驃語

驃語(驃語：; 緬甸語：ပျူ ဘာသာ, 发音：[pjù bàðà])是一種已經滅絕的漢藏語系語言。該語言是驃國諸城邦之間的本土語言，在公元前2世紀至公元後9世紀期間蓬勃發展。9世紀末期，緬族自南詔遷移來以後，驃語的使用者人數開始下降。至12世紀末期，驃語仍然被使用，至少驃文在蒲甘王國的碑銘中仍被使用。13世紀的時候，因為使用緬甸語的蒲甘王國在上緬甸崛起，驃語最終滅絕。 驃語有自己的文字，這種文字被稱為驃文，是一種婆羅米文字。根據最近的研究表明，緬文可能是在驃文的基礎上發明的。 Blagden (1911: 382)是首先识别出骠语属于汉藏语系的学者。三宅英雄 (2021)认为骠语因为其音韵和词汇特色在汉藏语系下自成一支。骠语已经几乎将原始汉藏语的形态尽数丢失。 骠语被马提索夫临时地归入缅彝语群，大卫·布拉德利则认为它最接近卢伊语支，三宅英雄稍后发现两种假说都似是而非。无我也将骠语暂时划为汉藏语系下独立一支。 三宅英雄构拟了骠语的音节结构： (C.)CV(C)(H) (声母前音)+音节 有7个元音。 三宅英雄构拟了43-44个声母，具体数字取决于如何分析声门塞音。创新的声母有： 擦音：/h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/ 流音：/R̥ R L̥ L/ 内爆音：/ɓ/ 有10个韵尾：-k、-t、-p、-m、-n、-ŋ、-j、-r、-l、-w。骠语是分析语，没有可能的屈折现象。 下面是部分骠语基础词，数据来自戈登·卢斯和三宅英雄。 骠语自原始藏缅语的音变如下。 咝音链变：*c > *s > /h/ 去鼻化：*m > /ɓ/以及可能的*ŋ > /g/ *e低化：*e > /ä/ *sC复辅音送气化：*sk, *st, *sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/ 骠语曾是骠族城邦的本土语言。梵语和巴利语在这一地区也曾通行过。中国史书记录了800至802年间从骠国来的35名乐师以梵语奏乐演唱。 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Burma Pyu. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.  Blagden, C. O. 1911. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 43(2). Miyake, Marc. 2021. The prehistory of Pyu （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. SEALS 2021 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Video （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） van Driem, George. Trans-Himalayan Database. [7 November 2012]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-12）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579711 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581381 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579873 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/10.5281/zenodo.580158 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580597 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580282 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581383 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581468 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580777 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.580791 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581217 Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579848 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579725 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. . Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.581251 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806133 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806148 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806163 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579695 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.579710 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） doi:10.5281/zenodo.806174 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.806168 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823725 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825673 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.825685 Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.823753 Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-713595-1. Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Presentation given at SEALS 26. Aung-Thwin. Aung-Thwin, Michael. The mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.  Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.  Htin Aung, Maung. A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. 1967.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Blagden, C. Otto. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 1911, 43 (2): 365–388. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00041526.  Griffiths, Arlo; Hudson, Bob; Miyake, Marc; Wheatley, Julian K. Studies in Pyu Epigraphy, I: State of the Field, Edition and Analysis of the Kan Wet Khaung Mound Inscription, and Inventory of the Corpus. Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient. 2017, 103: 43–205. doi:10.3406/befeo.2017.6247 .  Shafer, Robert. Further analysis of the Pyu inscriptions. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 1943, 7 (4): 313–366. JSTOR 2717831. doi:10.2307/2717831.  Miyake, Marc. Studies in Pyu Phonology, ii: Rhymes. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2018, 11 (1–2): 37–76. doi:10.1163/2405478X-01101008 .  Miyake, Marc. A first look at Pyu grammar. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 2019, 42 (2): 150–221. doi:10.1075/ltba.18013.miy.  Miyake, Marc. The Pyu Language of Ancient Burma. Beyond Boundaries 6. De Gruyter. 2021 [2021-07-04]. ISBN 9783110656442. （原始内容存档于2021-06-08）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Datasets for Pyu inscriptions （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, photographed by James Miles