悲 (佛教)

悲（梵文、巴利語：Karuṇā）是佛教的主要教義及修行目標，英文通常翻譯為同情（Compassion）。為四梵住之一。 慈悲是所有佛教教派的共同理念，意思是同情心或同理心，當別人受苦時能夠同情的心。在上座部佛教而言，慈悲被認為是達致今世解脫及喜樂的法門。而在大乘佛教來說，慈悲更是普渡眾生以及修成菩提心的法門。 在上座部佛教中，慈悲是四無量心所（又稱梵住心所，Brahmavihāra）之一。四無量心所包括善（Mettā）、慈悲（Karuṇā）、隨喜（Muditā）和無分別心（upekkha），有時亦會譯為慈、悲、喜、捨。根據巴利文經典，佛陀認為四無量心適合出家人或未出家的施主修行， 並認為四無量心能照耀四方，去除三毒，今世淨心喜樂，下一世得往生天界。 在大乘佛教（漢傳佛教與藏傳佛教）來說，慈悲被提昇到和般若（prajña，有時譯智慧）同等的重要性，是通往菩薩道的途徑。在大乘佛教的修行方法中，認為修行者首先要發大願（Vow（英语：Vow））普渡眾生，然後要破除我執（self-center），見性明心，而慈悲（同情心）是破除自我中心的條件。 在漢傳佛教，觀音有時亦稱為「大慈大悲觀世音菩薩」，是推動慈悲，為眾生救苦救難的菩薩。 藏傳佛教亦以慈悲為修行的首要條件，以大乘經典《入菩提行論》為入門法則。 菩提心 菩薩 四無量心所 悲 (耆那教) Gethin (1998), pp.186-187; and, Rhys Davids & Stede, op. cit. Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-07-11 For instance, in the Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), the Buddha speaks of all Noble Disciples (ariya-savaka) developing the brahmaviharas (Thanissaro, 1994). 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-10-06. Kālāmā Sutta (AN 3.65), trans. Thanissaro (1994). 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-10-06. The "four directions" refer to east, south, west and north. AN 3.65 (Thanissaro, 1994). 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-10-06. In regards to in which heavenly realm a frequent karuṇā dweller will be reborn, AN 4.125 (Thanissaro, 2006) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） identifies it as the realm of radiant (abhassara) devas, whose lifespans last two eons. SN-A 128 (Rhys Davids & Stede, 1921–25, op. cit.); see also, BDEA & BuddhaNet (n.d.). （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Gethin (1999), p. 228. Stages of Meditation by H.H The Dalai Lama, Root Text by Kamalashila. Snow Lion Publications. Page 42-43 The Way of the Bodhisattva by Shantideva. Shambhala Publications. Page 122-123 Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet (n.d.). Buddhist Studies for Secondary Students, Unit 6: The Four Immeasurables. Retrieved from "BuddhaNet" at http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhism/bs-s15.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Gethin, Rupert (1998). The Foundations of Buddhism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Monier-Williams, Monier (1899, 1964). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-864308-X. Retrieved 2008-05-09 from "Cologne University" at http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/index.php?sfx=pdf （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-5). The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. Retrieved 2008-05-09 from "U. Chicago" at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Shah, Pravin K. (n.d.). Nine Tattvas (Principles). Retrieved from "Harvard U." at https://web.archive.org/web/20090605003634/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~pluralsm/affiliates/jainism/jainedu/9tattva.htm. Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (1994). Kalama Sutta: To the Kalamas (AN 3.65). Retrieved 2008-05-10 from "Access to Insight" at https://web.archive.org/web/20111006181109/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an03/an03.065.than.html. Thanissaro Bhikkhu (trans.) (2006). Metta Sutta: Good Will (1) (AN 4.125). Retrieved 2008-05-10 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.125.than.html （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Great Compassion Dharani Sutra （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Dharma Dictionary - RangjungYesheWiki - Snying Rje / Karuna （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Caring For the Poorest children in Cambodia: Karuna Foundation - by Cathy and Phil Kiely The network of Karuna-Shechen foundations in Europe, North America and Asia is raising funds for Karuna-Shechen humanitarian projects in the Himalayan region. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） A View on Buddhism COMPASSION AND BODHICITTA