指定幸存者

指定幸存者（英語：Designated survivor）是指美国总统、副总统和国家其他高级领导人聚集在同一处时故意安排的一名缺席内阁閣员，此举是为了确保在总统、副总统、国会领袖及内阁閣员全体丧生之后仍有一名部长级官员能够依照《總統繼任法案》成为繼任美国总统，以避免极端情况下导致群龙无首的情况。 “指定幸存者”是冷战期间因为担心总统等首長級高層遭遇核戰而设置，只有符合资格接任总统的内阁閣员（出生时即获得美国公民身份，35岁以上，并在美国至少生活14年的人）才可成为“指定幸存者”，例如前国务卿马德琳·奥尔布赖特因原籍是捷克斯洛伐克，后归化为美国国籍，所以她不在美国总统继任顺序之中，无法成为指定幸存者。 一般情况下，“指定幸存者”是由美国总统继任顺序上的名单中选出。由于作为“後備总统”，因此“指定幸存者”外出时可享受总统级别的安全保护并乘坐专用交通工具，身边还跟随一名武官携带著俗稱「核足球」的核手提箱以备不测之需。 从2005年开始，国会议员也有可能成为“指定幸存者”。如果参众两院只剩该名“指定幸存者”，该名幸存的参议员或者众议员会立刻升为參議院臨時議長或众议院议长，成为仅次于副总统的总统继承人。 由于其特殊性质，“指定幸存者”所在的地点必须是严格保密的。因此在2010年巴拉克·歐巴馬总统发表国情咨文期间，虽然国务卿希拉里·克林顿有國際行程而并未出席，但歐巴馬仍指定了住房和城市发展部长肖恩·多诺万成为指定幸存者，因为当时公众都知道希拉里正在英國伦敦参加一场会议；但若是當时参加总统国情咨文演讲活动的高级领导人皆已丧生而希拉里仍然倖存，那么将是希拉里继任美国总统，因为希拉里的继任顺序高于肖恩。 指定倖存者 (電視劇) “指定幸存者”：美国的“总统备份”. [2014-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-11）.  Kamen, Al. "Hillary Clinton will be in London for State of the Union （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Washington Post. Accessed 3 February 2010. 1981、1989、1993、2001、2009、2017和2021年为新任总统发表演讲，并非正式的国情咨文。 Hershey, Jr., Robert D. State of Union: Bewitched by Pageant. New York Times. 1988-01-27 [2013-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-09）.  Cabinet Members Who Did Not Attend the State of the Union Address. U.S. Senate. [2022-02-23]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-13）.  Cabinet Members Not in Attendance ("Designated Survivor," from 1984), and Frequency By Department. The American Presidency Project. UC Santa Barbara. [2022-02-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-18）.  1984: UPI, "Washington Dateline." Jan 25, 1984 Gainesville Sun Gainesville Sun - Jan 21, 1985 1985: UPI, "Washington News." Feb 6, 1985 1986: UPI, "Washington News." Feb 4, 1986 1987: UPI, "Washington News." Jan 28, 1987 1990: Washington Post, Page C3. Jan 31, 1991 1991: Washington Post, Page C3. Jan 31, 1991 1996: USA Today, Page A12. Feb 5, 1997 1997: Washington Post, "Agriculture's Glickman Draws Doomsday Duty for Address." Page A13. Feb 4, 1997 1999: New York Times, "Not Being Invited Was the Honor." Page B2. Jan 21, 1999 2000: Washington Post, "The Reliable Source." Page C3. Jan 28, 2000 2001: New York Times, "Cabinet's 'Designated Absentee' Stays Away." Page A23. Jan 30, 2002 2002: New York Times, "Cabinet's 'Designated Absentee' Stays Away." Page A23. Jan 30, 2002 2003: New York Times, "Ashcroft in Secret Spot During Bush Address." Jan 29, 2003 2004: AP, "Four to Miss Speech Due to Security." Jan 20, 2004 For the 2005, 2006, and 2007 State of the Union addresses, the President Pro Tempore of the Senate would have been the highest-ranking survivor. 2005: New York Times, "Five Officials Skip State of the Union Address." Feb 2, 2005 2006: Philadelphia Inquirer, "A Message of Energy, Strength." Feb 1, 2006. 2007: Washington Post, "The Reliable Source." Page C3. Jan 25, 2007. 2008: AP, "Interior Secretary Skips Speech," Jan 28, 2008 2009: AFP American Edition, "Gates to Sit out Obama Inauguration," January 19, 2009 Gates To Be Designated Successor On Inauguration Day （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, CBS News, January 19, 2009. Holder Staying Away From Obama's Speech （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Washington Post, February 24, 2009. Energy secretary skips Obama health care address. [2014-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2009-09-27）.  O'Keefe, Ed. State of the Union: Ken Salazar to serve as 'designated survivor'. The Washington Post. 2011-01-25 [2011-01-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-26）.  Associated Press. State of the Union: Tom Vilsack to serve as Cabinet's ‘designated survivor. Washington Post. 2012-01-24 [2012-01-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-30）.  Shinseki absent from inaugural. Miami Herald. 2013-01-22 [2013-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-03）.  Rachel Weiner. Steven Chu is the State of the Union 'designated survivor'. Washington Post. 2013-02-12 [2014-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-13）.  Energy Secretary to be Designated Survivor during State of the Union. FOX News. 2014-01-28 [2014-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.  Miller, Zeke J. This Man Will Be Your President If The Worst Happens Happens. Time. 2014-01-28 [2014-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-30）.  Kime, Patricia. Who Was the Designated Survivor for the Inauguration? Outgoing Administration Doesn't Say. Military.com. 2021-01-20 [2021-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-16）.  Leonard, Ben. No designated survivor for Biden's first joint address to Congress. POLITICO. [2021-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-13） （英语）.  Lee, M. J. White House chief of staff tells House Democrats he's hoping State of the Union address will boost Biden's poll numbers. CNN. February 24, 2022 [February 24, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-19） （英语）.  State of the Union 2023: Labor Secretary Marty Walsh named designated survivor. Washington Examiner. 2023-02-07 [2023-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-14） （英语）.