理查德·塔鲁斯金

理查德·菲勒·塔鲁斯金（英語：Richard Filler Taruskin，1945年4月2日—2022年7月1日），美国音乐学家、音乐评论家，是同代音乐史学家中的最杰出的领头人物之一。他广泛挖掘史料，结合社会学、文化、政治视野的音乐分析，引发了许多讨论、辩论和争议。他定期为《纽约时报》等报纸撰写音乐评论。塔鲁斯金研究过各种各样的课题，但主要是18世纪至今的俄国音乐。其他涉猎的课题包括表演理论、15世纪音乐、20世纪古典音乐、民族主义音乐、现代性理论、音乐分析等。最为著称的是对西方古典音乐研究的六卷本鸿篇巨帙《牛津西方音乐史（英语：Oxford History of Western Music）》。受奖若干，包括1978年美国音乐学学会首次颁发的诺亚·格林伯格奖（英语：Noah Greenberg Award），以及2017年的京都奖。 理查德·菲勒·塔鲁斯金1945年4月2日出生于纽约，生长于一个“自由主义、知识分子、犹太人音乐世家”。母亲Beatrice Filler是钢琴教师，父亲Benjamin是业余小提琴家。他入读音乐美术高中（现属Fiorello H. LaGuardia高中）学习大提琴。后获哥伦比亚大学优等文学学士（1965）、文学硕士（1968）和音乐史学的哲学博士学位（1976）。他指挥过哥伦比亚大学音乐学会合唱团。1970年代末至1980年代末在Aulos乐团演奏古大提琴。 博士学习期间，他师从保罗·亨利·朗（英语：Paul Henry Lang）。朗是将音乐置于社会文化语境中进行研究的先驱，著有《西方文化中的音乐》。通过一名十月革命后仍留在俄国的亲戚，塔鲁斯金接触到了一些不太为人知的俄国歌剧唱片，激发了他对俄国音乐的兴趣。他靠富布赖特奖学金去莫斯科一年，期间不仅对俄国的语言和音乐产生了兴趣，还对音乐与社会、政治史的联系产生兴趣。1980年代，塔鲁斯金在纽约公共图书馆考察了斯特拉文斯基的档案文件。 1975–1986年，塔鲁斯金任教于哥伦比亚大学。后来到加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校任音乐学教授，2014年底从伯克利分校退休。 1981年出版第一本书《1860年代俄国歌剧、戏剧的言传与身教》（Opera and Drama in Russia as Preached and Practiced in the 1860s）。他还写有大量普及性著作，其中有1980年代中期开始为《纽约时报》撰写的一些文章，这些文章“生动，博学，能言善辩”且极富争议，评论对象有艾略特·卡特、奥尔夫、普罗科菲耶夫等。这些文章多被收入将塔鲁斯金誉为影响复古风格演奏运动的评论家的《文本与行动》（Text and Act）一书，以及《“危险的音乐”等反乌托邦文章》（The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays）和《论俄国音乐》（On Russian Music）等书中。他的文章多从社会、文化、政治议题中讨论音乐——例如审查制度，特别是对约翰·亚当斯歌剧《克林霍弗之死（英语：The Death of Klinghoffer）》的辩论。 1996年的全面研究《斯特拉文斯基及其俄国传统——从歌剧〈马芙拉〉观其创作史》发现斯特拉文斯基其实大量借鉴着俄国民间音乐素材，并分析了造成斯特拉文斯基不愿透露这些借用的历史原因。 塔鲁斯金对西方古典音乐的研究见于六卷《牛津西方音乐史》。其中第一卷专论从最早的有文献音乐到16世纪的音乐，“从历史、美术和建筑中编织事实和印象”，引人入胜地介绍早期音乐。 塔鲁斯金1984年与Cathy Roebuck结婚，育有子女二人。2022年7月1日因食道癌逝于加利福尼亚州奥克兰，享年77岁。 塔鲁斯金所获学术奖项众多。1978年他以对奥克冈的《短拍弥撒》的研究和表演收获美国音乐学学会（英语：American Musicological Society）（AMS）颁发的首个诺亚·格林伯格奖。他还获美国音乐学学会的阿尔弗雷德·爱因斯坦奖（1980），英国皇家音乐协会的登特奖章（1987）。1997年和2006年两次获美国音乐学学会的Otto Kinkeldey奖。1998年入选美国哲学学会。美国作曲家、作家和发行商协会1988年授予他Deems Taylor奖，2006年再次授奖。2017年获京都奖（音乐类）。 2012年，普林斯顿大学召开“音乐史终结之后”大会，表彰其贡献。 （来源：） Taruskin, Richard. Opera and Drama in Russia: As Preached and Practiced in the 1860s. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-8357-1245-3.  Republished in 1993, Rochester: University of Rochester Press ——; Weiss, P. (编). Music in the Western World: A History in Documents. New York: G. Schirmer. 1984. ISBN 978-0-02-872900-8.  ——. Musorgsky: Eight Essays and an Epilogue. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0-691-01623-8. JSTOR j.ctv18zhdkh. S2CID 241012607. doi:10.2307/j.ctv18zhdkh.  ——. Text and Act: Essays on Music and Performance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995. ISBN 978-0-19-535743-1.  ——. Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions: A Biography of the Works through Mavra. 2 volumes. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-520-07099-8.  ——. Defining Russia Musically: Historical and Hermeneutical essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1997. ISBN 978-0-691-01156-1. JSTOR j.ctv15r5dmx. S2CID 193710371. doi:10.2307/j.ctv15r5dmx.  ——. The Oxford History of Western Music. 6 volumes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005.  ——. The Danger of Music And Other Anti-Utopian Essays. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-520-26805-0.  ——. On Russian Music. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-520-26806-7. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppqnq.  Karlinsky, Simon. ——; Karlinsky, Simon; Hughes, Robert P.; Koster, Thomas A. , 编. Freedom from Violence and Lies: Essays on Russian Poetry and Music (PDF). Boston: Academic Studies Press. 2013. ISBN 978-1-61811-158-6. JSTOR j.ctt1zxsk34. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1zxsk34.  ——; Allanbrook, Wye Jamison; Smart, Mary Ann (编). The Secular Commedia: Comic Mimesis in Late Eighteenth-Century Music. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-520-27407-5.  ——. Russian Music at Home and Abroad: New Essays. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2016. ISBN 978-0-520-28809-6. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1dnncjs.  ——. Cursed Question: On Music and Its Social Practices. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2020. ISBN 978-0-520-34429-7.  Taruskin, Richard. The Musicologist and the Performer. Holoman, D. Kern; Palisca, Claude V. (编). Musicology in the 1980s: Methods, Goals, Opportunities. New York: Da Capo Press. 1982: 107–117. ISBN 978-0-306-76188-1.  ——. 'Little Star': an Etude in the Folk Style. Brown, Malcolm Hamrick (编). Musorgsky, in Memoriam, 1881–1981. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. 1982: 57–84. ISBN 978-0-8357-1295-8.  ——. Handel, Shakespeare, and Musorgksy: The Sources and Limits of Russian Musical Realism. Music and Language. Studies in the history of music 1. New York: Broude Bros. 1983: 247–268. ISBN 978-0-8450-7401-5.  ——. “The Present in the Past”: Russian Opera and Russian Historiography, ca. 1870. Brown, Malcolm Hamrick (编). Russian and Soviet Music: Essays for Boris Schwarz. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. 1984: 77–146. ISBN 978-0-8357-1295-8.  ——. The Rite Revisited: the Idea and the Sources of its Scenario. Hatch, Christopher; Strainchamps, Edmond; Maniates, Maria Rika (编). Music and Civilization: Essays in Honor of Paul Henry Lang. New York: W. W. Norton. 1984: 183–202. ISBN 978-0-393-01677-2.  ——. Serov and Musorgsky. Brown, Malcolm Hamrick; Wiley, Roland John (编). Slavonic and Western Music: Essays for Gerald Abraham. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press. 1985: 139–161. ISBN 978-0-8357-1594-2.  ——. From Subject to Style: Stravinsky and the Painters. Pasler, Jann (编). Confronting Stravinsky: Man, Musician, and Modernist. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1986: 16–38 [1982]. ISBN 978-0-520-05403-5.  ——. Stravinsky’s "Rejoicing Discovery" and what it Meant: in Defense of his Notorious Text Setting. Haimo, Ethan; Johnson, Paul (编). Stravinsky Retrospectives. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 1987: 162–200. ISBN 978-0-8032-7301-6.  ——. The Pastness of the Present and the Presence of the Past. Kenyon, Nicholas (编). Authenticity and Early Music: A Symposium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1988: 137–210. ISBN 978-0-19-816152-3.  ——. The Traditional Revisited: Stravinsky’s Requiem Canticles as Russian Music. Hatch, Christopher; Bernstein, David W. (编). Music Theory and the Exploration of the Past. Chicago: Chicago University Press. 1995: 525–550. ISBN 978-0-226-31902-5.  ——. From Fairy Tale to Opera in Four Moves (Not so Simple). Bauman, Thomas; McClymonds, Marita Petzoldt (编). Opera and the Enlightenment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995: 299–307. ISBN 978-0-521-46172-6.  ——. Public Lies and Unspeakable Truth: Interpreting Shostakovich’s Fifth Symphony. Fanning, David (编). Shostakovich Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1995: 17–56. ISBN 978-0-511-55140-6. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511551406.002.  Taruskin, Richard. Realism as Preached and Practiced: The Russian Opera Dialogue. The Musical Quarterly (Oxford University Press). July 1970, 56 (3): 431–454. JSTOR 741247. doi:10.1093/mq/LVI.3.431.  ——. Glinka's Ambiguous Legacy and the Birth Pangs of Russian Opera. 19th-Century Music (University of California Press). November 1977, 1 (2): 142–162. JSTOR 746475. doi:10.2307/746475.  ——. Opera and Drama in Russia: The Case of Serov's "Judith". Journal of the American Musicological Society (University of California Press). Spring 1979, 32 (1): 74–117. JSTOR 831269. doi:10.2307/831269.  ——. Russian Folk Melodies in "The Rite of Spring". Journal of the American Musicological Society (University of California Press). Autumn 1980, 33 (3): 501–543. JSTOR 831304. doi:10.2307/831304.  ——. On Letting the Music Speak for Itself: some Reflections on Musicology and Performance. The Journal of Musicology (University of California Press). June 1982, 1 (3): 338–349. JSTOR 763881. doi:10.2307/763881.  ——. How the Acorn Took Root: A Tale of Russia. 19th-Century Music (University of California Press). Spring 1983, 6 (3): 189–212. JSTOR 746585. doi:10.2307/746585.  ——. Some Thoughts on the History and Historiography of Russian Music. The Journal of Musicology (University of California Press). Autumn 1984, 3 (4): 321–339. JSTOR 763585. doi:10.2307/763585.  ——. Musorgsky vs. Musorgsky: The Versions of "Boris Godunov". 19th-Century Music (University of California Press). Autumn 1984, 8 (2): 91–118, 241–256. JSTOR 746756. doi:10.2307/746756.  ——. Chernomor to Kashchei: Harmonic Sorcery; Or, Stravinsky's "Angle". Journal of the American Musicological Society (University of California Press). Spring 1985, 38 (1): 72–142. JSTOR 831550. doi:10.2307/831550.  ——. Antoine Busnoys and the "L'Homme armé" Tradition. Journal of the American Musicological Society (University of California Press). Summer 1986, 39 (2): 255–293. JSTOR 831531. doi:10.2307/831531.  ——. Chez Pétrouchka: Harmony and Tonality "chez" Stravinsky. 19th-Century Music (University of California Press). Spring 1987, 10 (3): 265–286. JSTOR 746439. doi:10.2307/746439.  ——. Resisting the Ninth. 19th-Century Music (University of California Press). Spring 1989, 12 (3): 241–256. JSTOR 746505. doi:10.2307/746505.  ——. 'Jews and Geniuses': An Exchange. The New York Review of Books. June 15, 1989 [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.  ——. Tradition and Authority. Early Music (Oxford University Press). May 1992, 20 (2): 311–314+317–320+323–325. JSTOR 3127887. doi:10.1093/earlyj/XX.2.311.  ——. 'Entoiling the Falconet': Russian Musical Orientalism in Context. Cambridge Opera Journal (Cambridge University Press). November 1992, 4 (3): 253–280. JSTOR 823694. doi:10.1017/S0954586700003797.  ——. Busnoys and Chaikovsky. International Journal of Musicology. 1995,. 4, A Birthday Offering for George Perle: 111–137. JSTOR 24617753.  ——. A Myth of the Twentieth Century: The Rite of Spring, the Tradition of the New, and the Myth Itself. Modernism/modernity (Johns Hopkins University Press). January 1995, 2 (1): 1–26. S2CID 145160261. doi:10.1353/mod.1995.0008.  ——. The Birth of Contemporary Russia out of the Spirit of Russian Music. Muzikologija. 2006, 6 (6): 63–76. doi:10.2298/MUZ0606063T.  ——. Is There a Baby in the Bathwater? (Part I). Archiv für Musikwissenschaft (Franz Steiner Verlag). 2006, 63 (3): 163–185. JSTOR 25162364.  ——. Is There a Baby in the Bathwater? (Part II). Archiv für Musikwissenschaft (Franz Steiner Verlag). 2006, 63 (4): 309–327. JSTOR 25162374.  ——. MUSIC; Music's Dangers And The Case For Control. The New York Times. December 9, 2001 [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.  ——. Why You Cannot Leave Bartók Out. Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. September 2006, T. 47 (Fasc. 3/4): 265–277. JSTOR 25598260.  ——. Afterword: Nicht blutbefleckt?. The Journal of Musicology (University of California Press). Spring 2009, 26 (2): 274–284. JSTOR 10.1525/jm.2009.26.2.274. doi:10.1525/jm.2009.26.2.274.  ——. Agents and Causes and Ends, Oh My. The Journal of Musicology. Spring 2014, 31 (2): 272–293. JSTOR 10.1525/jm.2014.31.2.272. doi:10.1525/jm.2014.31.2.272.  See, for example, “The Klinghoffer Controversy” in Thomas May, ed., The John Adams Reader (Amadeus Press, 2006), pp. 297–339; Taruskin’s original 2001 The New York Times article is reprinted there and, with a lengthy postscript, in The Danger of Music. Kosman, Joshua. UC music historian Richard Taruskin relishes provocateur role. SF Gate. May 31, 2014 [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-24）.  McBride, Jerry. Richard Taruskin. Stanford University Libraries and Academic Information Resources. 2008 [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于January 30, 2021）.  Anon. 2017，"Achievement Digest". Morgan 2001. Ritzarev, Marina. UC music historian Richard Taruskin relishes provocateur role (PDF). Israel Studies in Musicology Online. 2017 [July 2, 2022]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-06）.  Page, Tim. Richard Taruskin, provocative scholar of classical music, dies at 77. Washington Post. July 2, 2022 [July 3, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-03）.  Robin, William. Richard Taruskin, Vigorously Polemical Musicologist, Dies at 77. The New York Times. July 1, 2022 [July 1, 2022]. （原始内容存档于July 2, 2022）.  Music Professor Wins Prestigious Kyoto Prize. artsdesign.berkeley.edu. June 20, 2017 [July 2, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-22）.  Anon. 2017. Text and Act. Oxford University Press. November 2010 [July 2, 2022]. ISBN 978-0-19-509458-9. （原始内容存档于2022-07-02）.  The Danger of Music and Other Anti-Utopian Essays. University of California Press. 1996 [July 2, 2022]. ISBN 978-0-520-26805-0. （原始内容存档于2022-07-02）.  Taruskin, Richard. On Russian Music. muse.jhu.edu. 2008 [July 2, 2022]. ISBN 978-0-520-94280-6. （原始内容存档于2022-07-02）.  Maddocks, Fiona. John Adams: 'Trump is a sociopath – there's no empathy, he's a manipulator'. The Guardian. February 17, 2017 [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-07）.  Fink, Robert. Review Essay: Stravinsky and the Russian Traditions: A Biography of the Works Through Mavra. Modernism/Modernity (Johns Hopkins University Press). September 1997, 4 (3): 147–154 [July 2, 2022]. S2CID 146710688. doi:10.1353/mod.1997.0053. （原始内容存档于2018-06-02）.  Brachmann, Jan. Ukraine und Stalins Völkermord: Schostakowitschs Chefankläger. FAZ.NET. July 2, 2022 [July 2, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-02） （德语）.  The Noah Greenberg Award Winners. American Musicological Society. [May 28, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-28）.  Richard Taruskin. University of California, Berkeley. March 5, 2014 [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-29）.  APS Member History. search.amphilsoc.org. [December 2, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-02）.  30th Annual ASCAP Deems Taylor Award Recipients. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-20）.  38th Annual ASCAP Deems Taylor Award Recipients. American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-29）.  Musicologist Richard Taruskin Wins Japanese 'Nobel'. The Forward. June 21, 2017 [September 24, 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.  Anon. 2017，Profile: Selected Publications. Morgan 2001，"Writings". Anon. Richard Taruskin | Kyoto Prize. Inamori Foundation. 2017 [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-07）.  Morgan, Paula. Taruskin, Richard. Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001 [2022-07-19]. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.47125. （原始内容存档于2021-09-24）.  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link) 需要订阅或英国公共图书馆会员资格 McClary, Susan. The World According to Taruskin. Music & Letters. August 2006, 87 (3): 408–415. JSTOR 3876907. doi:10.1093/ml/gcl001.  Oestreich, James R. A History of Western Music? Well, It's a Long Story. The New York Times (interview about Oxford History of Western Music). December 19, 2004 [May 28, 2022].  Oestreich, James R. The World According to One Musicologist. The New York Times. February 15, 2012 [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-19）.  理查德·塔鲁斯金的Discogs页面（英文） DeVoto, Mark: Richard Taruskin, 1945–2022 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Boston Musical Intelligencer, July 1, 2022 由Google学术搜索索引的理查德·塔鲁斯金出版物