沙丘戰役

沙丘戰役（法語：Bataille des Dunes，西班牙語：Batalla de las Dunas）發生於1658年6月14日，是法西战争中的一場決定性戰役。此戰發生於西屬尼德蘭的戰略港口敦刻爾克附近，蒂雷納子爵率領的法軍當時正在圍攻敦克爾克，奧地利的約翰（英语：John of Austria the Younger）和大孔代指揮的西班牙軍隊嘗試解圍，但遭到了慘敗。 在這場勝利後，法蘭西王國與西班牙於1659年11月在經過談判後簽訂庇里牛斯條約，法國取代西班牙帝國成為歐洲霸主。 雙方騎兵和步兵的兵力來源差異很大，普遍認為雙方都在15,000人左右。各史家給出的人數如下： 6,000名騎兵，9,000名步兵(Fortescue 1899，第271頁); 9,000名騎兵，6,000名步兵(Davis 2001，第221頁); 9,000名騎兵，6,000名步兵(Hamilton 1874，第24頁); 6,000名騎兵，8,000名步兵(Longueville 1907，第261頁); 5,000-6,000名騎兵以58個中隊組成，9,000名步兵以18個中隊組成(Ramsay 1735，第184頁); 6,000名騎兵，9,000名步兵(Hozier 1885，第132頁); 4,000名騎兵，6,000名步兵(Manganiello 2004，第170頁); 5,000-6,000名騎兵以58個中隊組成，9,000名步兵以18個中隊組成(Cust 1867，第85頁); 6,000名騎兵，8,000名步兵(Waylen 1880，第204頁). Spanish et al strength: 8,000名騎兵，6,000名步兵(Longueville 1907，第261頁); 5,000名騎兵，10,000名步兵(Davis 2001，第221頁); 8,000名騎兵，6,000名步兵以15個中隊組成(Ramsay 1735，第499–500頁); 8,000名騎兵，6,000名步兵(Hozier 1885，第131頁); 3,000名騎兵，12,000名步兵(Manganiello 2004，第171頁) and; 9,000-10,000名騎兵，5,000名步兵(Cust 1867，第85頁) 孔代4,000名騎兵在左翼(Waylen 1880，第205頁). Sandler 2002，第247頁. Lopez 2012，第32–33頁. De Périni & 1896 227. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDe_Périni1896227 (help) Fortescue 1899，第271頁. Fortescue 1899，第271頁Hozier 1885，第132頁 Fortescue 1899，第270頁. Fortescue 1899，第270頁 also,Hozier 1885，第131頁. Davis 2001，第225頁. Clodfelter 2017，第42頁. Grant 2010，第358頁. Tucker 2010，第213頁. De Périni, Hardÿ. Batailles françaises, Volume IV. Ernest Flammarion, Paris. 1896: 227. </ref> Clodfelter, Micheal, Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 2017  Anderson, Bruce, The British admire their Army but they don't understand it, The Independent, 20 July 2009: 25 [2022-07-30], （原始内容存档于2012-05-30）  Asquith, Stuart, New Model Army 1645–60, Osprey Publishing: 31, 1981, ISBN 978-0-85045-385-0   Atkinson, Charles Francis. Great Rebellion s.v. 4. Battle of Edgehill. Chisholm, Hugh (编). Encyclopædia Britannica 12 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 404. 1911.  Baker, Richard; Phillips, Edward, A Chronicle of the Kings of England ..., Samuel Ballard; et al: 562, 1733  Birch, Thomas (编), State Papers, 1656: September (2 of 7), A collection of the State Papers of John Thurloe, (volume 5: May 1656 – January 1657) 5, British History Online: 384–399, 1742 [2022-07-30], （原始内容存档于2014-08-29）  Capp, B.S., Cromwell's navy: the fleet and the English Revolution, 1648–1660, Oxford University Press, US, 1989, ISBN 978-0198201151   Chisholm, Hugh (编). Turenne, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de. Encyclopædia Britannica 27 (第11版). London: Cambridge University Press: 414. 1911.  Cust, Edward, Sir, Lives of the Warriors of the Civil Wars of France and England, London: John Murray, 1867  Davis, Paul K., 100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present, Oxford University Press US: 222–225, 2001, ISBN 978-0-19-514366-9  Firth, C.H., The army or the Commonwealth and Protectorate-II, Notes and queries, eighth series 5, John C Francies: 161–162, January–June 1894  Firth, C.H., The last years of the Protectorate 2, London, New York: Longmans, Green: 192–199, 1909  Fortescue, John William, Sir, A history of the British army, Volume 1, London: Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1899  Grant, R G, Battle at Sea: 3000 years of naval warfare, Dorling Kindersley: 131, 2010, ISBN 978-1405335058  Hamilton, Sir Frederick William, The Origin and History of the First or Grenadier Guards I, London: John Murray, 1874  Hozier, Sir Henry Montague, Turenne, London: Chapman & Hall, 1885  EKBGD staff, Origins, East Kent Branch of the Grenadier Guards Association, [20 October 2019], （原始内容存档于2020-10-29）  Longueville, Thomas, Marshall Turenne, London: Longmans, Green, & Co.: 252–267, 1907  Lopez, Ignacio, The Spanish Tercios 1536–1704, Osprey Publishing: 32–33, 2012, ISBN 978-1-78096-873-5  Manganiello, Stephen C., Dunes, The, The Concise Encyclopedia of the Revolutions and Wars of England, Scotland 1639–1660, Scarecrow Press: 170, 171, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8108-5100-9  Maland, David M.A., Europe in the Seventeenth Century Second, Macmillan: 227, 1991, ISBN 978-0-333-33574-1  Niderost, Eric, English Civil War: Battle of Edgehill, Military History Magazine, October 1993 [20 October 2019], （原始内容存档于2016-06-10）  Ramsay, Andrew Michael, The history of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount de Turenne, Marshal of France II, London: 184, 499–500, 1735 . (This volume includes Memoirs of the Duke of York: First of the Civil Wars in France) Rodger, N.A.M., The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History Of Britain, 1649–1815, Volume 2, London: W.W. Norton & Company: 28–29, 2004, ISBN 978-0-393-06050-8  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Sandler, Stanley, Ground Warfare: H–Q, ABC-CLIO: 247, 2002, ISBN 978-1-57607-344-5  Tucker, Spencer C., Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010, ISBN 978-1-59884-429-0  Waylen, James, The house of Cromwell and the story of Dunkirk, London: Chapman and Hall, Ltd.: 198, 1880