TAS2R38

TAS2R38是一种苦味味觉感受器，该感受器可以尝出苯硫脲和丙硫氧嘧啶或者相关物质的苦味。这一点和大多数苦味感受器有所不同，即该感受器是对某类物质敏感，而大多数感受器则不会表现出强烈的选择性，能对多种物质做出响应。该感受器所能尝出的相应物质大量存在于西兰花、卷心菜以及其它十字花科植物中，例如：葡萄糖异硫氰酸盐（英语：Glucosinolates）及其相关产物异硫氰酸酯。目前全球人类中，约有75%该感受器相关基因正常，即，可以尝出苦味。而剩下的25%则无法尝出这类的苦味，或者敏感度较低。 不过目前的研究表明该感受器相关基因的变异与否，并不是决定某个人是否此类苦味物质的超级品尝家（英语：Supertaster）的唯一因素。 Conte C, Ebeling M, Marcuz A, Nef P, Andres-Barquin PJ. Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 2002, 98 (1): 45–53. PMID 12584440. doi:10.1159/000068546.  Drayna D, Coon H, Kim UK, Elsner T, Cromer K, Otterud B, Baird L, Peiffer AP, Leppert M. Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p. Hum. Genet. 2003, 112 (5-6): 567–72. PMID 12624758. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0911-y.  Prodi DA, Drayna D, Forabosco P, Palmas MA, Maestrale GB, Piras D, Pirastu M, Angius A. Bitter taste study in a sardinian genetic isolate supports the association of phenylthiocarbamide sensitivity to the TAS2R38 bitter receptor gene. Chem. Senses. 2004, 29 (8): 697–702. PMID 15466815. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh074.  Duffy VB, Davidson AC, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Speed WC, Pakstis AJ, Reed DR, Snyder DJ, Bartoshuk LM. Bitter receptor gene (TAS2R38), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) bitterness and alcohol intake. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2004, 28 (11): 1629–37. PMC 1397913 . PMID 15547448. doi:10.1097/01.ALC.0000145789.55183.D4.  味蕾和苦涩说再见. 环球科学 (电脑报经营有限责任公司与Scientific American合作推出). 2006, 11.  研究称尼安德特人也能“吃苦”. 科学网. 2009-08-18 [2010-08-09]. （原始内容存档于2010-12-28）.  Hayes JE, Bartoshuk LM, Kidd JR, Duffy VB. Supertasting and PROP Bitterness Depends on More Than the TAS2R38 Gene. Chem Senses. 2008, 33 (3): 255–65. PMID 18209019. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjm084.  Margolskee RF. Molecular mechanisms of bitter and sweet taste transduction.. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277 (1): 1–4. PMID 11696554. doi:10.1074/jbc.R100054200.  Montmayeur JP, Matsunami H. Receptors for bitter and sweet taste.. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2002, 12 (4): 366–71. PMID 12139982. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00345-8.  Kim UK, Drayna D. Genetics of individual differences in bitter taste perception: lessons from the PTC gene.. Clin. Genet. 2005, 67 (4): 275–80. PMID 15733260. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00361.x.  Anne-Spence M, Falk CT, Neiswanger K; et al. Estimating the recombination frequency for the PTC-Kell linkage.. Hum. Genet. 1984, 67 (2): 183–6. PMID 6745938. doi:10.1007/BF00272997.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Bufe B, Hofmann T, Krautwurst D; et al. The human TAS2R16 receptor mediates bitter taste in response to beta-glucopyranosides.. Nat. Genet. 2002, 32 (3): 397–401. PMID 12379855. doi:10.1038/ng1014.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH; et al. Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2003, 99 (26): 16899–903. PMC 139241 . PMID 12477932. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Zhang Y, Hoon MA, Chandrashekar J; et al. Coding of sweet, bitter, and umami tastes: different receptor cells sharing similar signaling pathways.. Cell. 2003, 112 (3): 293–301. PMID 12581520. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00071-0.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Conte C, Ebeling M, Marcuz A; et al. Identification and characterization of human taste receptor genes belonging to the TAS2R family.. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 2003, 98 (1): 45–53. PMID 12584440. doi:10.1159/000068546.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Kim UK, Jorgenson E, Coon H; et al. Positional cloning of the human quantitative trait locus underlying taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide.. Science. 2003, 299 (5610): 1221–5. PMID 12595690. doi:10.1126/science.1080190.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Drayna D, Coon H, Kim UK; et al. Genetic analysis of a complex trait in the Utah Genetic Reference Project: a major locus for PTC taste ability on chromosome 7q and a secondary locus on chromosome 16p.. Hum. Genet. 2003, 112 (5-6): 567–72. PMID 12624758. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-0911-y.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Scherer SW, Cheung J, MacDonald JR; et al. Human chromosome 7: DNA sequence and biology.. Science. 2003, 300 (5620): 767–72. PMC 2882961 . PMID 12690205. doi:10.1126/science.1083423.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Wooding S, Kim UK, Bamshad MJ; et al. Natural selection and molecular evolution in PTC, a bitter-taste receptor gene.. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2004, 74 (4): 637–46. PMC 1181941 . PMID 14997422. doi:10.1086/383092.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Pronin AN, Tang H, Connor J, Keung W. Identification of ligands for two human bitter T2R receptors.. Chem. Senses. 2005, 29 (7): 583–93. PMID 15337684. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh064.  Prodi DA, Drayna D, Forabosco P; et al. Bitter taste study in a sardinian genetic isolate supports the association of phenylthiocarbamide sensitivity to the TAS2R38 bitter receptor gene.. Chem. Senses. 2005, 29 (8): 697–702. PMID 15466815. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjh074.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA; et al. The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).. Genome Res. 2004, 14 (10B): 2121–7. PMC 528928 . PMID 15489334. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Fischer A, Gilad Y, Man O, Pääbo S. Evolution of bitter taste receptors in humans and apes.. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2005, 22 (3): 432–6. PMID 15496549. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi027.  Go Y, Satta Y, Takenaka O, Takahata N. Lineage-specific loss of function of bitter taste receptor genes in humans and nonhuman primates.. Genetics. 2006, 170 (1): 313–26. PMC 1449719 . PMID 15744053. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.037523.  苯硫脲 丙硫氧嘧啶 味觉 超级品尝家 醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：TAS2R38+protein,+human