前扣带皮层

前扣带皮层（英文：Anterior cingulate cortex），在人脑中，是大脑扣带皮层的前部，包围了胼胝体的前部。前扣带皮层属于布罗德曼分区系统第24、25、32、33分区。前扣带皮层参与了许多脑部的高阶功能，包括注意力分配、奖励、决策、道德及伦理、冲动控制（譬如错误检测与纠正）、情感等。 在解剖学上，前扣带皮层位于后扣带皮层前部，可分为背部（认知区）、前部（情感区）。背部常被称为“中扣带皮层（midcingulate cortex）”，与前额叶皮质、顶叶、运动系统等区域相连，使其成为“自上而下和自下而上刺激”的核心站。前部则与杏仁核、伏隔核、下丘脑、丘脑、前岛叶等相连，参与评估情感显化和激励性信息。 特别的是，前扣带皮层含有纺锤体神经元（仅在人类及其它灵长类动物、大象、鲸豚类动物上发现），与脑部处理困难问题的功能有关。 许多研究认为，前扣带皮层参与了错误检测与纠正、任务预期、激励、注意力、情感调控等功能。在压力环境下，前扣带皮层可能还参与调节自主神经系统，譬如调节血压和心率。 前扣带皮层异常可能与强迫症、情绪不稳、无法认知错误、无动性缄默症（英语：Akinetic mutism）、社交焦虑等病症有关。 左侧大脑半球：前扣带皮层在红色标记处 中枢神经系统 边缘系统 Jumah, Fareed R.; Dossani, Rimal H. Neuroanatomy, Cingulate Cortex. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2021 [2021-04-04]. PMID 30725762. （原始内容存档于2021-12-10）.  Pardo JV, Pardo PJ, Janer KW, Raichle ME. The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. January 1990, 87 (1): 256–9. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87..256P. PMC 53241 . PMID 2296583. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.1.256.  Bush G, Vogt BA, Holmes J, Dale AM, Greve D, Jenike MA, Rosen BR. Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex: a role in reward-based decision making. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. January 2002, 99 (1): 523–8. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99..523B. PMC 117593 . PMID 11756669. doi:10.1073/pnas.012470999.  Sevinc G, Gurvit H, Spreng RN. Salience network engagement with the detection of morally laden information. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. July 2017, 12 (7): 1118–1127. PMC 5490682 . PMID 28338944. doi:10.1093/scan/nsx035.  Golchert, Johannes; Smallwood, Jonathan; Jefferies, Elizabeth; Liem, Franziskus; Huntenburg, Julia M.; Falkiewicz, Marcel; Lauckner, Mark E.; Oligschläger, Sabine; Villringer, Arno. In need of constraint: Understanding the role of the cingulate cortex in the impulsive mind. NeuroImage. 2017-02-01, 146: 804–813. ISSN 1095-9572. PMID 27989844. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.10.041.  Decety J, Jackson PL. The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews. June 2004, 3 (2): 71–100. PMID 15537986. doi:10.1177/1534582304267187.  Jackson, Philip L.; Brunet, Eric; Meltzoff, Andrew N.; Decety, Jean. Empathy examined through the neural mechanisms involved in imagining how I feel versus how you feel pain. Neuropsychologia. 2006, 44 (5): 752–761 [2021-04-04]. ISSN 0028-3932. PMID 16140345. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.015. （原始内容存档于2021-05-25）.  Bush, George; Luu, Phan; Posner, Michael I.; Bush, George; Luu, Phan; Posner, Michael I.; Bush, George; Luu, Phan; Posner, Michael I. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2000-06-01, 4 (6): 215–222 [2021-04-04]. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 10827444. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01483-2. （原始内容存档于2013-10-11） （英语）.  Posner MI, DiGirolamo GJ. Executive attention: Conflict, target detection, and cognitive control. Parasuraman R (编). The attentive brain. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 1998. ISBN 0-262-16172-9.  Brain Cells for Socializing. Smithsonian Magazine. [2021-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-23） （英语）.  Allman JM, Hakeem A, Erwin JM, Nimchinsky E, Hof P. The anterior cingulate cortex. The evolution of an interface between emotion and cognition. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. May 2001, 935: 107–17. Bibcode:2001NYASA.935..107A. PMID 11411161. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x.  Gianaros, Peter J.; Derbyshire, Stuart W. G.; May, J. Christopher; Siegle, Greg J.; Gamalo, Mark A.; Jennings, J. Richard. Anterior cingulate activity correlates with blood pressure during stress. Psychophysiology. 2005-11, 42 (6): 627–635 [2021-04-04]. ISSN 0048-5772. PMC 2246096 . PMID 16364058. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2005.00366.x. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.  McGovern, Robert A.; Sheth, Sameer A. Role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder: converging evidence from cognitive neuroscience and psychiatric neurosurgery. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2017-01, 126 (1): 132–147 [2021-04-04]. ISSN 1933-0693. PMID 27035167. doi:10.3171/2016.1.JNS15601. （原始内容存档于2020-11-12）.  Lieberman, Matthew D.; Eisenberger, Naomi I. Pains and Pleasures of Social Life. Science. 2009-02-13, 323 (5916): 890–891 [2021-04-04]. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 19213907. doi:10.1126/science.1170008. （原始内容存档于2020-05-16） （英语）.