美國保守主義

美國保守主義（英語：Conservatism in the United States）是美國重要的政治哲学、社会哲学，其特徵包括尊重美國傳統、支持共和主义（英语：Republicanism in the United States）、古典自由主义、限制联邦政府权力、提倡州权、小政府。在美国，保守派媒体（英语：Media bias in the United States#Conservative）、基督教媒体（英语：Christian media）及保守主义者（英语：List of American conservatives）在政治中占有一席之地，两大党之一的共和党的主流意识形态亦为保守主义。 在社会议题上，美国保守派一般支持基督教价值观（英语：Christian ethics）、道德绝对主义、传统家庭观（英语：Family values）、美國例外論和个人主义，反对堕胎（英语：United States anti-abortion movement）和反對同性婚姻。在经济议题上，美国保守派一般亲资本、亲商业、反工会。在国家议题上，美国保守派一般支持强化國家安全、支持持枪权和自由貿易，保護西方文化免受共产主义和道德相对主义的威胁。相较温和派和自由派而言，保守派不太信任科学，尤其不信任医学、气候学和演化，而倾向于相信創造論。 歷史學家認為1790年代以來，保守主義傳統在美國政治和文化中扮演重要作用。然而有組織的保守主義運動在政治中扮演關鍵作用則是1950年代之後的事情。 美国保守主义史中包含着许多冲突和彼此间竞争的意识形态。財政保守主義者和自由意志保守主義者拥护资本主义、个人主义、小政府和自由放任，因此支持减税、自由市場、去监管化（英语：deregulation）、私有化、削减政府开支（英语：government spending）和政府债务。 社会保守主义者（英语：Social conservatism in the United States）认为植根于宗教的传统社会价值观受到世俗主义和道德相对主义威胁。他们倾向于支持学校内的祷告活动（英语：School prayer in the United States）和基督教学校内的學券制；反对堕胎（英语：United States anti-abortion movement）、同性婚姻和跨性别者权利（英语：Transgender rights in the United States） 新保守主義者想要将他们心目中的美国理念扩展到全世界，旧保守主义者则支持限制移民、不干预政策，反多元文化（英语：opposition to multiculturalism）。除一些自由意志保守主义者外，大多数保守主义者支持单边外交政策，以及维持一支强大的军队。包括自由意志保守主义者在内，大多数保守主义者支持持枪权，并援引美國憲法第二修正案为论据。20世纪50年代以来的保守主义运动试图将这些不同的派别聚集在一起，强调保守主义者需要团结起来，阻止“无神共产主义”蔓延。 美国保守主义者一般认为在保守主义价值观内的个人自由是民主的基石，他们通常认为联邦政府的权利和各州的权利之间应存在某种平衡。除了一些右派自由意志主義之外，美国保守主义者倾向于在他们认为属于政府合法管辖范围的领域采取强有力的行动，特别是国防和执法方面。包含许多宗教人士在内的美国社会保守主义者们（英语：Social conservatism in the United States）常会反对堕胎、民事結合及同性婚姻，支持学校内的基督教祷告活动（英语：School prayer in the United States）和政府资助私立教会学校。 美国保守主义文献列表（英语：Bibliography of conservatism in the United States） 基督教右派 激情保守主义（英语：Compassionate conservatism） 保守派联盟（英语：Conservative coalition） 融合主义（英语：Fusionism） 美國自由主義 美國自由意志主義 新保守主義 老右派 (美国)（英语：Old Right (United States)） 旧保守主义 美国进步主义（英语：Progressivism in the United States） 共和黨 (美國) 现代美国保守主义时间线（英语：Timeline of modern American conservatism） Gramlich, John. 5 facts about Fox News [关于福克斯新闻的5个事实]. Pew Research Center. 2020-08-18 [2022-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-04）.  Evangelicalism and Politics [福音派与政治]. The American Historian. [2022-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.  Bivins, Jason C. How Christian media is shaping American politics [基督教媒体如何塑造了美国的政治]. The Conversation. 2018-05-25 [2022-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-01）.  Joel D. Aberbach; Gillian Peele. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics After Bush. Oxford UP. 2011: 260. ISBN 9780199830268.  Farmer, Brian. American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice [美国保守主义：历史、理论与实践]. United States: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2005: 52. ISBN 978-1904303541. To traditional conservatives, there most definitely are moral absolutes and they can most definitely and definitively identify those moral absolutes. [传统的保守派信仰道德绝对论，而且他们可以非常明确且肯定地确定存在绝对的道德。]  Clyde Wilcox. Onward Christian Soldiers?: The Religious Right in American Politics [基督教士兵在前进？：美国政治中的宗教权利]. Taylor & Francis. 2018: 96 [2022-06-26]. ISBN 9780429974533. （原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.  Langdale, John. Superfluous Southerners: Cultural Conservatism and the South, 1920–1990 [多余的南方佬：文化保守主义与南方，1920–1990年]. United States: University of Missouri Press. 2012: 4. ISBN 9780826272850.  Lipsman, Ron. Liberal Hearts and Conservative Brains: The Correlation Between Age and Political Philosophy [自由的心和保守的脑：年龄与政治哲学之间的相关性]. United States: United States. 2007: 232. ISBN 9780595463206. The American conservative system of individualism, free markets, economic competition and deep respect for tradition... [美国的保守主义系统包含着个人主义、自由市场、市场竞争和尊重传统……]  Cal Jillson. Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State. Taylor & Francis. 2011: 87 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 9780203829417. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）. Social conservatives focus on moral or values issues, such as abortion, marriage, school prayer, and judicial appointments. [社会保守派关注道德问题和价值观问题，如堕胎、婚姻、学校内的祷告活动和司法任命等。]  Comparative Studies in Society and History. Vol. 29, No. 2 (Apr. 1987), p. 245. Cambridge University Press. Baldwin, Robert. Congressional Trade Votes: From NAFTA Approval to Fast-track Defeat [国会贸易投票：从批准北美自由贸易区到快速通道的失败]. United States: Peterson Institute for International Economics. 2000: 30. ISBN 9780881322675. Conservatism generally is associated with pro-business, anti-labor, and strong-national-defense stances, all of which lead to support for free trade principles. [保守主义通常持亲商业、反工人及支持强化国家安全的立场，所有这些都导向支持自由贸易原则。]  Critchlow, Donald. Debating the American Conservative Movement: 1945 to the Present [辩论美国的保守主义运动：1945年至今]. United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2009: 15. ISBN 978-0742548244. Conservatives had a fear of Communism shared by most Americans. During this time a popular anti-Communist culture emerged in America, evident in movies, television programs, community activities, and grassroots organizations. This popular anti-Communist culture generated patriotic rallies, parades, city resolutions, and an array of anti—Communist groups concerned about Communist influence in the schools, textbooks, churches, labor unions, industry, and universities. [保守派对共产主义的恐惧是大多数美国人所共有的。这一时期的美国出现了一种流行的反共文化，在电影、电视节目、社区活动和基层组织中都有体现。这种流行的反共文化产生了爱国集会、游行、城市决议，以及一系列关注共产主义在学校、教科书、教堂、工会、工业和大学中产生的影响的反共团体。]  Pilbeam, Bruce. Anglo-American Conservative Ideology After the Cold War [冷战后的英美保守主义意识形态]. United States: Palgrave Macmillan. 2003: 100. ISBN 978-0333997659. For most conservatives, if there is a common culprit in explaining society's descent into moral chaos, then it is relativism—the notion that there are no absolute values or standards, merely different interpretations and perspectives. [对大多数保守派来说，如果有什么能解释一切社会混乱的根源，那一定指的是相对主义——没有绝对价值或标准，只有不同解释和观点的思想。]  "The Reason Why Some Republicans Mistrust Science: Their Leaders Tell Them To", Naomi Oreskes, Scientific American, 2021-06, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-reason-some-republicans-mistrust-science-their-leaders-tell-them-to/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Hofer, Barbara; Sinatra, Gale. Science Denial: Why It Happens and What to Do About It [否认科学：为什么会发生这种情况以及该如何应对]. Oxford University Press. 2021-08-19 [2022-11-22]. ISBN 9780190944711. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190944681.001.0001. （原始内容存档于2022-10-16）.  Jones, Jeffrey. Democratic, Republican Confidence in Science Diverges - Gallup [民主党和共和党对科学的信心出现分歧 - 盖洛普]. [2021-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-29）.  Patrick Allitt, The Conservatives: Ideas and Personalities Throughout American History, p. "before the 1950s there was no such thing as a conservative movement in the United States.", Yale University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-300-16418-3 Kirk, Russell. The Conservative Mind: From Burke to Eliot (1953) traced a continuous tradition since the 1790s. Nicol C. Rae. Southern Democrats. Oxford U.P. 1994: 66 [2016-11-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-26）.  Hudelson, Richard. Modern Political Philosophy [现代政治哲学]. M.E. Sharpe. 1999 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-0765600219. （原始内容存档于2022-06-30） –通过Google Books.  M. O. Dickerson et al., An Introduction to Government and Politics: A Conceptual Approach (2009) p. 129. Safire, William. The Way We Live Now: On Language; Guns, God And Gays [我们现在的生活方式：关于语言、枪支、上帝和同性恋者]. The New York Times. 2004-01-25 [2022-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.  Ahoura Afshar, "The Anti-gay Rights Movement in the United States: The Framing of Religion," Essex Human Rights Review (2006) 3#1 pp. 64–79 (PDF). [2022-06-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-04-11）.  Glenn Utter and Robert J. Spitzer, Encyclopedia of Gun Control & Gun Rights (2nd ed. 2011) John Anderson; University of North Carolina John Anderson. Conservative Christian Politics in Russia and the United States: Dreaming of Christian Nations. Routledge. 2014: 136 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-1-317-60663-5. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）.  Amy Lind; Stephanie Brzuzy. Battleground: M-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2008: 508 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-0-313-34039-0. （原始内容存档于2021-02-01）.  Kenneth M. Cosgrove. Branded Conservatives: How the Brand Brought the Right from the Fringes to the Center of American Politics. Peter Lang. 2007: 27 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-0-8204-7465-6. （原始内容存档于2021-01-26）.  Steven L. Danver. Encyclopedia of Politics of the American West [美国西部政治百科]. Sage Publications. 2013: 262 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 978-1-4522-7606-9. （原始内容存档于2020-06-14）.  Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006) pp. ix–xiv Michael Foley. American credo: the place of ideas in US politics [美国信条：思想在美国政治中的地位]. Oxford University Press. 2007 [2022-06-27]. ISBN 9780191528330. （原始内容存档于2020-07-29）. Against accusations of being pre-modern or even anti-modern in outlook, paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programmes, the decentralization of the federal polity, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism and isolationism in the conduct of American foreign policy, and a generally revanchist outlook upon a social order in need of recovering old lines of distinction and in particular the assignment of roles in accordance with traditional categories of gender, ethnicity, and race.  Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12. Gregory L. Schneider, The Conservative Century: From Reaction to Revolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The label (conservatism) is in frequent use and has come to stand for a skepticism, at times an outright hostility, toward government social policies; a muscular foreign policy combined with a patriotic nationalism; a defense of traditional Christian religious values; and support for the free-market economic system.", "Within the conservative disposition in America, there are inherent contradictions between supporters of social order and tradition and supporters of individual freedom." (2009) pp. 4–9, 136 Sherwood Thompson, Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice. p. 7: "Historically...social justice became associated with liberalism in which equality is the ideal.", Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, ISBN 978-1442216044. Busch, Andrew E. Social Conservatives and Economic Conservatives [社会保守主义者和经济保守主义者]. Society. 2011-12-01, 49 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1007/s12115-011-9498-4 .  Lasser, William. V. The Modern Supreme Court: Crisis as Usual? [第五章 现代最高法院：危机如常？]. The Limits of Judicial Power: The Supreme Court in American Politics [司法权力的局限性：美国政治中的最高法院]. UNC Press Books. 1988: 186–188 [2019-02-23]. ISBN 9781469632469. （原始内容存档于2021-01-13）.  Glenn H. Utter; James L. True. Conservative Christians and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook [保守派基督徒和政治参与：一份参考手册]. ABC-CLIO. 2004: 51–53 [2022-07-10]. ISBN 9781851095131. （原始内容存档于2020-04-11）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：美國保守主義 "The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Heritage Foundation. "Conservative Predominance in the U.S.: A Moment or an Era?", 21 experts from the U.S. and abroad, ponder the future of conservatism. Dictionary of the History of Ideas: Conservatism at the University of Virginia. "Comparative Decades: Conservatism in the 1920s and 1980s" Lesson plans Mark Riebling, "Prospectus for a Critique of Conservative Reason." Paul Gottfried, "How Russell Kirk (And The Right) Went Wrong" A History of Conservative Movements – slideshow by Newsweek How Corporate America Invented Christian America （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Kevin M. Kruse for Politico. April 16, 2015.