柳约翰

柳约翰（英語：John Yoo，1967年7月10日—），原名柳俊（音譯；韓語：유준），韩裔美籍法律学者，现任美国加州大学伯克利分校法学院教授，曾在小布什总统任内出任美国司法部高级官员，因其批准美国陆军与中央情报局在伊拉克战争中对战俘施行暴力审讯（尤其是使用“坐水凳”方式）而饱受争议。 柳约翰生於韩国漢城（後改名首爾），年少时同父母移民美国并定居费城，1993年获得宾夕法尼亚州律师从业资格，在加州大学伯克利分校法学院就任教授。 2001年，小布什政府聘请柳约翰就任副助理司法部长，任期中主持批准对美国反恐战争中俘获的战俘实施被外界普遍视作酷刑的“加强审讯”，其中“坐水凳”一项尤其受到争议。柳约翰认为，美国施行的这些审讯手段不受到日内瓦公约中保护战俘权利条款的限制，同时布什政府批准这些审讯手段也不违反1996年颁布的《反战争罪法》。另外，柳约翰还为布什政府实施的新窃听计划提供了法律依据。柳约翰的法律意见受到了布什政府其他官员的反对，其中包括时任国务卿的鲍威尔和海军总法律顾问Alberto J. Mora。柳约翰离任后的2003年到2004年间，司法部陆续撤销了其就任期间负责制定的政策，且于2009年颁布了一份调查报告谴责了柳约翰“故意的专业失当”，然而柳约翰本人认为这些调查是出于政党斗争而对他实施的报复行为。奥巴马就任总统后正式宣布撤销其就任期间提出的法律意见。 2008年，一名在反恐战争期间获刑的美国公民José Padilla起诉柳约翰失职导致其受到政府不公正待遇。美国北加州区法院判决柳约翰一审败诉，但其后第九巡回法院撤销原判，判决柳约翰无过失。曾任布什政府国务卿的鲍威尔在此案宣判后表示其认为柳约翰的作为违反了职业道德与法律。2009年，一名西班牙法官指示西班牙检查部门调查柳约翰等六名布什政府高官（媒体称其为“布什六人帮”）任期内可能犯下的战争与反人类罪，但是西班牙检方拒绝提出起诉。 尽管其行政经历饱受质疑，柳约翰从2003年退出政府后一直享受加州大学伯克利大学的教授待遇。校方称柳约翰的政见受到学术自由的保护，并且拒绝了批评者提出的聘约解除要求。柳约翰则批判反对其政见的伯克利师生为“停留在越战期间的原始穴居人类”，但是也声称他“非常喜欢在伯克利任教”。 The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11. University of Chicago Press. 2005. ISBN 0-226-96031-5.  War by Other Means: An Insider's Account of the War on Terror. Atlantic Monthly Press. 2006. ISBN 0-87113-945-6.  Crisis and Command: A History of Executive Power from George Washington to George W. Bush. Kaplan Publishing. 2010. ISBN 1-60714-555-3.  Taming Globalization: International Law, the U.S. Constitution, and the New World Order. Julian Ku (co-author) (Oxford University Press). 2012.  Point of Attack: Preventive War, International Law, and Global Welfare. Oxford University Press. 2014.  Faculty Profile （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Univ of California, Berkeley "In Berkeley, Yoo feels at home as a stranger in a strange land" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Carol J. Williams, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-30. Arnett is the daughter of journalist Peter Arnett. Past Bator Award Recipients 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-05-19. O'Neil, Robert M. 美国学术自由面临的新挑战. 国际高等教育. 2009年12月, 2 (4) [2014-09-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.  Richardson, John. Is John Yoo a Monster?. Esquire. May 13, 2008 [April 21, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-02）.  Frontline Interview with John Yoo. Frontline (PBS). July 19, 2005 [2014-09-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.  PA Attorney Information John Choon Yoo. The Disciplinary Board of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. [July 8, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2011年9月30日）.  Stout, David. Holder tells Senators Waterboarding is Torture. The New York Times. 15 January 2009 [21 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-19）.  "The Interrogation Documents: Debating U.S. Policy and Methods" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, George Washington University; The Torture Memos and Academic Freedom （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Christopher Edley, Jr., The Honorable William Horsley Orrick, Jr., Distinguished Chair and Dean of UC Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, April 10, 2008 Bush Admits To Knowledge of Torture Authorization by Top Advisers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by the American Civil Liberties Union Yoo Two （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, by Scott Horton, "No Comment", April 3, 2008 Glenn Greenwald, "Opinion: John Yoo: Spearhead or scapegoat?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Salon, 12 April 2008 Suggested origin of legal justifications David Abraham, "The Bush Regime from Elections to Detentions: A Moral Economy of Carl Schmitt and Human Rights" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, University of Miami Law School, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007-20, May 2007 Christopher L. Kutz, "Torture, Necessity and Existential Politics" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, University of California, Berkeley School of Law, Boalt Hall, UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 870602, December 2005 Scott Horton, "Deconstructing John Yoo" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Harpers, January 23, 2008 Philip S. Golub, "The will to undemocratic power" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Le Monde diplomatique, September 2006 Gerhard Spörl, "The Leo-conservatives" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Der Spiegel, August 4, 2003 Mayer, Jane. The Memo: How an Internal Effort to Ban the Abuse and Torture of Detainees was Thwarted. The New Yorker. February 27, 2006 [April 22, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-27）.  Rosen, Jeffrey. Conscience of a Conservative. The New York Times Magazine. September 9, 2007 [April 23, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-09）.  Shane, Scott. Justice Dept to Critique Interrogation Methods Backed by Bush Team. The New York Times. February 16, 2009 [April 22, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-28）.  Shane, Scott. Waterboarding Focus of Inquiry by Justice Dept. The New York Times. February 23, 2009 [April 22, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）.  Johnston, David; Scott Shane. Interrogation Memos: Inquiry Suggests no Charges. The New York Times. May 6, 2009 [May 6, 2009]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.  OPR Final Report (PDF). Committee on the Judiciary. July 29, 2009 [July 4, 2011]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011年7月28日）.  Executive order: Interrogation. USA Today. January 22, 2009 [2013-03-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-26）.  Warrock, Joby and DeYoung, Karen. Obama Reverses Bush Policies On Detention and Interrogation. Washington Post. January 23, 2009 [2013-03-28]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-13）.  Yoo, John. Opinion: Terrorist Tort Travesty. The Wall Street Journal. January 19, 2008: A13 [2008-02-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-08）. Last week, I (a former Bush administration official) was sued by José Padilla—a 37-year-old al Qaeda operative convicted last summer of setting up a terrorist cell in Miami. Padilla wants a declaration that his detention by the U.S. government was unconstitutional, $1 in damages, and all of the fees charged by his own attorneys.  Schwartz, John. Judge Allows Civil Lawsuit Over Claims of Torture. New York Times. June 13, 2009 [2009-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.  "'Padilla v. Yoo, argued and submitted June 14, 2010", Legal Eagle, 2 May 2012, accessed 18 January 2013 Norton-Taylor, Richard. Top Bush aides pushed for Guantánamo torture. London: The Guardian. April 19, 2008 [2008-04-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-22）.  Julian Borger, "Spanish judge to hear torture case against six Bush officials" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The Observer, 29 March 2009 Spain may decide Guantánamo probe this week. Reuters. 2009-03-28 [2009-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2009-03-30）.