罗马独裁官列表

本列表收录了古代文献中记录的罗马独裁官。当代历史学家对其中一些记载是否真正发生过存有疑虑。在古代，独裁官并没有贬义，而是指在一段时期内独自掌权的官员。其中只有盖乌斯·尤利乌斯·恺撒的独裁官头衔是终身的。 列表中所有日期以及人物拉丁名都出自布劳顿（T.R.S. Broughton）《Magistrates of the Roman Republic》。 独裁官有几种不同类型，包括rei gerundae causa（战事）、clavi figendi causa（在朱庇特神庙插钉）、comitiorum habendorum causa（主持选举大会）、lodorum faciendorum causa（主持罗马节）。除此以外的其他类型根据现有材料都只出现过一次，不过有一个可能的例外则是seditionis sedandae et rgc（平乱及战事）。以下列表中标明星号*的则表明其类型在古代文献中并未记载，而是出自现代学者的研究。 Marianne Hartfield argues that only Manlius Capitolinus was named dictator seditionis sedandae et rgc in 368 BC, and that it was his dictatorship that caused the Romans to institute new causes to distinguish between the traditional military office (rei gerundae causa) and other uses to which the powers of that office might be put. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981.  The name of the first dictator is also given as Manius Valerius Volesi, but Livy rejects this in favor of Titus Lartius Flavus on the basis of the law that only consulars could be named dictator and Valerius had not yet been named consul. Broughton follows Livy in this. Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 9.  No dictator is listed for this year in the fasti consulares, but Lydus says that there was a dictator in the forty-eighty year of the republic. Bendel links this with the story that the senate appointed a dictator clavi figendi causa in 363 BC because that had worked to stop a pestilence a century earlier and concludes that Mamercus was this dictator. Broughton sees this as an insufficient reason to say that Mamercus was dictator in 463 BC, and suggests that Lydus has confused a dictator with an interrex. Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 35 n.2.  The fasti consulares, but no other source, list four years in which there was a dictator but no consuls elected: 333, 324, 309, and 301. In each case, Livy includes the names of the dictator and magister equitum under the previous years consuls. See Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 141.  The sources for the causa of this dictator conflict. Most historians accept that Cornelius carried on the Ludi Romani games when the praetor fell ill and attempt to explain how an annalist would have altered the records to make this a dictator rei gerundae causa. See Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 420.  Maenius is one of three dictators appointed in 320, none of whom is listed as having abdicated and been replaced by another dictator. This fact, combined with the fact that Cornelius Lentulus can only have been appointed rei gerundae causa, her conclusion that Manlius Torquatus was appointed comitiorum habendorum causa, and her judgment that the quaestionibus exercendis cannot have been his causa and is never said to be by Livy (the source of the phrase) lead Hartfield to conclude that Maenius must have had a religious function. She cannot conclude which religious causa he might have had, except that it certainly was not clavi figendi causa. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 425–28.  Livy and the fasti consulares suggest that Poetelius was dictator rei gerundae causa, but Livy preserves a source who claims that one of the consuls that year instead captured the town Poetelius was said to have captured and that his dictatorship was instead clavi figendi causa. Some modern historians do not dismiss this alternate account. Because an rgc does not hammer in the sacred nail, if Poetelius did, then he must have been appointed dictator twice this year, once for each causa. Diodorus Siculus attributes the victories credited to Gaius Poetelius Libo Visolus to one Κόιντος Φάβιος instead. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 443–51.  The fasti consulares list Gaius Sulpicius Longus as the dictator rei gerundae causa and Gauis Junius Bubulcus Brutus as his magister equitum, but Livy names the latter as dictator, without following his usual procedure of recording the magister equitum. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 452–54.  Three dictators are known only from various literary sources. Historians date them to a period for which the fasti consulares and Livy's history are missing but nothing about their causa can be known. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 471–76.  This is the only known instance of this causa, "for celebrating the Latin games." The fasti consulares do not record Claudius' causa, but do note that he had been a clerk and that he was forced to abdicate. Normally, dictators were senators of consular rank, not equestrians. It seems that the consul naming him did so to scorn the senate, which had voted to appoint a dictator to relieve him in Sicily. Claudius' nomination would not declared by the augurs to have been invalid, but the senate forced him to resign by means unknown. Aulus Atilius Caiatinus was appointed in Claudius' stead. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 480–83.  Livy says that Fabius Maximus was appointed dictator "again" in 217, so he must have had a dictatorship for some unknown cause in the periods covered by the portions of Livy that are lost. This causa, "because of the interregnum," is unique and perplexing, as there was no interregnum (one consul was still alive). Some scholars suggest that the fasti consulares misstate Fabius' causa, since he clearly took the field like a dictator rei gerundae causa. Hartfield suggests that the senate did not want to alter the forms of dictator already in use to meet the almost unique situation it found itself in, and so said that the situation was like an interregnum. Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 303–6.  Minucius was appointed Fabius Maximus' magister equitum but opposed his strategy of delay, so a tribune proposed a law to make his authority equal to that of the dictator. Scholars disagree whether this made Minucius a co-dictator or instead a magister equitum with dictatorial imperium. Since he was known to have been a dictator, those who advance the second possibility identify an additional dictatorship for him in the period for which the Livian history is missing, perhaps comitiorum habendorum causa. See Hartfield, Marianne. The Roman Dictator. Ph.D. dissertation. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 1981: 489–99.  and Broughton, T. R. S. Magistrates of the Roman Republic 1. New York: American Philological Association. 1951: 243–44.  This is the only instance of this causa. The senate decided to appoint a dictator to enroll new senators after Cannae rather than push up elections for new censors to do the same.