麻黃屬

麻黃屬（学名：Ephedra）是麻黃科（Ephedraceae）的唯一属，约67种，分布在亚洲、美洲、东南欧洲和北非等干旱和荒漠地区，有12種，主要生長在乾旱山地和荒漠中。 本属植物为灌木或亚灌木；多分枝，小枝对生或轮生，绿色；单叶对生，通常退化为膜质的鞘；花单性，雌雄异株，雄花有2－4裂的假花被，雌花有一个顶端开口的囊状假花被，发育成革质假种皮；果实为假浆果状。 本属植物多数含有生物碱，可以入药，其中最著名的麻黄（E.sinica Stapf）是重要药材。此外可以固沙保土，麻黄果可以食用。传统上本纲植物属于裸子植物门，但比裸子植物进化，木质部有导管，孢子叶球有盖被，最新的分类将其单独列为一个门。 膜果麻黄组 Sect. Alatae Stapf 麻黄组 Sect. Ephedra 本科包括以下属： Ephedra alata Decne. Ephedra alata Schimp. ex Carrière, 1855 Ephedra altissima Desf. Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Ephedra antisyphilitica Berland. ex C.A.Mey. Ephedra aphylla Forssk. Ephedra aspera Engelm. ex S.Watson Ephedra aurantiaca Takht. & Pachom. Ephedra aurea Brullo, C.Brullo, Cambria, Ilardi, Siracusa & Giusso, 2022 Ephedra boelckei F.A.Roig Ephedra botschantzevii Pachom. Ephedra breana Phil. Ephedra brevifoliata Ghahr. 加州麻黄 Ephedra californica S.Watson Ephedra campulopoda DC., 1868 誠氏麻黃 Ephedra chengiae Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson 刺枝麻黃 Ephedra chengiae var. spinosa Y.Yang & D.K.Ferguson Ephedra chilensis C.Presl Ephedra compacta Rose Ephedra coryi E.L.Reed Ephedra cutleri Peebles Ephedra dahurica Turcz. Ephedra dawuensis Y.Yang Ephedra distachya Brot., 1805 Ephedra distachya Cladera et al., 2007 Ephedra distachya Forssk., 1775 Ephedra distachya Gaudin Ephedra distachya L. Ephedra distachya Vill., 1789 木贼麻黄 Ephedra equisetina Bunge Ephedra fasciculata A.Nelson 雌雄麻黄 Ephedra fedtschenkoae Paulsen Ephedra fedtschenkoi Paulsen, 1904 Ephedra foeminea Forssk. Ephedra foliata Boiss. ex C.A.Mey. Ephedra fragilis Desf. Ephedra fragilis Fresen. Ephedra fragilis Lowe, 1860 Ephedra frustillata Miers Ephedra funerea Coville & C.V.Morton 山岭麻黄 Ephedra gerardiana Wall. Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Florin, 1933 Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Klotzsch & Garcke Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Stapf Ephedra gracilis Phil. ex Stapf Ephedra holoptera Riedl 中麻黄 Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey. Ephedra kardangensis P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal Ephedra khurikensis P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal Ephedra laristanica Assadi 斑子麻黄 Ephedra lepidosperma 丽江麻黄 Ephedra likiangensis Florin Ephedra lomatolepis Schrenk Ephedra major Host Ephedra major Puller Ephedra milleri Freitag & Maier-St. 矮麻黄 Ephedra minuta Florin 单子麻黄 Ephedra monosperma J.G.Gmel. ex C.A.Mey. Ephedra monostachya Guss. Ephedra monostachya Willd., 1806 Ephedra multiflora Phil. ex Stapf Ephedra nevadensis S.Watson Ephedra ochreata Miers Ephedra oxyphylla Riedl Ephedra pachyclada Boiss. Ephedra pangiensis Rita Singh & P.Sharma Ephedra pedunculata Engelm. ex S.Watson Ephedra pentandra Pachom. Ephedra procera C.A.Mey. 膜果麻黄 Ephedra przewalskii Stapf Ephedra pseudodistachya Pachom. 细子麻黄 Ephedra regeliana Florin Ephedra rhytidosperma Pachom. Ephedra rituensis Y.Yang, D.Z.Fu & G.H.Zhu Ephedra rupestris Benth. Ephedra sarcocarpa Aitch. & Hemsl. 藏麻黄 Ephedra saxatilis (Stapf) Royle ex Florin 草麻黄 Ephedra sinica Stapf Ephedra somalensis Freitag & Maier-St. Ephedra strobilacea Bunge Ephedra sumlingensis P.Sharma & P.L.Uniyal Ephedra texana C.F.Reed, 1935 Ephedra tilhoana Maire Ephedra torreyana S.Watson Ephedra transitoria Riedl Ephedra triandra Tul. Ephedra trifurca Parry Ephedra trifurca Torr. Ephedra trifurca Torr. ex S.Watson Ephedra trifurcata Zöllner Ephedra tweediana C.A.Mey. Ephedra tweedieana C.A.Mey. Ephedra viridis Coville Ephedra vvedenskyi Pachom. Ephedra yangthangensis P.Sharma & Rita Singh 归入本属的物种： Ephedra ×arenicola H.C.Cutler Ephedra ×eleutherolepis V.A.Nikitin The Plant List. [2013-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-27）.  Ephedra Tourn. ex L.. GBIF. [2023-06-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-05）.  Yong Yang and David K. Ferguson. 2021. Ephedra chengiae (Ephedraceae), A New Species from Xizang of China. Taiwania. 66(1); 57 - 60. DOI: 10.6165/tai.2021.66.57. http://taiwania.ntu.edu.tw/abstract.php?type=abstract&id=1734 APG网站中的麻黃科 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） NCBI中的麻黃科 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）