伊本·图费勒

阿布·贝克尔·穆罕默德·本·阿卜杜勒-马利克·本·穆罕默德·伊本·图费勒·卡伊西·安达卢西（أبو بكر محمد بن عبد الملك بن محمد بن طفيل القيسي الأندلسي‎ Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Muhammad ibn Tufail al-Qaisi al-Andalusi；约1105年—1185年），常简称为伊本·图费勒（阿拉伯语：ابن طفيل‎ Ibn Tufail；又译伊本·图斐利），12世纪阿拉伯穆斯林博学家。欧洲人称之为阿布巴塞尔（拉丁語：Abubacer）。出生于安达卢斯，涉猎文学、哲学、神学、医学、天文学，同时也是北非穆瓦希德王朝的宫廷大臣。 在文学领域，著有哲学小说名作《哈义·本·叶格赞的故事》。作为医学家，他支持解剖和验尸，该立场在其小说著作中也有体现。 伊本·图费勒出生在安达卢斯格拉纳达地区的瓜迪斯，家族是阿拉伯部落民。他早年师从通才伊本·巴哲，曾担任休达、丹吉尔和格拉纳达统治者的顾问，后来成为穆瓦希德王朝哈里发阿布·雅各布·优素福的维齐尔及医师。他在1169年举荐另一位著名学者伊本·鲁世德接任其职位。1182年隐退，1185年逝世于穆瓦希德王朝都城马拉喀什。 伊本·图费勒的天文学研究和托勒密天文学相悖，在学史上推翻托勒密天文学的过程中发挥了重要作用，是天文学史“安达卢西亚反叛”的一部分。其著作促使后世学者最终摒弃托勒密学说。 伊本·图费勒的著作影响了后世诸多伊斯兰学者，包括努尔丁·比特鲁吉（英语：Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji）、阿布·阿卜杜拉·穆罕默德·阿巴尔、阿卜杜勒·瓦希德·马拉库希（英语：Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi）、艾哈迈德·穆罕默德·马加里（英语：Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari）、伊本·哈蒂卜（英语：Ibn al-Khatib）等。 伊本·图费勒的哲学小说著作《哈义·本·叶格赞的故事》（拉丁文名为《自修的哲学家》，Philosophus Autodidactus）颇为著名，讲述了一个无人岛上的野孩子在瞪羚抚养下成长并自主学习的故事。他在没有接触其他人类的情况下，借由理智问答从而系统性地发现了人间真理。他接触到一个逃难者，从而了解了哲学和宗教，得出结论：宗教的外化掩饰，如偶像崇拜、物质依赖等，是普罗大众必需的，这是为了让他们有着体面的生活。但偶像和物质是阻碍求真的混淆品，发觉了这一点的人就应该抛弃它们。小说的主人公名为哈义·本·叶格赞（Hayy ibn Yaqdhan），名哈义意为活着，父名叶格赞意为醒来。这些名字都来自伊本·西那的著作。 伊本·图费勒写作此小说也是为了呼应安萨里的著作《哲学家的矛盾（英语：The Incoherence of the Philosophers）》。伊本·纳菲斯（英语：Ibn al-Nafis）在13世纪著成小说《自修的神学家（英语：Theologus Autodidactus）》呼应此作。《自修的哲学家》是阿拉伯文学历史上的名著，在欧洲文学也有着非比寻常的影响力，在17世纪和18世纪成为西欧畅销书。此作显著地影响了伊斯兰哲学和近代西方哲学的发展，被视为激发科学革命和启蒙时代的先驱之作，其中的思想在托马斯·霍布斯、约翰·洛克、艾萨克·牛顿、伊曼努尔·康德的著作中都有体现 。 该书的拉丁文版《自修的哲学家》最早出现在1671年；首部英文译本出版于1708年。该作也激发了丹尼尔·笛福的灵感，促使他创作出《鲁滨逊漂流记》，同样讲述了一个无人岛上的幸存者的故事。小说也促使了洛克之《人類理解論》中白板概念的诞生。书中哈义的唯物主义观念和卡尔·马克思的历史唯物主义也有一定相似之处。该书还预示了后世提出的莫利紐茲問題。戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨、約翰·沃利斯、克里斯蒂安·惠更斯、貴格會、伏尔泰的思想也都受到此书影响。 阿拉伯文学 自主學習 Avempace （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Jon Mcginnis, Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources, p. 284, Hackett Publishing Company（英语：Hackett Publishing Company）, ISBN 0-87220-871-0. Carra de Vaux, B., “Ibn Ṭufayl”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 16 April 2020 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3394>  Chisholm, Hugh (编). Ibn Ṭufail. Encyclopædia Britannica 14 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 223. 1911.  Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Tufayl. Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004, 8: 96 –通过Gale eBooks.  Avner Ben-Zaken, "Taming the Mystic", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0801897399. Ibn Tufayl, Abü Bakr Muhammad. Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008, 13: 488–489 –通过Encyclopedia.com.  Božović, Mihajlo. The Process of Civilization in Ibn Tufayl's Hayy Ibn Yaqzan. Kom (Beograd). 2017, 2: 77–90 –通过ResearchGate.  Matar, Nabil. Ibn Tufayl (ca. 1105–85). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. 2013: 241–242 –通过Gale eBooks.  Corbin, Henry. Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 580 AH/1185 CE). Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2006, 4: 550–551 –通过Gale eBooks.  Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Guardian, 22 March 2003. Avner Ben-Zaken, Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0801897399. G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 228, Brill Publishers（英语：Brill Publishers）, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6. G. J. Toomer（英语：G. J. Toomer） (1996), Eastern Wisedome and Learning: The Study of Arabic in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 218, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-820291-1. Samar Attar（英语：Samar Attar）, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought, Lexington Books, ISBN 0-7391-1989-3. Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication. Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam（英语：Encyclopedia of Islam）, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0-7591-0190-6. Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357–377 [369]. G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, pp. 224–239, Brill Publishers（英语：Brill Publishers）, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6. Dominique Urvoy, "The Rationality of Everyday Life: The Andalusian Tradition? (Aropos of Hayy's First Experiences)", in Lawrence I. Conrad (1996), The World of Ibn Tufayl: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān, pp. 38–46, Brill Publishers（英语：Brill Publishers）, ISBN 90-04-09300-1. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik Ibn Tufayl（英语：Ibn Tufayl） and Léon Gauthier (1981), Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan, p. 5, Editions de la Méditerranée:[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "If you want a comparison that will make you clearly grasp the difference between the perception, such as it is understood by that sect [the Sufis] and the perception as others understand it, imagine a person born blind, endowed however with a happy natural temperament, with a lively and firm intelligence, a sure memory, a straight sprite, who grew up from the time he was an infant in a city where he never stopped learning, by means of the senses he did dispose of, to know the inhabitants individually, the numerous species of beings, living as well as non-living, there, the streets and sidestreets, the houses, the steps, in such a manner as to be able to cross the city without a guide, and to recognize immediately those he met; the colors alone would not be known to him except by the names they bore, and by certain definitions that designated them. Suppose that he had arrived at this point and suddenly, his eyes were opened, he recovered his view, and he crosses the entire city, making a tour of it. He would find no object different from the idea he had made of it; he would encounter nothing he didn’t recognize, he would find the colors conformable to the descriptions of them that had been given to him; and in this there would only be two new important things for him, one the consequence of the other: a clarity, a greater brightness, and a great voluptuousness." Diana Lobel (2006), A Sufi-Jewish Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Baḥya Ibn Paqūda's Duties of the Heart, p. 24, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-3953-9. G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 227, Brill Publishers（英语：Brill Publishers）, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6. G. A. Russell (1994), The 'Arabick' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in Seventeenth-Century England, p. 247, Brill Publishers（英语：Brill Publishers）, ISBN 978-90-04-09888-6. Tor Eigeland, The Ripening Years 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2008-03-01., Saudi Aramco World（英语：Saudi Aramco World）, September–October 1976. P. Brönnle, The Awakening of the Soul (London, 1905) Samar Attar, The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought (Lanham, 2010) Ben-Zaken, Avner, "Taming the Mystic", in Reading Hayy Ibn-Yaqzan: A Cross-Cultural History of Autodidacticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011). ISBN 978-0801897399. Mahmud Baroud, The Shipwrecked Sailor in Arabic and Western Literature: Ibn Tufayl and His Influence on European (London, 2012) Hayy ibn Yaqzan by Ibn Tufayl （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Forcada, Miquel. Ibn Ṭufayl: Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik ibn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ṭufayl al‐Qaysī. Thomas Hockey; et al (编). The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. New York: Springer: 572. 2007 [2021-06-09]. ISBN 978-0-387-31022-0. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28）.  (PDF version （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) Ibn Tofail in "History of Philosophy in Islam", by T.J. de Boer, 1904, at sacred-texts.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） About Ibn Tufail （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Ibn Tufayl's view of education implicit in his work Hayy Ibn Yaqzan, by Silvio Sergio Scatolini Apostolo 伊本·图费勒的作品 - 古騰堡計劃