湯瑪士·柯爾作品列表

托马斯·科尔（1801年－1848年）是位英裔美國畫家，同時是哈德遜河派藝術運動的創始人。科尔以浪漫主義風景畫和歷史畫聞名，甚至被譽為首位重要的美國風景畫畫家。他的畫風受到歐洲畫家影響，但有著強烈的美式感受力，其作品頗多，主要用油彩作畫。他的畫作通常都有寓意，而且經常在略帶悲傷和浮想聯翩的自然風景上描繪小型人像和建築。它們時常將新世界描繪成自然的伊甸園，有逃避現實之意，這與畫家從小生活在烏煙瘴氣的城市景觀（工業革命時期的英國）形成強烈對比。他的作品很常批判當代對於工業化、都市主義和西進運動的趨勢，所以被視作保守。 自學成才的科尔於1822年開始創作肖像畫，隨後幾年才將注意力轉移到風景畫上，而讓画家作品普及的1825年展覽中就有他的首批風景畫《枯樹湖》。科尔早期畫的山野作品都是「真實的美國森林」，他曾居住過的哈德遜河谷和卡茲奇山是常駐背景。1831至1832年間，科尔到訪過義大利的名勝古蹟部分出現在畫作裏，例如《罗马附近的渡槽》、《羅馬坎帕尼亞》、《尼祿拱門》。科尔在羅馬時為他最雄心壯志的作品（講述文明興衰的《帝國歷程》系列）制定概念，這5幅作品於1836年完成，反映了對田園主義的懷舊之情和畫家對美國總統安德鲁·杰克逊的不满。1836年的畫作《牛軛湖》涵蓋他早年風景畫的許多主題，將未開發的大自然和「開化」的土地同時呈現。科尔晚年作品的關注點從自然景色到更多地傳達宗教或精神主題。1842年，他畫了另一個譬喻式系列《生命之旅》來圍繞身為人的生命歷程。1847年，他根據同名希臘神話創作《被縛的普羅米修斯》，許多分析家認為其表達廢奴主義者的觀點。《日落時的十字架》在科尔撒手人寰時仍未完成。 如今，許多主要和國家博物館都有展出科爾的作品，大都會藝術博物館、波士頓美術館和國家藝廊均有收藏。以下列表僅包含公家有記錄在案的藏品。 這幅作品原本只是更大幅作品的試畫。 又名《暴雨後馬薩諸塞州北安普敦聖軛山風景》 Thomas Cole. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-09）.  Genocchio, Benjamin. In an Untamed Wilderness, Finding the Serene. The New York Times. June 18, 2006 [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-15）.  Cotter, Holland. Thomas Cole, American Moralist. The New York Times. 2018-03-15 [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-24）.  Kornhauser, Elizabeth. Re-examining Thomas Cole. The Magazine Antiques. 2018-01-08 [2018-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  Parry III, Ellwood C. Thomas Cole's "The Hunter's Return". The American Art Journal. Summer 1985, 17 (3): 2–17 [2020-08-24]. JSTOR 1594431. doi:10.2307/1594431. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Truettner, William H.; Wallach, Alan. Thomas Cole: Landscape into History. Yale University Press. 1994: 25–26. ISBN 978-0-300-05850-5.  Weidman, J. Modern Landscapes. Allen Memorial Art Museum. [August 18, 2020]. （原始内容存档于July 21, 2020）.  Thomas Cole's Story. Thomas Cole National Historical Site. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-16）.  Thomas Cole. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-24）.  Roque, Oswaldo Rodriguez. "The Oxbow" by Thomas Cole: Iconography of an American Landscape Painting. Metropolitan Museum Journal. 1982, 17: 63–73 [August 25, 2020]. JSTOR 1512787. doi:10.2307/1512787. （原始内容存档于December 5, 2020）.  Junker, Patricia. Thomas Cole's "Prometheus Bound:" An Allegory for the 1840s. The American Art Journal. 2000, 31 (1/2): 32–55 [2020-08-25]. JSTOR 1594625. doi:10.2307/1594625. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Cross at Sunset. Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-23）.  Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill). Allen Memorial Art Museum. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）.  Lake with Dead Trees (Catskill). Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-28）.  View of Fort Putnam. Philadelphia Museum of Art. [2020-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-07）.  View of Fort Putnam. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-16）.  Landscape, 1825. Minneapolis Institute of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.  Catskills Mountain Landscape. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  The Tempest. High Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Kaaterskill Falls. Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-24）.  Sunrise in the Catskills, 1826. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.  Landscape, the Seat of Mr. Featherstonhaugh in the Distance. Philadelphia Museum of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-10）.  View on the Schoharie. Fenimore Art Museum. [2020-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-22）.  View on the Schoharie. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）.  Daniel Boone Sitting At the Door of His Cabin on the Great Osage Lake Kentucky. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）.  Daniel Boone at His Cabin at Great Osage Lake. Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-18）.  From the Top of Kaaterskill Falls. Detroit Institute of Arts. [2020-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  The Woodchopper, Lake Featherstonhaugh. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）.  The Last of the Mohicans: The Death of Cora. The Penn Art Collection. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  Peace at Sunset (Evening in the White Mountains). Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-28）.  Scene from "The Last of the Mohicans," Cora Kneeling at the Feet of Tamenund. The Met. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.  The Clove, Catskills. San Francisco Gate. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.  The Clove, Catskills. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-05）.  View of the Round-Top in the Catskill Mountains. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-03）.  View in the White Mountains. White Mountain Art & Artists. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-20）.  Autumn in the Catskills. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）.  View near the Village of Catskill. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-28）.  Landscape Composition, St. John in the Wilderness. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Lake Winnepesaukee. Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-09）.  Expulsion. Moon and Firelight. Thyssen-Bornemisza Museo Nacional. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-08）.  Expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-27）.  Landscape (Landscape with Tree Trunks). Rhode Island School of Design Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  The Garden of Eden. The Met. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  View on Lake Winnipiseogee. Smithsonian Institution. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  View on Lake Winnipiseogee. American Art Gallery. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  The Subsiding of the Waters of the Deluge. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-05）.  Distant View of Niagara Falls. Art Institute of Chicago. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  Tornado in an American Forest. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  A Tornado in the Wilderness. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  A Wild Scene. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）.  Aqueduct near Rome. Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-03）.  The Dead Abel. Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  Ruined Tower (Mediterranean Coast Scene with Tower). Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-08）.  Ruined Castle and River. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-10）.  The Cascatelli, Tivoli, Looking Towards Rome. Columbus Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  A View near Tivoli (Morning). The Met. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-30）.  Salvator Rosa Sketching Banditti. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Catskill Scenery. Saint Louis Art Museum. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-11）.  Sunset, View on the Catskill. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Sunset, View on the Catskill. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  The Titan's Goblet. The Met. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-24）.  Scene from Byron's "Manfred". Yale University Art Gallery. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.  Landscape (Moonlight). Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Landscape (Moonlight). New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  The Course of Empire: Destruction. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-07）.  The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds. Google Arts and Culture. [2020-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Autumn Twilight, View of Conway Peak (Mount Chocorua), New Hampshire. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Autumn Twilight, View of Corway Peak [Mount Chocorua], New Hampshire. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-22）.  Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New-England. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Summer Twilight, A Recollection of a Scene in New England. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-30）.  Clouds. The Met. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-02）.  Self-Portrait. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）.  Thomas Cole (1801–1848). New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-03）.  The Oxbow. The Met. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-24）.  The Course of Empire: The Savage State. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or Pastoral State. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  The Course of Empire: Consummation. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-10）.  The Course of Empire: Desolation. New-York Historical Society. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  View on the Catskill Early Autumn. The Met. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-03）.  View of Florence. Cleveland Museum of Art. 31 October 2018 [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-11）.  The Departure. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）.  The Return. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）.  View on the Arno, near Florence. Worcester Art Museum. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-17）.  The Vesper Hymn. Yale University Art Gallery. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-15）.  Dream of Arcadia. Denver Art Museum. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.  Romantic Landscape with Ruined Tower. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-06）.  View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, New York, After a Storm. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  The Present. Five Colleges and Historic Deerfield Consortium. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  The Past. Fice Colleges and Historic Deerfield Museum Consortium. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-12）.  North Mountain and Catskill Creek. Yale University Art Gallery. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.  The Notch of the White Mountains. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2017-05-01）.  New England Scenery. Art Institute of Chicago. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  Gardens of the Van Rensselaer Manor House. Albany Institute of History and art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-11-08）.  The Architect's Dream. Toledo Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  The Fountain of Vaucluse. Dallas Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-08）.  Sunset in the Catskills. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.  The Return from the Tournament. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-28）.  Mill Dam on the Catskill Creek. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  The Temple of Segesta with the Artist Sketching. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-28）.  The Voyage of Life: Childhood. National Gallery of Art. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-17）.  The Voyage of Life: Youth. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-26）.  The Voyage of Life: Manhood. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-04）.  The Voyage of Life: Old Age, 1842. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-01-27）.  View of Sicily. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  River in the Catskills. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-03）.  Angels Ministering to Christ in the Wilderness. Worcester Art Museum. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Roman Campagna (Ruins of Aqueducts in the Campagna Di Roma). Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Mount Etna from Taormina, Sicily. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-28）.  An Italian Autumn. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.  A View of the Two Lakes and Mountain House, Catskill Mountains, Morning. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-13）.  American Lake Scene. Detroit Institute of Arts. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  The Mill, Sunset. Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. [2020-08-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  View of the Thames. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Il Penseroso. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.  La Croix dans la solitude. Louvre Museum. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  La Croix dans la solitude. Louvre Museum. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-28）.  Catskill Creek. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Catskill Creek, N.Y.. New-York Historical Society. [2020-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-29）.  View across Frenchman's Bay from Mt. Desert Island, after a Squall. Cincinnati Art Museum. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  L'Allegro. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-29）.  The Hunter's Return. Amon Carter Museum of American Art. [2020-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-03）.  A Pic-Nic Party. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）.  The Arch of Nero. Newark Museum. [2020-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  The Mountain Ford. The Met. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-14）.  The Cross and the World: The Pilgrim of the Cross at the End of His Journey. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.  Indian Pass. Google Arts and Culture. [2020-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Prometheus Bound. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-19）.  Genesee Scenery. RISD Museum. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-08）.  Home in the Woods. Reynolda House Museum of American Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2019-09-24）.  The Good Shepherd. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  Italian Landscape. The Fralin Museum of Art. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2017-12-03）.  Dead Rising from Tombs. Princeton University Art Museum. [2020-08-17]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-19）.  Italian Ruins, unfinished. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  Landscape, Sunrise in the Clove. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-01）.  Study for The Angel Appearing to the Shepherds. Chrysler Museum of Art. [2020-08-20]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.  Study for the Savage State. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-29）.  Sketch for View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm. The Met. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-30）.  Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  Study for The Voyage of Life: Old Age. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Youth. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  Figure Study for The Voyage of Life: Manhood. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  Compositional Study for the Voyage of Life: Manhood. Explore Thomas Cole. [2020-09-05]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-09）.  Study for Catskill Creek. National Gallery of Art. [2020-08-18]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-21）.  Study for The Cross and the World. Brooklyn Museum. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-14）.  Study for The Cross and the World—The Pilgrim of the World on his Journey. Albany Institute of History & Art. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-05-07）.  Study for The Pilgrim of the World at the End of His Journey. Smithsonian American Art Museum. [2020-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.  国家美术馆：湯瑪士·柯爾畫作 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 大都會藝術博物館：湯瑪士·柯爾作品 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 美国国家公园管理局：解析湯瑪士·柯爾 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）