法蒂瑪旅

法蒂瑪旅（阿拉伯语：لواء الفاطميون‎）是叙利亚内战中一個在2014年建立的親政府民兵組織，由伊朗政府招募的阿富汗什葉派穆斯林組成，協助敘利亞政府對抗反政府武裝。法蒂瑪旅由伊朗伊斯兰革命卫队訓練及提供資金和裝備，並由伊朗軍官指揮作戰。據報法蒂瑪旅在2016年6月的兵力有12,000－14,000人。 法蒂瑪旅的成員主要從伊朗的阿富汗難民以及阿富汗的哈扎拉人中招募。應募者獲承諾給予伊朗公民權及500美元月薪。他們在伊朗接受兩星期的基本軍事訓練後，以包機送到敘利亞參與戰鬥。 在敘利亞政府收復幼发拉底河以西的大部分失地後，2019年美國之音報導已有數以千計的法蒂瑪旅成員離開敘利亞。阿富汗官員擔心這些有戰鬥經驗的人返回阿富汗後或會繼續聽令於伊朗，威脅阿富汗安全，要求伊朗勿把他們送回阿富汗。 法蒂瑪旅是由前阿富汗什葉派民兵組織阿布札爾旅的戰士組成，阿布札爾旅活躍並參與過蘇維埃-阿富汗戰爭、第三次阿富汗內戰及伊朗-伊拉克戰爭，因美國入侵阿富汗後崩潰。在伊朗-伊拉克戰爭期間，阿布札爾旅的成員支持伊朗並組成志願軍參與了戰爭，而受到蘇維埃-阿富汗戰爭的影響，阿布札爾旅有著豐富的游擊戰與山地作戰的經驗，因此在戰爭期間，阿布札爾旅的成員多駐紮在山上。此外，伊朗也在阿富汗與巴基斯坦扶植多個親伊朗組織，包含阿富汗真主黨及巴基斯坦真主黨，並與阿布札爾旅保持著友好關係。 Iran mourns 7 Afghans killed fighting for Damascus ally. Daily Star Lebanon. [7 May 2015]. （原始内容存档于3 April 2015）.  yalibnan. Top Iranian Guards commander, several fighters killed in Syria. 24 October 2015 [6 May 2016]. （原始内容存档于3 June 2016）.  Ahmad Shuja Jamal. Mission Accomplished? What's Next for Iran's Afghan Fighters in Syria. War on the Rocks. 13 February 2018 [4 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于14 May 2019）.  Phillip Smyth. Iran's Afghan Shiite Fighters in Syria. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. 3 June 2014 [18 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于11 November 2017）.  引用错误：带有name属性“irantrained”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 AFPC 2017，第340頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAFPC2017 (help) Liwa al-Fatemiyoun. Jihad Intel. [4 August 2018]. （原始内容存档于4 August 2018）.  Syria rebel group denies releasing Afghan prisoners. 23 February 2016 [23 February 2016]. （原始内容存档于24 February 2016）.  Sohranas. More than 50 air raids carried out on Jeser al-Shagour, and the violent clashes continue around hills in Frikah village and al-Alawin checkpoint. Syrian Observatory For Human Rights. [9 May 2015].  Leith Fadel. Syrian Army and Hezbollah Make Huge Gains in Southern Aleppo: Military Operations Begin in Al-Hadher. Al-Masdar News. 2 November 2015 [29 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于28 March 2019）.  Amir Toumaj. Iranian military involvement in the battle for Aleppo. The Long War Journal. 3 August 2016 [29 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于1 February 2017）.  Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home.. New York Times. 11 November 2017 [12 November 2017]. （原始内容存档于17 August 2019）. Not only did Iran send smaller units of the Fatemiyoun to cross Syrian borders and fight in Yemen  Ari Heistein; James West. Syria's Other Foreign Fighters: Iran's Afghan and Pakistani Mercenaries. National Interest. 20 November 2015 [18 May 2022]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-17）.  Robillard 2021，第167–187頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRobillard2021 (help) Drums Of War: Israel And The "AXIS OF RESISTANCE" (PDF), International Crisis Group, 2 August 2010, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）  After ISIS, Fatemiyoun Vows to Fight with "Axis of Resistance" to Destroy Israel. Middle East Institute. [2020-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-16）.  Drums Of War: Israel And The "AXIS OF RESISTANCE" (PDF), International Crisis Group, 2 August 2010, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-03-04）  After ISIS, Fatemiyoun Vows to Fight with "Axis of Resistance" to Destroy Israel. Middle East Institute. [2020-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-16）.  Christoph Reuter. American Fury: The Truth About the Russian Deaths in Syria: Hundreds of Russian soldiers are alleged to have died in U.S. airstrikes at the beginning of February. Reporting by Der Spiegel shows that events were likely very different. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2018-03-04. Der Spiegel, 2 March 2018. Amir Toumaj. Qassem Soleimani reportedly spotted in Syria's Hama province. Long War Journal. 2 April 2017 [3 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于3 April 2017）.  Amir Toumaj. Qassem Soleimani allegedly spotted in Syria near the Iraqi border. Long War Journal. 14 June 2017 [15 June 2017]. （原始内容存档于1 May 2019）.  Including a Commander, new dead of Fatimioun militia in Syria. Al-Dorar Al-Shamia. 27 July 2017 [28 August 2017]. （原始内容存档于1 August 2017）.  UN aid convoy to make fresh attempt to reach battered Syrian rebel enclave. www.yahoo.com. [2018-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-19）.  Military commander in the Southern Front illustrates latest developments of Daraa. 22 June 2018 [18 July 2018]. （原始内容存档于18 November 2018）.  Joe Truzman. IRGC trained militias suffer losses in northwest Syria. Long War Journal. 14 February 2020 [17 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于17 February 2020）.  Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima. Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home.. The New York Times. November 11, 2017 [November 12, 2017]. （原始内容存档于August 17, 2019）.  شورش مهدی بلخابی؛ نبرد علیه طالب به رهبری طالب. ایندیپندنت فارسی. 19 August 2022 [2024-04-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-23）.  تشکیلات فعلی فاطمیون ابتدا یک هیئت خانگی بود/ تعدادی از افغان‌ها از اروپا به فاطمیون آمدند و شهید شدند. [2017-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-02）.  Afghanistan arrests Iran official for recruiting Shiite fighters. NOW. 2016-08-29. （原始内容存档于2016-08-30）.  Afghans in Syria: Ayatollah’s soldiers serving Assad. 2014-11-05 [2016-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-24）.  Fariba Sahraei. "Syria war: The Afghans sent by Iran to fight for Assad" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. BBC News. 15 April 2016. Returning from Syria, Iranian-Backed Afghan Fighters Could Pose Threat. VOA. 2019-04-08 [2019-04-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-09）.