符號奠基問題

符號奠基問題，又稱符號接地問題（英語：Symbol grounding problem）在认知科学和语义学中指的是「单词（通常指符号）如何獲得含義」的問題，與意義本身是什麼的問題關係密切。而意義問題與心理狀態是如何有意義的問題相關，因此符號奠基問題也與意識難題有關（即某些物理系統與主觀經驗的內容之間的聯繫是什麼？）。 Vogt, Paul. "Language evolution and robotics: issues on symbol grounding and language acquisition （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）." Artificial cognition systems. IGI Global, 2007. 176–209. 注意： 本文基于最初发表于《自然/麦克米伦认知科学百科全书》中的条目，此条目此后由作者和維基百科社群进行了修订。 Blondin Masse, A, G. Chicoisne, Y. Gargouri, S. Harnad, O. Picard, O. Marcotte (2008) How Is Meaning Grounded in Dictionary Definitions? TextGraphs-3 Workshop, 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Coling 2008, Manchester, 18–22 August 2008 Cangelosi, A. & Harnad, S. (2001) The Adaptive Advantage of Symbolic Theft Over Sensorimotor Toil: Grounding Language in Perceptual Categories. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Evolution of Communication 4(1) 117–142. Cangelosi, A.; Greco, A.; Harnad, S. From robotic toil to symbolic theft: grounding transfer from entry-level to higher-level categories. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Connection Science12(2) 143–62. Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Frege, G. (1952/1892). On sense and reference. In P. Geach and M. Black, Eds., Translations of the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford: Blackwell Harnad, S. (1990) The Symbol Grounding Problem. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Physica D 42: 335–346. Harnad, S. (1992) There Is Only One Mind/Body Problem （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Symposium on the Perception of Intentionality, XXV World Congress of Psychology, Brussels, Belgium, July 1992 International Journal of Psychology 27: 521 Harnad, S. (1994) Computation Is Just Interpretable Symbol Manipulation: Cognition Isn't. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Minds and Machines 4:379–390 (Special Issue on "What Is Computation") Harnad, S. (1995) Why and How We Are Not Zombies. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal of Consciousness Studies 1: 164–167. Harnad, S. (2000) Minds, Machines and Turing: The Indistinguishability of Indistinguishables （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Journal of Logic, Language, and Information 9(4): 425–445. (Special Issue on "Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence") Harnad, S. (2001a) Minds, Machines and Searle II: What's Wrong and Right About Searle's Chinese Room Argument? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: M. Bishop & J. Preston (eds.) Essays on Searle's Chinese Room Argument. Oxford University Press. Harnad, S. (2001b) No Easy Way Out. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Sciences 41(2) 36–42. Harnad, Stevan (2001a) Explaining the Mind: Problems, Problems （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Sciences 41: 36–42. Harnad, Stevan (2001b) The Mind/Body Problem is the Feeling/Function Problem: Harnad on Dennett on Chalmers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Technical Report. Department of Electronics and Computer Sciences. University of Southampton. Harnad, S. (2003) Can a Machine Be Conscious? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） How?. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal of Consciousness Studies 10(4–5): 69–75. Harnad, S. (2005) To Cognize is to Categorize: Cognition is categorization. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in Lefebvre, C. and Cohen, H., Eds. Handbook of Categorization. Elsevier. Harnad, S. (2007) The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In: Epstein, Robert & Peters, Grace (Eds.) The Turing Test Sourcebook: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Kluwer Harnad, S. (2006) Cohabitation: Computation at 70 Cognition at 20. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） In Dedrick, D., Eds. Essays in Honour of Zenon Pylyshyn. MacDorman, Karl F. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (1999). Grounding symbols through sensorimotor integration. Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan, 17(1), 20–24. Online version （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） MacDorman, Karl F. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (2007). Life after the symbol system metaphor. Interaction Studies, 8(1), 143–158. Online version （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1984) Computation and cognition. Cambridge MA: MIT/Bradford Searle, John. R. (1980) Minds, brains, and programs. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3(3): 417–457 Taddeo, Mariarosaria & Floridi, Luciano (2005). The symbol grounding problem: A critical review of fifteen years of research. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 17(4), 419–445. Online version （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Turing, A.M. (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49 433–460 [Reprinted in Minds and machines. A. Anderson (ed.), Engelwood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1964.]