英國客運鐵路專營權

英國客運鐵路專營權是将英国铁路客运服务的运营承包给私营公司的制度，自1996年起生效，并于2020年进行了大幅修改，铁路特许经营于2021年5月幾近废除。 铁路專營權由英国政府交通部(DfT) 决定，该部劃定界線和服务条款，并将合同授予火车运营公司。 根据权力下放的管理安排， ScotRail和Caledonian Sleeper的特许经营权由苏格兰交通局授予，威尔士和边境专营权由威尔士交通局授予。 以下專營權由私人公司经营。 以下特许经营权由英国、威尔士或苏格兰政府运营。 少数城市铁路系统不採用專營權，而是以特許權方式承包。特许权持有者需要支付运行服务的费用，这通常由授予机构严格规定。他们不承担商业风险，尽管合同中通常会针对绩效的巨大变化规定惩罚和奖励。 例子 在私有化之前，英国铁路的客运服务分为三个部门： 城際－长途客運服务 Network SouthEast提供从英格兰东南部到各个伦敦终点站的通勤服务 为所有其他地区提供服务的区域铁路 Rail franchising. GOV.UK. HM Government. [10 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2023-06-28）.  Ministerial decision on Serco Caledonian Sleeper contract Transport Scotland. www.transport.gov.scot. [2022-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-14）.  National Rail Contract (PDF). Department for Transport. 2 December 2021 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-05）.  East Midlands Railway signs National Rail Contract. London: Abellio East Midlands. 6 October 2022 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-14）.  National Rail Contract East Anglia (PDF). Department for Transport. 10 September 2021 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-02-02）.  Trenitalia c2c Limited 2021: rail contract (PDF). Department for Transport. 19 July 2021 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-01-07）.  First Greater Western Limited 2022 national rail contract (PDF). Department for Transport. 14 June 2022 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-14）.  Direct Award Franchise Agreement relating to Cross Country Franchise (PDF). Department for Transport. 13 October 2020 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-18）.  South Western Railway contract extended. Rail News. 10 February 2023 [6 March 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-15）.  National Rail Contract Thameslink, Southern and Great Northern (PDF). Department for Transport. 24 March 2022 [7 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-26）.  Rail Franchise Schedule (PDF). Department for Transport. July 2017. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于17 June 2018）.  Virgin Rail Group West Coast rail franchise. RNS - London Stock Exchange. 21 December 2018 [25 December 2018]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-25）.  Avanti West Coast contract extended for a further 6 months following recent service improvements. Department for Transport. 20 March 2023 [20 March 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-03）.  Rail franchise schedule (PDF). Department of Transport. 19 July 2017 [23 August 2017]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-06-17）.  National Rail Contract West Midlands (PDF). Department for Transport. 10 September 2021 [17 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-19）.  Services agreement relating to East Coast Franchise (PDF). Department for Transport. 24 June 2018 [5 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-05）.  Rail firm Northern to be nationalised. BBC News. 2020-01-29 [2020-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-19） （英国英语）.  Service Contract - Northern (PDF). Department for Transport. 24 February 2022 [3 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-03-15）.  ScotRail goes back into public ownership. BBC News. 1 April 2022 [1 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-27）.  Service Contract South Eastern (PDF). Department for Transport. 16 October 2021 [6 March 2023]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-05）.  Transpennine Express to be brought into operator of last resort. GOV.UK. [2023-05-11]. （原始内容存档于11 May 2023） （英语）.  Transport for Wales rail services has been nationalised. BBC News. 2020-10-22 [8 November 2020]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.  "French firm wins 7-year Docklands Light Rail franchise". （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） BBC News. 4 July 2014. Arriva named as new operator for London Overground. Transport for London. 18 March 2016 [8 November 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-09）.  Arriva wins London Overground concession. Railway Gazette. 18 March 2016 [18 March 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-21）.  KeolisAmey Awarded Contract to run Greater Manchester's Metrolink （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Keolis Southern Rail operator to take over running of Metrolink （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Manchester Evening News 18 January 2017 Merseyrail. Merseytravel. [26 March 2018]. （原始内容存档于9 June 2019）.  Courtenay, Peter. Sheffield Supertram: History. TheTrams.co.uk. [19 August 2007]. （原始内容存档于2023-07-20）.