通靈板

通靈板（英語：Ouija board，發音為/ˈwiːdʒiː/），也稱為灵乩板、灵应牌（spirit board）、对话板（talking board）或威加盤（ウィジャボード），流行在歐美的一種占卜方式，可能起源於古代巫術。它的外型为一种平面木板，上面标有各类字母（或文字）、数字及其他一些符号，其目的在於讓使用者與所謂鬼魂對話。中華文化中的碟仙就來自通靈板。 Ouija 也是一种被注册的对话板商标，隶属于帕克尔兄弟公司（英语：Parker Brothers），并成为可用来指代任何此类产品的标志性商标。 通靈板（Ouija board）的名稱來自於法語：Oui與德語：ja的組合，這兩個字相當於英語：yes，用在詢問句的回答上。它是一種與靈魂進行對談，以詢問答案的占卜方式。 在降灵会举行之际，与会人员用手指按在类似于心形的小乩板（Planchette）或可移动的指示物上。等到小木板被推動時，就可以逐字拼出亡灵所要呈现的信息内容。 它最早起源於歐洲古代的巫術。 1890年代末，通过生意家埃里加·邦德的商业推销后，人们视对话板为一种无害的室内游戏，不再把其与巫术相联系，直到美国灵异学研究员Pearl Curran在欧战时期 再次以其作为具有神性的工具而加以推广。基督教的主流思想和一些巫师由于担心鬼魂附身 （Demonic possession）的威胁而不允许它的使用，另外的一些人则告诫他们的信徒远离此物。 相信通灵板的人觉得这是灵性作用，属于超常现象/超自然的范畴，但科学界普遍认为这是一种被那些控制通灵板的目前不能作出解释的无意识活动，是一种心理现象，称作观念运动作用 （Ideomotor effect）。 尽管通灵板被科学家揭去了神秘面纱，它在一些年轻人中仍然流行。此外，古代中国的扶乩所使用的工具即为灵乩板，是最早有记录（在宋朝时期）的用来进行通灵的方法之一，古印度、古希腊、古罗马和中世纪的埃及也有灵乩板被广泛推广的类似现象。如今，有大约10个不同种类的对话板以各异的商业名称在市场上出售，通灵板还给文学作品提供了创作可用之素材。 扶乩 碟仙 降神會 Cain, D. Lynn, "OUIJA - For the Record" 2009 ISBN 978-0-557-15871-3 Carpenter, W.B.,"On the Influence of Suggestion in Modifying and directing Muscular Movement, independently of Volition" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Royal Institution of Great Britain, (Proceedings), 1852, (12 March 1852), pp. 147–153. Cornelious, J. Edward, Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board. 2005 ISBN 1-932595-10-4 Edmond C. Gruss|Gruss, Edmond C., The Ouija Board: A Doorway to the Occult 1994 ISBN 0-87552-247-5 Hunt, Stoker, Ouija: The Most Dangerous Game. 1992 ISBN 0-06-092350-4 Hill, Joe, Heart-Shaped Box Murch, R., "A Brief History of the Ouija Board", Fortean Times, No.249, (June 2009), pp. 32–33. United States Patent and Trademark Office （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） retrieved 24/08/09 Brunvand, Jan Harold. American folklore: an encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. 1998 [2010-08-22]. ISBN 9780815333500. （原始内容存档于2014-06-28）.  Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media. University Press of Kentucky. [2007-12-31]. Almost since its invention in the late nineteenth century, the Oujia board has been associated with the threat of demonic possession.  Raising the devil: Satanism, new religions, and the media. University Press of Kentucky. [2007-12-31]. Practically since its invention a century ago, mainstream Christian religions, including Catholicism, have warned against the use of Oujia boards, claiming that they are a means of dabbling with Satanism (Hunt 1985:93-95). Occultists, interestingly, are divided on the Oujia board's value. Jane Roberts (1966) and Gina Covina (1979) express confidence that it is a device for positive transformation and they provide detailed instructions on how to use it to contact spirits and map the other world. But some occultists have echoed Christian warnings, cautioning inexperienced persons away from it.  Adams, Cecil; Ed Zotti. How does a Ouija board work?. The Straight Dope. July 3, 2000 [6 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于2019-11-30）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Carroll, Robert T. Ouija board. Skeptic's Dictionary. 2009-10-31 [6 July 2010]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-15）.  Shermer, Michael. The Skeptic encyclopedia of pseudoscience, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. 2002 [2010-08-22]. ISBN 9781576076538. （原始内容存档于2017-05-10）.  Chao Wei-pang. 1942. "The origin and Growth of the Fu Chi", Folklore Studies 1:9-27 引用错误：没有为名为museum的参考文献提供内容 White, Stewart Edward. The Betty Book. USA: E. P. Dutton & CO., Inc. March 1943: 14–15. ISBN 0898041511.  Aleister Crowley and the Ouija Board. By J. Edward Cornelius 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2006-10-24. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：Ouija Information on talking boards Museum Of Talking Boards （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Official Website of William Fuld and home of the Ouija board （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Skeptics Ouija board helps psychologists probe the subconscious （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from New Scientist The Skeptics' Dictionary: Ouija （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural How does a Ouija board work? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from The Straight Dope Trade marks and patents Trade-Mark Registration: "Ouija" (Trademark no. 18,919; 3 February 1891: Kennard Novelty Company) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "Ouija or Egyptian Luck Board" (patent no.446,054; 10 February 1891: Elijah J. Bond – assigned to Charles W. Kennard and William H. A. Maupin) "Talking-Board" (patent no.462,819; 10 November 1891: Charles W. Kennard) "Game Apparatus" (patent no. 479,266: 19 July 1892: William Fuld) "Game Apparatus" (patent no. 619,236: 7 February 1899: Justin F. Simonds) "Ouija or Talking Board" (patent no.1,125,833; 19 January 1915: William Fuld) "Design for the Movable Member of a Talking-Board" (patent no.D56,001; 10 August 1920: William Fuld) "Design of Finger-Rest and Pointer for a Game" (patent no. D56,085; 10 August 1920: John Vanderkamp – assigned to Goldsmith Publishing Company) "Message Interpreting Device" or "Psychic Messenger" (patent no.1,352,046; 7 September 1920: Frederick H. Black) "Design for the Movable Member of a Talking-Board" (patent no.D56,001; 10 August 1920: William Fuld) "Ouija Board" (patent no.D56,449; 26 October 1920: Clifford H. McGlasson) "Psychic Game" (patent no.1,370,249; 1 March 1921: Theodore H. White) "Ouija Board" (patent no.1,400,791; 20 December 1921: Harry M. Bigelow) "Game Board" (patent no.1,422,042; 4 July 1922: John R. Donnelly) "(Magnetic) Toy" (patent no.1,422,775; 11 July 1922: Leon Martocci-Pisculli) "Psychic Instrument" (patent no.1,476,158; 4 December 1923: Grover C. Haffner) "Game" (patent no.1,514,260; 4 November 1924: Alfred A. Rees) "Amusement Device" (patent no.1,870,677; 9 August 1932: William A. Fuld) "Amusement Device" (patent no.2,220,455; 5 November 1940: John P. McCarthy) "Finger Pressure Actuated Message Interpreting Amusement Device" (patent no.2,511,377; 13 June 1950: Raymond S. Richmond) "Message Device With Freely Swingable Pointer" (patent no.3,306,617; 28 February 1967: Thomas W. Gillespie) Other "'Ouija board' appeal (against second guilty verdict) dismissed" – R. v. Young (1995) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） BBC video on Ouija Board （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 开放目录项目中的“Ouija”