科普特语

科普特语（Coptic language），是晚期階段的古埃及語，形成于纪元前。纪元伊始，人们开始借鉴希臘字母，創制出了科普特語的子音字母；又照古埃及文的世俗體文字，創制出了母音字母，由此設計完成了一套科普特語字母。公元3世纪，出现大量用科普特语誊抄的希腊文献，尤其是基督教经文。迦克墩公會議后，亚历山大学派反对确立耶稣「一位二性」的信经，与罗马天主教分道扬镳，出现了科普特教派。科普特语言文字在科普特教派的信徒的使用中得到继承发扬。科普特语曾在埃及各地广泛使用，但后来逐渐被埃及阿拉伯語取代。现在，科普特语只在埃及科普特人的教會中使用。 科普特文使用一種基本上完全從希臘字母衍生出來的書寫系統，外帶有著世俗體埃及文起源的一些字母。 科普特語有主語-動詞-賓語詞序，但當有正確的前置詞在主語之前時可以是動詞-主語-賓語詞序。數、性、時態和語氣都用來自新埃及語的前綴指示。更早期的埃及語階段通過後綴來完成。一些後綴屈折的痕跡存留於科普特語中，主要用來指示不可轉讓所有關係和用在一些動詞中，比較中古埃及語形式 *satāpafa“he chooses”(在象形文中寫為 stp.f)與科普特語 f.sotp ϥⲥⲱⲧⲡ̅“he chooses”。 UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO Emmel, Stephen. 1992. "Languages (Coptic)". In The Anchor Bible Dictionary, edited by David Noel Freedman. Vol. 4 of 6 vols. New York: Doubleday. 180–188. Gessman, A. M. The Birth of the Coptic Script. University of South Florida Language Quarterly 14. 1976, 2–3.  Gignac, Francis Thomas. 1991. "Old Coptic". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 169—188. Rodolphe Kasser. 1991. "Dialects". In The Coptic Encyclopedia, edited by Aziz Suryal Atiya. Vol. 8 of 8 vols. New York and Toronto: Macmillian Publishing Company and Collier Macmillian Canada. 87—96. Wolfgang Kosack Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974. Loprieno, Antonio. 1995. Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1971. "Coptic". In Afroasiatic: A Survey, edited by Carleton Taylor Hodge. (Jana Linguarum: Series Practica; 163). 's Gravenhage and Paris: Mouton. 67–79. Henry Tattam, A compendious grammar of the Egyptian language as contained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects (London 1863) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Marius Chaîne. 1933. Éléments de grammaire dialectale copte: bohairique, sahidique, achmimique, fayoumique. Paris: Paul Geuthner. Eberle, Andrea, & Regine Schulz. 2004. Koptisch - Ein Leitfaden durch das Saïdische. LINCOM Languages of the World/Materials 07. Munich: LINCOM Europa. Lambdin, Thomas Oden. 1983. Introduction to Sahidic Coptic. Macon: Mercer University Press. Layton, Bentley. 2000. A Coptic Grammar (Sahidic Dialect): With a Chrestomathy and Glossary. (Porta linguarum orientalium; N.S., 20). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. Layton, Bentley. 2007. Coptic in 20 Lessons: Introduction to Sahidic Coptic with Exercises and Vocabularies. Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-429-1810-1. Mallon, Alexis. 1956. Grammaire copte: bibliographie, chrestomathie et vocabulaire. 4th edition. Beyrouth. Mattar, Nabil. 1990. A Study in Bohairic Coptic. Pasadena: Hope Publishing House. Hans Jakob Polotsky. 1987. Grundlagen des koptischen Satzbaus. American Studies in Papyrology 28. Decatur, Ga.: Scholars Press. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1988. Coptic Grammatical Chrestomathy: a course for academic and private study. Orientalia lovaniensia analecta 30. Leuven: Peeters. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 1986. Coptic Grammatical Categories: Structural Studies in the Syntax of Shenoutean Sahidic. Analecta Orientalia 53. Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. ISBN 88-7653-255-2. Shisha-Halevy, Ariel. 2007. Topics in Coptic Syntax: Structural Studies in the Bohairic Dialect. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 160. Leuven - Paris - Dudley, MA: Peeters. ISBN 978-90-429-1875-7. Till, Walter C. 1994. Koptische Dialektgrammatik. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter. Jozef Vergote. 1973–1983. Grammaire copte. Leuven: Peeters. Younan, Sameh. 2005. So, you want to learn Coptic? A guide to Bohairic Grammar （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Sydney: St.Mary, St.Bakhomious and St.Shenouda Coptic Orthodox Church. Černý, Jaroslav. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. Wolfgang Kosack: Lehrbuch des Koptischen.Teil I:Koptische Grammatik.Teil II:Koptische Lesestücke, Graz 1974. Wolfgang Kosack: Koptisches Handlexikon des Bohairischen. Koptisch - Deutsch - Arabisch. Verlag Christoph Brunner, Basel 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-9-7. Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Vycichl, Werner. 1983. Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters. Westendorf, Wolfhart. 1965/1977. Koptisches Handwörterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Depuydt, Leo. 1993. "On Coptic Sounds." Orientalia 62 (new series): 338–375. Loprieno, Antonio. 1997. "Egyptian and Coptic Phonology". In Phonologies of Asia and Africa (Including the Caucasus), edited by Alan S. Kaye. Vol. 1 of 2 vols. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. 431–460. Peust, Carsten. 1999. Egyptian Phonology: An Introduction to the Phonology of a Dead Language[永久失效連結]. (Monographien zur ägyptischen Sprache; 2). Göttingen: Peust & Gutschmidt. Kammerer, Winifred (compiler), A Coptic Bibliography, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1950. (Reprint New York: Kraus Reprint Co., 1969) Wolfgang Kosack: Der koptische Heiligenkalender. Deutsch - Koptisch - Arabisch nach den besten Quellen neu bearbeitet und vollständig herausgegeben mit Index Sanctorum koptischer Heiliger, Index der Namen auf Koptisch, Koptische Patriarchenliste, Geografische Liste. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-9524018-4-2. Wolfgang Kosack: Schenute von Atripe De judicio finale. Papyruskodex 63000.IV im Museo Egizio di Torino. Einleitung, Textbearbeitung und Übersetzung herausgegeben von Wolfgang Kosack. Christoph Brunner, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524018-5-9. 科普特百科全書（英语：The Coptic Encyclopedia） 科普特學 埃及语 埃及阿拉伯語 维基孵育场的維基百科語言試驗版：科普特语試驗版 關於一系列與科普特语有關的詞語，參見維基詞典上科普特语的詞語目錄 By Alin Suciu, a blog on Coptic literature and manuscripts （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） France-copte.net By Mikhail David, French coptic site. Copticsounds – a resource for the study of Coptic phonology （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） http://sites.google.com/site/pisakho/Home （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）: Coptic language internet links （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） and bibliography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Coptica.ch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Online library of Coptic texts at University of Geneva (site text in French) New Athena Unicode font; includes the new Coptic range Online Coptic tutorial （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） A comprehensive Coptic language resource (Remenkimi) Coptic block in the Unicode 4.1 standard （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Heike Behlmer, Selected Bibliography on the Coptic Language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Coptic texts and manuscripts at Leiden University Library Ifao N Copte （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – A professional Coptic font for researchers. a set of Coptic fonts GNU FreeFont （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）—FreeSerif face includes a Coptic range.