布什罗德·华盛顿

布什罗德·华盛顿（英語：Bushrod Washington，1762年6月5日—1829年11月26日），美国律师和政治人物，1798年至1829年担任美国最高法院大法官。在最高法院期间，他是首席大法官约翰·马歇尔的坚定盟友。 布什罗德是美国殖民协会的联合创始人和主席，该协会旨在推动获得自由的奴隶移民到非洲。他还是美国开国元勋和总统乔治·华盛顿的侄子，乔治·华盛顿的遗孀玛莎·华盛顿死后，布什罗德继承了伯父的手稿和弗农山庄。 布什罗德·华盛顿1762年6月5日出生于弗吉尼亚州威斯特摩兰县霍利山的布什菲尔德庄园。 他的父亲是乔治·华盛顿的弟弟约翰·奥古斯丁·华盛顿（1736–1787），母亲是汉娜·布什罗德（1735–1801）。 布什罗德1778年毕业于威廉玛丽学院，1780年作为校友成为美国大学优等生荣誉学会的第41名成员。 1780年布什罗德开始跟约翰·马歇尔向乔治·怀斯学习法律，1781年他加入大陆军，到1782年他一直是个士兵。 离开军队后，布什罗德在父亲和叔叔乔治·华盛顿资助下跟詹姆斯·威尔逊研习法律。 1784年4月他结束学业回到威斯特摩兰县，与茱莉亚·安妮（安娜）·布莱克本结婚，并开设了律师事务所。 1784年至1798年，他一直从事法律工作。 布什罗德于1787年当选为弗吉尼亚众议院议员。 1788年，他参加弗吉尼亚联邦会议，投票赞成批准美国宪法。 1798年9月29日，布什罗德得到约翰·亚当斯总统的休会任命，接任詹姆斯·威尔逊空出的美国最高法院大法官席位，此前约翰·马歇尔因寻求选举公职拒绝了这一任命。 布什罗德于1798年12月18日正式被提名，并在同年12月20日获得美国参议院批准，当天即获得任命。 1799年2月4日，布什罗德正式宣誓就职，时年36岁。 两年后，马歇尔出任首席大法官，两人共事期间布什罗德仅有三次投票与马歇尔不同（其中之一是Ogden v. Saunders案）。 布什罗德在最高法院任职到1829年去世为止。 在马歇尔法院时期，布什罗德以大法官身份巡回审判时撰写了Corfield v. Coryell案 的意见， 列出了几项他认为是基本的属于各州公民的特权和豁免权。 大约在1795年，布什罗德购买了Belvidere，那是一座曾为威廉·伯德三世拥有的，位于里士满的庄园。1798年被任命为最高法院法官后，布什罗德便将Belvidere出手了。 在伯母玛莎·华盛顿于1802年去世后，布什罗德继承了叔叔乔治·华盛顿的全部手稿以及大部分遗产，包括弗农山种植园。 按照乔治·华盛顿的遗嘱，他的奴隶会在妻子玛莎死后获得自由。 但是玛莎在1800年就释放了这些奴隶。 布什罗德和他的妻子在玛莎死后随即搬到弗农山，他们还带来了自己的奴隶。 遗产里现金不多，布什罗德也无法靠财产收益和最高法院薪水维持种植园的豪宅， 因此在他居住期间那栋豪宅缺乏维护。 由于农场不赚钱，布什罗德出售了许多奴隶以获取营运资金来维持主屋和山庄。 布什罗德在1813年当选为美国文物协会成员。 1816年，他成为美国殖民协会（ACS）的创始成员，该协会推动将获得自由的奴隶送回非洲。 布什罗德是协会的首任主席，并在余生中一直担任该职位。 布什罗德出售奴隶以养护弗农山庄的行为激怒了废奴主义者，他们质疑为什么ACS主席不能像他的伯伯乔治·华盛顿那样释放奴隶。 1829年11月26日，布什罗德在巡回法院时于宾夕法尼亚州费城去世。 两天后，他的妻子在运送他遗体时去世。 两人都被安葬在弗农山庄华盛顿家族墓地中的一个墓穴中。墓前竖立有方尖碑来纪念布什罗德和他的妻子。 由于布什罗德在美国殖民协会中发挥的作用以及他帮助建立利比里亚共和国的贡献，利比里亚首都蒙罗维亚附近的布什罗德岛以他命名。 Bushrod Washington. Oyez: U.S. Supreme Court Multimedia. Jerry Goldman. 1997-07-16 [2015-12-27]. （原始内容存档于2006-02-14）.  Wayland, John Walter. The Washingtons and Their Homes. Baltimore, Maryland: Clearfield. 1944: 125 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 0806347759. OCLC 39055916. （原始内容存档于2016-05-09）.  (1) Hannah Bushrod. Ancestry. 2016 [2016-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-22）.  (2) George Washington's Family Chart. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. [2016-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-17）.  (1) The Phi Beta Kappa Key: The Official Publication of the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa 4 (1). Somerville, New Jersey: Unionist-Gazette: 112–113. 1919 [2020-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-17）.  (2) Smith, Jean Edward. John Marshall: Definer of a Nation. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 1996: 554. ISBN 9781466862319. OCLC 874903389. （原始内容存档于2016-04-25）.  Washington, Bushrod. History of the Federal Judiciary: Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. [2015-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-06）.  Hall, Timothy L. Bushrod Washington. Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Facts on File, Inc.). 2001: 39–42 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 9781438108179. OCLC 234179292. （原始内容存档于2016-05-09）.  Fister, Jude M. America Writes Its History, 1650-1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 2014: 120–121 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. （原始内容存档于2016-05-05）.  Fister, Jude M. America Writes Its History, 1650-1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 2014: 122 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. （原始内容存档于2016-05-22）.  Grigsby, Hugh Blair. Brock, R.A. , 编. The History of the Virginia Federal Convention of 1788 With Some Account of the Eminent Virginians of that Era who were Members of the Body. Collections of the Virginia Historical Society. New Series. Volume IX 1 (Richmond, Virginia: Virginia Historical Society). 1890: 344–346 [2020-09-22]. OCLC 41680515. （原始内容存档于2020-08-01）.  Cushman, Clare: Supreme Court Historical Society (编). Bushrod Washington. The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–2012 3rd (CQ Press, an imprint of SAGE Publications). 2013: 47 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 9781608718320. OCLC 832697340. （原始内容存档于2016-12-12）.  Thayer, James Bradley. Cases on constitutional law: With notes, Part 2. C.W. Sever. 1894: 453–56 [2020-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-04-30）.  All Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the Several States. Justia: US Law. 2015 [2015-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-08）.  Dabney, Virginius. Richmond: The Story of a City: Revised and Expanded Edition. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virginia. 1990: 19 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 0813912741. OCLC 20263021. （原始内容存档于2019-12-27）.  (1) Fister, Jude M. America Writes Its History, 1650-1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 2014: 90 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. （原始内容存档于2016-05-11）.  (2) Lossing, Benson J. The Home of Washington; Or, Mount Vernon and Its Associations, Historical, Biographical, and Pictorial. A.S. Hale & Company. 1870 [2020-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-10）.  (3) Washington, George. Last Will and Testament. Rediscovering George Washington. PBS. 1790-07-09 [2015-12-04]. （原始内容存档于2005-02-06）. To my nephew Bushrod Washington, I give and bequeath all the Papers in my possession which relate to my Civil and Military Administration of the affairs of this Country; I leave to him also such of my private papers as are worth preserving; and at the decease of my wife, and before; if she is not inclined to retain them, I give and bequeath my Library of books, and pamphlets of every kind. ..... To my nephew Bushrod Washington and his heirs (partly in consideration of an intimation to his deceased father, while we were Bachelors, & he had kindly undertaken to superintend my Estate during my Military Services in the former War between Great Britain and France, that if I should fall therein, Mount Vernon (then less extensive in domain than at present) should become his property) I give and bequeath all that part thereof which is comprehended within the following limits, ....  George Washington and Slavery. George Washington's Mount Vernon: Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2015 [2015-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-05）.  Lossing, Benson J. The Home of Washington; Or, Mount Vernon and Its Associations, Historical, Biographical, and Pictorial. A.S. Hale & Company. 1870 [2020-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-13）.  Fister, Jude M. America Writes Its History, 1650-1850: The Formation of a National Narrative. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland and Company, Inc. 2014: 124 [2020-09-22]. ISBN 978-0-7864-7921-4. OCLC 859384941. （原始内容存档于2016-06-17）.  Dunne, Gerald. Bushrod Washington and The Mount Vernon Slaves. 1980 Yearbook. Supreme Court Historical Society. [2015-11-30]. （原始内容存档于2002-10-09）.  The Formation of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association and the Dramatic Rescue of George Washington's Estate. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. [2015-11-23]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-29）.  American Antiquarian Society Members Directory. [2020-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-28）.  Burials at Mount Vernon. Digital Encyclopedia. George Washington's Mount Vernon. [2015-12-28]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-21）.  (1) The Tomb. Digital Encyclopedia. George Washington's Mount Vernon. [2015-12-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-19）. The marble shafts in front of the Tomb were erected to the memory of Bushrod Washington and his nephew, John Augustine Washington, who in turn were proprietors of Mount Vernon. They are buried in the inner vault.  (2) Washington Family Tomb at Mount Vernon. Original Information from Volume 5 of the Gravestone Books. Fairfax Genealogical Society. 2016 [2016-11-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-11-16）. Two large marble obelisks which stand in front of the new vault were erected as memorials to the private owners of Mount Vernon after George Washington's death. Both shafts were carved by "A. Gaddis Fecit. Balto": Within the vault Lie buried the mortal remains of Bushrod Washington, An associate Justice, of the Supreme Court of the U. S. He died in Philadelphia, Nov'r 26th 1829; Aged 68 By his side is interred his devoted Wife Anna Blackburn, Who survived her beloved Husband but two days. Aged 60. Judge Washington. Was the Son of John Augustine Washington and the Nephew of Genl George Washington, Who appointed him one of his Executors. And bequeathed him Mount Vernon. As a Judge he was Wise and Just. "A man of Truth, hating covetousness." Firm in every honourable purpose and pursuit, Yet gentle humane and condescending. A sincere Christian, Doing in all things the will of his Master, And resting his hope of eternal happiness, []ove on the righteousness of Jesus Christ. This humble Monument to the memory of the venerated Judge and his beloved Wife Is placed here by her Niece the Widow of his nephew. John A. Washington. ....  Starr, Frederick. Liberia: description, history, problems. Chicago: Frederick Starr. 1913: 9 [2020-09-22]. OCLC 6791808. （原始内容存档于2017-05-05）.