木扎尔特达坂

木扎尔特达坂又稱為哈达木孜达坂 是中国新疆天山山脉的一个高山口 。它连接着塔里木盆地的阿克苏市和伊犁河上游河谷的伊宁市。位于伊犁昭苏县与阿克苏拜城县的县界。越过木扎尔特达坂的路线通常被中国人称为夏特古道， 夏特是在路线北边的基地的乡名，位在特克斯河谷。 夏特古道沿夏特河翻越木扎尔特达坂、木扎尔特冰川，沿木扎尔特河经过拜城县琼阿尔帕连到达终点温宿县博孜墩乡破城子 。219国道正在延伸穿越天山有两条路线正在调查中；天山西部较短的路线将穿木扎尔特冰川，连接昭苏县与塔里木盆地温宿县。天山東部较長的路线将沿乌孙古道，连接特克斯县与塔里木盆地拜城县。 英国探险家Henry_Lansdell（英语：Henry_Lansdell）在 1800 年代后期穿越这条路线，他相信启发中国经典西游记的中国著名探险家玄奘在 7 世纪的印度之旅中曾使用过这座山口。 然而，许多学者认为山口是别迭里山口，正如玄奘所描述的那样，该达坂位于“跋禄迦國” (阿克苏) 的西北。 清朝时期，这条达坂是南疆塔里木盆地与北疆伊犁將軍府的交通要道，具有重要的军事战略重要性。由于木扎尔特冰川的存在，清廷花费了大量的人力維護使这座达坂可以通行。在同治陕甘回乱期间，这项维护工作停止了，此路变得无法通行。大约在 1870 年起义期间，俄罗斯人控制了达坂，以阻止 阿古柏向伊宁 推进，为了保护俄国在中俄伊犁塔爾巴哈臺通商章程获得的贸易利益。 1879 年左宗棠收复新疆后，俄罗斯帝国与清朝最初谈判达成的里瓦几亚条约。如果获得批准，将把这座达坂连同伊犁河谷的大部分地区割让给俄罗斯。在其他欧洲列强的支持下，该条约被重新谈判，成为伊犁條約。 1907 年，未来的芬兰总统古斯塔夫·曼纳海姆在俄罗斯帝国陆军担任情报官时经过这里。他的任务是确定俄罗斯帝国入侵中国的可行性。 1992年，与哈萨克斯坦Narynkol（英语：Narynkol）的木扎尔特口岸暂时开放。人们希望在这个达坂上修建一条高速公路，使口岸能够连接塔里木盆地和哈萨克斯坦。然而，这事从未发生过。因此，由于交通不便，口岸被关闭。 近年来，夏特温泉，一个位于达坂北坡上的小村庄，已发展成为旅游胜地。 ，并有旅游团穿越部分古道。 夏特河 渭干河 雪莲峰 乌孙古道 Paul Knott; Bruce Normand. Untapped Potential, Exploring the Chinese Central Tien Shan. American Alpine Journal. 2009 [4 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-12）. The historic Xiate Trail traverses the range from north to south. This was an important trade route from Ili over to the Muzart Gorge, and hence to the Aksu region and southern Xinjiang. The trail is notable for crossing glacial terrain and a high pass at 3,582 meters. ... A short drive from Zhaosu took us to the roadhead at Xiate Hot Springs (2,380m). ... the authorities are developing the Xiate Valley as a tourist center. A new concrete bridge and hotel are under construction at the hot springs and an upgrade of the access road is mostly complete. ... Above the pastures we followed a good trail over the Muzart Pass (3,582m) to a base camp at Hadamuzi (3,525m), a beautiful meadow overlooking the Muzart (Benzhaerte) Glacier directly opposite Baiyu Feng.  Journal of the Society of Arts. The Society. 1873: 321 [2022-03-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-11）. Next, the Muzat Pass, leading between Aksu and Russian Kulja, lies over a formidable glacier, where I am assured that 40 men are kept at work in the summer roughing the ice for the passage of the caravans.  Demetrius Charles Boulger, A Life of Yakub Beg, 1878, pages 7,12,61. 李剑. 从北疆到南疆 219国道 如何穿越南天山？. 中国国家地理. 2021-10-18 [23 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-11）. 经过勘察这条线路有两个方案：西线走廊，昭苏县至温宿县，部分路线与夏特古道重合，里程445公里；东线走廊，特克斯县至拜城县，部分线路与乌孙古道重合，里程580公里。两条线路都需要打隧道才能通过达坂，昭苏至温宿线需要长度16公里的隧道；特克斯至拜城线需要长度40—80公里的隧道，工程难度更大。  Henry Lansdell. Chinese Central Asia: A Ride to Little Tibet. Scribner. 1894: 200,279 [2022-03-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）. (p200) The third and shortest route was up the Tekes valley, and over the Muzart, or Ice Pass (p279) Over the Muz-Davan, or Ice Pass ... Hiuen Tsiang, my worthy and only predecessor of note in this portion of the Pas  E.J. van Donzel; Andrea Schmidt. Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. BRILL. 17 May 2010: 248–249 [2022-03-28]. ISBN 978-90-474-2762-9. （原始内容存档于2022-06-11）. Xuanzang could have attacked the mountain ... where the road to Kuldja leads to the 'Muzart Art' or Icy Pass ... Chavannes and Smith, however, are of the opinion that Xuanzang took the Bedel Pass.  Xuanzang.  跋禄迦国. Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 1 （中文）.  John E. Hill. Section 20 – The Kingdom of Suoche 莎车 (Yarkand).. Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu 2nd. Washington University. July 2003 [3 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-23）. Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area. By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka, one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions.  Arminius Vambery. The Tekes Valley and the Muzart Pass. Ocean Highways: The Geographical Record (N. Trübner and Company). 1874: 92–93 [2022-03-28]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）. The road from Kuldja to Aksu cuts right across the Tekes valley, climbs the ridges of the Tien-shan, and sinks gradually down to Aksu. During the period of Chinese rule this was the main artery of communication between Ili district and Kashgar ... At the entrance of the so-called Muzart Pass the road turns on both sides of the Muzart brook. ... the Russians will take care to re-establish this road  Hodong Kim. Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford University Press. 25 February 2004: 141 [2022-03-28]. ISBN 978-0-8047-6723-1. （原始内容存档于2022-05-13）. The Russian army took a preemptive measure by blocking the Muzart pass to cut the road from Kashgaria to Kulja.  Jesse Wang. The Military Significance of the Sino-soviet Border in Central Asia (PDF). Army War College. 19 March 1971 [5 February 2020]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2020-02-05）. In September 1879, Chinese Ambassador Chunghow had signed the Treaty of Livadia, by which the western, richer and larger part of the Ili valley area; the passes through the T'ien Shan, especially the Muzart Pass for the military road between Kuldja and Aksu; and five million rubles for occupation expenses were to be given to Russia. ... Much maneuvering took place among European powers who did not wish Russia to gain too much of an advantage in China. ... Russia and China went to the brink of a border war before Marquis Tseng Ki-tse (Tseng Chi-Tse), a replacement ambassador, negotiated the Treaty of St. Petersburg  Eric Enno Tamm. The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds. Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia. Horse That Leaps Through Clouds. 2012 [4 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-30）. Gustaf Mannerheim ventured northward to the foothills of the Tian Shan range. The Chief of the Russian General Staff had instructed him to conduct reconnaissance of the alpine passes and ethnic groups living in the shadow of the Tian Shan range. He left Kashgar on January 25, 1907 for a gruelling six-month trek that would bring him to Urumqi, the regional capital of Xinjiang. ... Mannerheim made a hundred-kilometre trek across the Tian Shan range through the Muzart Pass  Christopher Caldwell. Start to Finnish. Washington Examiner. 11 August 2017 [4 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-31）. It was an 8,000-mile spying expedition. Russia was drawing up plans to invade China from the west—but failed to.  Peyrouse, Sébastien. Chinese Economic Presence in Kazakhstan. China Perspectives. 2008, 2008 (3): 34–49 [2022-03-28]. ISSN 2070-3449. doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.4053. （原始内容存档于2022-03-29）. A sixth post, Narynkol-Muzart, located near the Kyrgyz border, which opened in 1992, has closed due to lack of traffic.  刘红忠. 木扎尔特口岸. 新疆地方志. 1993-04-14 [4 February 2020]. ISSN 1004-1826. （原始内容存档于2020-02-05） （中文）. 木扎尔特口岸 ... 夏塔至南疆的公路打通后,南疆的货物可由此出口。  Road to paradise. China.org.cn. July 2, 2010 [4 February 2020]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-25）.