東非戰役 (第一次世界大戰)

第一次世界大戰的東非戰役包含一系列的戰役與游擊戰，最初在德屬東非爆發，後來戰事延伸到葡屬東非、北羅德西亞、英屬東非、烏干達保護國以及比屬剛果。德屬東非的戰事在1917年11月幾乎結束，因為德軍當時進入葡屬莫三比克，並以葡軍補給為生繼續作戰。 由保羅·馮·萊托-福爾貝克中校（後晉升少將（英语：Generalmajor））所率領的德國殖民地部隊，其戰略是牽制協約國在西方戰線的部隊，迫使其調軍非洲。1916年之後，他的戰略只取得了喜憂參半的結果，因為德軍在該年被趕出德屬東非，而協約國部隊則變成幾乎由南非、印度及其他殖民地的部隊所組成。由於政策緣故，英國並不考慮將南非黑人部隊投入歐洲戰事，而所有的英屬印度軍隊在1915年底前都已撤出西方戰線。非洲戰事消耗及大量的金錢與戰爭物資，而這些本可用於其他戰線。 東非德軍的戰鬥貫穿了整場世界大戰，並一直持續至1918年11月14日早上7點30分接到停戰消息時。當時雙方都在等待確認，直到11月25日德軍才正式投降。德屬東非變成兩塊國際聯盟第二等託管地：英國的坦噶尼喀及比利時的盧安達-烏隆地，而基翁加三角則割讓給葡萄牙。 含200名歐裔士兵及2,500名阿斯卡利（英语：Askari）。 含3,000名歐裔士兵及15,000名阿斯卡利。 含115名歐裔士兵及1,168名阿斯卡利。 含5,000名歐裔士兵及17,000名阿斯卡利。 為德國服役的非正規軍真正數量未知，而英國陸軍部則估計為12,000人。為德國而戰的魯加魯加（英语：Ruga-Ruga）也是隨著實際情形波動，他們時而戰鬥、時而離開或開小差 根據Clodfelter所述，包含1,290名阿斯卡利及739名德國人（100名軍官）；874名德國人負傷（也包括被俘者） 根據Clodfelter所述，包含2,487名阿斯卡利及2名德國人。 根據Clodfelter所述，包含2,847名德國人及4,275名阿斯卡利。 因戰爭原因喪生的非洲平民比例：肯亞30,000人、坦桑尼亞100,000人、莫三比克50,000人、盧安達15,000人、蒲隆地20,000人以及比屬剛果150,000人。 Miller 1974，第41頁. Holmes 2001，第359頁. Garfield 2007，第274頁. Contey 2002，第46頁. Crowson 2003，第87頁. Clodfelter 2017，第416頁. Pesek (2014)，第94頁. Pesek (2014)，第94-97頁. Morlang 2008，第91頁. Paice 2007，第388頁. Michels 2009，第117頁. Clodfelter 2017，第415頁. Erlikman 2004，第88頁. Holmes 2001，第361頁. Strachan 2004，第642頁. 書籍 Anderson, Ross. The Forgotten Front: The East Africa Campaign, 1914–1918. Stroud: Tempus. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7524-2344-9.  Chappell, Mike. The British Army in World War I: The Eastern Fronts III. Oxford: Osprey. 2005. ISBN 978-1-84176-401-6.  Clodfelter, M. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopaedia of Casualty and other Figures, 1492–2015 4th. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 2017. ISBN 978-0-7864-7470-7.  Corbett, J. S. Naval Operations. History of the Great War based on Official Documents I 2nd repr. Imperial War Museum and Naval & Military Press. London: Longmans, Green. 2009 [1938] [2018-01-18]. ISBN 978-1-84342-489-5.  Crowson, T. A. When Elephants Clash. A Critical Analysis of Major General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck in the East African Theatre of the Great War. NTIS, Springfield, VA.: Storming Media. 2003. OCLC 634605194.  Erlikman, Vadim. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke [Population Losses in the Twentieth Century: A Handbook]. Moscow: Russkai︠a︡ panorama. 2004. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1.  Farwell, B. The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989. ISBN 978-0-393-30564-7.  Foden, G. Mimi and Toutou Go Forth: The Bizarre Battle for Lake Tanganyika. London: Penguin Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0-14-100984-1.  Garfield, Brian. The Meinertzhagen Mystery. Washington, DC: Potomac Books. 2007. ISBN 978-1-59797-041-9.  Hordern, C. Military Operations East Africa: August 1914 – September 1916 I Imperial War Museum & Battery Press. London: HMSO. 1990 [1941]. ISBN 978-0-89839-158-9.  Holmes, Richard. The Oxford Companion to Military History. Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-19-860696-3.  Hoyt, E. P. Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire. New York: MacMillan. 1981. ISBN 978-0-02-555210-4.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Michels, Stefanie. Schwarze Deutsche Kolonialsoldaten. Mehrdeutige Repräsentationsräume und früher Kosmopolitismus in Afrika [Black German Colonial Soldiers. Ambiguous Representational Spaces and Former Cosmopolitanism in Africa]. Histoire Transcript (Firm). Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. 2009. ISBN 978-3-8376-1054-3 （德语）.  |issue=被忽略 (帮助) Miller, C. Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in East Africa. New York: MacMillan. 1974. ISBN 978-0-02-584930-3.  Morlang, Thomas. Askari und Fitafita. "Farbige" Söldner in den deutschen Kolonien [Askari and Fitafita. 'Colored' Mercenaries in the German Colonies]. Schlaglichter der Kolonialgeschichte. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. 2008. ISBN 978-3-86153-476-1 （德语）.  |issue=被忽略 (帮助) Newbolt, H. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Naval Operations IV Naval & Military Press. London: Longmans. 2003 [1928] [2016-01-18]. ISBN 978-1-84342-492-5.  Paice, E. Tip and Run: The Untold Tragedy of the Great War in Africa Phoenix. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2009 [2007]. ISBN 978-0-7538-2349-1.  Louis, Wm. Roger. Ruanda-Urundi, 1884–1919. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1963. OCLC 445674.  Sondhaus, L. World War One: The Global Revolution. London: Cambridge University Press. 2011. ISBN 978-0-521-73626-8.  Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War 1914–1920 online. London: War Office. 1920 [2016-11-23]. OCLC 1318955.  Strachan, H. The First World War: To Arms I pbk. Oxford: OUP. 2003 [2001]. ISBN 978-0-19-926191-8.  Strachan, H. The First World War in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-925728-7.  Willmott, H. P. First World War. London: Dorling Kindersley. 2003. ISBN 978-1-4053-0029-2.  期刊 Alexander, G. A. M. The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918. The Northern Rhodesia Journal. 1961, IV (5) [2007-03-07]. ISSN 0549-9674. （原始内容存档于2019-05-22）.  Annuaire statistique de la Belgique et du Congo Belge 1915–1919 [Statistics of Belgium and the Belgian Congo Annual]. Bruxelles: Institut national de statistique for Ministère des affaires économiques. 1922. ISSN 0770-2221.  Contey, F. Zeppelin Mission to East Africa. Aviation History (Weider History Group). 2002, XIII (1). ISSN 1076-8858.  網站 Chantrill, C. Spending / Pie Chart 1914. ukpublicspending co uk. 2016-11-29 [2016-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-18）.  書籍 Abbott, P. Armies in East Africa 1914–1918. Osprey. 2002. ISBN 978-1-84176-489-4.  Calvert, A. F. South-West Africa During the German Occupation, 1884–1914. London: T. W. Laurie. 1915 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 7534413.  Calvert, A. F. German East Africa. London: T. W. Laurie. 1917 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 1088504.  Clifford, H. C. The Gold Coast Regiment in the East African Campaign Naval & Military Press. London: John Murray. 2013 [1920] [2014-03-23]. ISBN 978-1-78331-012-8.  Dane, E. British Campaigns in Africa and the Pacific, 1914–1918. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1919 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 2460289.  Difford, I. D. The Story of the 1st Battalion Cape Corps, 1915–1919. Cape Town: Hortors. 1920 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 13300378.  Downes, W. D. With the Nigerians in German East Africa. London: Methuen. 1919 [2014-03-03]. OCLC 10329057.  Fendall, C. P. The East African Force 1915–1919 Battery Press. London: H. F. & G. Witherby. 1992 [1921] [2014-02-25]. ISBN 978-0-89839-174-9.  Frenssen, G. Peter Moors Fahrt nach Südwest [Peter Moor's Journey to South-West Africa: A Narrative of the German Campaign] Houghton Mifflin, NY. Berlin: Grote. 1914 [1906] [2014-03-02]. OCLC 2953336.  Gardner, B. On to Kilimanjaro. Philadelphia: Macrae Smith. 1963. ISBN 978-1-111-04620-0.  Hodges, G. (编). The Carrier Corps: The Story of the Military Labor Forces in the Conquest of German East Africa, 1914–1919 2nd revised. Nairobi: Nairobi University Press. 1999. OCLC 605134579.  Hoyt, E. P. The Germans Who Never Lost. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1968. ISBN 978-0-09-096400-0.  Millais, J. G. Life of Frederick Courtenay Selous, D.S.O., Capt. 25th Royal Fusiliers. London: Longmans, Green. 1919 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 5322545.  Mosley, L. Duel for Kilimanjaro: An Account of the East African Campaign 1914–1918. New York: Ballantine Books. 1963. OCLC 655839799.  Northrup, D. Beyond the Bend in the River: African Labor in Eastern Zaire, 1865–1940. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Center for International Studies. 1988 [2014-03-03]. ISBN 978-0-89680-151-6.  Patience, K. Konigsberg: A German East African Raider 2001 revised. Bahrain: Author. 1997. OCLC 223264994.  Pesek, Michael. Ruga-ruga: The History of an African Profession, 1820–1918. Nina Berman; Klaus Mühlhahn; Patrice Nganang (编). German Colonialism Revisited: African, Asian, and Oceanic Experiences. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 2014: 85–100.  Rutherford, A. Kaputala: The Diary of Arthur Beagle & The East Africa Campaign 1916–1918. Hand Over Fist Press. 2001. ISBN 978-0-9540517-0-9.  Sheppard, S. H. Some Notes on Tactics in the East African Campaign. India: Simla?. 1919 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 609954711.  Sibley, J. R. Tanganyikan Guerilla. New York: Ballantine Books. 1973. ISBN 978-0-345-09801-6.  Stapleton, T. The Rhodesia Native Regiment and the East Africa Campaign of the First World War. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-88920-498-0.  Stevenson, W. The Ghosts of Africa. New York: Ballantine Books. 1981. ISBN 978-0-345-29793-8.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Whittall, W. With Botha and Smuts in Africa. London: Cassell. 1917 [2014-03-02]. OCLC 3504908.  Young, F. B. Marching on Tanga. New York: E. P. Dutton. 1917. OCLC 717640690.  論文 Anderson, R. World War I in East Africa, 1916–1918. theses.gla.ac.uk (学位论文) (University of Glasgow). 2001 [2014-07-02]. OCLC 498854094. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.252464. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：東非戰役 The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The German East Africa Campaign 1914–1918 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The War with Germany in East Africa （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Rutherford, Alan. Kaputala, 2nd edition, Hand Over Fist Press, 2014. The Zeppelin Airship Era Cana, Frank R. East Africa, Military Operations. Encyclopædia Britannica 30 第12版: 875–886. 1922.  Digre, Brian : Colonial Warfare and Occupation (Africa) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.