通用表意文字

通用表意文字（拉丁语术语为characteristica universalis；英语当中常解释为 universal characteristic 或 universal character；中文之中又常常称为普遍表意文字、普遍语言、通用语言、普适语言以及普适科学语言等），是德国哲学家戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨所设想的一种通用的形式化语言；该语言能够表达数学、科学以及形而上学（纯粹哲学）方面的概念。莱布尼茨希望创建的是一种可以在通用逻辑运算或者说推理演算（英语：Calculus ratiocinator）框架之下加以使用的语言。 On Leibniz's lifelong interest in the characteristica and the like, see the following texts in Loemker (1969): 165–66, 192–95, 221–28, 248–50, and 654–66. On the characteristica, see Rutherford (1995) and the still-classic discussion in Couturat (1901: chpts. 3,4). Also relevant to the characteristica is Mates's (1986: 183–88) discussion of what he called the lingua philosophica. Brown, M. T., 2004, "A picture is worth a thousand words: energy systems language and simulation," Ecological Modelling 178: 83–100. Bulcsu P. G., 1986, "Formalization of the Iconic Language for Structured Analysis and Symbolic Logic," [A STRUKTURALT ANALIZIS (SA) IKONIKUS NYELVENEK FORMALIZALASA ES A SZIMBOLIKUS LOGIKA.] Meres es Automatika 34: 315–22. Rudolf Carnap, 1958. Introduction to Symbolic Logic with Applications. Dover. —, 1967. The Logical Structure of the World: Pseudoproblems in Philosophy. University of California Press. Translation of his 1928 Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. Leipzig: Felix Meiner Verlag. Cevolatti, D., and Maud, S., 2004, "Realising the Enlightenment: H. T. Odum's Energy Systems Language qua G. W. v. Leibniz's Characteristica Universalis", Ecological Modelling 178: 279–92. Cohen, C. Jonathan., 1954, "On the project of a universal character," Mind (New Series) 63: 249. Louis Couturat, 1901. La Logique de Leibniz. Paris: Felix Alcan. Donald Rutherford's English translation in progress. Louis Couturat, O. Jespersen, R. Lorenz, Wilhelm Ostwald and L.Pfaundler 1910, International Language and Science: Considerations on the Introduction of an International Language into Science", Constable and Company Limited, London. Dascal, M., 1987. Leibniz: Language, Signs and Thought, A Collection of Essays. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Martin Davis, 2001. Engines of Logic: Mathematicians and the Origin of the Computer. W W Norton. Dawson, J. W. Jr., 1997. Logical Dilemmas: The Life and Work of Kurt Gödel. Wellesley MA: A. K. Peters. Fearnley-Sander, Desmond, 1982, "Hermann Grassmann and the Prehistory of Universal Algebra," The American Mathematical Monthly 89: 161–66. Gode, Alexander, 1951, Interlingua-English Dictionary|Interlingua-English: A Dictionary of the International language. New York: Storm Publishers. Nelson Goodman, 1977 (1951). The Structure of Appearance. Reidel. Jaakko Hintikka, 1997. Lingua Universalis vs. Calculus Ratiocinator. An ultimate presupposition of Twentieth-century philosophy. Kluwer. Jaenecke, P., 1996, "Elementary principles for representing knowledge," Knowledge Organization 23: 88–102. Kluge, E. H. W., 1980, "Frege, Leibniz and the notion of an ideal language," Studia Leibnitiana 12: 140–54. Clarence Irving Lewis, 1960 (1918). A Survey of Symbolic Logic. Dover. Loemker, Leroy, ed. and trans., 1969. Leibniz: Philosophical Papers and Letters. Synthese Historical Library. Dordrecht: D. Reidel. Mates, Benson, 1986. The Philosophy of Leibniz. Oxford Univ. Press. Odum, E.C., Odum, H.T. and Peterson, N.S., 1995, "Using Simulation to Introduce the Systems Approach in Education" in Hall, C.S., ed., Maximum Power: The Ideas and Applications of H. T. Odum. Colorado Univ. Press: 346–52. Parkinson, G. H. R., ed. and trans., 1966. Leibniz: Logical Papers. Oxford Univ. Press. —, and Mary Morris, trans., 1973. Leibniz: Philosophical Writings. London: J M Dent. Piper, R. F. 1957, "Review of 'Unified Symbolism for World Understanding in Science' by Oliver L. Reiser," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 17: 432–33. Reiser, Oliver Leslie 1946. A philosophy for world unification;: Scientific humanismas an ideology for cultural integration, Haldeman-Julius Publications. —, 1940. The Promise of Scientific Humanism Toward a Unification of Scientific, Religious, Social and Economic Thought, Oskar Piest. –, 1955. Unified symbolism for world understanding in science: Including Bliss symbols (semantography) and logic, cybernetics and semantics, Semantography Pub. Co. Nicholas Rescher, 1954, "Review of On the Project of a Universal Character by Jonathan Cohen," Journal of Symbolic Logic 19: 133. Hartley Rogers, Jr., 1963, "An Example in Mathematical Logic," The American Mathematical Monthly 70: 929–45. Rutherford, Donald, 1995, "Philosophy and language" in Jolley, N., ed., The Cambridge Companion to Leibniz. Cambridge Univ. Press. Patrick Suppes, 1999 (1957). Introduction to Logic. Dover. Jean van Heijenoort, 1967, "Logic as calculus and logic as language," Synthese 17: 324–330. Reprinted in Hintikka (1997). Wiener, Philip P., 1940, "Leibniz's Project of a Public Exhibition of Scientific Inventions," Journal of the History of Ideas 1: 232–240. Woodger, Joseph H., 1937, The axiomatic method in biology, Cambridge University Press. Yen, D.C., Huang, S.-M., Ku, C.-Y. 2002, The impact and implementation of XML on business-to-business commerce, Computer Standards and Interfaces 24: 347–62. Corazzon, Raul, 2010, "Language as Calculus vs. Language as Universal Medium （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Includes bibliography, links to online papers, and passages from the writings of Jaakko Hintikka and Jean van Heijenoort. Rotha, Paul, 1946, "From Hieroglyphs to Isotypes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Smith, Barry, 1978, "An Essay in Formal Ontology,PDF (936 KiB)" Grazer Philosophische Studien 6: 39–62. —, 1990, "Characteristica UniversalisPDF (207 KiB)" in K. Mulligan, ed., Language, Truth and Ontology, (Philosophical Studies Series). Kluwer: 50–81.