對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊

對伊斯蘭國的軍事打擊是指自2014年6月以来，以美國、俄罗斯和世界上多达70多个的国家的多國軍事部隊為打擊伊斯蘭國而在伊拉克、敘利亞、阿富汗、埃及、俄罗斯、利比亚、馬格里布（北非國境）、奈及利亞等國家境內實施的軍事行動。 在此之前伊斯蘭國勢力快速奪取了伊拉克和敘利亞兩地的大片領土，成為2014年上半年迅速崛起的一股武裝勢力。出於國際社會對其侵犯人權行為的廣泛譴責和擔憂，以及自身懷疑其勢力的崛起可能會進一步加劇中東特別是敘利亞地區的混亂態勢，許多國家紛紛出兵介入伊拉克和敘利亞的局勢，對伊斯蘭國進行監控、干預以及剿滅。 2014年6月中旬伊朗根據美國和英國的情報，開始派遣無人駕駛飛機前往伊拉克。據路透社報導，伊朗士兵在伊拉克與伊斯蘭國戰鬥。同時美國政府派出了少量的部隊前往伊拉克，並派遣飛機在伊拉克地區監視伊斯蘭國的行踪。 幼发拉底河南岸的全部伊斯兰国据点早在2017年12月17日就被叙利亚政府军攻陷，然而，由于叙政府军与叙利亚民主力量之间的协议，由叙利亚民主力量接收的幼发拉底河北岸伊斯兰国势力直至2019年3月末才被完全攻陷。 2014年6月，極端伊斯蘭聖戰組織伊斯蘭國由敘利亞入侵伊拉克北部，在短時間內攻陷了伊拉克北部大片地區，控制了敘利亞和伊拉克的大片地區。8月，因應情況惡化，英美聯軍開始對伊拉克北部的伊斯蘭國目標實施空襲，以支援伊拉克對抗伊斯蘭國武裝分子。 9月11日，奧巴馬在對全國電視觀眾發表的直播講話中表示，將擴大空襲行動至伊斯蘭國控制的敘利亞地區。奧巴馬表示任何威脅美國的團伙「都不會有安全的藏身之處」。9月12日，來自巴林、埃及、約旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔爾、沙特阿拉伯和阿聯酋的外長與美國國務卿克里舉行會談後，同意協助美國共同打擊「伊斯蘭國」。 9月22日凌晨，美國與盟國展開對敘利亞境內的伊斯蘭國目標的首輪空襲。美軍戰機和軍艦打擊了數十個目標。沙特阿拉伯、卡塔爾、約旦、巴林和阿聯酋亦有參與或支持空襲行動。據報，F-22猛禽亦有參與空襲行動，是次是其自服役以來第一次參與的戰鬥任務。 9月24日，美國、沙特阿拉伯、阿聯酋的戰鬥機進行新一輪空襲。12座伊斯蘭國控制下的煉油廠在空襲中被破壞。「伊斯蘭國」過往一直靠黑市交易石油以獲得資金。美國此次空襲是為了摧毀為「伊斯蘭國」提供資金的相關設施。9月28日和29日，聯軍再破壞多四個臨時煉油廠。 同期，由於阿爾及利亞有效忠伊斯蘭國的武裝組織把其法國人質斬首，法國表示考慮將空襲行動擴大至敘利亞。 10月6日，伊斯蘭國攻入被圍攻多日的土耳其、敘利亞邊境要道科巴尼，伊斯蘭國武裝份子與敍利亞庫爾德人爆發巷戰，並佔據了制高點。10月8日，美國在科巴尼進行了8次空襲，摧毀了伊斯蘭國幾輛裝甲運兵車、武裝車輛及一門火砲。支援科巴尼守軍的空襲仍在持續進行中。 截至2014年10月20日，以美國為首的多國部隊在敘利亞境內發動了231次空襲。「敘利亞人權觀察」在11月22日稱聯軍空襲已造成785名伊斯蘭國武裝分子、72名努斯拉陣線成員及52名平民喪生。 1月27日，在經過聯軍多個月來的空襲，伊斯蘭國被迫主動撤離科巴尼。庫爾德人徹底奪回科巴尼的控制權，結束三個月來的艱苦戰鬥。 伊斯蘭國於2月3日上傳約旦飛行員卡薩斯貝被燒死的影片到YouTube。約旦國王阿卜杜拉二世誓言將傾盡全力打擊伊斯蘭國。2月6日，約旦大幅加強空襲力度，作為針對卡薩斯貝被殺一事的報復行動。在3日內，約旦空軍對伊斯蘭國發動了56次空襲。主要的空襲目標集中在伊斯蘭國在敘利亞的據點拉卡。約旦盟友阿聯酋亦派出一支F-16戰機中隊前往約旦，支持約旦轟炸伊斯蘭國的行動。 「敘利亞人權觀察」在2015年4月底報告聯軍在敘利亞的空襲已殺死超過1,922名伊斯蘭國武裝分子，另造成66名平民喪生。 2016年8月31日，俄罗斯国防部宣布俄罗斯军队的一架苏－34战斗轰炸机在叙利亚阿勒颇省的一次空袭中打死了伊斯兰国的二号人物阿德纳尼，但美国国防部亦宣布美国军队的一架无人机对阿德纳尼进行了“定点清除”行动，美国国防部的一名官员对于俄罗斯宣布击毙阿德纳尼表示:“考虑到俄罗斯在叙利亚行动的性质，这很可笑”。 2019年3月23日，伊斯蘭國最後據點上巴古斯被叙利亚民主力量攻占，丧失全部实际控制领土。不过打擊伊斯蘭國的一方亦有误伤亡，4月25日，联合特遣队－坚决行动发表检讨声明称，联军自2014年8月在叙利亚和伊拉克开展打击伊斯兰国行动以来，已造成1291名平民死亡。 2022年5月11日，打击伊斯兰国全球联盟年度部长级会议在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行，84个成员国及国际组织的代表参加了此次会议。 下表總結了每個國家參與針對伊斯蘭國的整體國際干預措施。有幾個涉及軍事行動的國家也提供人道援助。 索马里内战 也门内战 (2014年至今) 中非內戰 (2012年至今) 巴基斯坦西北部战争 西奈半岛动乱 土耳其—伊斯蘭國衝突 阿富汗戰爭 (2001年—2021年) 引用错误：没有为名为usairstrike的参考文献提供内容 Australia says it is deploying warplanes to join Iraq campaign. 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According to the ministry, the contribution of the kingdom will focus on military operational and intelligence aspects.[4] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Morocco is a member of the anti-ISIL coalition where the kingdom provides intelligence and operational support to Emirati, Saudi, Bahraini, Qatari Jordanian and American forces operating in Syria.[5] Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2014-12-20 Morocco will send military forces to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to help fight terrorism and preserve regional peace and stability, the Foreign Ministry said on Wednesday. Speaking at a press briefing in Rabat, Moroccan Foreign Minister Salaheddine Mezouar did not reveal further information on this mission, such as the specific number of the dispatched troops. (...)"Morocco will provide military support to these brother countries in case that the Gulf states require intervention,"[6] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Souhail Karam. Morocco Says Sending Troops to U.A.E. to Help Counter Terrorism. 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Express. 3 December 2015 [3 December 2015]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-09）.  引用错误：没有为名为firstUKsortie的参考文献提供内容 RAF Tornado jets in Cyprus for Iraq aid mission. BBC News. 12 August 2014 [19 November 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-23）. A "small number" of Chinook helicopters would also be sent for "further relief options", the Foreign Office said.  RAF steps up Iraq and Syria spying missions in 'new Battle of Britain'. The Guardian. 19 July 2015 [19 July 2015]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-02）.  Global Gateway (PDF). Royal Air Force. March 2015 [2017-05-08]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-11-17）. The first Operational Atlas load was delivered to Op SHADER in Cyprus on 3 Mar - a sign of things to come.  Frères D’Armes – Brothers in Arms. Royal Navy. 18 November 2015 [21 November 2015]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-16）.  引用错误：没有为名为UKSub的参考文献提供内容 "Russian soldiers geolocated by photos in multiple Syria locations" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, MARIA TSVETKOVA, November 8, 2015, Reuters. 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