美國人

美國人（英語：Americans），指的是美國公民。僑民或美國永久居民也可申請美國國籍。美國是許多民族的家園。因此，美國的文化和法律（英语：United States nationality law）並不把國籍等同於種族或民族，而是將其視作一種公民身份，也象徵着對國家的效忠。 大部分美國人並非原住民，而是移民和移民的後代。隨著美國領地的不斷擴張，夏威夷、波多黎各、關島、美屬薩摩亞、美屬維京群島以及北馬利安納群島的住民也陸續成為美國人。 美國的主流文化主要源自西歐和北歐，但也受到了非裔美國人的影響。隨著西進運動的進行，路易斯安那的卡郡人和克里奧爾人（英语：Louisiana Creole people）、西南部的拉丁裔以及墨西哥人的文化也對美國文化產生了影響。19世紀末至20世紀初，來自南歐、東歐、亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的移民也影響了美國文化。在美國，各種文化一方面保持著自身的特徵，一方面又相互融合，因此美國常被稱為文化大熔爐或文化沙拉盤。 美國是一個多元文化主義國家。美國普查局因統計需要將美國人劃分為六個種族：白人、美國印第安人和阿拉斯加原住民、亞洲人、黑人或非洲裔美國人、夏威夷原住民和其他太平洋島原住民，以及兩個或兩個以上種族的人。此外也可以選擇「其他種族」。普查局還將美國人分為拉丁裔和非拉丁裔，而拉丁裔是美國最大的少數族裔。 根據2010年美國人口普查，3.08億美國人中有72.4%是白人。其祖先是歐洲、中東和北非的原住民。另有2.4%是白人與其他種族的混血兒，其中黑白混血兒最多。拉丁裔白人佔美國人口的9.4%，在加利福尼亞、德克薩斯、新墨西哥、內華達和夏威夷佔多數。非拉丁裔白人比例最高的州是緬因州。此外，非白人在哥倫比亞特區和五個有常住人口的海外領土佔多數。 最早在美國大陸建立殖民據點的歐洲人是西班牙人，這段歷史可以追溯到1565年。馬丁·德·阿圭列斯（英语：Martín de Argüelles）是第一個生於美洲大陸的歐洲裔，他生於1566年新西班牙總督轄區的聖奧古斯丁。此外，西班牙人還於1521年在波多黎各建立了聖胡安市。弗吉尼亚·戴尔是第一個生於北美十三州的英格蘭裔，她生於1587年的羅阿諾克殖民地。 根據2017年美國社區調查（英语：American Community Survey），德裔、愛爾蘭裔、英格蘭裔和意大利裔是美國的四大歐裔群體，佔總人口的35.1%。然而，英格蘭裔和英國裔的人口被認為遭到嚴重低估。因為他們在美國居住的時間很長，一般只會說自己是美國人（英语：American ancestry），而不會強調自己的祖先來自哪裏。這一現像在長期以英國裔為主的上南方尤其明顯。 在美國所有種族中，歐裔美國人的貧困率最低，受教育程度、家庭所得（英语：Household income in the United States）中位數和個人所得（英语：Personal income in the United States）中位數位居第二。 根據美國猶太人檔案館（英语：American Jewish Archives）和阿拉伯裔美國人國家博物館（英语：Arab American National Museum）的資料，第一批中東人和北非人（即猶太人和柏柏爾人）在15世紀末至16世紀中期抵達美洲。許多人是為了躲避西班牙宗教裁判所的迫害，還有一些人成為了美洲殖民者的奴隸。阿拉伯裔美國人研究所（英语：Arab American Institute）指出，22個阿盟成員國中，每個國家都有人移民美國。 自1909年以來，美國人口普查局一直將中東和北非人歸為白人。隨著時代的變遷，許多專家認為這個分類已經過時。2014年，在與中東和北非組織協商後，普查局宣布將為來自中東、北非和阿拉伯世界的人建立一個新的族群類別，稱為MENA。2018年1月，普查局宣布，2020年美國人口普查將不會單獨統計中東和北非人。 來源：2000-2010年美國人口普查曼德爾·博曼研究所和博曼猶太人數據庫（英语：Berman Jewish DataBank） 根據2010年普查，拉丁裔美國人佔美國人口的16.3%，是美國最大的少數族裔。 非裔美國人通常來自撒哈拉以南非洲和加勒比地区。不過並非所有來自撒哈拉以南非洲的人都是黑人，許多佛得角裔、马达加斯加裔、阿非利卡人，以及來自东非和萨赫勒地區的居民並非黑人。 根據2009年美國社區調查，全美共有38,093,725名非裔美國人，佔總人口的12.4%。其中37,144,530名為非拉丁裔黑人，佔總人口的12.1%。根據2010年美國人口普查，非裔美國人（包括混血黑人）共有4200萬，佔總人口的14%。非裔美國人主要生活在美國南部（55%） 。與2000年相比，美國東北部與中西部的黑人數量有所下降。 大部分非裔美國人的祖先都是來自西非的俘虜，他們被當做奴隸帶到美國。1619年，維吉尼亞州的詹姆斯敦首次僱傭黑奴。英國人將這些奴隸視為契约劳工，工作滿一定年數便可獲得自由。隨著時間的推移，這種做法逐漸被加勒比地区基於種族的奴隸制取代。所有美國殖民地都有奴隶制，北方黑人通常是僕人，南方黑人通常是種植園勞工。獨立戰爭時期，一些黑人在大陆军或大陸海軍中服役。也有些黑人是保王黨（英语：Black Loyalist），在英軍服役。1804年，美國梅森-迪克森線以北的州廢除了奴隸制（英语：Abolitionism in the United States），而南方各州仍保留奴隸制。雙方矛盾的激化最終導致了南北战争。最終，北方軍獲得勝利，宪法第十三条修正案獲得通過，奴隸制正式廢除。美國重建時期結束後，非裔美國人首次在國會取得席位（英语：List of African-American officeholders during the Reconstruction）。但他們仍然沒有选举权，並依照吉姆·克勞法與白人強制隔離。這種情況一直持續至1960年代的非裔美國人民權運動時期，在非裔美國人的持續抗爭下，選舉法案和1964年民權法案得到通過，種族間的權利不平等得到解決。 根據2000年的普查數據，相較於非裔美國人這一身份，絕大多數非洲移民（英语：African immigration to the United States）更認同自身的原生民族，僅有5%的非洲移民認為自己是非裔美國人。其中西非移民對非裔美國人的認同度最高（4%-9%），維德角、東非和非洲南部的移民認同度最低（0%-4%）。 儘管早在美國獨立戰爭之前就有亞裔生活在北美殖民地，但大部分亞裔是從19世紀中後期開始才移民至美國的。2010年，美國有1730萬亞裔，佔總人口的5.6%。亞裔最多的州是加利福尼亞州，共有560萬。佔比最高的州是夏威夷州，佔比57%。城市人口在亞裔當中佔比很高，大洛杉矶地区、紐約都會區和舊金山灣區有大量亞裔。 亞裔不是單一的族群，而是由許多國家的移民及其後裔組成的。包括中國大陸、台灣、日本、韓國、印度、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、越南、柬埔寨、寮國等。亞裔的收入和教育水平高於其他種族，而這一差距還在持續擴大。 亞裔被稱為「模範少數族裔」，也被稱為「永遠的外國人（英语：perpetual foreigner）」。 根據2010年人口普查，美國有520萬人（佔總人口1.7%）有原住民血統，其中230萬是混血。40.7%的原住民居住在美國西部。其他種族也不同程度地含有原住民的基因（英语：Native American ancestry），美國黑人平均含有0.8%的原住民基因，白人有0.18%，而拉丁裔則有18.0%。 美洲原住民於45,000至10,000年前來到美洲大陸。前哥倫布時期的原住民發展出了數百種不同文化。隨著哥倫布的到來（英语：Voyages of Christopher Columbus），歐洲開始殖民美洲。從16世紀到19世紀，原住民不斷減少（英语：Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas）。其中的原因包括歐洲人與原住民之間的戰爭和通婚，對原住民的奴役、強制遷移和种族灭绝，還有歐洲人帶來的流行病。 根據2010年人口普查，美國有120萬太平洋島原住民，佔總人口的0.4%，其中56%是混血，14%的人至少有一個學士學位，15.1%的人生活在貧困線（英语：Poverty thresholds (United States Census Bureau)）以下。71%的人生活在美國西部，其中有52%生活在夏威夷州或加利福尼亞州，其他州的人口都不超過10萬。檀香山郡和洛杉磯郡是太平洋島民的主要聚居地。 隨著時代變遷，美國的多種族運動也逐漸壯大。2008年，多種族美國人有700萬，佔總人口的2.3%；而根據2010年的普查，這一數字增長到了9,009,073，佔總人口的2.9%。其中黑白混血兒最常見，有1,834,212名，第44任美國總統巴拉克·歐巴馬就是其中一例。他的母親是白人（有英格蘭和愛爾蘭血統），而父親則是生於肯亞的盧歐族（但自我認同為非裔美國人）。 根據2010年美國人口普查，其他種族是美國的第三大族群，有6.2%（19,107,368名）的美國人屬於此類別。36.7%（18,503,103名）的拉丁裔是其他種族，其中有不少是麥士蒂索人，此比例在墨西哥和中美洲社區中尤其高。但美國人口普查不統計麥士蒂索人。 山姆大叔是美國的國家化身，有時也特指美國政府。該詞第一次使用是在1812年戰爭期間。他的形象通常是一位嚴厲的白人老人，頭髮花白，留著山羊鬍，其衣著通常含有美國國旗的元素。 哥倫比亞是美國的女性化身。該詞起初用來指代美洲，後因非裔美國詩人菲利斯·惠特利（英语：Phillis Wheatley）在美國獨立戰爭期間的使用而廣為人知。其後，包括西半球在內的許多地區都將哥倫比亞用作人物、地點、物體、機構和公司的名字。美國政府所在地哥倫比亞特區就是其中一個例子。 美國英語是美國事實上的國家語言。雖然聯邦政府沒有規定官方語言，但英語至少在28個州取得了官方語言的地位。也因此，一些美國人主張將英語作為美國的官方語言。美國對入籍申請者的英語能力亦有要求。2007年，約有2.26億美國人（佔5歲及以上人口的80%）在家只說英語。西班牙語是美國的第二大語言，約有12%的人在家說西班牙語。西班牙語也是波多黎各的官方語言。此外，新墨西哥州政府也使用西班牙語，而路易斯安那州政府亦使用法語，但兩州均未規定官方語言。加利福尼亞等州則要求某些政府文件（如法庭表格）必須有西班牙文版。另外，根據夏威夷州法律，英語和夏威夷語都是其官方語言。一些美國非合併屬地對原住民語言也給予了官方認可。美屬薩摩亞和關島分別承認薩摩亞語和查莫羅語，而北馬利安納群島則承認加羅林語和查莫羅語。 美國是世界上宗教最多元化的國家之一，不論是本土信仰還是外來信仰都能在美國蓬勃發展。大多數美國人表示，宗教在他們的生活中扮演著「非常重要」的角色，這在已開發國家中並不常見，但在美洲國家中卻十分普遍。美國是第一個禁止設立國教的國家，其憲法第一修正案禁止聯邦政府制定任何法律來確立國教或禁止信教自由。該法條是少數宗教團體和各州人民爭取的結果，也受到了新教和理性主義的影響。美國最高法院解釋道，該法條的設立是為了防止政府以公權力干涉宗教。此外，美國憲法第六條第三款規定：合眾國政府之任何職位或公職，不得以任何宗教標準作為任職的必要條件。該法條以維吉尼亞宗教自由法令（英语：Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom）為範本。 美國擁有世界上最多的基督徒。76%的美國人信仰基督教，其中大多信仰新教和天主教，他們分別佔美國人口的48%和23%。其他宗教包括佛教、印度教、伊斯蘭教和猶太教，這些教徒佔成年人口的4%至5%。另有15%的成年人自認沒有宗教信仰。根據美國宗教認同調查（英语：American Religious Identification Survey），全美各地的宗教信仰差異很大：美國西部（無教堂帶）有59%的人信神，而南部（聖經帶）則有86%。 此外，北美十三州中也有部分是由基督徒建立的，他們為了能夠自由地信仰自己的宗教而來到北美。其中，麻薩諸塞灣殖民地由英國清教徒建立，賓夕法尼亞省由英國和愛爾蘭的貴格會教徒建立，馬里蘭省由英國和愛爾蘭的天主教徒建立，維吉尼亞殖民地由英國聖公宗教徒建立。 羅德島州的美國第一浸會教堂 哥倫比亞特區的聖母無玷始胎國家朝聖地聖殿是美國最大的天主教堂 鹽湖城的鹽湖城聖殿是世界上最大的後期聖徒聖殿 芝加哥烏克蘭村的俄羅斯正教會聖三一主教座堂 伊利諾州奧克帕克的聯合聖殿（英语：Unity Temple）是一座普救一位神教教堂 羅德島州新港的圖羅猶太會堂是美國現存最古老的猶太會堂 密西根州迪爾伯恩的美國伊斯蘭中心（英语：Islamic Center of America）是北美最大的清真寺 加州哈仙達崗的西來寺是西半球最大的佛寺之一 加州馬里布的印度教神廟 伊利諾伊州威爾梅特的巴哈伊灵曦堂（英语：Bahá'í House of Worship (Wilmette, Illinois)） 鳳凰城的大鳳凰城耆那中心（英语：Jain Center of Greater Phoenix） 美國地域寬廣，人口眾多，文化多樣性高。保守主義與自由主義，科學與宗教在這裏碰撞融合。美國人普遍崇尚個人主義，相信自由、平等與民主的價值，對言論自由與國家的政治制度十分重視。此外，美國人也比較喜歡冒險。 美國文化主要被西方文化所影響，但也受到了原住民、西非、東亞、玻里尼西亞和拉丁美洲文化的影響。殖民時期（英语：Colonial history of the United States）對美國影響最大的是英國。通過殖民，英國向美洲大陸傳播了他們的語言、法律與其他文化。此外，以德國、法國和義大利為代表的其他一些歐洲國家也對美國文化產生了重要影響。 美國的本土文化也有著強大的影響力。美國的本土節日、體育運動、軍事傳統（英语：Military tradition）以及藝術和娛樂方面的創新帶給國民強烈的民族自豪感。美國在許多方面都有自己獨特的社會和文化特徵，如方言、音樂、藝術（英语：Visual art of the United States）、社會習慣、飲食和民俗（英语：Folklore of the United States）。 許多國家或地區都有來自美國的移民，包括阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、加拿大（英语：American Canadians）、智利、中國、哥斯大黎加、法國、德國、香港（英语：Americans in Hong Kong）、印度、日本、墨西哥、紐西蘭、巴基斯坦、菲律賓、韓國、阿聯酋和英國。截至2016年 (2016-Missing required parameter 1=month!)[update]，約有900萬美國公民生活在海外。 美國公民 美國人口 在美國政府文件中一般稱為：合众国人民（英語：People of the United States）参见，而Americans不常用 拉丁裔並非種族，僅指自身或祖先來自拉丁美洲的人。 自1990年起，美國人口普查的族群認同一欄中增加了「美國人」這一選項。 即Middle Easterners and North Africans（中東和北非人）的縮寫 即所有自認為不屬於其他任何種族的人 指美洲原住民與歐洲人所生的混血兒 Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count. 美國人口普查. [2021-04-26].  The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020. People live in Mexico, INEGI, 2010. [2012-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-04）.  Smith, Dr. Claire M. These are our Numbers: Civilian Americans Overseas and Voter Turnout (PDF). OVF Research Newsletter. Overseas Vote Foundation. August 2010 [2012-12-11]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-24）. Previous research indicates that the number of U.S. Americans living in Mexico is around 1 million, with 600,000 of those living in Mexico City.  Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories - 20% sample data. Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 2010-06-10 [2013-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-11）. Ethnic origins Americans Total responses 316,350  Barrie McKenna. Tax amnesty offered to Americans in Canada. The Globe and Mail (Ottawa). 2012-06-27 [2012-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）. There are roughly a million Americans in Canada – many with little or no ties to the United States.  Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Table 1. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country, or a area of destination, 1990-2017 (报告). United Nations. December 2017 [2019-06-29]. International Migration. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-02-14）. HV1731 2,694  United Nations Population Division. Origins and Destinations of the World's Migrants, 1990-2017 (报告). Pew Research Center: Global Attitudes & Trends. 2018-02-28 [2019-06-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-06-30）. United States <10,000  Gottipati, Sruthi. Expats Flock to India Seeking Jobs, Excitement. The New York Times. 2012-02-08 [2019-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-21）. While 35,973 U.S. citizens (not including those eligible for special visas available for Americans of Indian origin) registered in 2008, 41,938 did so the following year, according to the latest figures available with the Ministry of Home Affairs.  White House. The United States and India — Prosperity Through Partnership. whitehouse.gov. 2017-06-26 [2019-03-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-27） –通过National Archives. Today, nearly 4 million Indian-Americans reside in the United States and over 700,000 U.S. citizens live in India. Last year, the United States Government issued nearly one million visas to Indian citizens, and facilitated 1.7 million visits by Indian citizens to the United States.  Evan S. Medeiros; Keith Crane; Eric Heginbotham; Norman D. Levin; Julia F. Lowell. Pacific Currents: The Responses of U.S. Allies and Security Partners in East Asia to Chinaâ€TMs Rise. Rand Corporation. 2008-11-07: 115 [2021-09-06]. ISBN 978-0-8330-4708-3. （原始内容存档于2020-07-25）. An estimated 4 million Filipino-Americans, most of whom are U.S. citizens or dual citizens, live in the United States, and over 250,000 U.S. citizens live in the Philippines.  New U.S. ambassador to PH aims to 'strengthen' ties. CNN Philippines (Metro Manila). 2016-12-02 [2017-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-21）. According to his figures, there are about 4 million Filipino-Americans residing in the U.S., and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines.  Lozada, Aaron. New U.S. envoy: Relationship with PH 'most important'. ABS-CBN News (Manila). 2016-12-02 [2017-03-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-21）. According to Kim, the special relations between the U.S. and the Philippines is evident in the "four million Filipino-Americans who are residing in the United States and 250,000 Americans living and working in the Philippines."  International Business Publications, USA. Philippines Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. Int'l Business Publications. 2013-08-01: 29 [2021-09-06]. ISBN 978-1-4387-7078-9. （原始内容存档于2017-03-22）. An estimated 600,000 Americans visit the Philippines each year, while an estimated 300,000 reside in-country.  Kapoor, Kanupriya; Dela Cruz, Enrico. Americans in Philippines jittery as Duterte rails against United States. Reuters (奧隆阿波). 2016-10-17 [2018-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-21）. About four million people of Philippine ancestry live in the United States, one of its largest minorities, and about 220,000 Americans, many of them military veterans, live in the Philippines. An additional 650,000 visit each year, according to U.S. State Department figures.  FACT SHEET: United States-Philippines Bilateral Relations. U.S. Embassy in the Philippines. United States Department of State. 2014-04-28 [2018-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-17）. Around 350,000 Americans reside in the Philippines, and approximately 600,000 U.S. citizens visit the country each year.  Cooper, Matthew. Why the Philippines Is America's Forgotten Colony. National Journal. 2013-11-15 [2015-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-07）. c. At the same time, person-to-person contacts are widespread: Some 600,000 Americans live in the Philippines and there are 3 million Filipino-Americans, many of whom are devoting themselves to typhoon relief.  US Embassy in Brazil （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） US Embassy in Brazil. Retrieved March 29, 2020. Americans in France. 美國駐法國大使館. United States Department of State. [2015-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-18）. Today, although no official figure is available it is estimated that over 150,000 American citizens reside in France, making France one of the top 10 destinations for American expatriates.  Daphna Berman. Need an appointment at the U.S. Embassy? Get on line!. Haaretz. 2008-01-23 [2012-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. According to estimates, some 200,000 American citizens live in Israel and the Palestinian territories.  Michele Chabin. In vitro babies denied U.S. citizenship. USA Today (Jerusalem). 2012-03-19 [2012-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-29）. Most of the 200,000 U.S. citizens in Israel have dual citizenship, and fertility treatments are common because they are free.  Simon Rogers. The UK's foreign-born population: see where people live and where they're from. The Guardian. 2011-05-26 [2013-02-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）. County of birth and county of nationality. United States of America 197 143  U.S. Citizen Services. Embassy of the United States Seoul, Korea. United States Department of State. [2012-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-30）. This website is updated daily and should be your primary resource when applying for a passport, Consular Report of Birth Abroad, notarization, or any of the other services we offer to the estimated 120,000 U.S. citizens traveling, living, and working in Korea.  North Korea propaganda video depicts invasion of South Korea, US hostage taking. Advertiser. Agence France-Presse. 2013-03-22 [2013-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-12）. According to official immigration figures, South Korea has an American population of more than 130,000 civilians and 28,000 troops.  Background Note: Costa Rica. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs. United States Department of State. 2012-04-09 [2012-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-07）. Over 130,000 private American citizens, including many retirees, reside in the country and more than 700,000 American citizens visit Costa Rica annually.  Bloom, Laura Begley. More Americans are fleeing to cheap faraway places. New York Post. 2018-07-31 [2020-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-20）. Approximately 120,000 citizens live in this stable country, many as retirees, according to the State Department.  publisher. Pressemitteilungen - Ausländische Bevölkerung - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis). www.destatis.de. [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-24）.  Calum Macleod. A guide to success in China, by Americans who live there. 2005-11-18 [2020-05-24]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-07）.  Colombia (03/28/13). United States Department of State. [2014-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-20）. Based on Colombian statistics, an estimated 60,000 U.S. citizens reside in Colombia and 280,000 U.S. citizens travel, study and do business in Colombia each year.  Hong Kong (10/11/11). Previous Editions of Hong Kong Background Note. United States Department of State. 2011-10-11 [2012-12-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-02）. There are some 1,400 U.S. firms, including 817 regional operations (288 regional headquarters and 529 regional offices), and over 60,000 American residents in Hong Kong.  令和元年末現在における在留外国人数について (Excel). Immigration Services Agency of Japan. [2021-04-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-10）.  在日米軍の施設・区域内外居住（人数・基準） (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 2008-02-22 [2021-04-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-07）.  ibid, Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia. [2014-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2013-09-08）.  Gishkori, Zahid. Karachi has witnessed 43% decrease in target killing: Nisar. The Express Tribune（英语：The Express Tribune）. 2015-07-30 [2017-08-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-27）. 52,486 Americans... are residing in [Pakistan], the interior minister added.  Kelly Carter. High cost of living crush Americans' dreams of Italian living. USA Today (Positano, Italy). 2005-05-17 [2012-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-01）. Nearly 50,000 Americans lived in Italy at the end of 2003, according to Italy's immigration office.  UAE´s population – by nationality. BQ Magazine. 2015-04-12 [2015-06-13]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-11）.  McKinley Jr.; James C. For 45,000 Americans in Haiti, the Quake Was 'a Nightmare That's Not Ending'. The New York Times. 2010-01-17 [2015-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-03）.  SAUDI-U.S. TRADE. Commerce Office. Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C.（英语：Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, D.C.）. [2012-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-13）. Furthermore, there are approximately 40,000 Americans living and working in the Kingdom.  Argentina (03/12/12). Previous Editions of Argentina Background Note. United States Department of State. 2012-03-12 [2012-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-29）. The Embassy's Consular Section monitors the welfare and whereabouts of some 37,000 U.S. citizen residents of Argentina and more than 500,000 U.S. tourists each year.  Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category and country background. January 1, 2010. [2014-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-28）.  Bahamas, The (01/25/12). Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. 2012-01-25 [2012-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-27）. The countries share ethnic and cultural ties, especially in education, and The Bahamas is home to approximately 30,000 American residents.  Kate King. U.S. family: Get us out of Lebanon. CNN. 2006-07-18 [2012-02-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-06）. About 350 of the estimated 25,000 American citizens in Lebanon had been flown to Cyprus from the U.S. Embassy in Beirut by nightfall Tuesday, Maura Harty, the assistant secretary of state for consular affairs, told reporters.  Panama (03/09). Previous Editions of Panama Background Note. United States Department of State. March 2009 [2012-12-17]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-29）. About 25,000 American citizens reside in Panama, many retirees from the Panama Canal Commission and individuals who hold dual nationality.  IX Censo Nacional de Poblacion y Vivenda 2010 (PDF): 101. [2015-07-23]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-09-27）.  Foreign population by sex, country of nationality and age (up to 85 and above).. Instituto Natcional de Estadistica. 2007-01-01 [2018-05-28]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-13） （西班牙语）. Both genders 22,082  S. Vedoya; V. Rivera. Gobierno cifra en más de un millón el número de inmigrantes que están en Chile. Latercera. 2018-04-04 [2018-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-06） （西班牙语）.  El Salvador (01/10). United States Department of State. [2014-04-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-13）. More than 19,000 American citizens live and work full-time in El Salvador  North Americans: Facts and figures. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand（英语：Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand）. [2012-03-31]. （原始内容存档于2009-07-31）.  Luis Lug; Sandra Stencel; John Green; Gregory Smith; Dan Cox; Allison Pond; Tracy Miller; Elixabeth Podrebarac; Michelle Ralston. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Pew Research Center. February 2008 [2012-02-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-07-05）.  美國法典第8编（英语：Title 8 of the United States Code） § 第1401節; 美國法典第8编（英语：Title 8 of the United States Code） § 第1408節; 美國法典第8编（英语：Title 8 of the United States Code） § 第1452節; see also Ricketts v. Attorney General, 897 F.3d 491. Third Circuit: 494 n.3. 2018-07-30 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-12）. While all citizens are nationals, not all nationals are citizens.  Tuaua v. United States, 788 F.3d 300. D.C. Circuit: 302. 2015-06-05 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337. Fourth Circuit: 341. 2007-09-26 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-30）. All citizens of the United States are nationals, but some nationals are not citizens.  Miller v. Albright, 523 U.S. 420. U.S. Supreme Court: 467 n.2. 1998-04-22 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  United States v. Morin, 80 F.3d 124. Fourth Circuit: 126. 1996-04-05 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  *U.S. nationals born in American Samoa sue for citizenship. NBC News. Associated Press. 2018-03-28 [2018-10-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-28）.  Mendoza, Moises. How a weird law gives one group American nationality but not citizenship. 國際公眾電台 (PRI). 2014-10-11 [2018-08-24]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-25）.  *Cheneau v. Garland, No. 15-70636. Ninth Circuit: 3. 2021-05-18 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Findley v. Barr, No. 17-2530. Second Circuit: 2. 2020-10-14 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Allen v. Barr, No. 18-3028. Second Circuit: 4. 2020-01-03 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Espichan v. Attorney General, 945 F.3d 794. Third Circuit: 796. 2019-12-27 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Tineo v. Attorney General, 937 F.3d 200. Third Circuit: 218. 2019-09-04 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Khalid v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 129. Second Circuit: 131. 2018-09-13 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  Belleri v. United States, 712 F.3d 543. Eleventh Circuit: 545. 2013-03-14 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-30）.  Anderson v. Holder, 673 F.3d 1089. Ninth Circuit: 1092. 2012-03-12 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  In re Petition of Tubig, 559 F. Supp. 2. U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California: 3. 1981-10-07 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-12）.  See 8 CFR 1003.2(c)(3)(vi) (about filing a "motion to reopen" Removal proceedings（英语：Removal proceedings） with the Board of Immigration Appeals（英语：Board of Immigration Appeals） "based on specific allegations, supported by evidence, that the respondent is a United States citizen or national"); 22 CFR 51.1 ("U.S. non-citizen national means a person on whom U.S. nationality, but not U.S. citizenship, has been conferred at birth under 8 U.S.C. 1408, or under 判例法 or Refugee Act（英语：Refugee Act）, and who has not subsequently lost such non-citizen nationality."). Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip. Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. 1982: 62 [2013-02-01]. ISBN 9780674157262. （原始内容存档于2021-03-14）. ...from Thomas Paine's plea in 1783...to Henry Clay's remark in 1815... "It is hard for us to believe ... how conscious these early Americans were of the job of developing American character out of the regional and generational polaritities and contradictions of a nation of immigrants and migrants." ... To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.  Foreign nationals. Federal Election Commission. 2017-06-23 [2021-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-21）.  *Fernandez v. Keisler, 502 F.3d 337. Fourth Circuit: 341. 2007-09-26 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-30）. The INA defines 'national of the United States' as '(A) a citizen of the United States, or (B) a person who, though not a citizen of the United States, owes permanent allegiance to the United States.'  Robertson-Dewar v. Mukasey, 599 F. Supp. 2d 772. U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas: 779 n.3. 2009-02-25 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-30）. The [INA] defines naturalization as 'conferring of nationality of a state upon a person after birth, by any means whatsoever.'  Permanent Allegiance Law and Legal Definition. definitions.uslegal.com. [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.  Christine Barbour; Gerald C Wright. Keeping the Republic: Power and Citizenship in American Politics, 6th Edition The Essentials. CQ Press. 2013-01-15: 31–33 [2015-01-06]. ISBN 978-1-4522-4003-9. （原始内容存档于2016-04-24）. Who Is An American? Native-born and naturalized citizens  Shklar, Judith N. American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Harvard University Press. 1991: 3–4 [2012-12-17]. ISBN 9780674022164. （原始内容存档于2016-06-03）.  Slotkin, Richard. Unit Pride: Ethnic Platoons and the Myths of American Nationality. American Literary History (Oxford University Press). 2001, 13 (3): 469–498 [2012-12-17]. S2CID 143996198. doi:10.1093/alh/13.3.469. （原始内容存档于2019-11-08）. But it also expresses a myth of American nationality that remains vital in our political and cultural life: the idealized self-image of a multiethnic, multiracial democracy, hospitable to differences but united by a common sense of national belonging.  Eder, Klaus; Giesen, Bernhard. European Citizenship: Between National Legacies and Postnational Projects. Oxford University Press. 2001: 25–26 [2013-02-01]. ISBN 9780199241200. （原始内容存档于2021-01-20）. In inter-state relations, the American nation state presents its members as a monistic political body-despite ethnic and national groups in the interior.  Petersen, William; Novak, Michael; Gleason, Philip. Concepts of Ethnicity. Harvard University Press. 1982: 62 [2013-02-01]. ISBN 9780674157262. （原始内容存档于2021-03-14）. To be or to become an American, a person did not have to be of any particular national, linguistic, religious, or ethnic background. All he had to do was to commit himself to the political ideology centered on the abstract ideals of liberty, equality, and republicanism. Thus the universalist ideological character of American nationality meant that it was open to anyone who willed to become an American.  Charles Hirschman; Philip Kasinitz; Josh Dewind. The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience. Russell Sage Foundation. 1999-11-04: 300. ISBN 978-1-61044-289-3.  David Halle. America's Working Man: Work, Home, and Politics Among Blue Collar Property Owners. University of Chicago Press. 1987-07-15: 233 [2021-09-06]. ISBN 978-0-226-31366-5. （原始内容存档于2016-12-20）. 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