濁小舌擦音

濁小舌擦音是辅音的一种，在一些口语中存在，漢語普通話無此音。国际音标中表示该音的符号是⟨ʁ⟩；而与之等价的X-SAMPA符号是⟨R⟩。在歐洲語言裡面，该辅音是喉音R中的其中一种。 此符號有時也指小舌近音，若要嚴格標示則底下加上附加符号，寫作⟨ʁ̞⟩。 濁小舌擦音的特點： 調音方法是摩擦，表示氣流通過位於調音部位的狹窄通道，發生湍流。 調音部位是小舌，即是以舌根部位抵住小舌調音。 發聲類型是濁音，意味着發音時聲帶顫動。 本輔音是口腔輔音（口音），表示調音時空氣只從口裡流出。 本輔音為中央輔音，調音時氣流在口腔的中央流過舌面，而不從兩側流過。 氣流機制是肺部氣流，即由肺與橫膈膜驱动空气。 Donaldson (1993)，第15頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDonaldson1993 (help) Watson (2002)，第17頁. Watson (2002)，第17, 19-20, 35-36 and 38頁. 存档副本. [2020-12-22]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-13）.  Dum-Tragut (2009:13頁) Basbøll (2005:62頁) Basbøll (2005:66頁) Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323頁) Grønnum (2005)，第157頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGrønnum2005 (help) Booij (1999:8頁) Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291頁) Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFGoemanvan_de_Velde2001 (help) Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:51–55頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFVerstratenvan_de_Velde2001 (help) Verhoeven (2005:245頁) Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:52頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFVerstratenvan_de_Velde2001 (help) Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 102頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFGoemanvan_de_Velde2001 (help) Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFVerstratenvan_de_Velde2001 (help) Wells (1982:390頁) Hickey (2007:?頁)[页码请求] Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:236頁) Ogden (2009:93頁) Hall (1993:89頁) Markus Hiller. Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. [2015-02-24]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-05-28）.  现代希伯来语辅音רresh的拼写曾被描述为特殊的小舌近音[ʁ̞]，同样出现在意第绪语，参见Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262. Canepari (1999)，第98–101頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFCanepari1999 (help) Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)，第156頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGussenhovenAarts1999 (help) Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998)，第108頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHeijmansGussenhoven1998 (help) Gilles & Trouvain (2013)，第68頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFGillesTrouvain2013 (help) Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92頁) （葡萄牙語） Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Page 11. （葡萄牙語） The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-02-06. Page 36. （葡萄牙語） The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Pages 229 and 230. Lipski (1994:333頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFLipski1994 (help) Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013)，第167頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHinskensTaeldeman2013 (help) Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5  Booij, Geert, The phonology of Dutch, Oxford University Press, 1999  Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), 2003 [2015-06-05], ISBN 9004103406, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-28）  Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223  Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009  Goeman, Ton; Van de Velde, Hans, Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects, Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (编), 'r-atics (PDF), Brussels: Études & Travaux: 91–112, 2001, ISSN 0777-3692, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-13）  Hall, Tracy Alan, The phonology of German /ʀ/, Phonology, 1993, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743  Hickey, Raymond. Irish English: History and Present-day Forms. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-521-85299-4.  Kachru, Yamuna, Hindi, John Benjamins Publishing, 2006 [2015-06-05], ISBN 90-272-3812-X, （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）  Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze, Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 231–241 [2015-06-05], doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-01-28）  Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. 1996. ISBN 0-631-19814-8 （英语）.  Ogden, Richard, An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd., 2009, ISBN 978-0-7486-2540-6  Sjoberg, Andrée F., Uzbek Structural Grammar, 1963  Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173  Verstraten, Bart; Van de Velde, Hans, Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch, Van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (编), 'r-atics (PDF), Brussels: Études & Travaux: 45–61, 2001, ISSN 0777-3692, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-13）  Watson, Janet C. E., The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press, 2002  Wells, John C., Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.