和懲罰他的神和解，神的墮落才是他脫困的原因。 瑪麗·雪萊在1818年9月5日的一份信首次提到珀西·雪萊在創作這部作品，而雪萊則在同年10月8日於寫給托马斯·拉夫·皮科克的一份信中首次提到了這部作品，說他已經完成了其第一幕的創作。 但是由於雪萊的女兒克拉拉（Clara Everina Shelley）在1818年9月24日去世，雪萊前往意大利散心，期間《解放了的普羅米修斯》可能並沒有什麼太大的進展。它的完成時間大概是1819年4月，在4月6日寫給皮科克的信中，雪萊說：“我的解放了的普羅米修斯剛剛完成，我會在一到兩個月內寄過去”。但由於他的兒子威廉·雪萊在1819年6月7日去世，作品的發表日期再次推遲。 1819年9月6日，雪萊寫信給查爾斯和詹姆斯·奧利爾說他將把作品寄給他們出版。雪萊托約翰·吉斯伯恩（John Gisborne）將他的作品帶回英格蘭，但是由於吉斯伯恩行程延誤，直到1819年12月出版方才收到《解放了的普羅米修斯》的前三幕。第四幕在此時尚未完成。1819年12月23日，雪萊給吉斯伯恩的信中才說他又寫成了額外的一幕。 作品最終在1820年出版，雪萊夫婦則在當年11月收到了出版的《解放了的普羅米修斯》。 Shelley, Percy Bysshe. Prometheus Unbound, A Lyrical Drama in Four Acts with Other Poems 1. London: C and J Ollier. 1820 [21 May 2015].  Mulhallen, Jacqueline. "The Theatre of Shelley". Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2010, pp. 147–76. Zillman 1959 p. 3 Shelley 1930 IX . 336 Zillman 1959 p. 4 Shelley 1930 X p. 48. "My Prometheus Unbound is just finished, and in a month or two I shall send it" Shelley 1930 X p. 79 Zillman p. 5 Shelley 1930 X p. 136 Zillman pp. 6–7 Abrams, M. H. Natural Supernaturalism. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973. Bloom, Harold. Shelley's Mythmaking. New Haven, 1959. Bodkin, Maud. Archetypal Patterns in Poetry. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. Brisman, Susan Hawk. "'Unsaying His High Language': The Problem of Voice in 'Prometheus Unbound'." Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 16, No. 1, Romanticism and Language (Winter, 1977), pp. 51–86. De Luca, V. A. "The Style of Millennial Announcement in Prometheus Unbound." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 28, (1979), pp. 78–101. Grabo, Carl. A Newton Among Poets: Shelley's Use of Science in Prometheus Unbound. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1930. Grabo, Carl Henry. Prometheus Unbound: An Interpretation. New York: Gordian Press, 1968. Hughes, D. J. "Potentiality in 'Prometheus Unbound'." Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Winter, 1963), pp. 107–126. Isomaki, Richard. "Love as Cause in Prometheus Unbound." SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900, Vol. 29, No. 4, Nineteenth Century (Autumn, 1989), pp. 655–673. Knight, G. Wilson. The Starlit Dome. Oxford, 1941. Locock, Charles D. The Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley. London: Methuen and Company, 1911. Pierce, John B. "'Mont Blanc' and 'Prometheus Unbound': Shelley's Use of the Rhetoric of Silence." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 38, (1989), pp. 103–126. Rajan, Tilottama. "Deconstruction or Reconstruction: Reading Shelley's Prometheus Unbound." Studies in Romanticism, Vol. 23, No. 3, Percy Bysshe Shelley (Fall, 1984), pp. 317–338. Ross, Marlon B. "Shelley's Wayward Dream-Poem: The Apprehending Reader in Prometheus Unbound." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 36, (1987), pp. 110–133. Rossetti, William Michael, ed. The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. Revised, with notes, and a memoir. London: E. Moxon, Son, & Company, 1870. Shelley, Percy. Prometheus Unbound. London: C and J Ollier, 1820. Shelley, Percy. Complete Works (Julian Edition). Edited by Roger Ingpen and Walter Peck. London: Benn, 1930. Smith, Wiltrude L. "An Overlooked Source for Prometheus Unbound." Studies in Philology, XLVIII (1951), 783–792. Solve, Melvin Theodor. Shelley: His Theory of Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1927. (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1976). Sperry, Stuart M. "Necessity and the Role of the Hero in Shelley's Prometheus Unbound." PMLA, Vol. 96, No. 2 (March 1981), pp. 242–254. Twitchell, James B. "Shelley's Metapsychological System in Act IV of 'Prometheus Unbound'." Keats-Shelley Journal, Vol. 24, (1975), pp. 29–48. Wasserman, Earl. Shelley's "Prometheus Unbound". Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1965 Waldoff, Leon. (1975). "The Father-Son Conflict in Prometheus Unbound: The Psychology of a Vision." Psychoanalytical Review, 62:79–96. Zillman, Lawrence. Shelley's Prometheus Unbound. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1959. 维基文库中的相关原始文献：Prometheus Unbound Prometheus Unbound （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），包含对原著的分析 Online version on Bartleby.com. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）