锗烯

锗烯是单层锗原子构成的材料。该材料的制造工艺类似于硅烯和石墨烯，即在高真空高温环境中在基板上沉积锗原子层。高质量的锗烯薄膜揭示了具有新颖电子特性的不寻常二维结构，这种结构适用于半导体器件应用和材料科学研究。 2014年9月，G. Le Lay等人报告了在金的米勒指数（111）的晶格上用分子束外延沉积了单原子厚的有序的二维多相膜。扫描隧道显微镜（STM）确认了该结构并揭示了近乎平面的蜂窝状结构。 我们已经为近乎平面的锗烯——大自然中不存在的崭新的人工合成的锗的同素异形体——的诞生提供了确凿的证据。它是石墨烯的新表亲。 ——艾克斯-马赛大学的Guy Le Lay，新物理学杂志 光谱测量和密度泛函理论计算提供了进一步的证据。高质量和近乎平坦的单原子膜的发展引起人们的猜测，即锗烯不仅可以增加相关的纳米材料的新性质，甚至可以替代石墨烯。 Bampoulis等人报告了在Ge2Pt纳米晶体的最外层上形成了锗烯。Ge2Pt纳米晶体上锗烯的原子分辨率的STM图像显示了弯曲的蜂窝结构。该蜂窝状晶格由两个在垂直方向上相距0.2Å的六边形子晶格组成。最近的邻距离为2.5±0.1Å，与锗烯中的Ge-Ge距离非常吻合。 基于STM观察和密度泛函理论计算，在铂上形成的显著地更扭曲的锗烯也已经被报道。砷化镓（0001）上锗晶体的外延生长也被实现，计算结果暗示表明最小的相互作用应使锗烯能容易地从该基底上除去。 锗烯的结构被描述为“IV族类石墨烯二维屈曲纳米片”。额外的锗吸附在类石墨烯片材上会导致“哑铃”单元的形成，每个单元都有两个平面外的锗原子，分别在平面的两侧。哑铃之间会互相吸引。哑铃结构的周期性重复排列可能会导致锗烯的其他稳定相形成，从而改变其电磁性质。 2018年10月，Junji Yuhara等人报道说，使用偏析方法可以更容易地进行锗烯的制备，即在锗衬底上使用裸露的银膜并在原位实现其外延生长。类似石墨烯和硅烯一样使用偏析方法的锗烯生长工艺被认为在更简易地合成和转移这种很有前途的二维电子材料上有重要意义。 锗烯的电子和光学性质已用从头计算法确定，其结构和电子性质也已用第一性原理确定。这些特性使得该材料适用于高性能场效应晶体管（FET） 的沟道，并引法了在其他电子设备中使用单原子层元素的讨论。锗烯的电子性质是不同寻常的，并能让人们难得地测试狄拉克费米子的性质。锗烯没有能隙，但是在每个锗原子上都连接一个氢原子会带来能隙。这些不寻常的性能在石墨烯， 硅烯，锗烯，锡烯（英语：Stanene），铅烯等材料中比较常见。 Dávila, María Eugenia; Le Lay, Guy. Few layer epitaxial germanene: A novel two-dimensional Dirac material. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6: 20714. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620714D. PMC 4748270 . PMID 26860590. doi:10.1038/srep20714.  Graphene gets a 'cousin' in the shape of germanene. Phys.org (Institute of Physics). 10 September 2014 [2020-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-17）.  Garcia, J. C.; de Lima, D. B.; Assali, L. V. C.; Justo, J. F. Group IV Graphene- and Graphane-Like Nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011, 115: 13242-13246. doi:10.1021/jp203657w.  Dávila, M. E. Germanene: a novel two-dimensional germanium allotrope akin to graphene and silicene. New Journal of Physics. 2014, 16 (9): 095002. Bibcode:2014NJPh...16i5002D. arXiv:1406.2488 . doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/9/095002.  Clifford, Jonathan. Aix-Marseille University Researchers Produce Germanium Allotrope Germanene. Uncover California Online Media. 10 September 2014 [2020-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-17）.  Gold Substrate Used To Synthesize Graphene's Cousin Germanene. Capital OTC. 2014-09-10 [11 September 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-11）.  Spickernell, Sarah. Germanene: Have scientists just created the new graphene?. City A.M. 10 September 2014 [2020-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.  Leathers, Jason. New Member In The Family 'Germanene'. Capital Wired. 10 September 2014 [2020-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）.  Bampoulis, P.; Zhang, L.; Safaei, A.; van Gastel, R.; Poelsema, B.; Zandvliet, H. J. W. Germanene termination of Ge2Pt crystals on Ge(110). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2014, 26 (44): 442001. Bibcode:2014JPCM...26R2001B. PMID 25210978. arXiv:1706.00697 . doi:10.1088/0953-8984/26/44/442001.  Li, Linfei; Shuang-zan Lu; Jinbo Pan; Zhihui Qin; Yu-qi Wang; Yeliang Wang; Geng-yu Cao; Shixuan Du; Hong-Jun Gao. Buckled Germanene Formation on Pt(111). Advanced Materials. 2014, 26 (28): 4820–4824. PMID 24841358. doi:10.1002/adma.201400909.  Kaloni, T. P.; Schwingenschlögl, U. Weak interaction between germanene and GaAs(0001) by H intercalation: A route to exfoliation. Journal of Applied Physics. 13 November 2013, 114 (18): 184307–184307–4 [2020-06-15]. Bibcode:2013JAP...114r4307K. arXiv:1310.7688 . doi:10.1063/1.4830016. （原始内容存档于2016-03-25）.  Ye, Xue-Sheng; Zhi-Gang Shao; Hongbo Zhao; Lei Yang; Cang-Long Wang. Intrinsic carrier mobility of germanene is larger than graphene's: first-principle calculations. RSC Advances. 2014, 4 (41): 21216–21220. doi:10.1039/C4RA01802H.  Özçelik, V. Ongun; E. Durgun; Salim Ciraci. New Phases of Germanene. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2014, 5 (15): 2694–2699. PMID 26277965. arXiv:1407.4170 . doi:10.1021/jz500977v.  Yuhara, Junji; Hiroki Shimazu; Kouichi Ito; Akio Ohta; Masaaki Araidai; Masashi Kurosawa; Masashi Nakatake; Guy Le Lay. Germanene Epitaxial Growth by Segregation through Ag(111) Thin Films on Ge(111). ACS Nano. 2018, 12 (11): 11632–11637. PMID 30371060. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b07006.  Ni, Zeyuan; Qihang, Liu; Tang, Kechao; Zheng, Jiaxin; Zhou, Jing; Qin, Rui; Gao, Zhengxiang; Yu, Dapeng; Lu, Jing. Tunable Bandgap in Silicene and Germanene. Nano Letters. 2012, 12 (1): 113–118. Bibcode:2012NanoL..12..113N. PMID 22050667. doi:10.1021/nl203065e.  Scalise, Emilio; Michel Houssa; Geoffrey Pourtois; B. van den Broek; Valery Afanas’ev; André Stesmans. Vibrational properties of silicene and germanene. Nano Research. 2013, 6 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1007/s12274-012-0277-3.  Garcia, J. C.; de Lima, D. B.; Assali, L. V. C.; Justo, J. F. Group IV graphene- and graphane-like nanosheets. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2011, 115 (27): 13242–13246. arXiv:1204.2875 . doi:10.1021/jp203657w.  Kaneko, Shiro; Tsuchiya, Hideaki; Kamakura, Yoshinari; Mori, Nobuya; Ogawa, Matsuto. Theoretical performance estimation of silicene, germanene, and graphene nanoribbon field-effect transistors under ballistic transport. Applied Physics Express. 2014, 7 (3): 035102. Bibcode:2014APExp...7c5102K. doi:10.7567/APEX.7.035102.  Roome, Nathanael J.; J. David Carey. Beyond graphene: stable elemental monolayers of silicene and germanene (PDF). ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2014, 6 (10): 7743–7750 [2020-06-15]. PMID 24724967. doi:10.1021/am501022x. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-19）.  Wang, Yang; Brar, Victor W.; Shytov, Andrey V.; Wu, Qiong; Regan, William; Tsai, Hsin-Zon; Zettl, Alex; Levitov, Leonid S.; Crommie, Michael F. Mapping Dirac quasiparticles near a single Coulomb impurity on graphene. Nature Physics. 2012, 8 (9): 653–657. Bibcode:2012NatPh...8..653W. arXiv:1205.3206 . doi:10.1038/nphys2379.  Matthes, Lars; Pulci, Olivia; Bechstedt, Friedhelm. Massive Dirac quasiparticles in the optical absorbance of graphene, silicene, germanene, and tinene. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 2013, 25 (39): 395305. Bibcode:2013JPCM...25M5305M. PMID 24002054. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/25/39/395305.  Berger, Andy. Beyond Graphene, a Zoo of New 2-D Materials. Discover Magazine. 17 July 2015 [19 September 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-01）.  Zhu, F.; Jia, J. Epitaxial growth of two-dimensional stanene. Nature Materials. 2015, 14 (10): 1020–1025. Bibcode:2015NatMa..14.1020Z. PMID 26237127. arXiv:1506.01601 . doi:10.1038/nmat4384.  Yuhara, J.; Fujii, Y.; Le Lay, G. Large Area Planar Stanene Epitaxially Grown on Ag(111). 2D Materials. 2018, 5: 025002. Bibcode:2018TDM.....5b5002Y. doi:10.1088/2053-1583/aa9ea0.  Yuhara, J.; He, B.; Le Lay, G. Graphene's Latest Cousin: Plumbene Epitaxial Growth on a "Nano WaterCube". Advanced Materials. 2019, 31 (27): 1901017. doi:10.1002/adma.201901017.  认识Graphene的性感新表兄弟锗烯 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 科学家使用金底物来生长石墨烯的表兄弟锗烷 石墨烯族谱？ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 锗烯出现 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Liu, Cheng-Cheng. Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Silicene and Two-Dimensional Germanium. Physical Review Letters. 1 January 2011, 107 (7): 076802. Bibcode:2011PhRvL.107g6802L. PMID 21902414. arXiv:1104.1290 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.076802.  Liu, Cheng-Cheng. Low-energy effective Hamiltonian involving spin-orbit coupling in silicene and two-dimensional germanium and tin. Physical Review B. 1 January 2011, 84 (19): 195430. Bibcode:2011PhRvB..84s5430L. arXiv:1108.2933 . doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.195430.