蛛緣蝽科

蛛緣蝽科（學名：Alydidae），又名蛛緣椿象科，是半翅目緣蝽總科下的一個科。本科物種與緣蝽科物種有着密切關係。現時本科包括有至少50個属、 290個物種。 分佈於温带及地區上較溫暖的地區，本科物種主要為热带及亚热带昆蟲。舉例說：在欧洲本科有10個屬的物種，當中只有2個屬有在較溫暖的地中海區域以外出現。 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。 Broad-headed bugs are up to 10—12毫米（0.4—0.5英寸） long, and have slender bodies. Some have long and very thin legs. The most notable characteristics of the family are that the head is broad, often similar in length and width to the 前胸 (昆蟲) and the scutellum (entomology)（英语：scutellum (entomology)）, and that the last 觸角 segments are elongated and curved. The 複眼s are globular and protruding, and they also have ocelli（英语：ocelli）. The 腿 (节肢动物) of the hindlegs bear several strong spines; the tarsus has three segments. Most species have well-developed 翅鞘 (forewings), allowing them to fly well, but in some the hemelytra are vestigial. The membranous part of the hemelytra have several closely spaced long veins. Alydidae are generally of dusky or blackish coloration. The upperside of the 腹 is usually bright orange-red. this color patch is normally not visible as it is covered by the wings; it can be exposed, perhaps to warn would-be 捕食s of these animals' noxiousness: They frequently have scent glands that produce a stink considered to be worse than that of true stink bugs (蝽科). The stink is said to smell similar to a bad case of 口臭. Sometimes the adults have reduced wings. Both, nymphs and adults of some species, such as Dulichius inflatus（英语：Dulichius inflatus） and Hyalymenus（英语：Hyalymenus） spp. are 擬蟻現象s and live in ant nests. 這些昆蟲主要棲息於相當乾旱（英语：arid）的沙質棲息地，見於海濱、石楠荒原、乾草原和疏林草原。牠們的主要以植物的種子為食：牠們會用其長鼻（英语：proboscis）刺穿種子，以飲用其中所含的營養液。部分物種在經濟上是重要的害蟲，例如水稻上的Leptocorisa oratoria（英语：Leptocorisa oratoria）。 本科物種為单源群，可分為三條自然的家系（英语：lineage (evolution)）。這三條家系原來對應本科的三個族，分別如下： 蛛缘蝽族（Alydini）、 稻缘蝽族（Leptocorisini）和 微翅缘蝽族（Micrelytrini）。 1965年，有兩份文獻對這分類作出不同的修訂： Ahmad (1965) 將三個族都提升至亞科級，分別為： 蛛缘蝽亚科 Alydinae 稻缘蝽亚科 Leptocorinae 微缘蝽亚科 Microelytrinae 而Schaefer (1965)的提議將本科物種只分為兩個亞科： 蛛缘蝽亚科不變； 稻缘蝽族（Leptocorisini）與微翅缘蝽族（Micrelytrini）合組成為微缘蝽亚科。 中國昆蟲學家李新正和郑乐怡於1993年發表研究，對蛛缘蝽科各個亚群合共16个代表属作比较形态学研究，結論認同Schaefer (1965)的分類建議才符合研究結果。其後，Schaefer (1999)再完善整個分類。不過，Ahmad (1965)的分類仍然有文獻在使用。 綜合多個昆蟲數據庫的資料，現時本科包括有59個屬，分為多個亞科和族，分別如下： 蛛緣蝽亞科 Alydinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 蛛緣蝽屬 Alydus Fabricius, 1803 i c g b Apidaurus Stål, 1870 Burtinus Stål, 1860 Camptopus Amyot & Serville, 1843 蛛蝽屬 Daclera Signoret, 1863 c g t Euthetus Dallas, 1852 Hamedius Stål, 1860 Heegeria Reuter, 1881 Hyalymenus Amyot & Serville, 1843 Hypselopus Burmeister, 1835 Megalotomus Fieber, 1860 Melanacanthus Stål, 1873 Mirperus Stål, 1860 Nariscus Stål, 1866 Nemausus Stål, 1866 Neomegalotomus Schaffner & Schaefer, 1998 Oxycranum Bergroth, 1910 蜂緣蝽屬 Riptortus Stål, 1860 c g t Robustocephalus Ahmad, Abbas, Shadab & Khan, 1979 Stachyocnemus Stål, 1870 Tenosius Stål, 1860 Tollius Stål, 1870 Tupalus Stål, 1860 Zulubius Bergroth, 1894 微缘蝽亚科 Micrelytrinae 稻缘蝽族（Leptocorisini） Bloeteocoris Ahmad, 1965 Grypocephalus Hsiao, 1963 稻缘蝽属 Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829 Mutusca Stål, 1866 Stenocoris Burmeister, 1839 微翅缘蝽族（Micrelytrini） Acestra Dallas, 1852 c g Anacestra Hsiao, 1964 Bactrocoris Kormilev, 1953 Bactrodosoma Stål, 1860 Bactrophya Breddin, 1901 Bactrophyamixia Brailovsky, 1991 Calamocoris Breddin, 1901 Cydamus Stål, 1860 Darmistus Stål, 1860 Dulichius Stål, 1866 Esperanza Barber, 1906 Eudarmistus Breddin, 1903 Longicoris Ahmad, 1968 Marcius Stål, 1865 微翅缘蝽属 Micrelytra（英语：Micrelytra） Laporte, 1833 c g Paramarcius Hsiao, 1964 Paraplesius Scott, 1874 Protenor Stål, 1868 Rimadarmistus Bliven, 1956：只見於ITIS，其物種在其他數據庫被認為是Darmistus subvittatus Stål, 1860的異名。 Slateria Ahmad, 1965 c g Stachyolobus Stål, 1871 Trachelium Herrich-Schäffer, 1850 Tuberculiformia Ahmad, 1967 Noliphini族 Ahmad, 1965 Cosmoleptus Stål, 1873 Lyrnessus Stål, 1862 Noliphus Stål, 1859 Orthriocorisa Scudder, 1890 † 數據來源： i = ITIS c = Catalogue of Life g = GBIF b = Bugguide.net t = TaiBIF 饒戈; 葉朝霞. 香港蝽類昆蟲圖鑑 第一版. 香港昆蟲學會. 2012: 166. ISBN 978-988-17797-7-9 （中文（繁體））.  Oliveira PO. On the mimetic association between nymphs of Hyalymenus spp. (Hemiptera: Alydidae) and ants. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1985, 83 (4): 371–384. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01182.x.  李新正; 郑乐怡. 蛛缘蝽科系统发育初探(半翅目:缘蝽总科). 《动物分类学报》. 1993-01-01, 18 (3): 330–343 [2018-10-12]. ISSN 1000-0739. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12） （中文（简体））.  Ahmad, I. The Leptocorisinae (Heteroptera: Alydidae) of the world. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 1965, 5 (Supplement): 1–156 （英语）.  Alydidae. ITIS. [2018-04-23].  Schaefer, C.W. The morphology and higher classification of the Coreoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Parts III. The families Rhopalidae, Alydidae, and Coreidae. Publications of the Entomological Society of America. 1965, 5: 1–76 （英语）.  Schaefer, Carl W. The higher classification of the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington（英语：Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington）. 1999, 101 (1): 94–98 （英语）.  Australian Faunal Directory Browse Alydidae. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2020 Annual Checklist.. Reading, UK: Species 2000. 2020 [2018-04-23] （英语）.  Alydidae. GBIF. Copenhagen, Denmark: GBIF Secretariat. [2018-04-23].  Alydidae Family Information. BugGuide.net. [2018-04-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-05）.  Alydidae 蛛緣蝽科. TaiBIF. [2018-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-12） （中文（繁體））.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蛛緣蝽科