坎利酮

坎利酮（英語：Canrenone，商品名有：Contaren、Luvion、Phanurane、Spiroletan等），别名坎利酸内酯或烯睾丙内酯。是一种有机化合物，分子式为C22H28O3，属于甾体类抗鹽皮質激素，临床上可用作醛固酮拮抗剂治疗水肿、心衰、高血压、肝腹水等疾病，在意大利、比利时等国也用作利尿劑，同时也是螺内酯的活性代謝產物。坎利酮可被赭曲霉等微生物发酵作用对11号碳进行羟基化，得到11α-羟基坎利酮。坎利酮同时也是螺内酯和依普利酮的原料。 坎利酮抗鹽皮質激素作用比螺内酯强，但抗雄激素作用要弱于螺内酯，不过利用其抗雄激素作用可用于治疗女性多毛症（英语：Hirsutism）。作为利尿剂，螺内酯转化成系列代谢产物后，坎利酮贡献了约10-25%的保钾利尿作用（英语：Potassium-sparing diuretic），7α-硫代甲基螺内酯（英语：7α-Thiomethylspironolactone）则主要贡献了约80%。 Müller J. Regulation of Aldosterone Biosynthesis: Physiological and Clinical Aspects. Springer Science & Business Media. 6 December 2012: 164–. ISBN 978-3-642-83120-1.  Gardiner P, Schrode K, Quinlan D, Martin BK, Boreham DR, Rogers MS, et al. Spironolactone metabolism: steady-state serum levels of the sulfur-containing metabolites. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. April 1989, 29 (4): 342–347. PMID 2723123. S2CID 29457093. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1989.tb03339.x.  Losert W, Casals-Stenzel J, Buse M. Progestogens with antimineralocorticoid activity. Arzneimittel-Forschung. 1985, 35 (2): 459–471. PMID 4039568.  Fernandez MD, Carter GD, Palmer TN. The interaction of canrenone with oestrogen and progesterone receptors in human uterine cytosol. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. January 1983, 15 (1): 95–101. PMC 1427833 . PMID 6849751. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1983.tb01470.x.  黄达明，杜卓蓉，张志才，等. 基于正交试验的根霉固态转化坎利酮工艺条件优化. 中国酿造. 2018, 37 (1): 155-160. doi:10.11882/j.issn.0254-5071.2018.01.033.  Elks J. The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. 14 November 2014: 210–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.  Hill R, Makin H, Kirk D, Murphy G. Dictionary of Steroids. CRC Press. 23 May 1991: 656–. ISBN 978-0-412-27060-4.  Romanelli RG, Gentilini P. Cross reactivity due to positive canrenone interference. Gut. May 2004, 53 (5): 772–773. PMC 1774040 . PMID 15082604.  Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000: 167–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.  Clark MA, Harvey RA, Finkel R, Rey JA, Whalen K. Pharmacology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 15 December 2011: 286–. ISBN 978-1-4511-1314-3.  刘晓，刘逸寒，别松涛，等. 赭曲霉的高密度培养对坎利酮转化的影响. 生物技术. 2012, 21 (5): 82-87. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1004-311X.2011.05.134.  张映华，熊志刚，邱国福，等. 依普利酮中间体坎利酮的合成工艺改进. 中国药物化学杂志. 2005, 15 (4): 241-243. doi:10.3969/j.issn.1005-0108.2005.04.013.  Coelingh Benni H, Vemer H. Chronic Hyperandrogenic Anovulation. CRC Press. 15 December 1990: 152–. ISBN 978-1-85070-322-8.  Seldin DW, Giebisch GH. Diuretic Agents: Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. Academic Press. 23 September 1997: 630–. ISBN 978-0-08-053046-8.  Sobbrio GA, Granata A, Panacea A, Trimarchi F. Effectiveness of short term canrenone treatment in idiopathic hirsutism. Minerva Endocrinologica. 1989, 14 (2): 105–108. PMID 2761494.  Maron BA, Leopold JA. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists and endothelial function. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. September 2008, 9 (9): 963–969. PMC 2967484 . PMID 18729003.  International Agency for Research on Cancer; World Health Organization. Some Thyrotropic Agents. World Health Organization. 2001: 325–. ISBN 978-92-832-1279-9.  Agusti G, Bourgeois S, Cartiser N, Fessi H, Le Borgne M, Lomberget T. A safe and practical method for the preparation of 7α-thioether and thioester derivatives of spironolactone. Steroids. January 2013, 78 (1): 102–107. PMID 23063964. S2CID 8992318. doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2012.09.005.