薄皮蚤屬

薄皮蚤属（学名：Leptodora）为薄皮蚤科动物唯一的一個属。過往本屬只有透明薄皮蚤（学名：Leptodora kindtii）一個物种，直至2009年本屬的第二個物種被發現。這兩個物種在對比其他雙甲下綱物種來說比較大，近乎透明及透光，是一類捕食性物種。本屬物種最長可長至21 mm（0.83英寸），有兩枝可用作游泳的觸角，以及一隻複眼。腿可用作捕捉碰巧路過的橈足亞綱物種。 透明薄皮蚤見於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，很可能是枝角目物種當中唯一曾被報章報導過的已描述生物；而L. richardi現時只見於俄罗斯遠東地區的黑龙江流域，儘管日本認為在其國內分佈的物種亦是L. richardi。 在一年內絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬物種只會進行单性生殖，當中雄性物種只會在季度 細水蚤屬是水蚤屬。它是一種大型物種，體長超過1厘米，身體細長，具有掠食性。過去人們認為它是單一物種，但現在有一個理論認為它是多個物種。如果這一點得到證實，則日本物種就是 Leptodora richardi 。 For most of the year, Leptodora reproduces , with males only appearing late in the season, to produce winter eggs which hatch the following spring. Leptodora is the only genus in its family, the Leptodoridae, and suborder, Haplopoda. 薄皮蚤屬物種的成體是北美洲原生浮游枝角目物種當中體型最大的；至於到底有多大，各種報告間不盡相同，但雌性成體普遍可長至12 mm（0.47英寸）長，部分報告聲稱可長至21 mm（0.83英寸）長。這些動物的身體約有98%是透明的，以避免被魚類獵食。 Lilljeborg notes: Das Weibchen ist in so hohem Grade durchsichtig, in wahrem Sinne »wasserhell», dass oft nur die Bewegungen ihr Dasein in dem Wasser verrathen. Bei auffallendem Sonnenlicht wird gewöhnlich der Schatten früher als das Thier selbst entdeckt. The female is transparent to such a high degree, literally "as clear as water", that her presence is often only given away by her movements. In bright sunlight, the shadow is normally seen before the animal itself. The male is similarly transparent. The abdomen is elongated, but the carapace（英语：carapace） is small and only covers the brood pouch（英语：Brood pouch (Peracarida)）. 胸節的六對附肢形成一個「餵哺籃」，用以捕捉獵物。 The second 觸角 are used for swimming, while the first antennae are 痕跡器官 in females but elongated in males, where they are used in 有性生殖. There is a single large 複眼 which takes up much of the animal's head. It comprises around 500 facet（英语：facet）s, which are spherically arranged, and the whole eye is movable by up to 10° in any direction. 透明薄皮蚤廣泛分佈於北半球溫帶的湖泊中，見於北美洲、亚洲、欧洲及非洲。在北美洲，其分佈範圍南至德克萨斯州及俄克拉荷馬州；在中国大陆分佈於浙江、江苏、安徽、江西、湖北、吉林、黑龙江、云南、内蒙古等地，主要栖息于大中型湖泊的敞水区、也出现在沿岸以及小型湖泊与积水较深的池塘中。在欧洲、北非部分地區、阿拉伯半岛北部及亚洲喜马拉雅山脉以北地區亦有分佈。 透明薄皮蚤是一種貪婪的捕食者，能夠控制其偏愛獵物的數量，一般都是溞属（Daphnia）、Bosmina, Ceriodaphnia, Diaphanosoma, Diaptomus（英语：Diaptomus）, Polyphemus（英语：Polyphemus (genus)）及剑水蚤属（Cyclops）等各屬物種的幼體。 It seems to encounter its prey by chance, with contact initiating a 反射 (生理学), in which the 腹 is brought forward to close the feeding basket. In many cases, the prey escapes this haphazard response. Juvenile Daphnia are slower than adults to respond to the predator's attack, and are therefore more likely to be caught. The most important predators of Leptodora are fishes, including 白鮭屬, perch, ziege（英语：ziege） and 歐白魚. In 琵琶湖, 日本, L. kindtii is 寄生 by the 线虫动物门 Raphidascaris biwakoensis, a parasite of 鱼. 雌性薄皮蚤屬動物能夠僅僅透過单性生殖就可以產卵，而且每隔12小時就又可以再下一窩卵子。這些卵子孵化後進入幼体階段，身長約2毫米（0.079英寸）。之後牠們在長為成蟲之前，還要再經歷六個instar（英语：instar），到了完全成長，體長增至6毫米（0.24英寸）。而事實上，從孵化到成蟲階段，需時只要3到6天，視乎孵化時的環境溫度。在一年的絕大多數時候，薄皮蚤屬動物的繁殖都只靠單性生殖，所生產的卵皆為雌性，並沒有雄性的卵子 。到了秋季，透過單性生殖的雄性卵子開始出現；雄性與雌性進行有性生殖才變得可行。這些透過交配行為誕下的受精卵會在牠們越冬的所在地沉到最底，直到下一年才會孵化，成為 nauplius（英语：nauplius (larva)）-like larvae.。 Leptodora is so distinct from other cladocerans that some authors have suggested grouping all other cladocerans into a 演化支 called "Eucladocera", with Leptodora as its 姐妹群. It is now believed, however, that Leptodora is sister to Onychopoda（英语：Onychopoda）, being the only genus in the family Leptodoridae and the subclass Haplopoda. Features which separate it from other families include its large size, the lack of branchial appendages (鳃s) on its legs, the reduction of the carapace, and the fact that the winter eggs hatch as nauplii. Leptodora kindtii is "probably the only cladoceran ever described in a newspaper". The German microscopist Gustav Woldemar Focke（英语：Gustav Woldemar Focke） organised a 學術研討會 in 不来梅 in 1844 together with the pharmacist Georg Christian Kindt. He studied the fauna of the ditches surrounding the city (the Bremer Stadtgraben) and displayed live specimens at the meeting. During the meeting, he also published a description of the species in the Weser-Zeitung on Sunday September 22, 1844, placing the species in the genus Polyphemus（英语：Polyphemus (genus)）. However, this description was ignored by the scientific community, and Wilhelm Lilljeborg（英语：Wilhelm Lilljeborg） described the species in 1861 with the name Leptodora hyalina. The 異名 was not noticed until Simon Albrecht Poppe informed Lilljeborg of it in 1889, and Lilljeborg corrected the error in his 1900 專著. 2009年，Korovchinsky首度為本屬的第二個物種Leptodora richardii作出描述：這個物種採樣自黑龙江盆地的湖泊，包括博隆湖。 現時下列組合均被視為透明薄皮蚤（Leptodora kindtii）的異名： Polyphemus kindti Focke, 1844 Hyalosoma dux Wagner, 1868 Leptodora angusta Sars, 1890 Leptodora hyalina Lilljeborg, 1861 Leptodora pellucida Joseph, 1882 The name Leptodora is from the 希腊语 words leptos and dora, collectively meaning thin-skinned. The 种加词 kindtii is presumed to refer to G. C. Kindt, who worked closely with Focke. The alternative spelling kindti is sometimes encountered, but is no longer considered correct under the 国际动物命名法规. The epithet hyalina, used by Lilljeborg, is from the Greek ὕαλος, and means glassy（英语：hyaline）. 本属包括以下物种： Leptodora kindti (Focke, 1844) Leptodora richardi Korovchinsky, 2009 中国科学院动物研究所. 透明薄皮蚤. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-05）.  Korovchinsky, Nikolai M. 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