乍得语族

乍得语族(Chadic languages)是亞非語系（閃含語系）之下的語族之一，語言人口主要分布於中、西非的尼日利亞北部、尼日爾、乍得、中非共和國及喀麥隆。乍得語族大致上可以分為比烏-曼達拉語支、東乍得語支、西乍得語支和马萨Masa語支四個語支。 豪薩語是乍得語族中語言人口分布最廣泛的語言，屬於西乍得語支，亦是西非的非官方通用語。 比乌-曼达拉语支 (Biu-Mandara) Biu-Mandara A Biu-Mandara A.1 Biu-Mandara Eastern A.1 Boga (bvw) Ga'anda (gqa) Hwana (hwo) Biu-Mandara Western A.1 Jara (jaf) 特拉语 Tera (ttr) Biu-Mandara A.2 Nggwahyi (ngx) Biu-Mandara A.2 1 Bura-Pabir (bwr) Cibak (ckl) Kofa (kso) Putai (mfl) Biu-Mandara A.2 2 Huba (hbb) 南马尔吉语 Marghi South (mfm) 中马尔吉语 Marghi Central (mrt) Biu-Mandara A.3 Bana (bcw) Hya (hya) Kamwe (hig) Psikye (kvj) Biu-Mandara A.4 Lamang Hdi (xed) Lamang (hia) Vemgo-Mabas (vem) 纯正曼达拉 Mandara Proper Glavda Cineni (cie) Dghwede (dgh) Glavda (glw) Guduf-Gava (gdf) Gvoko (ngs) 曼达拉语 Mandara Wandala (mfi) Podoko Parkwa (pbi) Biu-Mandara A.5 Baldemu (bdn) Cuvok (cuv) Dugwor (dme) 北吉西加语 Giziga, North (gis) 南吉西加语 Giziga, South (giz) Mada (mxu) Mafa (maf) Matal (mfh) Mbuko (mqb) Mefele (mfj) Merey (meq) Mofu, North (mfk) Mofu-Gudur (mif) Moloko (mlw) Muyang (muy) Vame (mlr) Wuzlam (udl) Zulgo-Gemzek (gnd) Biu-Mandara A.6 Sukur (syk) Biu-Mandara A.7 Buwal (bhs) 达巴语 Daba (dbq) Gavar (gou) Mazagway (dkx) Mbedam (xmd) Mina (hna) Biu-Mandara A.8 Bacama (bcy) 巴塔语 Bata (bta) Fali (fli) Gude (gde) Gudu (gdu) Holma (hod) Jimi (jim) Ngwaba (ngw) Nzanyi (nja) Sharwa (swq) Tsuvan (tsh) Zizilivakan (ziz) Biu-Mandara B Biu-Mandara B.1 Jilbe (jie) 布杜马语 Buduma 布杜马语 Buduma (bdm) Jina Jina (jia) Majera (xmj) 纯正科托科语 Kotoko Proper Afade (aal) Lagwan (kot) Malgbe (mxf) Maslam (msv) Mpade (mpi) Mser (kqx) Biu-Mandara B.2 Mbara (mpk) Musgu (mug) Muskum (mje) Biu-Mandara C Gidar (gid) 东乍得语支 (East Chadic) East Chadic A East Chadic A.1 Buso (bso) East Chadic A.1 1 Mire (mvh) Ndam (ndm) Somrai (sor) Tumak (tmc) East Chadic A.1 2 Boor (bvf) Gadang (gdk) Miltu (mlj) Sarua (swy) East Chadic A.2 East Chadic A.2 1 Kimré (kqp) Lele (lln) 南歇雷语 Nancere (nnc) East Chadic A.2 2 Gabri (gab) Kabalai (kvf) Tobanga (tng) East Chadic A.3 Kera (ker) Kwang (kvi) East Chadic B East Chadic B.1 East Chadic B.1 1 Bidiyo (bid) 丹加利特语 Dangaléat (daa) Jonkor Bourmataguil (jeu) Mabire (muj) Mawa (mcw) Migaama (mmy) Mogum (mou) Ubi (ubi) East Chadic B.1 2 Birgit (btf) Kajakse (ckq) Masmaje (mes) 穆比语 Mubi (mub) Toram (trj) Zirenkel (zrn) East Chadic B.2 Mukulu (moz) East Chadic B.3 Barein (bva) Saba (saa) 索科罗语 Sokoro (sok) Tamki (tax) 马萨语支 Masa Herdé (hed) Marba (mpg) Masana (mcn) Mesme (zim) Musey (mse) Ngete (nnn) Pévé (lme) Zumaya (zuy) 西乍得语支 (West Chadic) Luri (ldd) West Chadic A Daza (dzd) West Chadic A.1 关达拉语 Gwandara (gwn) 豪萨语（Hausa）(hau) West Chadic A.2 Bole Bure (bvh) Bole Proper Beele (bxq) Bole (bol) Deno (dbb) Galambu (glo) Gera (gew) Geruma (gea) Giiwo (kks) Kholok (ktc) Kubi (kof) Maaka (mew) 恩加莫语 Ngamo (nbh) Nyam (nmi) 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare 卡雷卡雷语 Karekare (kai) 坦加勒 Tangale Dera Dera (kna) 纯正坦加勒 Tangale Proper Kushi (kuh) Kutto (kpa) Kwaami (ksq) Pero (pip) Piya-Kwonci (piy) 坦加勒语 Tangale (tan) West Chadic A.3 纯正安加斯 Angas Proper Angas Proper 1 Cakfem-Mushere (cky) Jorto (jrt) Kofyar (kwl) Miship (mjs) Mwaghavul (sur) Ngas (anc) Angas Proper 2 Goemai (ank) Koenoem (kcs) Montol (mtl) Pyapun (pcw) Tal (tal) Yiwom Yiwom (gek) West Chadic A.4 Fyer Fyer (fie) Tambas (tdk) 纯正罗恩 Ron Proper Duhwa (kbz) Kulere (kul) Mundat (mmf) 罗恩语 Ron (cla) Sha (scw) West Chadic B West Chadic B.1 Auyokawa (auo) 纯正巴德 Bade Proper 巴德语 Bade (bde) 恩吉津语 Ngizim (ngi) Teshenawa (twc) Duwai Duwai (dbp) West Chadic B.2 Ajawa (ajw) Ciwogai (tgd) Diri (dwa) Kariya (kil) Mburku (bbt) Miya (mkf) Pa'a (pqa) Siri (sir) Warji (wji) Zumbun (jmb) West Chadic B.3 Dass (dot) Boghom Boghom (bux) Kir-Balar (kkr) Mangas (zns) Guruntum Guruntum-Mbaaru (grd) Ju (juu) Tala (tak) Zangwal (zah) West Chadic B.3 Eastern Jimi (jmi) Zaar Proper Geji (gji) Polci (plj) Saya (say) Zari (zaz) Zeem (zua) Ethnologue entry for Chadic languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349. Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42. Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397. Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden. Newman, Paul and Ma, Roxana (1966) 'Comparative Chadic: phonology and lexicon.' Journal of African Languages, 5, 218–251. Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60. Chadic Newsletter Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）