分体论 (逻辑学)

在哲学方面，分体论（英文：Mereology；该单词源自希腊语“μερος”；其中，词头“meros”意思是“部分”或者说“组成部分”，而词尾“-logy”则指的是研究、学问、讨论和科学），是指一套与组成部分及其相应整体有关的公理化一阶理论。分体论既指的是谓词逻辑的一种应用，又指的是形式本体论的一个分支。 本体论 Gunk 分體本質論 分體虛無主義 Mereotopology Plural quantification Simples Whitehead's point-free geometry （英文） Bunt, Harry, 1985. Mass terms and model-theoretic semantics. Cambridge Univ. Press. （英文） Burgess, John, and Rosen, Gideon, 1997. A Subject with No Object. Oxford Univ. Press. （英文） Burkhardt, H., and Dufour, C.A., 1991, "Part/Whole I: History" in Burkhardt, H., and Smith, B., eds., Handbook of Metaphysics and Ontology. Muenchen: Philosophia Verlag. （英文） Casati, R., and Varzi, A., 1999. Parts and Places: the structures of spatial representation. MIT Press. （英文） Eberle, Rolf, 1970. Nominalistic Systems. Kluwer. （英文） Forrest, Peter, 2002, "Nonclassical mereology and its application to sets, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 43: 79-94. （英文） Hovda, Paul, 2008, "What is classical mereology?", Journal of Philosophical Logic, http://www.springerlink.com/content/76l18850p2325p16/[永久失效連結] （英文） Goodman, Nelson, 1977 (1951). The Structure of Appearance. Kluwer. （英文） -------, and Willard Quine, 1947, "Steps toward a constructive nominalism," Journal of Symbolic Logic 12: 97-122. （英文）Gruszczynski R., and Pietruszczak A., 2008, "Full development of Tarski's geometry of solids, （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 14:481-540. The paper presents a system of geometry based on Lesniewski's mereology. Basic properties of mereological structures are also given. （英文） Husserl, Edmund, 1970. Logical Investigations, Vol. 2. Findlay, J.N., trans. Routledge. （英文） Lewis, David K., 1991. Parts of Classes. Blackwell. （英文） Leonard, H.S., and Goodman, Nelson, 1940, "The calculus of individuals and its uses," Journal of Symbolic Logic 5: 45–55. （英文） Nicolas, David "Mass nouns and plural logic", "Linguistics and Philosophy" 31.2, pp.211-244, 2008, https://web.archive.org/web/20120219021719/http://d.a.nicolas.free.fr/Nicolas-Mass-nouns-and-plural-logic-Revised-2.pdf （英文） Leśniewski, Stanisław, 1992. Collected Works. Surma, S.J., Srzednicki, J.T., Barnett, D.I., and Rickey, V.F., editors and translators. Kluwer. （英文）Lucas, J. R., 2000. Conceptual Roots of Mathematics. Routledge. Chpts. 9.12 and 10 discuss mereology, mereotopology, and the related theories of A.N. Whitehead, all strongly influenced by the unpublished writings of David Bostock. （英文）Pietruszczak A., 1996, "Mereological sets of distributive classes," Logic and Logical Philosophy 4:105-122. The paper shows how one can, by means of mereology, construct mathematical entities which are built from set theoretical classes. （英文）Pietruszczak A., 2005, "Pieces of mereology," Logic and Logical Philosophy 14:211-234. The paper presents basic mathematical properties of Lesniewski's mereology. （英文）Potter, Michael, 2004. Set Theory and Its Philosophy. Oxford Univ. Press. （英文） Simons, Peter, 1987. Parts: A Study in Ontology. Oxford Univ. Press. （英文） Srzednicki, J. T. J., and Rickey, V. F., eds., 1984. Lesniewski's Systems: Ontology and Mereology. Kluwer. （英文） Tarski, Alfred, 1984 (1956), "Foundations of the Geometry of Solids" in his Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics: Papers 1923–38. Woodger, J., and Corcoran, J., eds. and trans. Hackett. （英文） Varzi, Achille C., 2007, "Spatial Reasoning and Ontology: Parts, Wholes, and Locations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" in Aiello, M. et al, eds., Handbook of Spatial Logics. Springer-Verlag: 945-1038. （英文） Whitehead, A.N., 1916, "La Theorie Relationiste de l'Espace," Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale 23: 423-454. Translated as Hurley, P.J., 1979, "The relational theory of space," Philosophy Research Archives 5: 712-741. （英文）------, 1919. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2nd ed., 1925. （英文）------, 1920. The Concept of Nature. Cambridge Univ. Press. 2004 paperback, Prometheus Books. Being the 1919 Tarner Lectures delivered at Trinity College, Cambridge. （英文）------, 1978 (1929). Process and Reality. Free Press. （英文） Woodger, J. H., 1937. The Axiomatic Method in Biology. Cambridge Univ. Press. （英文）斯坦福哲学百科全书（Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy）： （英文）"Mereology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" – Achille Varzi. （英文）"Boundary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）" – Achille Varzi. （英文）Synergy and Dysergy in Mereologic Geometries"[1]" - Albert Carpenter