傳媒暴力研究

傳媒暴力研究（英語：Media violence research）研究如何對抗媒體暴力及其他透過媒體傳播的暴力行為、現象及引起的暴力行為。例如網路霸凌，雖然許多社會科學相關領域都有這個議題，但針對這個領域目前仍缺乏相關的科學研究方法及理論。 媒體暴力研究追查，一個普及的媒體是否會影響潛在的暴力行為。部分研究者指出，媒體影響和暴力在關聯研究有如吸煙和癌症的相關研究一般。研究人員指出，於媒體發表內容的作者低估了內容對潛在暴力的影響，一如吸煙者低估吸煙對罹患肺癌的影響。許多作者也認為媒體暴力研究得出的結論過於誇大 。 少部分的媒體研究者甚至認為媒體是引起侵略性的禍首，然而大部分的學者皆認為媒體研究者的討論及擔心有點誇大了媒體的效果(Freedman, 2002; Pinker 2002; Savage, 2004)。 傳媒暴力研究學者Rowell Huesmann指出「引起嚴重的攻擊性，是來自原有的複雜因素加上觸媒」 。也有許多以其他看待攻擊行為的存在觀點，例如攻擊行為來自生理或基因(see the work of Hare, 1993, Larsson, Andershed, & Lichtenstein, In Press, among others)，也有學者認為攻擊行為可以解釋為演化心理學的反應。。 對於媒體可能造成有害影響的指控並不是新聞，柏拉圖就曾批評過戲劇對年輕人的影響。許多媒體，包括漫畫、爵士樂、搖滾樂、龍與地下城和廉價小說等，都被一些人認定有可能造成讀者變的更具攻擊性、反叛性及行為上不道德。 1960年代電視的誕生為研究者提供了研究效果影響的新媒體。許多研究者被心理學家阿爾波特·班杜拉的社會學習理論所引導。社會學習理論指出人類的學習行為是經由一連串的模式學習。社會學習理論和其他對於攻擊性的研究及方法不同，更多關注在神經心理學理論及研究方法上。 研究模型包括媒體使用者在長期及短期曝光於媒體暴力之下，和行為間的連結、影響。在短期媒體暴力研究中發現，暴力曝光會增加人的興奮感、對暴力的認知和機械性的模仿。 暴力美学 画面暴力（英语：Graphic violence） 電影分級制度 电子游戏争议（英语：Video game controversy） Free Expression Policy Project Website of Brad Bushman （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Duke Ferris' rebuttal to Brad Bushman （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Info on court cases critical of media violence research Website of Craig Anderson （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Entertainment Softward Industry's info on video game effects （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Website of Rowell Huesmann （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Children, violence, and the media: A report for parents and policy makers American Civil Liberties Union comments on media violence research （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Debate Hour Radio Recording on MV effects (mp3 file)[永久失效連結] Open Questions on the Correlation Between Television and Violence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Anderson, C.A., Berkowitz, L., Donnerstein, E., Huesmann, L.R., Johnson, J.D., Linz, D., Malamuth, N.M., & Wartella, E. (2003). The influence of media violence on youth[永久失效連結]. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(3), 2003. Huesmann, L.R, and Laramie D Taylor. 2006. "The Role of Media Violence in Violent Behavior （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Annual Review of Public Health. 27: 393. Bushman, Brad & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. American Psychologist, 56(6-7), pp. 477-489. Block JJ, Crain BR (2007). "Omissions and errors in 'media violence and the American public.'". The American psychologist 62 (3): 252-3. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252. PMID 17469907 Savage, J. (2004.) Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, pp. 99-128. ISSN 1359-1789 Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802035530 Huesmann, L.R. (1998). "The role of social information processing and cognitive schema in the acquisition and maintenance of habitual aggressive behavior". In R. G. Geen, & E. I. Donnerstein (Eds.), Human aggression: Theories, research, and implications for policy (pp. 73-109). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122788055. OCLC 39791314 Buss, David M. The Murderer Next Door : Why The Mind Is Designed To Kill, Penguin Press 2005 ISBN 978-1594200434 Anderson, C., & Dill, K. (2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior in the laboratory and in life （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790. Bargh, J. (2005). Bypassing the will: Towards demystifying the nonconscious control of social behavior. In R. Hassin, J. Uleman and J. Bargh (Eds.) The New Unconscious. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195149951 Bargh, J., Chen, M., & Burrows, L. (1996). "Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2). Bartholow, B. D., Bushman, B. J., & Sestir, M. A. (2006). "Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence: Behavioral and event-related brain potential data". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 532-539. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.08.006 Berkowitz, L. (1965). Some aspects of observed aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2, 359-369. PMID 14333308 Block JJ, Crain BR (2007). "Omissions and errors in 'media violence and the American public.'". American Psychologist 62 (3): 252-3. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252. PMID 17469907 Bushman, Brad & Anderson, C. (2001). Media violence and the American public: Scientific fact versus media misinformation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. American Psychologist, 56(6-7), pp. 477-489. Bushman, Brad, & Anderson, C. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations: A test of the General Aggression Model （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1679-1686. Comstock, G. & Scharrer, E. (2003). Meta-analyzing the controversy over television violence and aggression. In D. Gentile (Ed.) Media Violence and Children, pp. 205-226. ISBN 978-0275979560 Deselms, J., & Altman, J. (2003). "Immediate and prolonged effects of videogame violence". Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1553-1563. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01962.x "This study examined the relationship between playing violent videogames and sensitivity to aggressive acts." Freedman, Jonathan L. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression.: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802035530 Freedman, J. Evaluating the Research on Violent Video Games. Hare, Robert. Without Conscience : The Disturbing World of the Psychopaths Among Us. Pocket Books. 1993. ISBN 978-0671732615. OCLC 28550146.  Huesmann, L.R., & Eron, L. (1986). Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates ISBN 978-0898597547 Huesmann, L.R, Moise, J.F., & Podolski, C.L. (1997). The effects of media violence on the development of antisocial behavior. In D. Stoff, J. Breiling & Master (Eds.) Handbook of Antisocial Behavior (pp. 181- 193). New York: John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-0471124528 Hurely, S. "Bypassing Conscious Control: Media violence, unconscious intention, and freedom of speech[永久失效連結]". from Does Consciousness Cause Behavior? An Investigation of the Nature of Volition, March 2006 MIT Press (ISBN 978-0-262-16237-1) Jones, Gerard (2002). Killing monsters: why children need fantasy, super heroes and make-believe violence. New York : Basic Books ISBN 978-0465036967 Larsson, H., Andershed, A., & Lichtenstein, P. (In Press). A genetic factor explains most of the variation in the psychopathic personality. 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ISBN 978-1423750208 Slater, Michael D. Alienation, Aggression, and Sensation Seeking as Predictors of Adolescent Use of Violent Film, Computer, and Website Content. Journal of Communication (Oxford University Press (OUP)). 2003-03-01, 53 (1): 105–121. ISSN 0021-9916. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03008.x.  Tedeschi, James T., & Quigley, Brian. (1996). "Limitations of laboratory paradigms for studying aggression". Aggression & Violent Behavior, 2, 163-177. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00014-3 ISSN 1359-1789 Vidal, Miguel Ángel, Clemente, Miguel & Espinosa, Pablo. (2003). "Types of Media Violence and Degree of Acceptance in Under-18s[永久失效連結]" Aggressive Behavior, 29(5), 381-392. doi:10.1002/ab.10037 ISSN 0096-140X