2021年发现的系外行星列表

这是2021年发现的系外行星列表。仅由径向速度发现的太陽系外行星，记载的质量为其下限。 HD 108236 f, exoplanet.eu, [4 January 2021], （原始内容存档于2022-08-29）  Bonfanti, A.; et al, CHEOPS observations of the HD 108236 planetary system: A fifth planet, improved ephemerides, and planetary radii, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 646: A157, Bibcode:2021A&A...646A.157B, S2CID 230437723, arXiv:2101.00663 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039608  Smith, A. M. S.; et al, NGTS-14Ab: A Neptune-sized transiting planet in the desert, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 646: A183, Bibcode:2021A&A...646A.183S, S2CID 230524042, arXiv:2101.01470 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039712  Martin, David V.; et al, TOI-1259Ab – a gas giant planet with 2.7 per cent deep transits and a bound white dwarf companion, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 507 (3): 4132–4148, arXiv:2101.02707 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2129  Grieves, Nolan; et al, NGTS-13b: A hot 4.8 Jupiter-mass planet transiting a subgiant star, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 647: A180, Bibcode:2021A&A...647A.180G, S2CID 231582818, arXiv:2101.04245 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039586  Rodriguez, Joseph E.; et al, TESS Delivers Five New Hot Giant Planets Orbiting Bright Stars from the Full-frame Images, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 161 (4): 194, Bibcode:2021AJ....161..194R, S2CID 230770138, arXiv:2101.01726 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abe38a  Yee, Jennifer C.; et al, OGLE-2019-BLG-0960 Lb: The Smallest Microlensing Planet, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (5): 180, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..180Y, S2CID 231592669, arXiv:2101.04696 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1582  Osborn, H. P.; et al, A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 502 (4): 4842–4857, Bibcode:2021MNRAS.tmp..240O, arXiv:2101.04745 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab182  Hirsch, Lea A.; et al, ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF STELLAR COMPANIONS FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING OF Kepler OBJECTS OF INTEREST, The Astronomical Journal, 2017, 153 (3): 117, Bibcode:2017AJ....153..117H, S2CID 39321033, arXiv:1701.06577 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/3/117  AT LAST! CONFIRMATION OF KEPLER'S SECOND PLANETARY CANDIDATE (PDF). [2022-08-29]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-15）.  Leleu, A.; et al, Six transiting planets and a chain of Laplace resonances in TOI-178, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 649: A26, Bibcode:2021A&A...649A..26L, S2CID 231693292, arXiv:2101.09260 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039767  Palatnick, Skyler; et al, Validation of HD 183579b Using Archival Radial Velocities: A Warm Neptune Orbiting a Bright Solar Analog, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2021, 909 (1): L6, Bibcode:2021ApJ...909L...6P, S2CID 231719821, arXiv:2101.12137 , doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abe0bb  Gan, Tianjun; et al, HD 183579b: A Warm Sub-Neptune Transiting a Solar Twin Detected by TESS, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 507 (2): 2220–2240, arXiv:2107.14015 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2224  Yun Hak Kim; et al, KMT-2019-BLG-0371 and the Limits of Bayesian Analysis, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (1): 17, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...17K, S2CID 231728667, arXiv:2101.12206 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abf930  Sozzetti, A.; et al, A sub-Neptune and a non-transiting Neptune-mass companion unveiled by ESPRESSO around the bright late-F dwarf HD 5278 (TOI-130), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 648: A75, Bibcode:2021A&A...648A..75S, S2CID 231728514, arXiv:2101.12300 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040034  Han, Cheongho; et al, KMT-2018-BLG-1025Lb: Microlensing super-Earth planet orbiting a low-mass star, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 649: A90, Bibcode:2021A&A...649A..90H, S2CID 231786450, arXiv:2102.01890 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039817  Mahadevan, Suvrath; et al, The Habitable-zone Planet Finder Detects a Terrestrial-mass Planet Candidate Closely Orbiting Gliese 1151: The Likely Source of Coherent Low-frequency Radio Emission from an Inactive Star, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2021, 919 (1): L9, Bibcode:2021ApJ...919L...9M, S2CID 231802021, arXiv:2102.02233 , doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abe2b2  Perger, M.; et al, The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 649: L12, S2CID 232269942, arXiv:2103.10216 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140786  Ikwut-Ukwa, Mma; et al, Two Massive Jupiters in Eccentric Orbits from the TESS Full-frame Images, The Astronomical Journal, 2022, 163 (1): 9, Bibcode:2022AJ....163....9I, S2CID 231802379, arXiv:2102.02222 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac2ee1  Mayor, M.; et al, The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets, 2011, arXiv:1109.2497  [astro-ph.EP]  Ahrer, E.; et al, The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XLV. Two Neptune mass planets orbiting HD 13808: a study of stellar activity modelling's impact on planet detection, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 503 (1): 1248–1263, Bibcode:2021MNRAS.503.1248A, arXiv:2102.03387 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab373  Newton, Elisabeth R.; et al, TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) IV: Three small planets orbiting a 120 Myr-old star in the Pisces–Eridanus stream, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 161 (2): 65, Bibcode:2021AJ....161...65N, S2CID 231879927, arXiv:2102.06049 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abccc6  Barragán, Oscar; et al, TESS re-observes the young multi-planet system TOI-451:refined ephemeris and activity evolution, Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society, 2021, 5 (3): 51, Bibcode:2021RNAAS...5...51B, S2CID 232258104, arXiv:2103.09746 , doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abef70  Tofflemire, Benjamin M.; et al, TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME). V. A Sub-Neptune Transiting a Young Star in a Newly Discovered 250 Myr Association, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 161 (4): 171, Bibcode:2021AJ....161..171T, S2CID 231879915, arXiv:2102.06066 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abdf53  Kil Jung, Youn; et al, OGLE-2018-BLG-0567Lb and OGLE-2018-BLG-0962Lb: Two Microlensing Planets through the Planetary-caustic Channel, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 161 (6): 293, Bibcode:2021AJ....161..293J, S2CID 231924992, arXiv:2102.07338 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abf8bd  Toledo-Padrón, B.; et al, A super-Earth on a close-in orbit around the M1V star GJ 740, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 648: A20, S2CID 231951695, arXiv:2102.09441 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040099  Kains, N.; et al, A giant planet beyond the snow line in microlensing event OGLE-2011-BLG-0251, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 552: A70, S2CID 43146154, arXiv:1303.1184 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220626  Soto, M. G.; et al, Mass and density of the transiting hot and rocky super-Earth LHS 1478 b (TOI-1640 b), Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 649: A144, Bibcode:2021A&A...649A.144S, S2CID 232013854, arXiv:2102.11640 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140618  Bluhm, P.; et al, An ultra-short-period transiting super-Earth orbiting the M3 dwarf TOI-1685, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 650: A78, Bibcode:2021A&A...650A..78B, S2CID 232092636, arXiv:2103.01016 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140688  Hirano, Teruyuki; et al, Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (4): 161, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..161H, S2CID 232335413, arXiv:2103.12760 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0fdc  Zang, Weicheng; et al, An Earth-mass planet in a time of COVID-19: KMT-2020-BLG-0414Lb, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2021, 21 (9): 239, Bibcode:2021RAA....21..239Z, S2CID 232092272, arXiv:2103.01896 , doi:10.1088/1674-4527/21/9/239  Hobson, Melissa J.; et al, A Transiting Warm Giant Planet around the Young Active Star TOI-201, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 161 (5): 235, Bibcode:2021AJ....161..235H, S2CID 232110390, arXiv:2103.02685 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abeaa1  Trifonov, T.; et al, A nearby transiting rocky exoplanet that is suitable for atmospheric investigation, Science, 2021, 371 (6533): 1038–1041, Bibcode:2021Sci...371.1038T, PMID 33674491, S2CID 232124642, arXiv:2103.04950 , doi:10.1126/science.abd7645  Tilbrook, Rosanna H.; et al, NGTS 15b, 16b, 17b, and 18b: Four hot Jupiters from the Next-Generation Transit Survey, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 504 (4): 6018–6032, arXiv:2103.10302 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab815  Zang, Weicheng; et al, Systematic KMTNet Planetary Anomaly Search. I. OGLE-2019-BLG-1053Lb, a Buried Terrestrial Planet, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (4): 163, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..163Z, S2CID 232307459, arXiv:2103.11880 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac12d4  Cloutier, R.; et al, TOI-1634 b: An Ultra-short-period Keystone Planet Sitting inside the M-dwarf Radius Valley, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (2): 79, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...79C, S2CID 232335385, arXiv:2103.12790 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0157  Han, Cheongho; et al, KMT-2019-BLG-1715: Planetary Microlensing Event with Three Lens Masses and Two Source Stars, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 161 (6): 270, Bibcode:2021AJ....161..270H, S2CID 232478488, arXiv:2104.00293 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abf4d0  Kondo, Iona; et al, OGLE-2018-BLG-1185b: A Low-mass Microlensing Planet Orbiting a Low-mass Dwarf, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (2): 77, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...77K, S2CID 233033627, arXiv:2104.02157 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac00ba  Georgieva, I. Y.; et al, Hot planets around cool stars – two short-period mini-Neptunes transiting the late K-dwarf TOI-1260, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 505 (4): 4684–4701, arXiv:2104.05653 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1464  Han, Cheongho; et al, Three microlensing planets with no caustic-crossing features, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 650: A89, Bibcode:2021A&A...650A..89H, S2CID 233231384, arXiv:2104.06544 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140758  Bohn, Alexander J.; et al, Discovery of a directly imaged planet to the young solar analog YSES 2, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 648: A73, Bibcode:2021A&A...648A..73B, S2CID 233296087, arXiv:2104.08285 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140508  Ryu, Yoon-Hyun; et al, Shortest Microlensing Event with a Bound Planet: KMT-2016-BLG-2605, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (3): 96, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...96R, S2CID 233289612, arXiv:2104.07906 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac062a  Brett Christopher Addison; et al, TOI-1431b/MASCARA-5b: An Ultra-hot Jupiter Orbiting One of the Hottest & Brightest Known Exoplanet Host Stars, Posters from the Tess Science Conference Ii (Tsc2, 2021: 64, Bibcode:2021tsc2.confE..64A, arXiv:2104.12078 , doi:10.5281/zenodo.5126266  Stangret, M.; et al, The obliquity and atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter TOI-1431b (MASCARA-5b): A misaligned orbit and no signs of atomic or molecular absorptions, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 654: A73, Bibcode:2021A&A...654A..73S, S2CID 233393996, arXiv:2104.12414 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040100  Cointepas, M.; et al, TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 650: A145, Bibcode:2021A&A...650A.145C, S2CID 233476660, arXiv:2104.14782 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140328  Hoyer, S.; et al, TOI-220 b: A warm sub-Neptune discovered by TESS, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 505 (3): 3361–3379, arXiv:2105.01944 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1427  Otegi, J. F.; et al, TESS and HARPS reveal two sub-Neptunes around TOI 1062, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 653: A105, Bibcode:2021A&A...653A.105O, S2CID 233739805, arXiv:2105.01945 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202040247  Zhang, Jingwen; et al, Long-period Jovian Tilts the Orbits of Two sub-Neptunes Relative to Stellar Spin Axis in Kepler-129, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (3): 89, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...89Z, S2CID 234338914, arXiv:2105.03446 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0634  Maldonado, J.; et al, HADES RV programme with HARPS-N at TNG, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 651: A93, S2CID 234482717, arXiv:2105.06155 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141141  Burt, Jennifer A.; et al, TOI-1231 b: A Temperate, Neptune-sized Planet Transiting the Nearby M3 Dwarf NLTT 24399, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (3): 87, Bibcode:2021AJ....162...87B, S2CID 234763319 , arXiv:2105.08077 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac0432   Kostov, Veselin B.; et al, TIC 172900988: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet Detected in One Sector of TESS Data, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (6): 234, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..234K, S2CID 234762777, arXiv:2105.08614 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac223a  Dai, Fei; et al, TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes, 2021, arXiv:2105.08844  [astro-ph.EP]  Dalal, S.; et al, The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 651: A11, S2CID 234790136, arXiv:2105.09741 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140712  Rosenthal, Lee J.; et al, The California Legacy Survey. I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 2021, 255 (1): 8, Bibcode:2021ApJS..255....8R, S2CID 235186973, arXiv:2105.11583 , doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abe23c  Amado, Pedro J.; Bauer, Florian F.; Rodríguez López, Cristina; Rodríguez, Eloy; Cardona Guillén, C.; Perger, M.; Caballero, José A.; López-González, Maria J.; Muñoz Rodríguez, I.; Pozuelos, F. J.; Sánchez-Rivero, A.; Schlecker, M.; Quirrenbach, Andreas; Ribas, Ignasi; Reiners, Ansgar; Almenara, J.; Astudillo-Defru, N.; Azzaro, M.; Béjar, Victor J. S.; Bohemann, R.; Bonfils, X.; Bouchy, F.; Cifuentes, C.; Cortés-Contreras, M.; Delfosse, Xavier; Dreizler, Stefan; Forveille, Thierry; Hatzes, Artie P.; Henning, Thomas K.; Jeffers, Sandra V.; Kaminski, Adrian; Kürster, Martin; Lafarga, M.; Lodieu, Nicolas; Lovis, C.; Mayor, M.; Montes, David; Morales, Juan Carlos; Morales, Nicolás; Murgas, F.; Ortiz, José L.; Pepe, F.; Perdelwitz, V.; Pollaco, D.; Santos, N. C.; Schöfer, P.; Schweitzer, A.; Ségransan, N. C.; Shan, Y.; Stock, S.; Tal-Or, Lev; Udry, S.; Zapatero-Osorio, María Rosa; Zechmeister, Mathias. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2021-05-28, 650: A188. S2CID 235248027. arXiv:2105.13785 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140633.  Murgas, F.; et al, TOI-674b: An oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 653: A60, Bibcode:2021A&A...653A..60M, S2CID 235294286, arXiv:2106.01246 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140718  Brande, Jonathan; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Kreidberg, Laura; Oklopčić, Antonija; Polanski, Alex S.; Barman, Travis; Benneke, Björn; Christiansen, Jessie L.; Dragomir, Diana; Foreman-Mackey, Daniel; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Greene, Thomas P.; Howard, Andrew W.; Knutson, Heather A.; Lothringer, Joshua D.; Mikal-Evans, Thomas; Morley, Caroline V., A Mirage or an Oasis? Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Warm Neptune TOI-674 b, 2022, arXiv:2201.04197   Eisner, N. L.; et al, Planet Hunters TESS III: Two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 2021, 505 (2): 1827–1840, arXiv:2106.04603 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1253  Hwang, Kyu-Ha; et al, Systematic KMTNet Planetary Anomaly Search, Paper II: Five New q<2×10−4 Mass-ratio Planets, 2021, S2CID 245740102, arXiv:2106.06686 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac38ad  Khandelwal, Akanksha; et al, Discovery of an inflated hot Jupiter around a slightly evolved star TOI-1789, 2021, arXiv:2106.08660 , doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2970  Wirth, Christopher P.; et al, TOI-942b: A Prograde Neptune in a ∼ 60 Myr Old Multi-transiting System, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 2021, 917 (2): L34, Bibcode:2021ApJ...917L..34W, S2CID 235670113, arXiv:2106.14968 , doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac13a9  Han, Cheongho; et al, KMT-2018-BLG-1743: Planetary microlensing event occurring on two source stars, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 652: A145, Bibcode:2021A&A...652A.145H, S2CID 235694685, arXiv:2107.00155 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140923  Fukui, A.; et al, TOI-1749: An M dwarf with a Trio of Planets including a Near-resonant Pair, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (4): 167, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..167F, S2CID 235795469, arXiv:2107.05430 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac13a5  Demangeon, O. D. S.; et al, The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 653: A78, S2CID 235795175, arXiv:2107.05089 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141079  Dalba, Paul A.; et al, Giant Outer Transiting Exoplanet Mass (GOT 'EM) Survey. II. Discovery of a Failed Hot Jupiter on a 2.7 Yr, Highly Eccentric Orbit, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (4): 154, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..154D, S2CID 235898945, arXiv:2107.06901 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac134b  Kanodia, Shubham; et al, TOI-532b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a Large Super Neptune in the Neptune Desert orbiting a metal-rich M-dwarf host, The Astronomical Journal, 2021, 162 (4): 135, Bibcode:2021AJ....162..135K, S2CID 236493328, arXiv:2107.13670 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ac1940  Wells, R. D.; et al, A large sub-Neptune transiting the thick-disk M4 V TOI-2406, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 653: A97, Bibcode:2021A&A...653A..97W, S2CID 236493492, arXiv:2107.14125 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141277  Lillo-Box, J.; et al, Follow-up of non-transiting planets detected by Kepler, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2021, 654: A9, S2CID 236635201, arXiv:2107.14621 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140746  Winters, Jennifer G.; Cloutier, Ryan; Medina, Amber A.; Irwin, Jonathan M.; Charbonneau, David; Astudillo-Defru, Nicola; Bonfils, Xavier; Howard, Andrew W.; Isaacson, Howard; Bean, J. L.; Seifahrt, A.; Teske, J. K.; Eastman, Jason D.; Twicken, Joseph D.; Collins, K. A.; Jensen, E. L. N.; Quinn, S. N.; Payne, M. J.; Kristiansen, M. H.; Spencer, A.; Vanderburg, Andrew; Zechmeister, Mathias; Weiss, L. M.; Wang, S. X.; Wang, G.; Udry, Stéphane; Terentev, I. A.; Sturmer, J.; Stefansson, G.; Shectman, Stephen A.; Sefako, R.; Schwengeler, H. M.; Schwarz, R. P.; Scarsdale, N.; Rubenzahl, R. A.; Roy, A.; Rosenthal, L. J.; Robertson, P.; Petigura, Erik A.; Pepe, Francesco; Omohundro, M.; Murphy, J. M. A.; Murgas, Felipe; Movcnik, T.; Montet, B. T.; Mennickent, R.; Mayo, A. W.; Massey, B.; Lubin, J.; Lovis, Christophe; Lewin, P.; Kasper, D.; Kane, S. R.; Jenkins, J. M.; Huber, D.; Horne, K.; Hill, M. L.; Gorrini, P.; Giacalone, S.; Fulton, Benjamin J.; Forveille, Thierry; Figueira, Pedro; Fetherolf, T.; Dressing, Courtney D.; Díaz, Rodrigo F.; Delfosse, Xavier; Dalba, P. A.; Dai, F.; Cortes, C. C.; Crossfield, Ian J. M.; Crane, Jeffrey D.; Conti, D. M.; Collins, K. I.; Chontos, A.; Butler, R. Paul; Brown, P.; Brady, M.; Bouchy, François; Behmard, A.; Beard, C.; Batalha, Natalie M.; Almenara, José M. A Second Planet Transiting LTT 1445A and a Determination of the Masses of Both Worlds. The Astronomical Journal. 2022, 163 (4): 168. Bibcode:2022AJ....163..168W. 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