島嶼侏儒化

島嶼侏儒化（英語：Insular dwarfism），是指生物在孤岛中微型化的現象。島嶼侏儒化多数出现在哺乳動物身上，主要原因是體型小只需要較少生存空间與食物，較小的體型從繁殖的角度來看也相對有利，因為它只需要更短的懷孕期和代次。 食草動物賦予的大尺寸在高度競爭環境中出現，因為在其他地方身材是應對競爭對手和掠食者的優勢，但也帶來較大的負擔，掠食者的減少或沒有掠食者將有利於矮化；至於食肉動物，其中的主要因素似乎是獵物資源的規模和可用性，競爭同樣也似乎不那麼重要。 侏儒化也可出现在高山峽谷、洞穴、沙漠綠洲、天空島中，島嶼侏儒化代表物種有巴厘虎、桑給巴爾豹、倭水牛與日本狼。 島嶼巨型化 福斯特法则 第四紀滅絕事件 Company, J. Bone histology of the titanosaur Lirainosaurus astibiae (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Latest Cretaceous of Spain. Naturwissenschaften. 2010, 98 (1): 67–78. PMID 21120450. S2CID 31752413. doi:10.1007/s00114-010-0742-3. hdl:10251/148874 .  Benton, M. J.; Csiki, Z.; Grigorescu, D.; Redelstorff, R.; Sander, P. M.; Stein, K.; Weishampel, D. B. Dinosaurs and the island rule: The dwarfed dinosaurs from Haţeg Island (PDF). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2010-01-28, 293 (3–4): 438–454 [2017-07-30]. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.026. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-10）.  Cuarón, A. D.; Martínez-Morales, M. A.; McFadden, K. W.; Valenzuela, D.; Gompper, M. E. 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