海達語

海達語Xaat Kíl是海達族的語言。該語言有8個元音和超過30個輔音。語言學家愛德華·薩丕爾曾在1915年把海達語歸為納－德內語系，該提議隨即受到諸多語言學家（如Pinnow, Greenberg, Enrico, Ruhlen, Manaster Ramer, and Bengtson，詳見參考文獻列表）的支持；然而，今天大多數語言學家將海達語看作是一个孤立语言。 2008年語言學界提議美洲的納－德內語系和北亚（中西伯利亞）的叶尼塞语系同源並構成德內－葉尼塞語門，却没有任何跡象表明海達語屬於該語門。 大约100年前，全體海達族都使用海達語，但今天海達語却是極度瀕危語言，只有20個人在使用， 而今其使用者幾乎全是长者。 海達語語有兩套基於拉丁字母的書寫系統：在加拿大常用的，约翰·恩里科（John Enrico）提出的恩里科系統，用來書寫南海達語；在美國常用的，阿拉斯加原住民族語言中心（英语：Alaska Native Language Center）（Alaska Native Language Center）提出的ANLC系統，用來書寫北海達語。 ANLC系統區分兩個同位異音[t͡ʃ]（英語的ch）和[ts]（漢語拼音的c）。 恩里科系統是一種跨方言文字（儘管只跨了兩個加拿大方言），它在不同方言中給了不同的語音影射，使得在兩种方言中發音相同的詞有著不同的寫法，而寫法相同的詞有著不同的發音。 此外還有一個不常用的系統，由John R. Swanton給出。它更像是基於语音的，而不像是基於音位的。 UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997: 257. ISBN 1559634804.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-26）.  UBC World Language Fair’s HAIDA webpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-13）.  只剩20個人會說！加拿大導演拍片護原民族語. [2019-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-04）.  Ethnologue report for language code:hdn. [2008-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-08）.  Haida Language Mainpage. [2008-05-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-05-12）.  Ways of Writing Haida. [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-05）.  Enrico, John; Stuart, Wendy Bross. Northern Haida Songs. University of Nebraska Press. 1996. ISBN 0-8032-1816-8.  Enrico, John. Haida Syntax. University of Nebraska Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8032-1822-2.  Enrico, John. Toward Proto – Na-Dene. Anthopological Linguistics. 2004, 46 (3): 229–302.  Lawrence, Erma. Haida dictionary. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. 1977 [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-01）.  Mithun, Marianne. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press. 2001. ISBN 052129875X.  Schoonmaker, Peter K.; Bettina Von Hagen, Edward C. Wolf. The Rain Forests of Home: Profile Of A North American Bioregion. Island Press. 1997 [2013-02-13]. ISBN 1-55963-480-4. （原始内容存档于2013-06-16）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Andersen, Doris. 1974. "Slave of the Haida." Toronto: Macmillan Co. of Canada. Bengtson, John D. (2008), "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." Aspects of Comparative Linguistics, vol. 3, Moscow: RSUH Publishers, pp. 45–118 Dauenhauer, Nora Marks. 2008. "The Battles of Sitka, 1802 and 1804, Anooshi Lingit Aani Ka, Russians in Tlingit America." University of Washington Press. Dawson, George M. Vocabulary of the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte Islands (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1880 [2012-08-26].  Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The History of the Na-Dene Controversy: A Sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael. 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa. Enrico, John. 1983a. "The Haida Language." The Outer Shores, edited by Scudder, G. E. and Gessler, Nicholas. Queen Charlotte City, B.C.: Queen Charlotte Islands Museum Press. pp. 223–248. Enrico, John. 1983b. "Tense in the Haida Relative Clause." International Journal of American Linguistics 52:91–123. Enrico, John. 1986. "Word Order, Focus and Topic in Haida." International Journal of American Linguistics 49:136–166. Enrico, John. 1991. The Lexical Phonology of Masset Haida. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Papers, 8.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center. Enrico, John. 1998. "Remarks on Pitch in Skidegate Haida." Gengo Kenkyu 12:115–120. Enrico, John. 2003. Haida Syntax. (2 volumes). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Enrico, John. 2005. Haida Dictionary: Skidegate, Masset, and Alaskan Dialects. (2 volumes). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center; Juneau: Sealaska Heritage Institute. Fisher, Robin. 1992. "Contact and Conflict: Indian-European Relations in British Columbia, 1774–1890." UBC Press. Greenberg, J.H. 1987a. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Greenberg, J.H. 1987b. "The Na-Dene Problem". In Greenberg (1987a), pp. 321–330. Harrison, Charles. 1925. "Ancient Warriors of the North Pacific; The Haidas, Their Laws, Customs and Legends." London, H. F. & G. Witherby. Harrison, Charles; Royal Society of Canada. Haida grammar (microform). Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1895 [2012-08-26].  Hibben & Carswell. Dictionary of Indian tongues (microform) : containing most of the words and terms used in the Tshimpsean, Hydah, & Chinook, with their meaning or equivalent in the English language. Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1865 [2012-08-26].  Keen, John Henry. A grammar of the Haida language. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. 1906 [2012-08-26].  Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A New Look at the Evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157–70. Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 1996. "Sapir's Classifications: Haida and the Other Na Dene languages." Anthropological linguistics 38:179–215. Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen. 1976. Geschichte der Na-Dene-Forschung. (Indiana : Beihefte; 5). Berlin: Mann. ISBN 3-7861-3027-2 Pinnow. H-J. 1985. Das Haida als Na-Dene Sprache. (Abhandlungen der völkerkundlichen Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Hefte 43–46.) Nortorf, Germany: Völkerkundliche Arbeitsgemeinschaft. Pinnow. H-J. 2006a. Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Lichte der Greenberg-Klassifikation. / The Na-Déné Languages in Light of Greenberg's Classification. Zweite erweiterte Auflage / Second revised edition. Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert. Pinnow. H-J. 2006b. Sprachhistorische Untersuchung zur Stellung des Haida als Na-Dene-Sprache. (Unveränderte Neuausgabe aus INDIANA 10, Gedenkschrift Gerdt Kutscher. Teil 2. Berlin 1985. Mit einem Anhang = Die Na-Dene-Sprachen im Verhältnis zum Tibeto-Chinesischen.) Bredstedt: Druckerei Lempfert. Rosman, Abraham. 1971. "Feasting with Mine Enemy: Rank and Exchange among Northwest Coast Societies" Columbia University Press. Ruhlen M. 1998. "The Origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95, no. 23: 13994-6. Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene Languages: A Preliminary Report. American Anthropologist 17.534–558. Stearns, Mary Lee. 1981. "Haida Culture in Custody." University of Washington Press. Swanton, John R. 1905. Haida Texts and Myths. Skidegate dialect. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 29.) Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Swanton, John R. 1908. Haida Texts. Masset Dialect. (Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. 10, part 2.) Leiden: E. J. Brill. 刀鋒邊緣 關於一系列與海達語有關的詞語，參見維基詞典上海達語的詞語目錄 Haida language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Listen to the sounds of Haida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Skidegate Haida Portal, First Voices （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Raven, a story in the Haida language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Haida writing systems （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Haida linguistics bibliography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Book of Common Prayer in Haida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） How to count in Haida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FirstVoices Haida iPhone App （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FirstVoices Haida Online Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）