穿孔素

穿孔素（英語：Perforin）是人體內一類由PRF1基因编码的蛋白質。 穿孔素是一種由细胞毒性T细胞或自然殺傷細胞分泌的細胞溶解（英语：Cytolysis）蛋白質。它們會插入靶細胞的細胞膜中，並形成孔隙。穿孔素的MACPF（英语：MACPF）域能夠促使細胞溶解。該域與革蘭氏陽性菌的膽固醇依賴性溶細胞素有一定的同源型。 穿孔素在結構上和功能上與補體成分9（C9）具有一些共同點。比如說，穿孔素可以像補體成分9那樣在細胞膜上形成能夠非特異性地裂解多種靶細胞的孔洞。穿孔素是促細胞溶解顆粒中的一種主要促細胞裂解蛋白，在由T細胞和天然殺傷細胞介導的細胞溶解中起關鍵作用。它通過在細胞膜上產生孔洞，從而讓鈣離子大量流入細胞，使得靶細胞啓動細胞膜的修復機制。上述的修復機制可讓穿孔素和顆粒酶進入早期內涵體。 有缺陷的PRF1等位基因純合會導致2型噬血細胞综合癥（英语：hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis），一種罕見的致死性幼年期常染色體隱性遺傳病。 數據表明，穿孔素可與鈣網蛋白（英语：calreticulin）發生蛋白質交互作用。 顆粒酶（英语：Granzyme） 防禦素 Rosado CJ, Buckle AM, Law RH, Butcher RE, Kan WT, Bird CH, Ung K, Browne KA, Baran K, Bashtannyk-Puhalovich TA, Faux NG, Wong W, Porter CJ, Pike RN, Ellisdon AM, Pearce MC, Bottomley SP, Emsley J, Smith AI, Rossjohn J, Hartland EL, Voskoboinik I, Trapani JA, Bird PI, Dunstone MA, Whisstock JC. A common fold mediates vertebrate defense and bacterial attack. Science. 2007, 317 (5844): 1548–51. 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PMID 11179007. doi:10.1086/318796.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Clementi R, zur Stadt U, Savoldi G; et al. Six novel mutations in the PRF1 gene in children with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. J. Med. Genet. 2002, 38 (9): 643–6. PMC 1734943 . PMID 11565555. doi:10.1136/jmg.38.9.643.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Ambach A, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick H. Perforin granule release from cytotoxic lymphocytes ex vivo is inhibited by ciclosporin but not by methotrexate. Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol. 2001, 14 (5): 249–60. PMID 11586066. doi:10.1159/000056355.  醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：perforin