室周核

它位于下丘脑的吻侧、中间和尾部区域。喙区有助于生长抑素和甲状腺释放激素的产生。中间部分有助于甲状腺释放激素、生长抑素、瘦素、胃泌素和神经肽 y的产生。在人类和灵长类动物中，它还产生GnRH 。最后，尾部区域有助于交感神经系统调节，被视为愤怒中心。室周核没有有效的血脑屏障。 11β-HSD2表达将皮质醇转化为可的松。 该核已被证明可以通过多种方式影响GnRH（促性腺激素释放激素）的释放。一种方式是神经肽 Y的表达，它对负责 GnRH 分泌的下丘脑通路有影响。 室周核也被证明有许多表达Kisspeptin的神经元，它会产生LH激增，最终导致 GnRH 的释放。 在雌性大鼠中，室周核细胞中雌激素受体β的表达较高，这被认为导致雄性和雌性的 LH 分泌水平不同。 该区域已被证明有助于生长抑素的产生，研究表明释放生长抑素的神经元受到谷氨酸能神经支配的刺激，从而抑制生长激素的释放。 据认为，男性和女性之间室周核分泌的生长抑素水平存在差异，这被认为是生长激素分泌的性别二态性的原因。 也有人提出，瘦素分泌也在室周核释放 GH 中发挥作用，并且这种激素在 GH 释放途径中与生长抑素和生长激素释放激素(GHRH) 相互作用。 室周核神经元中瘦素受体的存在进一步支持了这一点。 GH 还可能通过增加下丘脑的细胞因子信号传导来抑制 GH 释放途径，从而对室周核提供调节反馈。 前腹室周核 Ueno M, Akiguchi I, Hosokawa M, Kotani H, Kanenishi K, Sakamoto H. Blood-brain barrier permeability in the periventricular areas of the normal mouse brain. Acta Neuropathologica. 2000, 99 (4): 385–92. PMID 10787037. S2CID 125429. doi:10.1007/s004010051140.  Seckl JR. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase in the Brain: A Novel Regulator of Glucocorticoid Action?. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology. 1997, 18 (1): 49–99. PMID 9000459. S2CID 46477930. doi:10.1006/frne.1996.0143.  Chiba, A. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-ir) structures in the brain of the gar Lepisosteus oculatus (Lepisosteiformes, Osteichthyes) with special regard to their anatomical relations to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-ir structures in the hypothalamus and the terminal nerve. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2005-07-01, 142 (3): 336–346. PMID 15935160. doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2005.02.010.  Rudolph, L. M.; Bentley, G. E.; Calandra, R. S.; Paredes, A. H.; Tesone, M.; Wu, T. J.; Micevych, P. E. Peripheral and Central Mechanisms Involved in the Hormonal Control of Male and Female Reproduction. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 2016-07-01, 28 (7): 10.1111/jne.12405. ISSN 1365-2826. PMC 5146987 . PMID 27329133. doi:10.1111/jne.12405 （英语）.  Orikasa, Chitose; Kondo, Yasuhiko; Hayashi, Shinji; McEwen, Bruce S.; Sakuma, Yasuo. Sexually dimorphic expression of estrogen receptor β in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus of the rat preoptic area: Implication in luteinizing hormone surge. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2002-03-05, 99 (5): 3306–3311. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3306O. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122514 . PMID 11854469. doi:10.1073/pnas.052707299  （英语）.  Kiss, József; Csaba, Zsolt; Csáki, Ágnes; Halász, Béla. Glutamatergic innervation of growth hormone-releasing hormone-containing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and somatostatin-containing neurons in the anterior periventricular nucleus of the rat. Brain Research Bulletin. 2006-10-16, 70 (4–6): 278–288. PMID 17027763. S2CID 3184096. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.05.006.  Murray; Simonian. Correlation of hypothalamic somatostatin mRNA expression and peptide content with secretion: sexual dimorphism and differential regulation by gonadal factors. Neuroendocrinology. 2001, 11 (1): 27–33. PMID 9918226. S2CID 12731896. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00286.x.  Carro, E.; Señarís, R. M.; Seoane, L. M.; Frohman, L. A.; Arimura, A.; Casanueva, F. F.; Diéguez, C. Role of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone and somatostatin on leptin-induced GH secretion. Neuroendocrinology. 1999-01-01, 69 (1): 3–10 [2024-01-06]. ISSN 0028-3835. PMID 9892845. S2CID 8220028. doi:10.1159/000054397. （原始内容存档于2018-01-27）.  Håkansson, Marie-Louise; Brown, Hilary; Ghilardi, Nico; Skoda, Radek C.; Meister, Björn. Leptin Receptor Immunoreactivity in Chemically Defined Target Neurons of the Hypothalamus. Journal of Neuroscience. 1998-01-01, 18 (1): 559–572. ISSN 0270-6474. PMC 6793379 . PMID 9412531. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-01-00559.1998 （英语）.  Kasagi, Yoko; Tokita, Reiko; Nakata, Tomoko; Imaki, Toshihiro; Minami, Shiro. Human growth hormone induces SOCS3 and CIS mRNA increase in the hypothalamic neurons of hypophysectomized rats. Endocrine Journal. 2004-04-01, 51 (2): 145–154. ISSN 0918-8959. PMID 15118263. doi:10.1507/endocrj.51.145 .  NeuroNames ancil-748