堇菜属

堇菜属（学名：Viola）是堇菜科下最大的一属植物，约500种，分布于全世界，主产地在北温带，此外在夏威夷、大洋洲以及南美洲安第斯山脉亦有分布。大多为多年生草本，少数为一年生或灌木。该属植物大多具有两型闭花受精现象。 属名Viola源于拉丁语viola，即堇菜，这个词常被误译成紫羅蘭，因此容易與上項混淆。例如用于制作“紫罗兰香水”的“紫罗兰”实际上是香堇菜。 本属包括以下物种： Viola abbreviata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores 埃塞俄比亚堇菜 Viola abyssinica Steud. ex Oliv. Viola acanthophylla Leyb. ex Reiche Viola acanthophylla Leyb., 1873 Viola accrescens Klokov Viola acrocerauniensis Erben 鸡腿堇菜 Viola acuminata Ledeb. 尖叶堇菜 Viola acutifolia (Kar. & Kir.) W.Becker 岩生堇菜 Viola adenothrix Hayata Viola adunca Sm. Viola adunca var. adunca × Viola labradorica Linnaeus Viola aethnensis (Ging.) Strobl Viola aethnensis Parl. 埃托利亚堇菜 Viola aetolica Boiss. & Heldr. Viola affinis Leconte Viola aguilaris Sennen & Gonzalo Viola aizoon Reiche 帕米尔堇菜 Viola alaica Vved. Viola alba Besser Viola alba × collina Viola alba × hirta Viola alba × odorata Viola alba × hirta Viola alba × odorata 朝鲜堇菜 Viola albida Palib. Viola alburnica Ricceri & Moraldo Viola alexandrowiana (W.Becker) Juz. Viola alexejana Kamelin & Junussov Viola algida Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819 Viola algida Kunth ex Schult. Viola allchariensis Beck Viola alliariifolia Nakai Viola allionii Hegetschw. Viola allochroa Botsch. Viola alpestris Hegetschw. 高山堇菜 Viola alpina Jacq. 阿尔泰堇菜 Viola altaica KerGawl. 奄美堇菜 Viola amamiana Hatus. Viola amani Post Viola ambigua Barceló Viola ambigua Waldst. & Kit. Viola amiatina Ricceri & Moraldo 额穆尔堇菜 Viola amurica Viola anagae Gilli Viola andersonii Greene Viola andina W.Becker Viola andrasovszkyi Jávorka, 1921 Viola angkae Craib Viola angustifolia Phil. Viola anisopetala Greene Viola anitae J.M.Watson 越南堇菜 Viola annamensis Baker fil. Viola anodonta Greene Viola anomala Kit. ex Colla 阿波山堇菜 Viola apoensis Elmer Viola araucaniae W.Becker Viola arborescens L. Viola arcuata Blume Viola argenteria Moraldo & Forneris 阿根廷堇菜 Viola argentina W.Becker Viola argentinensis Speg. Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult. Viola arguta Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Viola arsenica Beck 野生堇菜 Viola arvensis Murray Viola arvensis × cornuta Viola arvensis × tricolor Viola arvensis × wittrockiana Viola arvensoides Strobl Viola athois W.Becker Viola atropurpurea Leyb. Viola aurantiaca Leyb. Viola aurata Phil. Viola auricolor Skottsb. 具耳堇菜 Viola auriculata Leyb. 华南堇菜 Viola austrosinensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang 滇南堇菜 Viola austroyunnanensis Y.S. Chen, 2023 Viola awagatakensis T.Yamaz., I.Ito & Ageishi Viola babunensis Erben Viola bakeri Greene Viola balansae Gagnep. Viola balcanica Delip. 盐源堇菜 Viola bambusetorum Viola bangii Rusby 积雪草叶堇菜 Viola banksii K.R.Thiele & Prober 宝山堇菜 Viola baoshanensis W.S.Shu, W.Liu & C.Y.Lan Viola barhalensis G.Knoche & Marcussen Viola barkalovii Bezd. Viola barroetana W.Schaffn. Viola barroetana W.Schaffn. ex Hemsl. Viola baxteri House Viola beamanii Calderón Viola beati J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola beckeriana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola beckiana Fiala Viola beckiana Fiala ex Beck Viola beckwithii A.Heller Viola beckwithii Torr. & A.Gray Viola beckwithii × utahensis 枪叶堇菜 Viola belophylla Boissieu Viola bertolonii Pio Viola besseri Rupr. 戟叶堇菜 Viola betonicifolia Sm. 不丹堇菜 Viola bhutanica Hara 双色堇菜 Viola bicolor Pursh 双花堇菜 Viola biflora L. Viola biflora var. carlottae × Viola glabella Viola bilczensis Blocki Viola binayensis Okamoto & K.Ueda Viola bissetii Maxim. Viola biturigensis Boreau ex Déségl. Viola blanda Schott Viola blanda Willd. Viola blandaeformis Nakai, 1925 Viola blaxlandii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola bocquetiana Yild. 姫深山堇菜 Viola boissieuana Makino 玻利维亚堇菜 Viola boliviana Britton Viola bornmuelleri Erben Viola bourgaei Rouy 兴安圆叶堇菜 Viola brachyceras Viola brachypetala Gay 短叶堇菜 Viola brachyphylla W.Becker Viola brevicaulis Raeusch. 短花堇菜 Viola breviflora Jungsim Lee & M.Kim Viola brevistipulata (Fr. & Sav.) W.Becker Viola bridgesii Britton Viola brittoniana Pollard Viola brooksii Kellogg Viola bruneauniana Bailly Viola bubanii Timb.-Lagr. Viola buchteinii Gand. Viola buchtienii Gand. 鳞茎堇菜 Viola bulbosa Maxim. Viola bungeana Rupr. Viola bustillosia Gay Viola caflishii Woerl. Viola calabra (A.Terracc.) Ricceri & Moraldo Viola calamaria Steud. 距瓣堇菜 Viola calcarata L. Viola calcarata Sm., 1806 Viola calchaquiensis W.Becker 喜钙堇菜 Viola calcicola R.A.McCauley & H.E.Ballard Viola calderensis W.Becker Viola caleyana G.Don Viola californica Greene Viola calthifolia Poir. 阔紫叶堇菜 Viola cameleo H.Boissieu 加拿大堇菜 Viola canadensis L. 灰堇菜 Viola canescens Wall. ex Roxb. 犬堇菜 Viola canina L. Viola canobarbata Leyb. Viola capillaris Pers. Viola cardaminifolia Greene, 1901 Viola caspia (Rupr.) Freyn Viola cassinensis Strobl Viola castillonii (W.Becker) Xifreda & Sanso 高加索堇菜 Viola caucasica (Rupr.) Kolen. ex Juz. Viola caucasica Kolen. Viola caucasica Kolen. ex Rupr. Viola cazorlensis Gand. Viola cenisia L. Viola centellifolia Greene Viola cephalonica Bornm. Viola cerasifolia A.St.-Hil. Viola cervatiana Ricceri & Moraldo 南山堇菜 Viola chaerophylloides (Regel) W.Becker Viola chamaedrys Leyb. Viola chamissoniana Ging. 张氏堇菜 Viola changii J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing Viola charlestonensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen ex Clokey Viola charophylloides (Regal) W.Becker Viola chassanica Kork. Viola cheelooi Jacot Guill. Viola cheeseana J.M.Watson Viola cheiranthifolia Humb. & Bonpl. Viola cheiranthifolia Kunth Viola chejuensis Y.N.Lee & Y.C.Oh Viola chelmea Boiss. & Heldr. Viola chiapasiensis W.Becker Viola chinoi Viola christii F.O.Wolf Viola christii W.Wolf Viola cilentana Ricceri & Moraldo Viola cilicica Contandr. & Quézel Viola ciliolata Schltr. Viola cinerea Boiss. Viola clarkae A.Nelson, 1912 Viola clauseniana Baker Viola clementiana Boiss. Viola cochleata Coincy Viola cochranei H.E.Ballard 球果堇菜 Viola collina Besser Viola collina × hirta Viola collina × hirta x odorata Viola collina × odorata Viola collina × hirta Viola collina × odorata Viola colubrina Wedd. ex W.Becker Viola columnaris Skottsb. Viola commersonii DC. Viola commersonii DC. ex Ging. Viola communis Pollard Viola commutata Waisb. Viola comollia Massara Viola comollia Messara Viola concolor E.H.L.Krause 心叶堇菜 Viola concordifolia C.J.Wang 密叶堇菜 Viola confertifolia Chang 短毛堇菜 Viola confusa 密花堇菜 Viola congesta Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. Viola congesta Gillies, 1833 Viola consanguinea Schott 角堇菜 Viola cornuta L. Viola coronifera W.Becker Viola corralensis Phil. 科西嘉堇菜 Viola corsica Jord. Viola corsica Nyman Viola cotyledon Ging. 高岭堇菜 Viola crassa (Makino) Makino 厚叶堇菜 Viola crassifolia Fenzl Viola crassiuscula Bory Viola cryana Gillot Viola cuatrecasasii L.B.Sm. & A.Fernández Viola cucullata Aiton Viola cucullifolia Wender. Viola cucullifolia Wender. ex Steud. Viola cuicochensis Hieron. Viola culminis F.Fen. & Moraldo Viola cuneata S.Watson Viola cunninghamii Hook.fil. Viola curicoensis W.Becker Viola curtisiae (L.G.Adams) K.R.Thiele Viola curvicalcarata W.Becker & H.Boissieu 鄂西堇菜 Viola cuspidifolia W.Becker Viola cyathiformis W.Becker Viola czemalensis Zuev Viola dacica Borbás 掌叶堇菜 Viola dactyloides Roem. & Schult. Viola dalatensis Gagnep. Viola dandoisiorum J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola danielae Pînzaru 粗毛叶堇菜 Viola dasyphylla W.Becker 深圆齿堇菜 Viola davidii Franch. Viola davisiae House Viola debilis Pursh Viola decipiens Reiche Viola declinata Waldst. & Kit. Viola decora Formánek Viola decumbens L.fil. Viola delabordii 灰叶堇菜 Viola delavayi Franch. Viola delphinantha Boiss. Viola demetria Prolongo ex Boiss. Viola denarieana Beauverd Viola denizliensis O.D.Dücen, Göktürk, U.Sarpkaya & B.Gürcan Viola dentriculosa Pollard 大叶堇菜 Viola diamantiaca Nakai Viola diandra L. Viola dichroa Boiss. & A.Huet 七星莲 Viola diffusa Ging. ex DC. 光蔓茎堇菜 Viola diffusoides 轮叶堇菜 Viola dimorphophylla Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang Viola dioszegiana Borbás Viola dirimliensis Blaxland Viola dirphya A.Tiniakou Viola disjuncta W.Becker 裂叶堇菜 Viola dissecta Ledeb. 异叶堇菜 Viola diversifolia (Ging.) W.Becker Viola doerfleri Degen 长距堇菜 Viola dolichoceras Viola dombeyana DC. ex Ging. Viola domeykoana Gay Viola domingensis Urb. Viola douglasii Steud. Viola dravica Murr Viola dubia E.H.L.Krause Viola dubyana Burnat ex Gremli 紫点堇菜 Viola duclouxii W.Becker Viola dukadjinica W.Becker & Kogan. Viola dumoulinii Groner Viola dyris Maire Viola eburnea Gerbault Viola ecuadorensis W.Becker Viola egglestonii Brainerd Viola elata Gueldenst. 高堇菜 Viola elatior Fr. Viola elatior × pumila Viola elatior × pumila Viola elatior × riviniana Viola elatior × stagnina Viola elegantula Greene Viola elegantula Schott Viola elongata Poir. Viola eminens K.R.Thiele & Prober Viola eminii (Engl.) Fr. Viola eminii (Engl.) R.E.Fr. Viola enmae P.Gonzáles 溪堇菜 Viola epipsila Ledeb. Viola epipsila × palustris Viola epirota (Halácsy) Raus Viola ermenekensis Yild. & Dinç Viola erythraeae Chiov. Viola escarapela J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola esculenta Elliott Viola etrusca Erben Viola euboea (Halácsy) Halácsy Viola eucycla Greene Viola eugeniae Parl. Viola eurybiifolia Greene Viola evae Hieron. Viola evae Hieron. ex W.Becker Viola excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819 Viola exigua Vell. 卓越堇菜 Viola eximia Formánek Viola exsul J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola farkasiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores 长梗紫花堇菜 Viola faurieana W.Becker Viola fedtschenkoana W.Becker Viola ferdinandea Ricceri & Moraldo Viola ferrarinii Moraldo & Ricceri Viola ferreyrae P.Gonzáles Viola filicaulis Hook.fil. Viola fischeri W.Becker 总裂叶堇菜 Viola fissifolia Kitag. Viola flagelliformis Hemsl. Viola flahaultiana Sennen 南美黄堇菜 Viola flavicans Wedd. Viola flavida Schur Viola flettii Piper Viola flos-evae Hieron. ex Hicken, 1922 Viola flos-idae Hieron. Viola fluehmannii Phil. Viola fluhmannii Phil. Viola fontanesi Coss. 台湾堇菜 Viola formosana Hayata 羽裂堇菜 Viola forrestiana W.Becker Viola forskaalii Greuter Viola fragrans Sieber Viola frank-smithii N.H.Holmgren Viola fraterna Hegetschw. Viola fridericae Becker Viola friderici W.Beckcr 冷地堇菜 Viola frigida Phil. 多叶堇菜 Viola frondosa (Velen.) Hayek Viola frusinatae Ricceri & Moraldo Viola frutescens Phil., 1895 Viola fruticosa W.Becker Viola fuscifolia W.Becker Viola fuscoviolacea (L.G.Adams) T.A.James Viola galeanaensis M.S.Baker Viola gan-chouenensis W.Becker Viola ganiatsasii Erben Viola gaviolii Ricceri & Moraldo Viola gelida J.M.Watson, M.P.Cárdenas & A.R.Flores Viola germainii Sparre Viola gibbosa Raf., 1818 Viola glabella Nutt. Viola glacialis Poepp. & Endl. Viola glandularis H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg. Viola glechomoides Leyb. 兴安堇菜 Viola gmeliniana Roem. & Schult. Viola godoyae Phil. Viola gracilis Sibth. & Sm. Viola gracillima A.St.-Hil. Viola graeca (W.Becker) Halácsy Viola grahamii Benth. Viola granatensis Huter Viola grandiflora Griseb. 阔萼堇菜 Viola grandisepala W.Becker Viola granulosa Wedd. Viola grayi Franch. & Sav. Viola grisebachiana Vis. 紫花堇菜 Viola grypoceras A.Gray Viola guadalupensis A.M.Powell & Wauer 广州堇菜 Viola guangzhouensis A.Q.Dong, J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing 危地马拉堇菜 Viola guatemalensis W.Becker Viola guaxarensis M.Marrero, Docoito Díaz & Martín Esquivel Viola hallii A.Gray 如意草 Viola hamiltoniana D.Don 西山堇菜 Viola hancockii W.Becker Viola hastata Michx. 常春藤叶堇菜 Viola hederacea Labill. 紫叶堇菜 Viola hediniana W.Becker Viola heldreichiana Boiss. Viola helena C.N.Forbes & Lydgate Viola helenae C.N.Forbes & Lydgate Viola helleriana W.Becker Viola hemsleyana Calderón 巫山堇菜 Viola henryi H.Boissieu Viola herminii Rothm. 河源堇菜 Viola heyuanensis Y.S.Huang, Q.L.Ye & Q.Fan Viola herzogii (W.Becker) Bornm. Viola heterophylla Muhl. Viola hieronymi W.Becker Viola hillii W.Becker Viola hirsutula Brainerd 毛堇菜 Viola hirta L.，硬毛堇菜 毛柄堇菜 Viola hirtipes S.Moore Viola hispida Lam. Viola hissarica Juz. Viola holubyi Schur 日本球果堇菜 Viola hondoensis W.Becker & Boissieu Viola hookeriana Kunth 河北堇菜 Viola hopeiensis Viola hortensis Rouy & Foucaud 光叶堇菜 Viola hossei Viola howellii A.Gray Viola huesoensis Martic. Viola huidobrii Gay Viola huidobrii W.Becker 惠州堇菜 Viola huizhouensis Y.S.Huang & Q.Fan Viola hultenii W.Becker Viola humifusa Vuk. Viola humilis Kunth Viola humillima Sennen 湖南堇菜 Viola hunanensis Hand.-Mazz. 丹霞堇菜 Viola hybanthoides W.B.Liao & Q.Fan Viola hybrida Krock. Viola hydrocotyloides J.B.Armstr. Viola hymettia Boiss. & Heldr. Viola ilvensis (W.Becker) Arrigoni Viola improcera L.G.Adams Viola improvisa Vl.V.Nikitin Viola incomparabilis Schur 长萼堇菜 Viola inconspicua Blume 印度堇菜 Viola indica W.Becker Viola ingolensis Elisafenko Viola ingrica M.Bieb. ex Rupr. Viola inodora Andrz. Viola integerrima Spreng. Viola intertexta Beck Viola ipecacua L. Viola irinae Zolot. Viola isaurica Contandr. & Quézel Viola italica Voigt ex Bailly Viola ivonis Erben 屋久岛堇菜 Viola iwagawae Makino Viola iwagawai Makino Viola jalapaensis W.Becker Viola jalapensis W.Becker Viola jangiensis W.Becker 日本堇菜 Viola japonica Langsd. ex DC.，犁头草 Viola japonica Langsd. ex Ging. Viola jaubertiana Marès & Vigin. Viola javanica W.Becker Viola jeniseensis Zuev 井冈山堇菜 Viola jinggangshanensis Z.L.Ning & J.P.Liao Viola joergensenii W.Becker Viola johnstonii W.Becker Viola jooi Janka Viola jordanii Hanry Viola juressi Link ex Steud., 1821 Viola kamibayahsii Nakai Viola karakalensis Klokov Viola karlreicheana Sanso, M.Seo & Xifreda Viola kauaensis A.Gray Viola kauensis A.Gray 日本圆叶堇菜 Viola keiskei Miq. Viola kelleri W.Becker Viola kermesina W.Becker 江西堇菜 Viola kiangsiensis W.Becker Viola kiliensis Prahl Viola kitaibeliana Schult. Viola kitamiana Nakai Viola kizildaghensis Dinç & Yild. Viola kjellbergii Melch. Viola kjellhergii Melch. Viola kochii Kirschl. Viola kopaonikensis Pancic ex Tomovic & Niketic Viola korahinskyi Juz. Viola koritnicensis Trinajstic Viola korshinskyi Juz., 1949 福建堇菜 Viola kosanensis Hayata Viola kosaninii (Degen) Hayek Viola kosaninii Degen Viola kronenburgii W.Becker 西藏堇菜 Viola kunawarensis Royle，也拼作：Viola kunawurensis Viola kusanoana Makino Viola kusnezowiana W.Becker 广东堇菜 Viola kwangtungensis Melch. Viola labiosa Sm. Viola labradorica Schrank Viola lactea Hegetschw. Viola lactea Sm. 白花堇菜 Viola lactiflora Nakai Viola lainzii P.Monts. Viola lanaiensis W.Becker Viola lanceifolia Schumach. & Thonn. Viola lanceolata L. Viola lancifolia Steud. Viola langeana Valentine Viola langsdorffii Fisch. ex DC. Viola langsdorfii (Regel) Fisch. ex Ging. Viola lanifera W.Becker Viola lapeyrousiana (Rouy & Foucaud) A.W.Hill Viola largsdorflii Fisch. ex Ging. Viola laricicola Marcussen Viola latistipula Hemsl. Viola latistipulata Hemsl. Viola lehmannii W.Becker Viola lehmannii W.Becker ex H.E.Ballard & P.Jørg. Viola lepidia Jord. Viola leyboldiana Phil. 莲花山堇菜 Viola lianhuashanensis Viola libanotica Boiss. Viola ligustina Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Viola lilliputana Iltis & H.E.Ballard Viola lilloana W.Becker Viola limbarae (Merxm. & W.Lippert) Arrigoni Viola linariifolia Vahl Viola linguifolia Piper, 1914 Viola lithion N.H.Holmgren & P.K.Holmgren Viola livonica Vl.V.Nikitin Viola llullaillacoensis W.Becker 浅裂堇菜 Viola lobata Benth. Viola lologensis (W.Becker) J.M.Watson Viola longibracteolata P.Gonzales, Ed.Navarro & J.M.Watson, 2022 Viola longicaulis Krock. Viola longipetiolata Ricceri & Moraldo Viola losae Pau 亮毛堇菜 Viola lucens W.Becker Viola lungtungensis S.S.Ying 黄堇菜 Viola lutea Huds. Viola lyallii Hook.fil. Viola macedonica Boiss. & Heldr. Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd Viola macloskeyi × Viola renifolia 大距堇菜 Viola macroceras Bunge Viola maculata Cav. Viola magellanica G.Forst. Viola magellanica Poir. Viola magellensis Porta & Rigo ex Strobl 犁头叶堇菜 Viola magnifica Ching J.Wang ex X.D.Wang Viola majchurensis Pissjauk. Viola mandonii W.Becker 东北堇菜 Viola mandshurica W.Becker 猫儿山堇菜 Viola maoershanensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang Viola marcelorosasii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola marina Bailly Viola marina E.Vilm., 1870 Viola maroccana (Maire) Maire Viola mauiensis H.Mann 茂丽堇菜 Viola mauritii Tepl. Viola maviensis H.Mann 小深山堇菜 Viola maximowicziana Makino Viola maymanica Grey-Wilson Viola mearnsii Merr. Viola membranacea W.Becker Viola mercurii Orph. ex Halácsy Viola merrilliana W.Becker Viola merxmuelleri Erben Viola mesadensis W.Becker Viola metajaponica Nakai Viola meyerana Klokov Viola miaolingensis Y.S.Chen Viola micrantha Albert Viola micrantha Porta ex Huter Viola micranthella Wedd. Viola microcentra W.Becker Viola microceras Rupr. Viola milanae Vl.V.Nikitin Viola minuscula Greene Viola minuta M.Bieb. Viola minutiflora Phil. 美丽堇菜 Viola mirabilis L.，奇异堇菜 Viola mirabilis × reichenbachiana Viola mirabilis × reichenbachiana x riviniana Viola mirabilis × riviniana Viola mirabilis × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola missouriensis Greene Viola modesta Fenzl Viola modestula Klokov Viola molisana Ricceri & Moraldo 维西堇菜 Viola monbeigii W.Becker Viola moncaunica Pau 蒙古堇菜 Viola mongolica Franch. Viola montagnei Gay 高堇菜 Viola montana Hegetschw. Viola montcaunica Pau 荁 Viola moupinensis Franch. Viola mrkvickana Velen. 小尖堇菜 Viola mucronulifera Hand.-Mazz. Viola mudfordei Pollard 大黄花堇菜 Viola muehldorfii Kiss 木里堇菜 Viola muliensis Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang Viola munbyana Boiss. & Reut. Viola munozensis W.Becker Viola murronensis Ricceri & Moraldo Viola muscoides Phil. 台北堇菜 Viola nagasawae Makino & Hayata，也拼作：Viola nagasawai Viola nana (DC.) Le Jol. 南岭堇菜 Viola nanlingensis J.S.Zhou & F.W.Xing Viola nannae R.E.Fr. Viola nannei Pol. Viola nantouensis S.S.Ying Viola nassauvioides Phil. Viola nebrodensis C.Presl Viola nemorum Rouy & Foucaud Viola nephrodes Raf., 1818 Viola nephrophylla Greene Viola niederleinii W.Becker 亮叶堇菜 Viola nitida Y.S.Chen & Q.E.Yang Viola nivalis Vest ex Schult. Viola nobilis W.Becker Viola novae-angliae House 云雾堇菜 Viola nubigena Leyb. 裸堇菜 Viola nuda W.Becker 怒江堇菜 Viola nujiangensis Y.S.Chen & X.H.Jin Viola nummulariifolia Vill. Viola nuttallii Pursh Viola oahuensis C.N.Forbes Viola obituaria J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola oblonga Blatt. 翠峰堇菜 Viola obtusa (Makino) Makino Viola obtusa Freyn ex W.Becker, 1910 小花堇菜 Viola occulta Lehm. Viola ocellata Torr. & A.Gray Viola odontocalycina Boiss. 香堇菜 Viola odorata L. Viola odorata x suavis Viola ogawai Nakai, 1930 滇西堇菜 Viola oligoceps Chang Viola oligyrtia A.Tiniakou Viola orbelica Pancic Viola orbiculata Geyer ex A.Gray Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Holz. Viola orbiculata Geyer ex Hook. Viola oreades M.Bieb. 东方堇菜 Viola orientalis (Maxim.) W.Becker Viola ornata P.Gonzales, Montesinos & J.M.Watson, 2022 Viola orphanidis Boiss. Viola orthoceras Ledeb. Viola ovalleana Phil. Viola ovata Raf. ex DC., 1824 Viola ovatooblonga (Makino) Makino Viola oxyodontis H.E.Ballard Viola pachyrhizonia F.O.Wolf Viola pachyrrhiza Boiss. & Hohen. Viola pachysoma Viola pacifica Juz. Viola painteri Rose & House Viola palatina Y.N.Lee Viola pallascaensis W.Becker Viola palmaesis Knowles & Westc. 鸡爪叶堇菜 Viola palmata L. Viola palmensis Webb & Berthel. Viola palustris L. Viola papuana W.Becker & Pulle Viola paradoxa Lowe Viola pariaetariaefolia Banks ex Ging., 1824 Viola pariaetariifolia Banks ex Ging. Viola parnassifolia Greene Viola parnonia Kit Tan, Sfikas & Vold Viola parva E.Adans. Viola parvula Tineo 白花地丁 Viola patrinii DC. ex Ging. Viola pedata L. Viola pedatifida G.Don Viola pedunculata Torr. & A.Gray 北京堇菜 Viola pekinensis 悬果堇菜 Viola pendulicarpa 白湾堇菜 Viola pendulipes Yan S.Huang and Q.Fan, 2023（广东） Viola pentadactyla Fenzl Viola perennis Bailly Viola perinensis W.Becker 极细堇菜 Viola perpusilla Boissieu Viola perreniformis (L.G.Adams) R.J.Little & Leiper Viola persicifolia Hegetschw. Viola perstolona Borbás Viola petelotii W.Becker ex Gagnep. Viola petraea W.Becker 莤堇菜 Viola phalacrocarpa Maxim.，茜堇菜 Viola philippiana Greene 紫花地丁 Viola philippica Cav. Viola philippii Leyb. Viola phitosiana Erben Viola physaloides Greene Viola picta Gillot 匍匐堇菜 Viola pilosa Blume 松林堇菜 Viola pinetorum Greene Viola pinnata L. Viola pinnatifida All. Viola pitouchaoensis S.S.Ying Viola placida W.Becker Viola plenigeri Formánek Viola pluviae Marcussen, H.E.Ballard & Blaxland Viola podolica Andrz. Viola podolica Andrz. ex Trautv. Viola poetica Boiss. & Spruner Viola polycephala H.E.Ballard & P.M.Jørg. 多型堇菜 Viola polymorpha Viola polyodonta W.Becker Viola polypoda Turcz. Viola pomelii Sennen & Mauricio Viola popetae Sparre Viola porphyrea Uechtr. ex Garcke Viola portalesia Gay Viola portulacea Leyb. Viola praemorsa Douglas Viola praemorsa Douglas ex Lindley Viola prenja Beck 锐叶堇菜 Viola pricei W. Becker Viola primorskajensis (W.Becker) Vorosch. Viola primulifolia L. 柔毛堇菜 Viola principis H.Boissieu 早开堇菜 Viola prionantha Bunge Viola procerior Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Viola producta W.Becker Viola prostrata Schult. Viola pruinosa Pollard Viola pseudaetolica Tomovic, Melovski & Niketic 假如意草 Viola pseudo-arcuata 圆叶堇菜 Viola pseudo-bambusetorum Viola pseudograeca Erben 多花堇菜 Viola pseudo-monbeigii Viola pseudomunbyana W.Becker Viola pseudostagnina Vorosch. Viola pseudovulcanica W.Becker 毛叶黄堇菜 Viola pubescens Aiton Viola pubipetala S.S.Ying Viola pulvinata Reiche Viola pumila Chaix Viola punctata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819 紫红堇菜 Viola purpurea Kellogg Viola pusilla Poepp. Viola pusillima Wedd. Viola pygmaea Juss. ex Poir. 比利牛斯堇菜 Viola pyrenaica Ramond ex DC. Viola quercetorum M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen 立堇菜 Viola raddeana Regel Viola ramiflora K.O.Yoo Viola ramosiana W.Becker Viola rauliniana Erben Viola raunsiensis W.Becker & Kosanin Viola rausii Erben Viola regina J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola reichei Skottsb. Viola reichenbachiana Jord. ex Boreau Viola reichenbachiana × riviniana Viola reichenbachiana × riviniana × rupestris Viola reichenbachiana × riviniana × ruppii Viola reichenbachiana × rupestris Viola reichenbachiana × ruppii Viola reichenbachiana × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola reichenbachiana × stagnina Viola reichenbachiana × uliginosa Viola renifolia A.Gray Viola reniformis R.Br. ex B.D.Jacks., 1895 Viola replicata W.Becker Viola reverchonii Wenk Viola reverchonii Willk. ex Coincy, 1895 Viola rheophila Okamoto Viola rhodanica Chatenier & Revol Viola rhodopaea Viola rhodopeia W.Becker Viola rhodopensis Formánek 菱叶堇菜 Viola rhombifolia Leyb. Viola riviniana Rchb. Viola riviniana × rupestris Viola riviniana × ruppii Viola riviniana × rupestris subsp. relicta Viola riviniana × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola riviniana × stagnina Viola riviniana × uliginosa Viola roccabrunensis Espeut 圆叶小堇菜 Viola rockiana Viola rodriguezii W.Becker Viola rogoviczii Andrz. ex Trautv. Viola roigii Rossow Viola rolandi-bonaparte F.O.Wolf, 1904 辽宁堇菜 Viola rossii Hemsl. Viola rossowiana J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores 长嘴堇菜 Viola rostrata Pursh 长嘴堇菜原变种 Viola rostrata var. rostrata 日本长嘴堇菜 Viola rostrata var. japonica (W. Becker & H. Boissieu) Ohwi 莲座堇菜 Viola rosulata P.Fourn. Viola rosulata Poepp. & Endl. Viola rotundifolia Hook. Viola rotundifolia Michx. Viola rouyana F.O.Wolf, 1904 Viola roxolanica Blocki 淡红堇菜 Viola rubella Cav. Viola rubrifolia Boiss. Viola rubromarginata J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola rudolfii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola rudolphii Sparre Viola rugosa Phi. ex W.Becker 石生堇菜 Viola rupestris F.W.Schmidt Viola rupestris subsp. rupestris × uliginosa Viola rupestris × ruppii Viola rupicola Elmer Viola ruppii All. Viola ruppii Hegetschw. Viola ruppii Rchb. Viola saccata Melch. 库页堇菜 Viola sacchalinensis H.Boissieu Viola sacculus Skottsb. Viola sagittata Aiton Viola samothracica (Degen) Raus Viola samothraki Viola sandaiojiaoensis S.S.Ying Viola sandbergii Greene Viola sandrasea Melch. Viola santiagoensis W.Becker Viola santiagonensis W.Becker Viola sarotina P.Fourn. 辽东堇菜 Viola savatieri Viola saxatilis Hoffmanns. ex Roem. & Schult., 1819 Viola saxifraga Maire Viola scabriuscula Schwein. ex Torr. & A.Gray, 1838 Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roem. & Schult. Viola scandens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. Viola schachimardanica Khalk. Viola schariensis Erben 陕西堇菜 Viola schensiensis W.Becker Viola schleidettiana Bogenh. Viola schneideri W.Becker Viola schultzii Billot ex F.W.Schultz 肾叶堇菜 Viola schulzeana Viola scorpiuroides Coss. Viola securigera Greene Viola seleriana W.Becker 深山堇菜 Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie Viola sempervirens Greene Viola sempervivum Gay 尖山堇菜 Viola senzanensis Hayata Viola septemloba Leconte Viola sequeirae Capelo, R.Jardim, J.C.Costa, Lousã & Rivas Mart. Viola serbica Formánek Viola serotina P.Fourn. Viola serpentinicola de Salas Viola serpyllifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819 Viola serpyllifolia Kunth ex Roem. & Schult. Viola serresiana Erben 小齿堇菜 Viola serrula Viola sfikasiana Erben 小油坑堇菜 Viola shaoyoukengensis S.S.Ying Viola sheltonii Torr. 四国堇菜 Viola shikokiana Makino 新竹堇菜 Viola shinchikuensis Yamam. 世纬堇菜 Viola shiweii Xiao C. Li & Z.W.Wang, 以贵州籍采集家邓世纬（191？-1936）的名字命名 麓堇菜 Viola sieboldii Maxim. Viola sieheana W.Becker 锡金堇菜 Viola sikkimensis W.Becker Viola silicestris K.R.Thiele & Prober Viola singularis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola sirinica Ricceri & Moraldo Viola skanderbegii Dörfl. & Hayek Viola skottsbergiana W.Becker Viola slavikii Formánek Viola somchetica C.Koch Viola somchetica K.Koch Viola sordida Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Viola sororia Willd. Viola spathulata Willd. Viola spathulata Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. Viola spegazzinii W.Becker 圆果堇菜 Viola sphaerocarpa W.Becker Viola stagnina Kit. Viola stagnina × uliginosa Viola stagnira Kit. Viola steinbachii W.Becker Viola stenantha Greene 庐山堇菜 Viola stewardiana W.Becker Viola stipularis Sw. Viola stojanovii W.Becker Viola stojanowii W.Becker Viola stoloniflora Yokota & Higa Viola striata Aiton Viola striata Hook. 圆叶堇菜 Viola striatella H.Boissieu Viola striis-notata (J.Wagner) Merxm. & W.Lippert Viola stuebelii Hieron. Viola suavis (O.Bolòs & Vigo) O.Bolòs & Vigo Viola suavis M.Bieb. Viola subandina J.M.Watson Viola subasica (Fiori) Ricceri & Moraldo Viola subatlantica (Maire) Ibn Tattou Viola subcrenata Phil. ex F.Meigen Viola subdimidiata A.St.-Hil. Viola suboderata Dalla Torre & Sarnth. Viola subodorata Dalla Torre & Sarnth., 1909 Viola subrotunda Greene Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene Viola suecica Fr. 光叶堇菜 Viola sumatrana Miq. Viola sylvatica Fr. 四川堇菜 Viola szetschwanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu Viola szilyana Borbás 泰山堇菜 Viola taishanensis Viola takeshimana Nakai Viola taltalensis W.Becker Viola tanaitica Grosset Viola tarbagataica Klokov 八重山堇菜 Viola tashiroi Makino Viola taurica C.A.Mey. ex Regel Viola taynensis Elisafenko Viola tectiflora W.Becker Viola tenorei N.Terracc. 细距堇菜 Viola tenuicornis W.Becker Viola tenuipes Pollard 心叶茶匙黄 Viola tenuis ，细叶堇菜 纤茎堇菜 Viola tenuissima Chang Viola teplouchovii Juz. Viola teucriifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., 1819 Viola thasia W.Becker Viola thibaudieri Franch. & Sav. Viola thomasiana Songeon & Perr. 毛堇菜 Viola thomsonii Oudem. Viola thymifolia Britton 滇西堇菜 Viola tienschiensis Viola tineorum Erben & Raimondo 东海堇菜 Viola tokaiensis Sugim. ex N. Yamada & Igari Viola tokubuchiana Makino Viola tomentosa M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen Viola tonkinensis Gagnep. Viola torresiae Marcet Viola tovarii P.Gonzáles & Molina-Alor 三角叶堇菜 Viola triangulifolia W.Becker 毛瓣堇菜 Viola trichopetala Chang 三色堇 Viola tricolor L. 大花三色堇 Viola tricolor × wittrockiana Viola tridentata Menzies ex DC. Viola tridentata Sm. Viola tridentina W.Becker Viola triflabellata W.Becker Viola trinervata (Howell) Howell ex A.Gray Viola tripartita Elliott Viola tripartita G.Don ex W.H.Baxter, 1850 Viola trochlearis J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola truncata Meyen 雪山堇菜 Viola tsugitakaensis 块茎堇菜 Viola tuberifera Viola tucumanensis W.Becker 土耳其堇菜 Viola turkestanica Regel & Schmalh. ex Regel Viola turritella J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola ucriana Erben & Raimondo Viola ugamica Juz. Viola uliginosa Besser Viola umbellata Sessé & Moc. Viola umbraticola Kunth Viola umphangensis S.Nansai, Srisanga & Suwanph. Viola unica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola uniflora L. Viola uniflora Vand. ex Roem. Viola uniquissima J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola unwinii W.Becker 粗齿堇菜 Viola urophylla Franch. 犹他堇菜 Viola utahensis M.S.Baker & J.C.Clausen Viola utahensis x beckwithii Viola utchinensis Koidz. Viola vadimii Vl.V.Nikitin 乌泡连 Viola vaginata Maxim. Viola valderia All. Viola vallenarensis W.Becker Viola vallicola A.Nelson Viola valvidiana Kalela Viola vanroyenii H.St.John 斑叶堇菜 Viola variegata Fisch. ex Link Viola vectoris Ricceri & Moraldo Viola vegetalis Müll.Berol., 1868 Viola velutina Formánek Viola venosa Piper 堇菜 Viola verecunda Viola veronicaefolia Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch. Viola veronicifolia Planch. & Linden ex Triana & Planch. Viola verticillata Cerv. Viola villosa Walter 紫背堇菜 Viola violacea Makino Viola volcanica Gill. Viola volcanica Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. Viola voliotisii Erben Viola vorobievii Bezd. Viola vourinensis Erben Viola vranicensis Beck Viola vulturis Ricceri & Moraldo Viola wailenalenae (Rock) Skottsb. 西藏细距堇菜 Viola wallichiana Ging. ex DC. Viola walteri House Viola wansanensis Y.N.Lee Viola watsonii Greene Viola weberbaueri W.Becker 蓼叶堇菜 Viola websteri Hemsl. Viola weibelii J.F.Macbr. ex Baehni & Weibel, 1941 Viola werdermannii W.Becker Viola wichurai Nakai, 1928 維基百科堇菜 Viola wikipedia Viola willkommii R.Roem. ex Willk. Viola wilmattae A.Nelson Viola wilmattae Pollard & Cockerell, 1902 绒毛堇菜 Viola wilsonii W. Becker Viola winteri J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. 大花三色堇 Viola wittrockiana Gams ex Nauenb. & Buttler Viola woosanensis Y.N.Lee & J.Kim Viola woroschilovii Bezd. Viola wrightiana Watt 武陵堇菜 Viola wulingensis S.S.Ying Viola xanthopotamica J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola xibaoensis S.S.Ying Viola yamatsutae Ishid. ex Kitag. Viola yamatsutai Ishidoya Viola yazawana Makino Viola yedoensis Makino 阴地堇菜 Viola yezoensis Maxim. Viola yildirimlii Dinç & Bagci 云南堇菜 Viola yunnanensis W.Becker & H.Boissieu 心叶堇菜 Viola yunnanfuensis W.Becker Viola yuzufelensis A.P.Khokhr. Viola zarencznyi Zapal. Viola zoysii Wulfen 杂交种： Viola ×adulterina Godr. Viola ×ajtayana Wagner Viola ×albiensis Sudre Viola ×albimaritima Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×albovii V.V.Nikitin Viola ×alpigena Chatenier Viola ×anceps C.Richt. Viola ×anceps K.Richt. Viola ×arophila Wiesb. Viola ×ausonensis Sennen Viola ×babiogorensis Zapal. Viola ×bachtschisaraensis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×balearica Rosselló, Mayol & Mus Viola ×basilensis W.Becker Viola ×batava Kloos Viola ×bavarica Schrank Viola ×beebyi Druce Viola ×berggrenii W.Becker Viola ×bernardii (Greene) Greene Viola ×bernoulliana W.Becker Viola ×bernoulliana W.Becker ex Burnat, 1906 Viola ×bessarabica Zapal. Viola ×bethkei C.Richt. Viola ×bissellii House Viola ×blaxlandiae J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola ×borbasii Gáyer Viola ×borsodiensis Budai & Gáyer Viola ×borussica (Borbás) W.Becker Viola ×brandisii W.Becker Viola ×brauniae Grover ex Cooperr. Viola ×brauniae Grover, 1939 Viola ×braunii Borbás Viola ×braunii Grover Viola ×brevicornis Biau Viola ×bulgarica W.Becker Viola ×burnatii Gremli Viola ×caflischii Woerl. Viola ×caninaeformis C.Richt. Viola ×caninaeformis K.Richt., 1888 Viola ×canninefas Kloos Viola ×carinthiaca Borbás Viola ×cebennensis Chatenier Viola ×celinae Sennen & Gonzalo Viola ×champlainensis House Viola ×chenevardii W.Becker Viola ×chevalieri H.Lév. Viola ×christii Wulf, 1881 Viola ×chrysantha Schrad. ex Rchb. Viola ×cinerascens A.Kern. Viola ×conjugens Greene Viola ×consobrina House Viola ×consocia House Viola ×consorbrina House Viola ×contempta Jord. Viola ×cooperrideri H.E.Ballard Viola ×coquoziana W.Becker Viola ×cordifolia (Nutt.) Schwein. Viola ×cracoviensis Zmuda Viola ×curnowii Druce Viola ×davisii House Viola ×demissa House, 1924 Viola ×desetangsii G.Camus & Har. Viola ×digenea Rouy & Foucaud Viola ×dissita House Viola ×doii Taken. Viola ×domburgensis W.Becker Viola ×duffortii Fouill. Viola ×durennei Petitm. Viola ×eamesii House Viola ×eamsii House Viola ×eclipes H.E.Ballard Viola ×egglestoniana House Viola ×egregia House Viola ×eichenfeldii Halácsy Viola ×eizasieboldii Sugim. ex T.Shimizu Viola ×ekstroemiana W.Becker Viola ×eriksoniana W.Becker Viola ×excerpta House Viola ×fallacina Rouy & Foucaud, 1896 Viola ×fennica Nyl. Viola ×filicetorum Greene Viola ×florariensis Correvon Viola ×florariensis Karrer Viola ×fouilladei W.Becker Viola ×fryeri Druce Viola ×fujisanensis S.Watan. Viola ×funesta C.Richt. Viola ×funesta K.Richt. Viola ×ganeschinii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×genevensis Chenevard Viola ×gerslaueri L.Gross, 1921 Viola ×gerstlaueri L.Gross Viola ×glabrescens (Neuman) Tzvelev Viola ×gloggnitzensis C.Richt. Viola ×gloggnitzensis K.Richt. Viola ×godlewskii Zmuda Viola ×gotlandica W.Becker Viola ×gracillima Chatenier Viola ×granitica Chatenier Viola ×greatrexii Nakai & Maek. Viola ×greenmanii House Viola ×gremblichii Murr Viola ×grossii Gerstl. Viola ×grubovii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×guitteanae Giraudias Viola ×halacsyana Degen & Dörfl. Viola ×hallieri Borbás Viola ×helvetica Brügger Viola ×heslopii Druce Viola ×heterantha Caball. Viola ×heterocarpa Borbás Viola ×hirtiformis Wiesb. Viola ×hiyamae Maek. Viola ×hollickii House Viola ×holsatica E.L.Krause Viola ×hortorum Thorsrud & Reisaeter Viola ×hungarica Degen & Sabr. Viola ×hyperborea (Rupr) V.V.Nikitin Viola ×hyrcanica V.V.Nikitin Viola ×ibukiana Makino Viola ×igoschinae Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×incissecta Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×insessa House Viola ×insidiosa Rouy & Foucaud Viola ×insignis C.Richt. Viola ×insignis K.Richt. Viola ×insolita House Viola ×interjecta Borbás Viola ×jaborneggii Khek ex Pacher Viola ×jaccardii W.Becker Viola ×jindoensis M.Kim Viola ×joannis-wagneri Kárpáti Viola ×johannis-wagneri Kárpáti, 1946 Viola ×josephii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola ×julia Brügger Viola ×juliae Brügger Viola ×juzepczukii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×kalkburgensis Wiesb., 1875 Viola ×kalksburgensis Wiesb. Viola ×karakulensis Vl.V.Nikitin & O.Baranova Viola ×kerneri Wiesb. Viola ×keterocarpa Borbás ex K.Richt. Viola ×kiliensis E.H.L.Krause Viola ×kisoana Nakai Viola ×klingeana Ronniger Viola ×klopotovii W.Becker Viola ×koehleri W.Becker Viola ×kotschyana W.Becker Viola ×kozo-poljanskii Grosset Viola ×krascheninnikoviorum Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×kupcokiana W.Becker Viola ×kupfferiana W.Becker Viola ×lacaitaeana W.Becker Viola ×lacmonica Hausskn. Viola ×lambertii H.Lév. Viola ×lanciformis Rouy & Foucaud Viola ×leucopetala Murr & Pöll Viola ×lovelliana Brainerd Viola ×luciae Skottsb. Viola ×luganensis W.Becker Viola ×lutzii E.G.Camus Viola ×magna C.Richt. Viola ×magna K.Richt. Viola ×malteana House Viola ×maluqueri Sennen Viola ×malvesini Jeanj. Viola ×mantziana W.Becker Viola ×marcetii W.Becker Viola ×marihelenae Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×markensteinensis Wiesb. Viola ×markgrafii W.Becker Viola ×martii Wiesb. Viola ×martinii Maek. Viola ×matczkasensis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×medelii W.Becker Viola ×megapolitana E.H.L.Krause Viola ×megapolitana Prahl Viola ×melissifolia Greene Viola ×menitzkii V.V.Nikitin Viola ×merkensteiniensis Wiesb. ex Murr Viola ×merkensteiniensis Wiesb., 1883 Viola ×mielnicensis Zapal. Viola ×mira Zapal. Viola ×mirabiliformis Murr & Pöll Viola ×mistura House Viola ×mixta A.Kern. Viola ×mixta Sudre Viola ×modesta House Viola ×modica House Viola ×molleri Wein Viola ×mollicula House Viola ×mollis A.Kern. ex Wiesb. Viola ×montfortensis Murr & Pöll Viola ×mulfordiae Pollard Viola ×murbeckii Dörfl. Viola ×muretii F.O.Wolf Viola ×murrii Pôll Viola ×najadum Wein Viola ×napae House Viola ×nataliae Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×neglecta F.W.Schmidt Viola ×neglectiformis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×neilreichiana Borbás Viola ×neilreichii C.Richt. Viola ×neilreichii K.Richt. Viola ×nemenyiana Wagner Viola ×neoburgensis Erdner Viola ×nephrophylloides Farw. Viola ×neumanniana Borbás Viola ×nikitinii Vasjukov Viola ×notabilis E.P.Bicknell Viola ×obtusoacuminata T.Hashim. ex T.Shimizu Viola ×obtusogrypoceras Makino Viola ×oelandica W.Becker, 1910 Viola ×oenensis Borbás Viola ×oenipontana Murr Viola ×ogawae Nakai Viola ×okuharae F.Maek. ex T.Shimizu Viola ×olimpia Beggiat. Viola ×oreliensis W.Becker Viola ×orophila Wiesb. Viola ×pacheri Wiesb. Viola ×paradoxa K.Richt. Viola ×paradoxa Rouy & Foucaud Viola ×paxiana Degen & Zsák Viola ×perplexa Gremli Viola ×peterfii Nyár. Viola ×poelliana Murr Viola ×poltavensis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×polysecta Nakai Viola ×popovae V.V.Nikitin Viola ×populifolia Greene Viola ×porphyrea R.Uechtr. Viola ×porteriana Pollard Viola ×preywischiana Nauenb. Viola ×prutensis Zapal. Viola ×pseudomakinoi M.Mizush. ex T.Shimizu Viola ×pseudosepincola W.Becker Viola ×pynzarii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×radians Beck Viola ×ravida House Viola ×redacta House Viola ×regeliana Rouy & Foucaud Viola ×reschetnikovae Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×rhaetica Borbás Viola ×rhenana Gerstl. Viola ×riddensis F.O.Wolf Viola ×riloensis W.Becker Viola ×ritschliana W.Becker Viola ×robinsoniana House Viola ×rolandi-bonapartei W.Wolf Viola ×ronnigeri W.Becker Viola ×rossii Chiov. Viola ×rouyana W.Wolf Viola ×roxolanica Zapal. Viola ×rupestriformis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×ruprechtiana Borbás Viola ×ryoniae House Viola ×ryonii House Viola ×salvatoriana W.Becker & Thell. ex W.Becker Viola ×sanensis Zapal. Viola ×sardagnae W.Becker Viola ×savatieri Makino Viola ×savourei H.Lév. Viola ×scabra Braun Viola ×schalmausenii Rouy & Foucaud Viola ×scharlockii W.Becker, 1914 Viola ×schauloi Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×schlarlockii W.Becker Viola ×sedunensis F.O.Wolf Viola ×segniensis Gáyer & Degen Viola ×semseyana Borbás Viola ×sennenii Pau Viola ×sermenika Formánek Viola ×silana Merino Viola ×skofitziana Wiesb. Viola ×slavinii House Viola ×slesvicensis Prahl Viola ×sokalensis Zapal. Viola ×stuartii Bergmans Viola ×suaveolens Wiesb. Viola ×suaviflora Borbás & Heinr.Braun Viola ×subaffinis House Viola ×subcollina Beck Viola ×subglabrata Pöll ex W.Becker Viola ×subhirta Beck Viola ×sublanceolata House Viola ×subodorata Borbás ex Murr Viola ×suevica Gerstl. Viola ×sukaczewii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×superodorata Greg. 菊叶堇菜 Viola ×takahashii (Nakai) Taken. Viola ×talmensis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×taradakensis Nakai Viola ×tatrae Borbás Viola ×tenuis C.Richt. Viola ×tenuis K.Richt. Viola ×teriana Sennen Viola ×tessinensis W.Becker Viola ×texidoris Sennen & Gonzalo Viola ×tichomirovii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×tigirekica Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×tiroliensis Borbás Viola ×torslundensis W.Becker Viola ×tourbillonensis W.Becker Viola ×tristicha Waisb. Viola ×tuvinica Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×tzvelevii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×uechtritziana Borbás Viola ×variifrons Pôll Viola ×vaudensis Hausskn. ex Gremli Viola ×vermontana House Viola ×viarum Pollard Viola ×viatkensis Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×villaquensis Benz Viola ×vilnaensis W.Becker Viola ×vindeliciana Gerstl. Viola ×vindobonensis Wiesb. Viola ×visseriana Bergmans Viola ×watsonii Druce Viola ×wiesbaurii Sabr. Viola ×wiesbaurii Sabr. ex Nyman Viola ×wilczekiana Beauverd Viola ×wilhelmii V.V.Nikitin 小花三色堇 Viola ×williamsii Wittr. 三色堇 Viola ×wittrockiana Gams ex Kappert，小三色堇 Viola ×wujekii H.E.Ballard Viola ×wychensis Kloos Viola ×yurii Vl.V.Nikitin Viola ×zahnii Benz Viola ×zapalowiczii Zmuda Viola ×zophodes K.R.Thiele & Prober Viola ×zwienenii J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores Viola canina subsp. canina × pumila Viola canina subsp. canina × reichenbachiana Viola canina subsp. canina × riviniana Viola canina subsp. canina × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola canina subsp. canina × stagnina Viola canina subsp. canina × uliginosa Viola canina subsp. montana × mirabilis Viola canina subsp. montana × reichenbachiana Viola canina subsp. montana × riviniana Viola canina subsp. montana × rupestris subsp. relicta Viola canina subsp. montana × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola canina subsp. montana × stagnina Viola canina subsp. montana × uliginosa Viola canina × elatior Viola canina × pumila Viola canina × reichenbachiana Viola canina × reichenbachiana x riviniana Viola canina × riviniana Viola canina × rupestris Viola canina × stagnina Viola canina × odorata Viola canina × riviniana Viola canina × rupestris subsp. relicta Viola canina × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola canina × stagnina Viola canina × uliginosa Viola hirta × odorata Viola hirta × odorata x suavis Viola hirta × suavis Viola hirta × odorata Viola pumila × riviniana Viola pumila × stagnina Viola pumila × reichenbachiana Viola pumila × riviniana Viola pumila × rupestris subsp. rupestris Viola pumila × stagnina 归入本属的物种： Mnemion cariotii Fourr. Marcussen, T; Blaxland, K; Windham, MD; Haskins, KE; Armstrong, F. Establishing the phylogenetic origin, history, and age of the narrow endemic Viola guadalupensis (Violaceae).. American journal of botany. 2011-12, 98 (12): 1978–88. PMID 22081412. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100208.  Li, Qiaoxia; Li, Youlong; Li, Jigang; Chen, Chenlong; Sun, Kun. Effects of photoperiods on the development of chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers in <i>Viola monbeigii</i> and <i>V. dissecta</i>. Biodiversity Science. 2024, 32 (6): 23484. doi:10.17520/biods.2023484.  Viola L.. GBIF. [2023-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-09）.  Shu-Yuan Liao, Jun-Jie Liao, De-Ming He, Jian-Yong Wu and You-sheng CHEN. 2023. Viola austroyunanensis (Violaceae), A New Species from Yunnan province of China. Phytotaxa. 613(2); 153-161. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.613.2.4 河源发现一种全球罕见的极危植物，命名为“河源堇菜”. 百度. [2023-05-10].  Paúl Gonzáles, Daniel B. Montesinos-Tubée, John M. Watson, Asunción Cano, Huber Trinidad, Eduardo Navarro, Harry Jans, Martin Sheader, Harvey E. Ballard and Ana R. Flores. 2022. Viola ornata and Viola longibracteolata (Violaceae, subgen. Neoandinium), Two Rare, New Rosulate Species from southern Peru. Phytotaxa. 571(1); 52-64. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.571.1.4 John M. Watson, Ana R. Flores, Martin Sheader and Anna-Liisa Sheader. 2018. Viola pachysoma (Violaceae), A New Name for A Rosulate Species Endemic to the Andes of Argentinian Patagonia. Phytotaxa. 382(1); 113–124. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.382.1.6 中国西南喀斯特山地发现堇菜属新种：世纬堇菜. GBIF. [2023-02-12]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-15）.