古吉拉特语

古吉拉特语（ગુજરાતી，拉丁化：Gujarātī）属于印欧语系印度-伊朗语族的印度-雅利安语支，为印度22种官方语言与14种地区性语言之一，同时也是巴基斯坦少数民族语言。全球有大约4600万人讲这种语言，为世界上第23大语言。从使用的人群主要分布来看，印度4550万，乌干达15万，巴基斯坦10万，肯尼亚5万。 古吉拉特语为印度古吉拉特邦、联邦属地达德拉-纳加尔哈维利和达曼-第乌的主要语言，同时也是孟买古吉拉特人社区的语言，在北美和英国有众多讲古吉拉特语的居民。古吉拉特语也是印度国父圣雄甘地、巴基斯坦国父穆罕默德·阿里·真納和沙达·瓦拉汉·佩帖尔（被誉为铁人的印度首位内政大臣）的第一语言。 古吉拉特語是一種頭-終結或左-分支語言。形容詞前導名詞，直接賓語先於動詞，并且它有后置詞。古吉拉特語的語序是SOV，并且它有三個性和兩個數。沒有定冠詞或不定冠詞。動詞表達為它的動詞詞根跟上標記文法體和呼應的後綴，以此叫做主形式，帶有從 to be 派生的可能的前導輔助形式，標記時態和語氣，并也展示呼應。使役式(直到雙重)和被動式有著構詞基礎。 Gordon 2005 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGordon2005 (help) Dwyer 1995，第5頁 Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Gujarati. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.  Mistry 2001，第276-277頁 Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary. Deshpande（英语：Deshpande）, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board. Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press. Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary. Platts, J.T., A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, 1884 [2016-05-01], （原始内容存档于2011-10-16） . Suthar, B.（英语：Babu Suthar） (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb)（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Turner, Ralph Lilley, A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, 1966 [2016-05-01], （原始内容存档于2021-01-25） . Cardona, George, A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1965 . Taylor, G.P., The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, 1908 . Tisdall, W.S., A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, 1892 . Dave, Jagdish, Colloquial Gujarati 2004, Routledge, 1995, ISBN 0-415-09196-9 . Gujarati Literary Academy（英语：Gujarati Literary Academy） UK, Text Books 1 to 5 1985, Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai, 1985 . Dwyer, Rachel, Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995 [2016-05-01], （原始内容存档于2008-01-02） . Lambert, H.M., Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press, 1971 . Dave, T.N., Notes on Gujarati Phonology, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, 1931, 6 (3): 673–678, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00093174 . Firth, J.R., Phonetic Observations on Gujarati, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1957, 20 (1): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0041977X00061802 . Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Phonology, Kaye, A.S. (编), Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997 . Pandit, P.B., Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels, Language, 1961, 37 (1): 54–66, doi:10.2307/411249 . Turner, Ralph Lilley, Gujarati Phonology, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1921: 505–544 . Turner, Ralph Lilley, Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1915: 1033–1038 . Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu, Gujarati, Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (编), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 2003 [2016-05-01], ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5, （原始内容存档于2020-12-22） . Dalby, Andrew, Gujarati, Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-231-11568-7 . Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Frawley, William (编), International Encyclopedia of Linguistics 2 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003 . Mistry, P.J., Gujarati, Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (编), An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates, 2001 . Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0 Brown, W.N., An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1938, 58 (1): 5–29, doi:10.2307/594192 . Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6 Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43–45. Gajendragadkar, S.N., Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay, 1972 . Masica, Colin, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 [2016-05-01], ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2, （原始内容存档于2020-12-22） . Mistry, P.J., Gujarati Writing, Daniels; Bright (编), The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996 . 维基百科提供如下语言版本：古吉拉特语维基百科 維基教科書中的相關電子教程：Gujarati 維基導遊上的相關旅行指南：Gujarati Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati Gujarati Wiktionary Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati —a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages（英语：Central Institute of Indian Languages）. English to Gujarati Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）