中等強國

中等強國（英語：Middle power）是一個於國際關係中使用的一個詞。中等強國是用來描述一些並非超級大國或列強，但在國際上有一定影響力的國家。國際社會仍未對中等強國的定義有共識。 中等強國並沒有統一的定義。某些研究人員以GNP來劃分中等強國。在經濟方面來說，中等強國普遍上是指國家的經濟體系不大，但也不小。但是，經濟並不是劃分中等強國的標準。在原本的定義中，中等強國指一個國家對國際某程度上有一些影響力，但其影響力並不遍佈世界每個角落。但是，這個定義並沒有成為標準。因此，某些中等強國列表中可能包含「大國」或「小國」。 中等強國外交特點： 通過全球性組織進行多方合作和與其他中等強國結盟。 對外政策有極大程度的公民社会的參與。 國家認同建立並反映於「新穎的外交政策」上，如維持和平、人類安全保障、加入国际刑事法院、參加京都议定书等環保條約等。 以下是一個中等強國列表，所有被列出的國家皆被學者或專家承認其中等強國的地位。只是中等強國和大國之間的重複國家，以及中等強國和小國之間的重覆國家，其邊界定義模糊。 美國、中國、法國、英國、俄羅斯通常都被认定为大國，而非中等強國，全因其軍事和戰略地位顯赫，以及其有核国家、聯合國安理會常任理事國的地位。而美國更加是全球唯一的超級大國。 日本、德國、印度、巴西有时被认定为大國，而非中等強國。原因是這四國，為最有實力爭取聯合國安全理事會常任理事國擴增改革的新成員候選國；這四國並組成四國聯盟，希望通過相互支持，推動未來改革的成功。此外，這四國在國際間也擁有不小的影響力，其中日本、德國是七大工業國組織成員國，而印度、巴西則是金磚國家成員國。  澳大利亞  奥地利  阿尔及利亚  阿根廷  孟加拉国  比利时  加拿大  智利  哥伦比亚  捷克  中華民國（臺灣）  丹麦  埃及  芬兰  希腊  印度尼西亞  愛爾蘭  以色列  義大利  伊拉克  伊朗  哈萨克斯坦  马来西亚  墨西哥  荷蘭  奈及利亞  新西兰  挪威  巴基斯坦  秘魯  菲律賓  波蘭  葡萄牙  卡塔尔  羅馬尼亞  沙烏地阿拉伯  南非  新加坡  西班牙  瑞士  瑞典  大韓民國  泰國  土耳其  阿联酋  烏克蘭  越南 超級強國 潜在超级大国 大国 地域大国 小國 新興工業化國家 Yoshihide, Soeya. Middle Power Diplomacy. [2020-03-15]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-07）.  Patrick James; Mark J. Kasoff. Canadian studies in the new millennium. University of Toronto Press. 2008: 265 [2012-10-12]. ISBN 978-0-8020-9468-1. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27）.  Jordaan, Edward. The concept of a middle power in international relations. [14 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.  Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.' Buzan, Barry. The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. 2004: 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7.  Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, allacademic Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).' Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ISS Spero, Joshua. Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. 2004: 206. ISBN 9780742535534. ISBN 0-7425-3553-3.  Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, GSI Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, palgrave Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990). Higgott RA, Cooper AF (1990) Middle Power Leadership and Coalition Building Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned? - Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan. www.sudantribune.com. [2021-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01）.  Behringer RM (2005) Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, SAGE Crosby AD (1997) A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD, JSTOR Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Dissident Voice Heine J (2006) On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, ISN Ping, Jonathan H. Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific. Ashgate. 2005: 103 [2021-04-15]. ISBN 978-0-7546-4467-5. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01） （英语）.  Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, MQUP Andrew F. Cooper, Agata Antkiewicz and Timothy M. Shaw, 'Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?', International Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Winter, 2007), pp. 675, 687. Ploughshares Monitor (1997) Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Gilley, Bruce. Opinion | The Rise of the Middle Powers. The New York Times. 2012-09-11 [2021-04-15]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2019-05-18） （美国英语）.  Veremēs, Thanos. The Military in Greek Politics: From Independence to Democracy. Black Rose Books. 1997 [2021-04-15]. ISBN 978-1-55164-105-8. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01） （英语）.  Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005). Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990). LRB · John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt: The Israel Lobby. [2015-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-15）.  "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171. "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9. Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997). Samhat, Nayef H. Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons from Irano-U. S. Relations, 1962-77. Policy Studies Journal. 2000-02, 28 (1): 11–26. ISSN 0190-292X. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x.  Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, MIT Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Mace, Gordon; Bélanger, Louis. The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 1999: 153 [2021-04-15]. ISBN 978-1-55587-717-0. （原始内容存档于2021-06-01） （英语）.  Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69. Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, FES Middle Powers Initiative (2004) Building Bridges: What Middle Power Countries Should Do To Strengthen the NPT （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, GSI Cooper, Andrew F. Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?. Public Diplomacy Magazine. [12 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-29）.  Kamrava, Mehran. Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy (PDF). [12 March 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年10月7日）.  Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.' Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007. Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas. Laipson, Ellen. The UAE and Egypt’s New Frontier in Libya. The National Interest. 3 September 2014 [26 October 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-13）.  Evans, Gareth. Middle Power Diplomacy. 29 June 2011 [26 October 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-13）.  findarticles.com. [2015-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2012-05-29）.  US Election & the World. YaleGlobal Online. [2021-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2004-08-26）.  Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). Janis Van Der Westhuizen, 'South Africa's Emergence as a Middle Power', Third World Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1998), pp. 435-455. Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, H-Net Flemes, Daniel. Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2007. ISSN 1556-5068. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007692 （英语）.  Loo BF (2005) Transforming Singapore's Military Security Landscape: Problems and Prospects （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, allacademic Tan ATH (1999) Singapore's Defence: Capabilities, Trends, and Implications （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, questia Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Armstrong DF (1997) South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Gilbert Rozman, 'South Korea and Sino-Japanese Rivalry: A Middle Power's Options Within the East Asia Core Triangle', Pacific Review, Vol. 20, No. 2 (2007), pp. 197-220. Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008). Sheridan, Greg. The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer. The Australian. 27 November 2008 [2012-10-12]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-12）.  Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997). 中等強國（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） books.google.com（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Weak States in the International System. By Michael I. Handel. South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Middle Power Internationalism（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (Book info) Emerging Powers: Governance in a Changing Global Order, a Queen’s Centre for International Relations annual report