恙蟎目

恙蟎（mǎn）目（Trombidiformes），亦作絨蟎目，是一個數量龐大而且分散的一個目，屬於蛛形綱蜱蟎亞綱蟎形總目之下，其幼蟲英文稱為chigger。 恙蟎生活史複雜，可分為七個時期：卵，次卵，幼蟎，前若蟎，次若蟎，三若蟎，成蟎。幼蟎為寄生性，次若蟎與成蟎為自由生活。以地里恙蟎（Leptotrombidium deliense）為例，這個物種從卵到成蟎的時間為58-76天所以恙螨只有幼蟲為寄生性，若蟲及成蟲可自由生活；蟲卵孵化而成的幼蟲體長約0.2-0.3公釐，能吸附在爬蟲類、鳥類及哺乳類動物身上，溶解組織做為食物。吃飽後會離開宿主，蛻皮形成若蟲，並再次蛻皮成為成蟲。 最為人所知的是幼蟲為立克次體性疾病/恙蟲病的病媒。過去曾在日本大型河川的沙洲或兩岸地區流行的典型恙蟲病就是由赤蟲恙螨所引起的；由於經常在夏季發生，且致死率高，是一種十分恐怖的疾病。而致死率低的恙蟲病則是由粗毛恙螨或小盾恙螨等恙螨為病媒。典型恙蟲病或新型恙蟲病在確診後均有適當的抗生素可治療。 由於恙螨中帶有立克次體的個體，也有不帶有立克次體的個體，因此過去的人認為這些是由患有恙蟲病的老鼠，將立克次體傳染給恙螨後，恙螨的成蟲再將立克次體移行到蟲卵，蟲卵孵化後的幼蟲就會帶有立克次體，然後感染老鼠或人類。不過，後來發現，在患有恙蟲病的老鼠身上，即使人工寄生未帶有立克次體的幼蟲，立克次體也不會移行到恙螨之後，現在已經認為立克次體應該是恙螨的共生體。 根據2004年時的分類，本目包括有125個科，超過2.2萬個品種；在2011年的最新資料，本目現時包括有151個科，2235個屬及25,821個物種，另外還有10個屬24個物種是化石種。這151個科可以大致分為以下四個亞目： 跳螨亚目 Sphaerolichida OConnor, 1984：下領兩個總科 前气门亚目（Prostigmata Kramer, 1877）：本目最龐大的分支，下領四個下目、40個總科。 内气门亚目 Endeostigmata Reuter, 1909：下領五個總科、十個科、27個屬和108個物種，包括一些原屬疥蟎亞目但在甲蟎亞目及無氣門小目以外的物種。 甲蟎亞目（Oribatida van der Hammen, 1968）：又名隱氣門亞目（Cryptostigmata），下領五個下目，舊屬疥蟎目（Sarcoptiformes）。 本目包括以下科： Acalyptonotidae Acarophenacidae Achaemenothrombiidae Acherontacaridae Acucapitidae Adamystidae Allochaetophoridae Allotanaupodidae Amoenacaridae Amoenacarus Smith & Cook, 1997 Amoenacarus dixiensis Amphotrombiidae Amphotrombium Zhang, 1998 Anisitsiellidae Anystidae Apheviderulicidae Arenohydracaridae Arrenuridae Astacocrotonidae Athienemannidae Athienemanniidae Africasia K.Viets, 1931 Anamundamella Cook, 1992 Athienemannia Viets, 1920 Bleptomundamella Cook, 2001 Chelohydracarus Smith, 1998 Chelohydracarus navarrensis Chelomideopsis Romijn, 1920 Davecookia Harvey, 2003 Janszoonia Smit, 2007 Mellamunda Harvey, 1988 Mundamella Viets, 1913 Notomundamella Cook, 1986 Penemundamella Cook, 2001 Phreatohydracarus Tanasachi & Orghidan, 1955 Platyhydracarus Smith, 1989 Plaumannia Lundblad, 1936 Stygameracarus Smith, 1990 Stygohydracarus K.H.Viets, 1932 Athyreacaridae Aturidae Audyanidae Audyana Womersley, 1954 Axonopsidae Bandakiopsidae Barbutiidae Bdellidae Bdella Latreille, 1795 Bdellodes Oudemans, 1937 Biscirus Thor, 1913 Biscuris Caenobdella Oudemans, 1936 Cyta von Heyden Hexabdella Van Hexabdella Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004 Hexabdella brevitarsus Hernandes, 2012 Hexabdella cinquaginta Hernandes, Daud & Feres, 2007 Hexabdella denheyeri Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004 Hexabdella maraugia Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004 Hexabdella mexicana (Baker & Balock, 1944) Hexabdella miranda Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004 Hexabdella persiaensis Paktinat Saeej & Bagheri, 2014 Hexabdella quercusi Eghbalian, Khanjani, Safaralizadeh & Ueckermann Hexabdella singula Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004 Hexabdella unusoculata Van der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann, 2004 Hoplomolgus Berlese Molgus Dujardin, 1842 Monotrichobdella Baker & Balock, 1944 Neobiscirus Gomelauri, 1963 Neomolgus Oudemans, 1937 Octobdellodes Atyeo, 1960 Odontoscirus Thor, 1913 Polytrichus van Der Schyff, Theron & Ueckermann Rigibdella Tseng, 1978 Spinibdella Thor, 1930 Tetrabdella Hernandes & Feres, 2006 Trachymolgus Berlese, 1924 Troglobdella Oudemans, 1938 Bogatiidae Caeculidae Caligonellidae Calyptostomatidae Camerobiidae Caraboacaridae Chappuisididae Cheyletidae Cheyletiellidae Chulacaridae Chyzeriidae Cloacaridae Cocceupodidae Crotalomorphidae Cryptognathidae Cryptognathiidae Ctenothyadidae Cunaxidae Dasythyreidae Demodecidae Dendrochaetidae Diptilomiopidae Dolichocybidae Edbakerellidae Epimyodicidae Ereynetidae Eriophyidae Eriorhynchidae Erythracaridae 赤螨科 Erythraeidae Eupalopsellidae Eupalopsellus Sellnick, 1949 Eupalopsis Canestrini, 1886 Exothorhis Summers, 1960 Peltasellus Smith-Meyer & Ueckermann, 1984 Saniosulus Summers, 1960 Eupodidae Aethosolenia Baker & Lindquist, 2002 Benoinyssus Fain, 1958 Caleupodes Baker, 1987 Claveupodes Strandtmann & Prasse, 1976 Cocceupodes Thor, 1934 Eupodes Koch, 1835 Hawaiieupodes Strandtmann & Goff, 1978 Hylotydeus Berlese, 1891 Linopodes C.L.Koch, 1835 Neoprotereunetes Fain & Camerik, 1994 Niveupodes Barilo, 1991 Palaeotydeus Dubinin, 1962 Protacarus Hirst, 1923 Protereunetes Berlese, 1923 Pseudoeupodes Khaustov, 2014 Pseudoprotacarus Dubinin, 1962 Eutrombidiidae Eylaidae Feltridae Feltriidae Ferradasiidae Frontipodopsidae Gretacaridae Halacaridae Harpagopalpidae Harpirhynchidae Harpyrhynchidae Heterocheyletidae Heterocheylidae Homocaligidae Hungarohydracaridae Hydrachnidae Hydrodromidae Hydrovolziidae Hydryphantidae Hygrobatidae Iolinidae Johnstonianidae Kantacaridae Krendowskiidae Labidostommatidae Labidostommidae Laversiidae Lebertiidae Leeuwenhoekiidae Lethaxonidae Limnesiidae Limnocharidae Linotetranidae Lordalycidae Malgasacaridae Mecognathidae Meyerellidae Microdispidae Microtrombidiidae Mideidae Mideopsidae Momoniidae 肉螨科 Myobiidae Nasutiacaridae Neoacaridae Neopygmephoridae Neothrombiidae Neotrombidiidae Nipponacaridae Nudomideopsidae Omartacaridae Oxidae Paratydeidae Hexatydeus Soliman, 1974 Paratydeus Baker, 1949 Scolotydaeus Berlese, 1910 Scolotydaeus alexanderi (Baker, 1949) Khaustov, 2017 Scolotydaeus anatolicus Scolotydaeus lootsi (Theron et al., 1969) Khaustov, 2017 Scolotydaeus tauricus (Kuznetsov, 1973) Khaustov, 2017 Scolotydaeus uralensis Khaustov, 2017 Scolotydeus Berlese, 1910 Tanytydeus Theron, Meyer & Ryke, 1970 Pentapalpidae Penthaleidae Penthalodidae Pezidae Phytoptidae Piersigiidae Pionidae Podapolipidae Archipolipus Husband, 1971 Bakerpolipus Husband & Sinha, 1970 Blaberpolipus Husband & OConnor, 2003 Buprestapolipus Husband, Ochoa & Naskrecki, 1995 Cassidopolipus Husband & OConnor, 2014 Chrysomelobia Regenfuss, 1968 Coccipolipus Husband, 1972 Coccipolipus hippodamiae (McDaniel & Moril, 1969) Coccipolipus macfarlanei Husband, 1972 Curculapolipus Husband & Kurosa, 2000 Cydnipolipus Kurosa & Husband, 1994 Dilopolipus Husband, 1984 Dorsipes Regenfuss, 1968 Eutarsopolipus Berlese, 1913 Kurosapolipus Husband & Li, 1993 Locustacarus Ewing, 1924 Locustipolipus Lo, 1990 Orthapolipus Husband & Li, 1993 Ovacarus Stannard & Vaishampayan, 1971 Panesthipolipus Husband, 1984 Parobia Seeman & Nahrung, 2003 Peripolipus Husband, 1984 Podapolipoides Regenfuss, 1968 Podapolipus Rovelli & Grassi, 1888 Regenopolipus Husband, 1986 Rhinopolipus Husband & Kurosa, 2000 Rhynchopolipus Husband & Flechtmann, 1972 Scarabapolipus Husband & Kurosa, 1993 Silphopolipus Kurosa, Khaustov & Husband, 2004 Simalurapolipus Kurosa & Husband, 2013 Stenopolipus Husband, 1984 Stigmacarus Feldman-Muhsam & Havivi, 1977 Tarsopolipus Berlese, 1911 Tenebrapolipus Kurosa & Husband, 2001 Tetrapolipus Berlese, 1911 Wetapolipus Husband & Zhang, 2002 Podothrombiidae Pomerantziidae Pontarachnidae Protziidae Pseudocheylidae Psorergatidae Pterygosomatidae Pyemotidae Pygmephoridae Raphignathidae Resinacaridae Rhagidiidae Rhynchohydracaridae Rutripalpidae Scutacaridae Siteroptidae Smarididae Smaridiidae Sperchontidae Sphaerolichidae 长须螨科 Stigmaeidae Stigmocheylidae Strandtmanniidae Stygothrombidiidae Stygothrombiidae Stygotoniidae Syringophilidae Tanaupodidae Tarsocheylidae Tarsonemidae Teneriffiidae Tenuipalpidae Teratothyadidae Teratothyasidae Tetranychidae Teutoniidae Thermacaridae Torrenticolidae Triasacaridae Triophtydeidae Trochometridiidae Trombellidae 恙蟎科 Trombiculidae Trombidiidae 杜克螨科 Tuckerellidae 杜克螨属 Tuckerella Womersley, 1940 Tydeidae Uchidastygacaridae Unionicolidae Wettinidae Xenocaligonellididae Yurebillidae Zelandothyadidae Australiothyas Cook, 1986 Zelandothyas Cook, 1985 科的地位未定的属： Amblyceropsis Kumar, 2004 Megameropsis Gourret, 1887 Megameropsis aquensis Gourret, 1887 Pseudopachygnathus Gourret, 1887 Pseudopachygnathus maculatus Gourret, 1887 節肢動物的氣門 Zhang, Zhi-Qiang; Fan, Qing-Hai; Pesic, Vladimir; Smit, Harry; Bochkov, Andre V.; Khaustov, A. A.; Baker, Anne; Wohltmann, Andreas; Wen, Tinghuan; Amrine, James W.; Beron, P.; Lin, Jianzhen; Gabrys, Grzegorz; Husband, Robert. Order Trombidiformes Reuter, 1909 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Magnolia Press. 2011: 129–147 [2015-12-09]. ISBN 9781869778491. （原始内容存档于2015-12-22） （英语）.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助) 王錫杰. 恙蟲病病媒之種類與生態 (PDF). 衛生署疾病管制局研究檢驗中心. 2012-05-22 [2021-09-27]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-09-27） （中文（繁體））.  {長谷川英男. 繪圖解說寄生蟲的世界.台北市: 晨星.2018年09月: 154. ISBN 9789-8644-347-6} David Evans Walker. Hidden in Plain Sight: Mites in the Canopy. Margaret Lowman, H. Bruce Rinker (编). Forest Canopies. Physiological Ecology Series 2nd. Academic Press. 2004: 224–241. ISBN 9780124575530.  喬文娟. 我国小赫甲螨科系统分类研究.pdf. 內蒙古師範大學碩士學位論文 (內蒙古師範大學). 2011: 105页 [2016-01-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04） （中文（简体））.  HEINRICH SCHATZ, VALERIE M. BEHAN-PELLETIER, BARRY M. OCONNOR & ROY A. NORTON. Suborder Oribatida van der Hammen, 1968 (PDF). Zhang, Z.-Q. (编). Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness (PDF). Magnolia Press. 2011: 141–148 [2015-12-09]. ISBN 978-1-86977-850-7. ISSN 1175-5334. （原始内容存档于2015-12-22） （英语）.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助); |issue=被忽略 (帮助) Lindquist et al. (2009) Norton and Behan-Pelletier (2009) OConnor, B.M. Astigmatina. Chapter 16. Krantz, G.W. & Walter, D.E. (编). A Manual of Acarology 3rd Edition. Lubbock: Texas Tech. University Press. 2009: pp. 565–657.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link) Ian M. Smith & David R. Cook (1997) Description of Amoenacarus dixiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., and proposal of Amoenacaridae fam. nov. (Acari: Hydrachnida: Arrenuroidea), International Journal of Acarology, 23:2, 107-112, DOI: 10.1080/01647959708683106 Ian M. Smith (1998) Chelohydracarus navarrensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Acari: Hydrachnida: Athienemanniidae), International Journal of Acarology, 24:4, 327-330, DOI: 10.1080/01647959808683599 Saeed Paktinat Saeej, Mohammad Bagheri, Alireza Saboori & Edward A. Ueckermann (2014) Hexabdella persiaensis sp. nov. (Acari: Prostigmata: Bdellidae) as a first new species of the genus Hexabdella from Asia, International Journal of Acarology, 40:5, 384-389, DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2014.928366 Güldem Dönel guldem-donel80@hotmail.com , Owen D. Seeman owen.seeman@qm.qld.gov.au & Salíh Doğan salihdogan@erzincan.edu.tr (2012) The first Paratydeidae (Trombidiformes: Paratydeoidea) in Turkey: Scolotydaeus anatolicus sp. nov., International Journal of Acarology, 38:5, 436-444, DOI: 10.1080/01647954.2012.669527 Coccipolipus hippodamiae. Parasite of the Day. [2024-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-15）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：恙蟎目