罗素·优克福公司

罗素·优克福公司（Roussel Uclaf S.A.）是一家法國制药公司，赛诺菲制药企业的幾家前身公司之一。 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。 It was the second largest French pharmaceutical company before it was acquired by 霍伊斯特公司 of 美因河畔法兰克福, 德国 in 1997, with pharmaceutical operations combined into the Hoechst Marion Roussel（英语：Marion Merrell Dow） (HMR) division in the United States. Roussel Uclaf's agrochemical（英语：agrochemical） operations had been transferred to Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH（英语：Hoechst Schering AgrEvo GmbH） in 1994. HMR subsequently merged in 1999 with Rhône-Poulenc（英语：Rhône-Poulenc） to form Aventis, which then merged in 2004 with Sanofi-Synthélabo to form 赛诺菲, which was since renamed Sanofi. Hoechst Schering AgrEvo merged in 1999 with Rhône-Poulenc's agrochemical division to form Aventis CropScience, which was acquired by 拜耳 in 2002 and combined with Bayer's agrochemical division to form Bayer CropScience. 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。 In April 1980, as part of a formal research project at Roussel-Uclaf for the development of 糖皮质激素受体 受体拮抗剂s, chemist Georges Teutsch synthesized 美服培酮 (RU-38486, the 38,486th compound synthesized by Roussel-Uclaf from 1949 to 1980; shortened to RU-486); which was discovered to also be a 孕酮受体 antagonist. In October 1981, endocrinologist Étienne-Émile Baulieu（英语：Étienne-Émile Baulieu）, a consultant to Roussel-Uclaf, arranged tests of its use for medical abortion（英语：medical abortion） in eleven women in 瑞士 by gynecologist Walter Herrmann at the 日内瓦大学's Cantonal Hospital, with successful results announced on April 19, 1982. On October 9, 1987, following worldwide clinical trials in 20,000 women of mifepristone with a 前列腺素 analogue (initially 硫前列酮 or 吉美前列素, later 米索前列醇) for medical abortion, Roussel-Uclaf sought approval in France for their use for medical abortion, with approval announced on September 23, 1988. 1988年10月21日，為了回應反墮胎的抗議和大多數 (54.5%) 所有者HoechstAG的擔憂，Roussel-Uclaf高管和董事會以16票對4票決定於1988年10月26日宣布停止米非司酮的分銷 兩天後，法國政府下令Roussel-Uclaf重新分發米非司酮。法國衛生部長Claude Évin（英语：Claude Évin） 解釋說：「我不能允許因墮胎爭論剝奪婦女代表醫學進步的產品。從政府批准該藥物的那一刻起，RU-486立即已成為女性的財產，這不僅僅是一家製藥公司的財產。」1988年4月至1990年2月，僅法國已有34,000名婦女使用免費分發的米非司酮。 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。 Roussel-Uclaf began selling Mifegyne (mifepristone) to hospitals in France in February 1990 at a price (negotiated with the French government) of $48 per 600 mg dose. Mifegyne was subsequently approved in 大不列顛島 on July 1, 1991, and in 瑞典 in September 1992, but until his retirement in late April 1994, Hoechst AG chairman Wolfgang Hilger, a devout 天主教會, blocked any further expansion in availability. On May 16, 1994, Roussel-Uclaf announced that it was donating without remuneration all rights for medical uses of mifepristone in the U.S. to the Population Council（英语：Population Council）, which subsequently licensed mifepristone to Danco Laboratories（英语：Danco Laboratories）, a new single-product company immune to antiabortion boycotts, which won 美国食品药品监督管理局 approval as Mifeprex on September 28, 2000. On April 8, 1997, after buying the remaining 43.5% of Roussel-Uclaf stock in early 1997, Hoechst AG ($30 billion annual revenue) announced the end of its manufacture and sale of Mifegyne ($3.44 million annual revenue) and the transfer of all rights for medical uses of mifepristone outside of the U.S. to Exelgyn S.A., a new single-product company immune to antiabortion boycotts, whose CEO was former Roussel-Uclaf CEO Édouard Sakiz. In 1999, Exelgyn won approval of Mifegyne in 11 additional countries, and in 28 more countries over the following decade. Flallo, Laurent. Hoechst Marion Roussel France touché par une des taxes Aubry. Les Échos. October 2, 1997: 8 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-11）.  Hoechst Marion Roussel France - ex-Roussel Uclaf, which juridically disappeared yesterday... Aizicovici, Francine. Le désarroi des salariés. Le Monde. March 7, 1994.  headquarters moved to Romainville in April 1995 after 40 years at 35 Boulevard des Invalides, Paris. Roussel UCLAF : profits en hausse de 11%. l'Humanité. February 18, 1997.  Hoechst AG: Roussel Uclaf unit posts net profit increase of 90%. The Wall Street Journal. February 18, 1997: A6.  1996: $3.01 billion sales, $339.5 million net profit Country focus: French chemicals: an industry review. Chemical Week. May 5, 1993: S14.  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite news}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite magazine}}或|newspaper=） (帮助) Roussel Uclaf Sales 1992: F14.8 billion (3.5%). Profit before tax 1992: F1.439 billion (43%). Investment in assets 1992: F930 million (11.8%). Acquisitions in 1992: F452 million. Employees: 15,673; 8,409 of whom are in France. Principal products: Pharmaceuticals (57% of sales), agroveterinary products (23%), bulk pharmaceuticals (13%) and OTC and cosmetics (4%). Roussel Uclaf is owned 65% by Hoechst and 35% by Rhone-Poulenc, which might soon sell its stake to Hoechst. Headquarters: Paris. Lemaître, Frédéric. Roussel-Uclaf adopte les 35 heures de travail hebdomadaires sans perte de salaire. Le Monde. December 3, 1996.  6,533 employees in France Roussel Uclaf disappears, giving way to Hoechst Marion Russell. Chemical Business NewsBase (Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry). October 14, 1997.  2nd largest pharmaceutical company (after Rhône-Poulenc（英语：Rhône-Poulenc） and ahead of Sanofi) Baulieu, Étienne-Émile; Rosenblum, Mort. The "abortion pill" : RU-486, a woman's choice. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1991. ISBN 0-671-73816-X.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Lader, Lawrence. RU 486 : the pill that could end the abortion wars and why American women don't have it. Reading: Addison-Wesley. 1991. ISBN 0-201-57069-6.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Villaran, Gilda. RU 486. Schlegelmilch, Bodo B. (编). Marketing ethics : an international perspective. London: Thomson Learning. 1998: 155–190. ISBN 1-86152-191-X.  Ulmann, André. The development of mifepristone: a pharmaceutical drama in three acts. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2000, 55 (3 Suppl): 117–20. PMID 10846319.  Teutsch, Georges. RU 486 development. Science. November 24, 1989, 246 (4933): 985. PMID 2587990. S2CID 41144964. doi:10.1126/science.2587990.  Cherfas, Jeremy. Dispute surfaces over paternity of RU 486. Science. November 24, 1989, 246 (4933): 994. Bibcode:1989Sci...246..994C. PMID 2587988. doi:10.1126/science.2587988.  Philibert, Daniel; Teutsch, Georges. RU 486 development. Science. February 9, 1990, 247 (4943): 622. Bibcode:1990Sci...247..622P. PMID 2300819. doi:10.1126/science.2300819.  Ullman, André; Teutsch, Georges; Philibert, Daniel. RU 486. Sci Am. June 1990, 262 (6): 42–8. Bibcode:1990SciAm.262f..42U. PMID 2343294. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0690-42.  Teutsch, G.; Deraedt, R.; Philibert, D. Mifepristone. Lednicer, Daniel (编). Chronicles of drug discovery, Vol. 3. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. 1993: 1–43. ISBN 0-8412-2523-0.  Philibert, Daniel; Teutsch, Georges. History and perspectives of antiprogestins from the chemist's point of view. Human Reproduction. June 1994, 9 (Suppl 1): 12–31. PMID 7962457. doi:10.1093/humrep/9.suppl_1.12.  Sittig, Marshall (编). Mifepristone. Pharmaceutical manufacturing encyclopedia 3rd. Norwich, NY: William Andrew Publishing. 2007: 2307–2310. ISBN 978-1-60119-339-1.  美国专利4,386,085 (PDF 版本)（于1983年05月31日注册）Teutsch, Jean G.; Costerousse, Germain; Philibert, Daniel; Deraedt, Roger——Novel steroids。  assigned to Roussel Uclaf Eder, Richard. Birth control: 4-day pill is promising in early test. The New York Times. April 20, 1982: C1 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-25）.  Herrmann, Walter; Wyss, Rolf; Riondel, Anne; Philibert, Daniel; Teutsch, Georges; Sakiz, Edouard; Baulieu, Étienne-Émile. The effects of an antiprogesterone steroid in women: interruption of the menstrual cycle and of early pregnancy. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série III. May 17, 1982, 294 (18): 933–8. PMID 6814714.  Kolata, Gina. France and China allow sale of a drug for early abortion. The New York Times. September 24, 1988: A1 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-01）.  Greenhouse, Steven. Drug maker stops all distribution of abortion pill. The New York Times. October 27, 1988: A1 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.  Greenhouse, Steven. France ordering company to sell its abortion drug. The New York Times. October 29, 1988: A1 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.  Smith, W. Great Britain second country to allow use of RU-486. Plan Parent Eur. September 1991, 20 (2): 20. PMID 12284548.  RU 486 licensed in Sweden. IPPF Med Bull. December 1992, 26 (6): 6. PMID 12346922.  Newman, Barry. Drug dilemma: among those wary of abortion pill is maker's parent firm; Germany's Hoechst is facing pressure from Clinton to sell RU-486 in U.S.. The Wall Street Journal. February 22, 1993: A1.  F.D.A. says company delays abortion pill. The New York Times. Associated Press. April 16, 1993: A14 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-03）.  Jouzaitis, Carol. Abortion pill battle surprises French firm. Chicago Tribune. October 17, 1994: 1 (Business) [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-18）.  Seelye, Katharine Q. Accord opens way for abortion pill in U.S. in 2 years. The New York Times. May 17, 1994: A1 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-03）.  Kolata, Gina. U.S. approves abortion pill; drug offers more privacy and could reshape debate. The New York Times. September 29, 2000: A1 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-04）.  Moore, Stephen D.; Kamm, Thomas; Fleming, Charles. Hoechst to seek rest of Roussel-Uclaf; expected $3.04 billion offer would add to the wave of drug-sector linkups. The Wall Street Journal. December 11, 1996: A3.  Marshall, Matt. Hoechst offers to pay $3.6 billion for rest of Roussel. The Wall Street Journal. December 11, 1996: A8.  Bloomberg Business News. Hoechst to buy rest of Roussel. The New York Times. December 11, 1996: D4 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-25）.  Bloomberg News. Pill for abortion ends production. The New York Times. April 9, 1997: D2 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-25）.  Jouzaitis, Carol. Abortion pill maker bows to boycott heat; German firm gives up RU-486 patent; little impact likely in U.S.. Chicago Tribune. April 9, 1997: 4 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-18）.  Lavin, Douglas. Hoechst will stop making abortion pill. The Wall Street Journal. April 9, 1997: A3.  Roussel-Uclaf to transfer RU 486 rights. Reprod Freedom News. April 18, 1997, 6 (7): 8. PMID 12292550.  Dorozynski, Alexander. Boycott threat forces French company to abandon RU486. BMJ. April 19, 1997, 314 (7088): 1150. PMC 2126515 . PMID 9146386. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7088.1145m.  List of mifepristone approval (PDF). New York: Gynuity Health Projects. November 4, 2009 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-26）.  Map of mifepristone approval (PDF). New York: Gynuity Health Projects. November 4, 2009 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-26）.  Roussel takes off. Chemical Week. April 10, 1965: 60, 62.  参数|magazine=与模板{{cite news}}不匹配（建议改用{{cite magazine}}或|newspaper=） (帮助) Cornwell, Rupert. France: the mask of modernity. Rowley, Anthony (编). The barons of European industry. London: Croom Helm. 1974: 5–22. ISBN 0-85664-105-7.  Derdak, Thomas (编). Roussel Uclaf. International directory of company histories, Volume 1. Chicago: St. James Press. 1988: 669–670. ISBN 0-912289-10-4.  Taggart, James. The European pharmaceutical industry. The world pharmaceutical industry. London: Routledge. 1993: 316–370. ISBN 0-415-02500-1.  Dougal, April S. Roussel Uclaf. Kepos, Paula (编). International directory of company histories, Volume 8. Detroit: St. James Press. 1994: 451–453. ISBN 1-55862-323-X.  Hoechst Marion Roussel. The pharmaceutical industry: a history & calendar. West Lafayette: Bioanalytical Systems, Inc. 1999 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.  Furio, Antoine. Gaston Roussel to Sanofi-Aventis: nearly a century of Romainville pharmaceutical history and heritage (PDF). Heritage in Seine-Saint-Denis, No. 15. Bobigny: General Council of Seine-Saint-Denis. 2006 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-11-10）.  History of Roussel laboratories. Paris: Society for the History of Pharmacy. 2005.  Some dates. Romainville: Biocitech（英语：Biocitech）. 2008. （原始内容存档于2010-03-29）.  Kugener, André. Opotherapie. Museum of Medical History. Luxembourg: Kugener.com. 2008. [失效連結] Rossignol, Sylvain. Notre usine est un roman. Paris: La Découverte. 2008. ISBN 978-2-7071-5462-0.  Photo gallery - Our factory is a novel. Paris: notreusineestunroman.com. 2008 [2023-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.