邊界流

邊界流（英語：Boundary Current）是指在大陸邊緣的洋流，因此其動力受海岸線的影響。边界流可分為兩個不同的類別：西部邊界流和東部邊界流。 東部邊界流位於大洋盆地的東側（毗鄰大陸的西海岸），其特性一般較淺、較寬而且流動緩慢。位於副熱帶的東部邊界洋流是向赤道流動的，把冷水從高緯度地區輸送到低緯度地區。本格拉洋流、加那利洋流、 洪堡洋流（英语：Humboldt Current） 和加利福尼亞洋流（英語：California Current）等均屬于東部邊界流。在這些地區的沿岸上升流，經常把富含海鲜的深水帶入東部邊界洋流區，使其成為海產豐富區域。 西部邊界流则分為亞熱帶和低緯度西部邊界流兩種洋流。亞熱帶西部邊界洋流是由於大環流的西環強化（英語：Western intensification）作用的，而在洋盆西側形成的溫暖、深、窄和快速流動的洋流，它們從熱帶向極地方向運送溫水。墨西哥灣流、阿古拉斯洋流和黑潮等均屬此種西部邊界流。低緯度西部邊界流類似於亞熱帶西部邊界流，但將冷水從亞熱帶流向赤道方向。棉蘭老島洋流（英語：Mindanao Current）和巴西北部洋流（英語：North Brazil Current）等也屬于此種西部邊界流。。 Garzoli, S. L., and Gordon, A. L. (1996), Origins and variability of the Benguela Current, J. Geophys. Res., 101( C1), 897– 906, doi:10.1029/95JC03221 M Knoll, A Hernández-Guerra, B Lenz, F López Laatzen, F Machı́n, T.J Müller, G Siedler (2002) The Eastern Boundary Current system between the Canary Islands and the African Coast,Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography,Volume 49, Issue 17,Pages 3427-3440,ISSN 0967-0645,https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0645(02)00105-4 R. N. Gibson, R. J. A. Atkinson, J. D. M. Gordon( 2007). THE HUMBOLDT CURRENT SYSTEM OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAL CHILE, Oceanography and Marine Biology, CRC Press, ISBN 9780429144905 B.M. Hickery and T.C.Royer (2009) Califrona and Alaska Currents in Ocean Current, editor Steve A. Thorpe ISBN 978-0-08-096486-7 S. G. H. Philander and J-H. Yoon (1982) Eastern Boundary Currents and Coastal Upwelling, Jour. of Physical Oceanography, vol 12, issure 8. Page(s): 862–879. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1982)012<0862:EBCACU>2.0.CO;2 Rykaczewski, R. R., Dunne, J. P., Sydeman, W. J., García-Reyes, M., Black, B. A., and Bograd, S. J. (2015), Poleward displacement of coastal upwelling-favorable winds in the ocean's eastern boundary currents through the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 6424– 6431, doi:10.1002/2015GL064694 Charney J.G. (1990) The Gulf Stream as an Inertial Boundary Layer. In: Lindzen R.S., Lorenz E.N., Platzman G.W. (eds) The Atmosphere — A Challenge. American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-944970-35-2_16 J.R.E. Lutjeharms, R. Catzel, H.R. Valentine,(1989) Eddies and other boundary phenomena of the Agulhas Current, Continental Shelf Research, Volume 9, Issue 7, Pages 597-616,ISSN 0278-4343, https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-4343(89)90032-0.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0278434389900320) Kathryn A. Kelly, R. Justin Small,R. M. Samelson, Bo Qiu, Terrence M. Joyce, Young-Oh Kwon, and Meghan F. Cronin (2010)Western Boundary Currents and Frontal Air–Sea Interaction: Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension Jour of Climate Vol. 23 Issue 21, p 5644-5667.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3346.1 Lukas, R., Firing, E., Hacker, P., Richardson, P. L., Collins, C. A., Fine, R., and Gammon, R. (1991), Observations of the Mindanao Current during the western equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation study, J. Geophys. Res., 96( C4), 7089– 7104, doi:10.1029/91JC00062 Müller, T. J., Ikeda, Y., Zangenberg, N., and Nonato, L. V. (1998), Direct measurements of western boundary currents off Brazil between 20°S and 28°S, J. Geophys. Res., 103( C3), 5429– 5437, doi:10.1029/97JC03529 Shiro Imawaki, Amy S. Bower, Lisa Beal, Bo Qiu,Chapter 13 - Western Boundary Currents,Editor(s): Gerold Siedler, Stephen M. Griffies, John Gould, John A. Church, International Geophysics,Academic Press, Volume 103, 2013, Pages 305-338, ISSN 0074-6142, ISBN 9780123918512,https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-391851-2.00013-1.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123918512000131) Hogg, N. G., and Johns, W. E. (1995), Western boundary currents, Rev. Geophys., 33( S2), 1311– 1334, doi:10.1029/95RG00491