科薩人戰爭

科萨人战争又稱开普边境战争或卡弗尔战争 ，是1779年至1879年期間在现今南非東開普省爆发的一系列衝突，作戰一方是科薩人，另一方是大英帝国以及游牧布爾人，這些衝突按時間順序又可以細分為九场战争。這一系列衝突也是非洲殖民地历史上持续时间最长的衝突。 Surgeon-General SIR CHARLES MacDONAGH CUFFE, K.C.B., LL.D. BMJ. 1915, 2 (2859): 589. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2303193 . doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2859.589-b.  Peires 1976，第1頁. Abbink, J; Bruijn, Mirjam de; Walraven, Klaas van. Rethinking Resistance: Revolt and Violence in African History. LULE. 2008. ISBN 978-9004126244.  Abbink, J; Peires, Jeffrey. The Dead Will Arise: Nongqawuse and the Great Xhosa Cattle-Killing. LULE. 1989. ISBN 9780253205247.  Thompson, Leonard Monteath. A history of South Africa 3, illustrated. Yale University Press. 2001: 55. ISBN 978-0-300-08776-5.  von Welfling Eybers, George. Select Constitutional Documents Illustrating South African History, 1795-1910. G.Routledge & Sons. 1918 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-14）.  Ayliff, John; Whiteside, Joseph. History of the Abambo, Generally Known as Fingos. By the Rev. John Ayliff and the Rev. Joseph Whiteside. Butterworth, Transkei. 1912 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.  Stockenstrom, Andries; Shippard, S. G. A. C.W. Hutton , 编. The Autobiography of the Late Sir Andries Stockenström, Bart, Sometime Lieutenant-governor of the Eastern Province of the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. C. Struik. 1964.  Benyon, John A. Proconsul and Paramountcy in South Africa: The High Commission, British Supremacy, and the Sub-continent, 1806-1910. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. 1980 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-86980-228-1. （原始内容存档于2023-05-13）.  Hone, Basil T. The First Son of South Africa to be Premier, Thomas Charles Scanlen. Longford Press. 1993 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-9635572-5-4. （原始内容存档于2023-05-13）.  Bundy, Colin. The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry. University of California Press. 1979 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-520-03754-0. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.  Oliver, Roland; Fage, J. D.; Sanderson, G. N. The Cambridge History of Africa. Cambridge University Press. 1985 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-521-22803-9. （原始内容存档于2023-04-30）.  Lewsen, Phyllis. John X. Merriman: Paradoxical South African Statesman. Ad. Donker. 1982 [2024-03-31]. ISBN 978-0-949937-83-4. （原始内容存档于2023-05-02）.  Lewsen, Phyllis. The First Crisis in Responsible Government in the Cape Colony. University of The Witwatersrand. 1940 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-26）.  Malherbe, Vertrees Canby. What They Said, 1795-1910: A Selection of Documents from South African History. Maskew Miller. 1971. ISBN 9780623004579.  Molteno, Percy Alport. The Life and Times of Sir John Charles Molteno, K.C.M.G., First Premier of Cape Colony: Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape and of Lord Carnarvon's Confederation Policy & of Sir Bartle Frere's.... London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900. ISBN 978-1-277-74131-5.  Mostert, Noël. Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People. New York: Knopf. 1992. ISBN 978-0-7126-5584-2.  Peires, Jeffrey Brian. A History of the Xhosa C. 1700-1835. Grahamstown: Rhodes University. 1976.  Ransford, Oliver. The Great Trek. Cardinal. 1974. ISBN 978-0-351-17949-5.  Ross, Robert. Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750–1870: A Tragedy of Manners. Cambridge University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-1-139-42561-2.  Theal, George McCall. Belangrijke historische dokumenten over Zuid Afrika: verzameld in den Haag en Berlijn. den Haag en Berlijn: Uitgegeven voor het Gouvernement van de Unie van Suid Afrika. 1911 [2024-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-16）.  RD staff. Xhosa Wars. Reader's Digest Family Encyclopedia of World History. The Reader's Digest Association. 1996.  Peires, J. B. Nxele, Ntsikana and the origins of the Xhosa religious reaction (PDF). Journal of African History. 1979, 20 (I): 51–61 [2024-03-31]. S2CID 56329319. doi:10.1017/s0021853700016716. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-06-17）.  SAH staff. Conquest of the Eastern Cape 1779-1878. South African History Online. 21 March 2011 [2017-12-07]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-26）.  SAH staff. Fingo leaders gather at Peddie. South African History Online. 12 May 1836 [23 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-06）.  SAH staff. 1800s time-line. South African History Online. 2012 [23 March 2012]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-21）.  Gon, Philip. The Last Frontier War. Military History Journal (The South African Military History Society). December 1982, 5 (6) [2015-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2024-03-31）.