倭马亚大清真寺

倭马亚大清真寺（始建于705年）是伊斯兰教最主要的清真寺之一，位于叙利亚首都大马士革。该寺被认为是伊斯兰教的第四大圣寺。 倭马亚清真寺最早是罗马帝国时期的朱庇特神殿，在392年罗马帝国定基督教为国教后改为圣约翰大教堂（纪念施洗约翰），为正教会安提阿牧首区下大马士革主教的主教座堂。叙利亚于7世纪为阿拉伯人征服后，圣约翰大教堂一度仍归基督教徒做礼拜之用。705年，倭马亚王朝的哈里发瓦利德一世接收了这座教堂，将其改为清真寺。瓦利德一世从拜占庭、叙利亚、埃及等地招集工匠，历时十年将清真寺建成。 在改造过程中，教堂的长方形布局被保存下来，但其余部分有多少被留用则不得而知。可以肯定的是，倭马亚清真寺有两座尖塔原来是教堂的望楼，第三座光塔则为瓦利德一世所建。 历史上，倭马亚清真寺曾经三次被焚毁。第一次是在1069年清真寺发生火灾；第二次是在1400年，中亚的征服者帖木儿圍攻大馬士革時纵火烧毁了清真寺；第三次是在1893年，清真寺再度发生火灾。 今天，倭马亚清真寺中同时保存有先知葉哈雅和萨拉丁的陵墓。 American architect and architecture, American Architect and Architecture (J. R. Osgood & Co), 1894, XLIII (945): 58 [2021-09-11], （原始内容存档于2022-04-29） . Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter Lamont. Interpreting late antiquity: essays on the postclassical world. Harvard University Press. 2001 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 0-674-00598-8. （原始内容存档于2021-09-11）.  Burns, Ross. Damascus: a History 2nd. London: Routledge. 2007 [2005]. ISBN 978-0-415-27105-9. OCLC 648281269.  Calcani, Giuliana; Abdulkarim, Maamoun. Apollodorus of Damascus and Trajan's Column: from tradition to project. L'Erma di Bretschneider. 2003 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 88-8265-233-5. （原始内容存档于2021-09-11）.  Darke, Diana. Syria 2nd. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84162-314-6. OCLC 501398372.  Dumper, Michael; Stanley, Bruce E. Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2007 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-1-57607-919-5. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）.  Charette, François, Mathematical instrumentation in fourteenth-century Egypt and Syria: the illustrated treatise of Najm al-Dīn al-Mīṣrī, BRILL, 2003 [2021-09-11], ISBN 978-90-04-13015-9, （原始内容存档于2022-04-29）  Finkel, Caroline, Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923, Basic Books, 2005 [2021-09-11], ISBN 0-465-02396-7, （原始内容存档于2021-09-11） . Flood, Finbarr Barry. The Great Mosque of Damascus: studies on the makings of an Umayyad visual culture. Boston: BRILL. 2001 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 90-04-11638-9. （原始内容存档于2021-09-11）.  Flood, Finbarr Barry. Umayyad Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great Mosque of Damascus. Muqarnas (Boston: BRILL). 1997, 14: 57–79. JSTOR 1523236. doi:10.2307/1523236.  Grafman, Rafi; Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam. The Two Great Syrian Umayyad Mosques: Jerusalem and Damascus. Muqarnas (Boston: BRILL). 1999, 16: 1–15. JSTOR 1523262. doi:10.2307/1523262.  Hitti, Phillip K. History of Syria: Including Lebanon and Palestine. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. October 2002 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 978-1-931956-60-4. （原始内容存档于2014-07-09）.  Le Strange, Guy, Palestine Under the Moslems: A Description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500, Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1890  (Ibn Jubayr: p. 240 ff) Ibn Ṣaṣrā, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. William M. Brinner , 编. A chronicle of Damascus, 1389-1397. University of California Press. 1963 [2021-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-11）.  Ibn Khaldūn; Fischel, Walter Joseph. Ibn Khaldūn and Tamerlane: their historic meeting in Damascus, 1401 a.d. (803 a. h.) A study based on Arabic manuscripts of Ibn Khaldūn's "Autobiography". University of California Press. 1952 [2021-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.  Kafescioǧlu, Çiǧdem. "In The Image of Rūm": Ottoman Architectural Patronage in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus. Muqarnas (BRILL). 1999, 16: 70–96. JSTOR 1523266. doi:10.2307/1523266.  Kamal al-Din, Nuha; Ibn Kathir. The Islamic view of Jesus. Islamic Books. 2002 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 977-6005-08-X. （原始内容存档于2021-09-11）.  Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly statement, Published at the Fund's Office, 1897 [2021-09-11], （原始内容存档于2021-09-11） . Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Schellinger, Paul E., International Dictionary of Historic Places, Taylor & Francis, 1994 [2021-09-11], ISBN 1-884964-03-6, （原始内容存档于2021-09-11）  Rivoira, Giovanni Teresio, Moslem architecture: its origins and development, Oxford University Press, 1918 [2021-09-11], （原始内容存档于2021-10-15） . Selin, Helaine (编), Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures, Springer, 1997 [2021-09-11], ISBN 978-0-7923-4066-9, （原始内容存档于2021-09-11） . Walker, Bethany J. Commemorating the Sacred Spaces of the Past: The Mamluks and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus. Near Eastern Archaeology (The American Schools of Oriental Research). Mar 2004, 67 (1): 26–39. JSTOR 4149989. S2CID 164031578. doi:10.2307/4149989.  Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia. The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian politics and society. BRILL. 2004 [2021-09-11]. ISBN 90-04-13286-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-29）.  Van Leeuwen, Richard, Waqfs and urban structures: the case of Ottoman Damascus, BRILL, 1999 [2021-09-11], ISBN 90-04-11299-5, （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）  Wolff, Richard, The Popular Encyclopedia of World Religions: A User-Friendly Guide to Their Beliefs, History, and Impact on Our World Today, Harvest House Publishers, 2007 [2021-09-11], ISBN 978-0-7369-2007-0, （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）  Zaimeche, Salah; Ball, Lamaan, Damascus, Manchester: Foundation for Science Technology and Culture, 2005  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：倭马亚大清真寺