约瑟夫·张伯伦

约瑟夫·张伯伦（Joseph Chamberlain，1836年7月8日—1914年7月2日），英国政治家。与当时其他政治家不同，张伯伦是一个没有接受过大学教育、白手兴家的商人。 1836年7月8日，約瑟夫·张伯伦生于伦敦，他父親（也叫約瑟夫）是一名成功的鞋匠。張伯倫在學生時代法語和數學成績優異，但由於家庭的原因，16歲時張伯倫主動輟學去自家的工廠上班。 18歲時，張伯倫到伯明翰加入其叔父的螺釘生意，此後事業越做越大，成為著名的螺釘生產商，其產品佔據英格蘭三分之二的市場，並出口至美國、歐洲、印度、日本、加拿大和澳大利亞。 生活中的張伯倫關心時事，思想激進，擅長法語，喜歡辯論，經常參加辯論協會的活動。張伯倫信奉基督教一位论派，在英國還沒有建立國民教育體系的年代，他曾在伯明翰的主日學校任教，是一位貼近下層群眾的資本家。 張伯倫初入政坛时，是一个自由党激进派，争取教育改革。四十岁时，他才进入议会，比其他重要政治家较晚。威廉·格萊斯頓在第二次出任首相时，考虑了张伯伦对自由党基层组织的影响力，邀请他出任贸易委员会主席。这段时间，他变得广为人知。首先是因为他大加批评保守党领袖梳士巴利勋爵，然后是因为他在1885年大选期间，提出一个使农业劳工受惠的“未经批准计划”（Unauthorised Programme）。1886年，他因为不满首相格莱斯顿推动爱尔兰自治运动，辞职下野。自由党分裂后，他加入了大部分党员来自伯明翰及其周边地区的自由统一党。 自1895年大选起，自由统一党就和梳士巴利勋爵所领导的保守党合作。两党胜出后，梳士巴利勋爵邀请他加入政府，担任殖民地大臣。殖民地大臣任内，第二次布尔战争爆发，张伯伦负责了战时大部分军务。他是在1900年的“卡其大选”中左右选情的人物之一。1903年，他辞去殖民地大臣一职，进行关税改革运动。在这个议题上，虽然大部分自由统一党议员都支持张伯伦，但是仍然有少部分人与他意见不合，自此与他分道扬镳。结果，自由统一党在1906年大选中完全失败。几个月后，刚满七十岁的他患上了中风，从此退出政坛。 虽然约瑟夫未能成为首相，但是他仍然被视为19世纪、20世纪之交最重要的英国政治家之一。他既是一位出色的演说家，又是一个有趣的人物，曾使两个主要政党分裂。温斯顿·丘吉尔称他为一个“呼风唤雨”的人。约瑟夫是奥斯丁·张伯伦爵士和首相内维尔·张伯伦的父亲。 Balfour, Michael. Britain and Joseph Chamberlain (1985), scholarly biography emphasizing economic topics Browne, Harry. Joseph Chamberlain: Radical and Imperialist (Longman Higher Education, 1974), 100 pp introduction Cawood, Ian, and Chris Upton, eds Joseph Chamberlain: International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon (Springer, 2016) online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; online review （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cawood, Ian. "Conclusion Joseph Chamberlain: His Reputation and Legacy." pp 229–243. Cawood, Ian, The Liberal Unionist Party: A History (2012) online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cohen, Avner. Joseph Chamberlain, Lord Lansdowne and British foreign policy 1901–1903: from collaboration to confrontation. Australian Journal of Politics and History. 1997, 43 (2): 122–34. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1997.tb01383.x.  Crosby, Travis L. Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist (London: IB Tauris, 2011). Pp. xii+ 271. Ensor, R. C. K. England 1870-1914 (1936), scholarly survey Fraser, Derek. "Joseph Chamberlain and the Municipal Ideal," History Today (April 1987) 37#4 pp 33–40 Fraser, Peter. Joseph Chamberlain: Radicalism and empire, 1868–1914 (1966) Garvin, J. L.; Amery, Julian. The Life of Joseph Chamberlain. London: Macmillan. 1932–69.  (6 vols); highly detailed with many letters; friendly to Chamberlain; vol. 1 online Howell, P.A.. 'Joseph Chamberlain, 1836–1914'. In The Centenary Companion to Australian Federation, edited by Helen Irving, (Cambridge University Press, 1989) Halevy, Elie. Imperialism and the rise of labour, 1895–1905 (Vol. 5. 1934), Survey of the era with considerable attention to Chamberlain's position on major issues. Hunt, Tristram. Building Jerusalem: The Rise and Fall of the Victorian City, (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2004) pp 232–265; his role in Birmingham. James, Robert Rhodes. "Radical Joe" History Today (Sep 1957) 7#9 pp 618-626, popular account by a scholar Jay, Richard. Joseph Chamberlain, A Political Study (Oxford UP, 1981), Scholarly biography focused on major national issues Judd, Denis. Radical Joe: Life of Joseph Chamberlain (H Hamilton, 1977), a scholarly biography. Kubicek, Robert V. The administration of imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain at the Colonial Office (Duke UP, 1969) Mackintosh, Alexander. Joseph Chamberlain: An Honest Biography (2nd ed. 1914), early scholarly biography online free Marsh, Peter T. Joseph Chamberlain: Entrepreneur in Politics, (Yale UP, 1994); 720pp; David Nichols says it is "comprehensive, judicious, scholarly, and eminently readable....[and] successfully integrates the public and the private to provide the first fully rounded account." Marsh, Peter T. "Chamberlain, Joseph (1836–1914)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., Sept 2013 accessed 3 July 2014, a short scholarly biography. Nicholls, David, "Chamberlain, Joseph" in David Loades, ed. Reader's Guide to British History (2003) 1: 243–44; historiography Otte, T. G. "'Intimately dependent on foreign policy': Joseph Chamberlain and Foreign Policy" in I. Cawood, ed. Joseph Chamberlain International Statesman, National Leader, Local Icon (2016). Porter, Andrew N. The Origins of the South African War: Joseph Chamberlain & the Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1895–99. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1980. ISBN 9780719007637.  Porter, Andrew. Lord Salisbury, Mr. Chamberlain and South Africa, 1895–9. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 1972, 1 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1080/03086537208582359.  Porter, Andrew. The South African War (1899–1902): context and motive reconsidered. Journal of African History. 1990, 31 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1017/S0021853700024774.  Powell, Enoch J. Joseph Chamberlain. London: Thames and Hudson. 1977. ISBN 978-0500011850.  Strauss, William L. Joseph Chamberlain and the Theory of Imperialism. Washington: American Council on Public Affairs. 1942 [2020-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-02）.  Sykes, Alan. Tariff Reform in British Politics, 1903–1913. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1979. ISBN 9780198224839.  Zebel, Sydney. Joseph Chamberlain and the Genesis of Tariff Reform. Journal of British Studies. 1967, 7 (1): 131–57. doi:10.1086/385547.