拿破崙·沙尼翁

拿破崙·沙尼翁（Napoleon Alphonseau Chagnon，發音： /ˈʃæɡnən/ SHAG-nən，1938年8月27日—2019年9月21日）生于美国密歇根州奧斯丁港，美國人類學家。 沙尼翁生於密西根州的奧斯丁港，在家中十二個兄弟姊妹當中排行老二。他就讀密西根大學，1961年獲學士學位，1963年獲碩士學位，1966 年在懷特的指導下，取得博士學位。 沙尼翁因著有1968年出版的民族誌《亞諾瑪米人：殘暴的人群》（Yanomamö: The Fierce People）而出名。這本書出版超過五版，經常用在大學部的人類學導論課程的文本，成為長銷不墜的人類學文本。沙尼翁也是視覺人類學領域的先驅。他與民族誌電影導演蒂姆·阿施（Tim Asch（英语：Tim Asch））長期合作，並產生了一系列記錄亞諾瑪米人生活的二十多部民族誌影片。 沙尼翁先前曾任教於賓夕法尼亞州立大學與西北大學。 沙尼翁最廣為人知的是他在亞諾瑪米人中長期进行的民族誌田野工作，他對於文化人類學的演化論以及戰爭的研究有所貢獻。亞諾瑪米人是生活在委內瑞拉和巴西邊境地區的一個美洲原住民群體。 沙尼翁的主要研究工作是在委內瑞拉的Siapa河及Mavaca河的河源地區，他從1960年代中期就在這些人當中進行田野工作，直到1990年代後半期為止。因為亞諾瑪米人無法正確發出他的姓氏，他們給他取個綽號叫“沙奇”，這是他們所能發出的最接近發音，這似乎也是適當的，因為沙尼翁（Chagnon）不斷地問這問那，“沙奇”的意思是“討厭的蜜蜂”。他的研究焦點是收集他所造訪的村落的系譜，他從這些分析人們的親屬關聯性、婚姻模式、合作，以及聚落模式歷史。他運用這個系譜研究法進行調查，以此為基礎，成為社會生物學和人類行為生態學領域的先驅者之一。 沙尼翁在美國密蘇里大學擔任人類學教授。2000年，帕特里克·蒂爾尼（Patrick Tierney（英语：Patrick Tierney））寫了一本書《黃金國的黑暗面》（Darkness in El Dorado（英语：Darkness in El Dorado）），指責沙尼翁加劇了居住在亞馬孫河流域的亞諾瑪米人（Yanomamo）的麻疹疫情，而且在不顧當地人福祉的情況下進行人體研究等等。《紐約時報》的一位評論員在《紐約時報雜誌》的人物特寫報導中，將蒂爾尼的指控當成事實，將沙尼翁稱為美國“最具爭議的”人類學家。此事發生在沙尼翁當時的最新作品、科學回憶錄《高貴的野蠻人：我在兩個危險部族——亞諾瑪米人和人類學家——之間的生活》（Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes—the Yanomamö and the Anthropologists）出版之前。這些指控毀滅了他的職業生涯，並迫使他提前退休。 Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö Warfare, Social Organization and Marriage Alliances (unpublished PhD dissertation), Ann Arbor, MI: Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1966  Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö: The Fierce People, 1968 . ———, Studying the Yanomamö, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974 . ———, Yanomamo – The Last Days of Eden, 1992 . ———; Cronk, Lee; Irons, William, Adaptation and Human Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, 2002 . ———, Noble Savages: My Life Among Two Dangerous Tribes – The Yanomamö and the Anthropologists, 2013 . Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamö social organization and aggression, FRIED, M (编), War; the Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, New York: Garden City, 1986  ———, Chronic Problems in Understanding Tribal Violence and Warfare, Willey & Chichester (编), Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 1995  ———, Tribal social organization and genetic microdifferentiation, HARRISON, A; BOYCE, A (编), Structure of human populations, Oxford, 1972  ———, Daily life among the Yanomamo, ROMNEY, AK; DEVORE, PL (编), You and others, Cambridge, 1973  ———, Yanomamo social organization and warfare, FRIED, M (编), Explorations in Anthropology, New York: Crowell, 1973  ———, The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians, GROSS, DR (编), International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, New York: Garden City, 1973  ———, Yanomamo – the fierce people, GOULD, R (编), Man's many ways, New York: Harper & Row, 1977  ———, Yanomamo warfare, COPPENHAVER, D (编), Anthropology full circle, New York: Prager, 1977  ———, Is Reproductive Success Equal in Egalitarian Societies?, CHAGNON, N; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury, 1979  ———, Mate Competition, Favoring Close kin, and Village Fissioning Among the Yanomamö Indians, CHAGNON, N; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury, 1979  ———, Anthropology and the Nature of Things, WIEGELE, T (编), Biology and the Social Sciences, Boulder: Westview, 1982  ———, Sociodemographic Attributes of Nepotism in Tribal Populations: Man the Rule-Breaker, GROUP, KSCS (编), Current problems in sociobiology, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982  ———; Ayers, M; Neel, JV; Weitkamp, L; Gershowitz, H, The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians, HULSE, FS (编), Man and nature: studies in the evolution of the human species, New York: Random House, 1975  ———; Bugos, PE, Kin selection and conflict: an analysis of a Yanomamö ax fight, CHAGNON, Napoleon A; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979  ———; Flinn, MV; Melancon, TF, Sex-ratio variation among the Yanomamö Indians, CHAGNON, Napoleon; IRONS, W (编), Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, North Scituate: Duxbury Press, 1979  Chagnon, Napoleon A, Yanomamo – the fierce people, Natural History LXXVII, 1967a, LXXVII: 22–31  ———, Yanomamö Social Organization and Warfare, Natural History LXXVI, 1967b, LXXVI: 44–48  ———, The Culture-Ecology of Shifting (Pioneering) Cultivation Among The Yanomamö Indians, International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences 3, 1968a, 3: 249–55  ———, The feast, Natural History LXXVII, 1968b, LXXVII: 34–41  ———, Ecological and Adaptive Aspects of California Shell Money, Annual Report of the UCLA Archaeological Survey 12, 1970, 12: 1–25  ———, The culture-ecology of shifting (pioneering) cultivation among the Yanomamo Indians, GROSS, DR (编), International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, New York: Garden City, 1973  ———, Genealogy, Solidarity and Relatedness: Limits to Local Group Size and Patterns of Fissioning in an Expanding Population, Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 19, 1975, 19: 95–110  ———, Yanomamo, the true people, National Geographic Magazine 150, 1976, 150: 210–23  ———, Highland New Guinea models in the South American lowlands, Working papers on South American Indians 2, 1980, 2: 111–30  ———, Doing fieldwork among the Yanomamo, Contemporary Anthropology, 1981: 11–24  ———, Life Histories, Blood Revenge, and Warfare in a Tribal Population, Science 239, 1988, 239: 985–92  ———, Yanomamö survival, Science 244, 1989, 244: 11  ———, On Yanomamö violence: reply to Albert, Current Anthropology 31, 1990, 31: 49–53  ———; Ayres, M; Neel, JV; Weitkamp, L; Gershowitz, H, The influence of cultural factors on the demography and pattern of gene flow from the Makiritare to the Yanomama indians, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 32, 1970, 32: 339–49  ———; Hames, RB, Protein Deficiency and Tribal Warfare in Amazonia: New Data, Science 203, 1979, 203: 910–13  ———; Le Quesne, P; Cook, JM, Yanomamö Hallucinogens: Anthropological, Botanical, and Chemical Findings, Current Anthropology 12, 1971, 12: 72–74  ———; Margolies, L; Gasparini, G; Hames, RB, Parentesco, demografia, patrones de inversion de los padres y el uso social del espacio arquitectonico entre los Shamatari-Yanomamo del TF Amazonas: informe preliminar, Boletin Indigenista Venezolano 21 (VZ), 1982–83, 21: 171–225 （西班牙语）  请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) The Yanomamo Series, in collaboration with Tim Asch, includes 22 separate films on the Yanomamo culture, such as: The Ax Fight (1975) Children's Magical Death (1974) Magical Death (1988) A Man Called Bee: A Study of the Yanomamo (1974) Yanomamo Of the Orinoco (1987) Yanomamo Filmography list, University of California, Santa Barbara 雖然他的姓Chagnon依據法語發音可譯為“沙尼翁”，但他使用美國式的發音。台灣譯本多依據此一理由譯為夏儂。 Eakin, Emily. How Napoleon Chagnon Became Our Most Controversial Anthropologist. New York Times. 13 February 2013 [19 February 2013]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-09）.  Napoleon Chagnon, '61, MA'63, PhD'66. Alumni Authors Series. Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. [20 February 2013]. [永久失效連結] Silva, Stacey. Meeting The Fierce People (PDF). The Daily Nexus. 1988-01-20 [2008-10-23]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-10-31）.  Ritchie, Mark Andrew. "Pulling His Eye Down", Spirit of the Rainforest, Island Lake Press, Chicago, 1996. McGee, Jon R. & Warms, Richard L. "Anthropological Theory: An Introductory History", Texas State University, San Marcos, 2008. ISBN 0-07-340522-1 Official faculty website at UCSB Silva, Stacey. "Meeting The Fierce People" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Daily Nexus, 20 January 1988. D'Antonio, Michael. "Napoleon Chagnon's War of Discovery" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, LA Times Magazine, 30 January 2000. Grossman, Andrew. "Napoleon Chagnon's Waterloo", The Dartmouth Review, 30 October 2000. Wallace, Scott. "Napoleon in Exile", National Geographic Adventure Magazine, April 2002. Emily Eakin, "How Napoleon Chagnon became our most Controversial Anthropologist" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, New York Times, 13 February 2013.