多巴胺受体D4

多巴胺受体D4是一种由DRD4基因编码的G蛋白偶联受体。 和其他多巴胺受体亚型一样, D4受体由神经递质——多巴胺激活。它与精神分裂症,帕金森症,躁郁症，上瘾行为，以及诸如厌食症, 贪食症和暴食症等神经性进食紊乱症等许多神经学或心理学状况相关。 此受体也是许多治疗精神分裂症和帕金森症的靶标. D4受体被认为与D2-类似，被激活的受体抑制腺苷酸環化酶，从而减少细胞内第二信息递质环磷腺苷的浓度。 此人体蛋白由 11号染色体上位于11p15.5的基因DRD4编码。 人类基因中有轻微的变化（变异/多态)： 在外显子3的一处48-碱基对VNTR 启动子中的C-521T 外显子1中碱基235至247的13-碱基对删除 外显子I中12碱基对重复。 Val194Gly 120bp处的多态串联重复 此基因的变异与多种行为表型相关，包括自主神经系统失常，注意缺陷障碍， 精神分裂症, 以及寻求新奇的人格特征。 外显子3中的48-碱基对可变数量串联重复（VNTR）有2至11次重复。 等位基因的频率在人群中变化很大，例如，7-重复版本在美洲很高而在亚洲则很低。 “长”版本的多态基因是重复6到10次的等位基因。7R对多巴胺分子的反应强度似乎要略弱一些。 '长DRD4'变体, 或更具体地即7重复(7R)，松散地与形成ADHD 以及其它的心理特征和异常的易感性相关。 48-碱基对VNTR已经成为了在跨文化环境下对其在人类行为的进化和角色方面所作出的诸多推测的主题。7R等位基因似乎在4万年前就已经被选择出来。 1999年，陈（音）及其同事 观察到那些在过去3万年到1万年间迁移得比较远的人类群体带有7R/长等位基因的频率较高。他们也指出游牧人群带有7R等位基因的频率比定居人群高。 较近期，也有观察到拥有7R等位基因的游牧人阿里尔人健康状况更好。然而，定居不久的（非游牧）带有7R等位基因的阿里尔人似乎有轻微的健康退化状况。 尽管有关于DRD4 48碱基对VNTR与“寻奇性格”（具有爱探索和爱刺激人的一种性格特质）之间关联的早期发现， 2008年的一项 元分析对比了36份出版了的关于“寻奇性格”和多态性的研究，没有找到有效相关性。关于11份研究的元分析确发现了基因的另一多态性——-521C/T显示出与“寻奇性格”的联系。 。究其各种情况，“寻奇”行为可能是由几个基因介导的，仅归因于DRD4本身所造成的变化并不是特别大。 有一些研究指出育儿过程可能影响带有DRD4 7-重复等位基因儿童的认知发展。 具有母性感受、正念和自治支持的育儿过程在15个月时对儿童后来在18至20个月的执行性功能有益 经历较差育儿过程的儿童比那些有较好经历者更冲动且更追求感官刺激。高质量的育儿过程与儿童在四岁时较好的努力控制 相关。 WAY-100635: 全效 激动剂, 带有5-HT1A拮抗组分 A-412,997: 完全激动剂, 对超过79种不同的受体和离子通道选择性>100倍。 ABT-724 - 开发用于治疗勃起功能障碍 ABT-670 - 比ABT-724口服生物利用率高 FAUC 316: 部分激动剂, 对其他多巴胺受体子类型选择性>8600-fold倍 FAUC 299: 部分激动剂 (E)-1-芳基-3-(4-吡啶哌啶-1-基）丙酮肟 PIP3EA: 部分激动剂 Flibanserin - 部分激动剂 PD-168,077 - D4选择性但也绑定到α1A, α2C 和 5HT1A CP-226,269 - D4选择性但也绑定到D2, D3, α2A, α2C 和 5HT1A Ro10-5824 - 部分激动剂 A-381393: 强效，亚型选择性拮抗剂 (>2700倍) FAUC 213 L-745,870 L-750,667 S 18126: 也叫 σ1 affin Fananserin - 混合型5-HT2A / D4 拮抗剂 Clozapine，一种典型的抗精神病药物 FAUC F41: 反激动剂，亚型选择性超过D2和 D3三个数量级 精神病多巴胺假说（英语：Dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia） 對多巴胺受体D4起作用的藥物；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.  GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069696、​ENSG00000276825 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000025496 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. 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