科普利獎章

科普利獎章（英語：Copley Medal）是英國皇家學会每年頒發的科學獎章，以奖励“在任何科学分支上的杰出成就”。始于1731年授予斯蒂芬·格雷的科普利獎章是皇家學会仍在颁发的最古老的科学奖章，也是世界上最早的科学奖章。 獎章起始於戈弗雷·科普利爵士（英语：Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet）（Sir Godfrey Copley）在1709年捐贈100英磅作為實驗研究的基金，該基金的使用規則被更改過數次。於1731年開始頒發，也是當時科學界的最高榮譽之一。在1736年，有人提議基金應該改成獎章或是獎金的方式頒發給最值得贊助的實驗研究。到1831年，規則更改為由英國皇家學會決定頒發獎金給最值得獲獎的研究員。1881年，喬瑟夫威廉科普利爵士(Sir Joseph William Copley) 再度捐贈40萬舊便士作為基金，使用該基金的利息用來製作獎章。 目前的獎章由鍍銀的形式，以及頒發25000元英鎊獎金。 科普利獎章沒有獲獎次數的限制，有斯蒂芬·格雷等多位科学家获得过两次科普利獎章，约翰·西奥菲勒斯·德札古利埃是唯一一位获得过三次科普利奖章的科学家。另外，还有多个年份的奖章以不同的获奖理由颁发给两位及以上科学家，其中1766年的科普利奖章颁发给了亨利·卡文迪什等三人。 自20世纪后，有许多诺贝尔奖获得者也获得了科普利獎章，包括17位物理学奖获得者，21位生理学或医学奖获得者以及14位化学奖获得者，共计52位（截止2013年）。1976年，多萝西·霍奇金成为第一位获得过科普利獎章的女性，2021年的约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔則是第二位獲得科普利獎章的女性科學家。 引用错误：没有为名为cop2的参考文献提供内容 引用错误：没有为名为cop1的参考文献提供内容 Copley winners that changed the world. blogs.royalsociety.org. The Royal Society. 18 May 2016 [26 May 2020]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Gray, Stephen (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Desaguliers, John Theophilus (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Belchier, John (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Hales, Stephen (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Stuart, Alexander (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Middleton, Christopher (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Baker, Henry (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Watson, Sir William (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Robins biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.  Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish. DIANE publishing. 1996 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-12）.  Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You – Timeline – James Bradley. Florida State University. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.  Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish. DIANE publishing. 1996 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-12）.  RCP Heritage – George Edwards. Royal College of Physicians. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2006-05-04）.  Jungnickel, Christa. Cavendish. DIANE publishing. 1996 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-13）.  Oxford DNB article:Pringle, Sir John (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.  Franklin_Benjamin biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.  Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution. Manchester University Press. 1969 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-12）.  Oxford DNB article:Huxham, John (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Dollond family (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Engineering Timelines – John Smeaton. Engineering Timelines. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-19）.  Oxford DNB article:Wilson, Benjamin (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  The British Society for the History of Mathematics. British Society for the History of Mathematics. [2009-02-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-17）.  Hamilton, William. An Account of a Journey to Mount Etna, in a Letter from the Honourable William Hamilton, His Majesty's Envoy Extraordinary at Naples, to Mathew Maty, M. D. Sec. R. S.. Philosophical Transactions. 1770, 60: 1–19 [2022-09-05]. ISSN 0260-7085. （原始内容存档于2022-04-21）.  Maskelyne biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Stephen Hawking wins Copley Medal. Trinity College, Cambridge. [2009-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-05）.  Digital Collections – Manuscripts – Item 15a – 15z, 15(1) – 15(20): Addresses to the Royal Society, London the first on being appointed to the Chair and later addresses on presentations of the Copley Medal, 1778–1796.. National Library of Australia. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2011-04-03）.  Friedrich William Herschel. Florida State University. [2009-02-07]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Waring summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  John Hunter: ‘Founder of Scientific Surgery’ – HemOnc Today. HemOnc Today. [2009-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-20）.  Oxford DNB article:Blagden, Charles (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article: Thompson, Sir Benjamin (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Ramsden summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Attwood summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article:Hatchett, Charles (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  British Society for the History of Mathematics. University of Warwick. [2009-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2008-08-22）.  Sears, Derek. Edward Charles Howard (PDF). University of Arkansas. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-03-20）.  Cooper, Sir Astley Paston (1768–1841). Aim25. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Wollaston. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. [2009-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-08）.  Griffith, WP. PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Platinum Metals Review. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Griffith, WP. PMR: Bicentenary of Four Platinum Group Metals. Platinum Metals Review. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Darrow, GM. Early Breeding in Europe. United States National Agricultural Library. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Troughton Summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Buchanan, W.W. Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie (1783–1862). Rheumatology (Oxford, England) (British Society for Rheumatology). 2003, 42 (5): 689–91. PMID 12709547. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keg002 .  Ivory summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-21）.  Sir David Brewster (1781–1868). University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-11-04）.  SpringerLink – Book Chapter. SpringerLink. [2009-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-06）.  Herschel summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  William Buckland & Reliquae Diluvianae. University of Minnesota. [2009-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Arago summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Airy summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Poisson summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Chambers Search Chambers. Chambers Harrap. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-08）.  Gauss summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article:Brown, Robert (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Brock, William H. Justus Von Liebig: The Chemical Gatekeeper. Cambridge University Press. 2002 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-13）.  Sturm summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Ohm biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  MacCullagh summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Morselli, Mario. Amedeo Avogadro, a Scientific Biography. Springer. 1984 [2009-02-05]. ISBN 978-90-277-1624-8.  Le Verrier biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Adams summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Own, Richard: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Wiley InterScience. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Humboldt – Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander – von – 1769–1859 – Baron – German naturalist, geologist and explorer. University of Edinburgh. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-23）.  BjS: Academic Lineage. Yale University. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Weber summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Darwin and the Copley Medal (PDF). American Philosophical Society. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005-12-16）.  Adam Sedgwick Collection. American Philosophical Society. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于May 12, 2008）.  Chasles summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Plucker summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Helmholtz summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2009-02-15）.  Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science. Journal of Industrial Science. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-13）.  Jean Baptiste Boussingault (PDF). Journal of Nutrition. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-04）.  Clausius summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sylvester summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于1998-04-19）.  Cayley summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Thompson summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Neumann_Franz summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Salmon summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-21）.  Newcomb summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Stokes summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Edward Frankland, English chemist, c 1863–1883.. Science and Society Picture Library. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-19）.  Weierstrass summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Rayleigh summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Gibbs summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB theme: Holders of the Copley Medal. Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Klein summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Obituary: Edwin Ray Lankester (PDF). National Marine Biological Laboratory. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-07-12）.  Notes and Records of the Royal Society. Royal Society Publishing. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-26）.  Obituary notice: Horace Tabberer Brown (PDF). Biochemical Journal. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-04）.  Larmour summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Lamb summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article: Hopkins, Sir Frederick (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Sir Charles Sherrington – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-21）.  Planck summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  William Bragg – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Arthur Schuster. The Astrophysical Journal. Bibcode:1935ApJ....81...97H. doi:10.1086/143618.  George Ellery Hale: Acknowledgements. Franklin Institute. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-30）.  Award of the Copley Medal of the Royal Society to Professor Theobald Smith. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Bibcode:1933Sci....78R.598.. doi:10.1126/science.78.2035.598.  Oxford DNB article: Haldane, John Scott (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  C.T.R.Wilson – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Arthur Evans, F.R.S: Abstract. Nature. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Henry Dale – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Bohr_Niels summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Thomas H. Morgan – Biography. Nobel Foundation. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Medal Awards of the Royal Society. Nature. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Thomas Lewis. Cardiology Journal. [2009-02-05].  [失效連結] Sir Robert Robinson – Biography. nobelprize.org. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Joseph Barcroft of Cambridge. Archives of Disease in Childhood. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Taylor_Geoffrey summay. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  The Oswald T. Avery Collection: Biographical Information. United States National Library of Medicine. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article:Adrian, Edgar Douglas (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Hardy summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article:Hill, Archibald Vivian (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Royal Society: Anniversary Address By Sir Robert Robinson, O.M., F.R.S. Nature. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article:Chadwick, James (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Keilin, David (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Dirac, Paul(subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Whittaker summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Fisher summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Oxford DNB article:Florey, Howard (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Littlewood summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet – Biography. nobelprize.org. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Jeffreys summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Sir Hans Adolf Krebs. nobel-winners.com. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03）.  Oxford DNB article:Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Chapman, Sydney (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Hodge summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-04）.  Emeritus Professor Sir John Cornforth – Alumni & Friends. University of Sydney. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-21）.  Chandrasekhar biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.  Atiyah biography. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.  Oxford DNB article:Salam, Abdus (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Oxford DNB article:Porter, George (subscription needed). Oxford University Press. 2004 [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Copley Medal. Royal Society website. The Royal Society. [April 19, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.  MRS Website: Award Presentations. Materials Research Society. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-05-23）.  Lighthill summary. University of St Andrews. [2009-02-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）.  John Maynard Smith January 6, 1920 – April 19, 2004. Genetics. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2008-10-07）.  Obituary: John A. Pople. The Observer. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-27）.  FSU highlights. Florida State University. [2009-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-29）.  Two medals were awarded to celebrate the Society's 350th anniversary: Recent award winners 2010. The Royal Society. [2010-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-30）  存档副本. The Royal Society. [2012-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-13）.  Leicester University Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys wins science's oldest prize. Leicester Mercury. 5 August 2014 [5 August 2014]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-16）.  Copley Medal 2015. [2015-11-20]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-16）.  Copley Medal 2016. [2017-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-06）.  存档副本. [2017-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-06）.  Copley Medal 2018. [2017-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-06）.  Copley Medal 2019. [2017-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-06）.  Copley Medal 2020. [2020-10-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-25）.  Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell awarded world’s oldest scientific prize as Royal Society announces 2021 medal and award winners | Royal Society. royalsociety.org. [2022-01-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-28） （英国英语）.  The Royal Society announces this year's medal and award winners | Royal Society. royalsociety.org. [2023-03-13]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-08）.  Royal Society: Träger der Copley-Medaille