國會太空榮譽勳章

國會太空榮譽勳章（英語：Congressional Space Medal of Honor）是美國國家航空暨太空總署（NASA）頒發的一種獎章，授予“為民族和人類的繁榮做出特別令人稱道的努力和貢獻的宇航员”。是NASA授予的最高榮譽，獎章由美國總統以美國國家航空暨太空總署署長和副署長的名義頒發。國會太空榮譽勳章和榮譽勳章不同，後者為一種軍事榮譽，授予“在與敵對武裝力量的戰鬥中冒生命危險並且超越了職責範疇，展現出的（極為顯著的）超凡的英勇行為的人”。兩者均為所屬領域的最高級別榮譽勳章。國會太空榮譽勳章一般配以具有象徵著美國海軍陸戰隊、美國海軍、美國空軍、美國海岸警衛隊等美國所有軍種的不同顏色装饰的色带做裝飾。 獲得國會太空榮譽勳章的宇航员通常要在NASA指派的太空飛行任務中作出極為不尋常的貢獻。通常情況下，是獎勵在航天科技領域有特別傑出的貢獻，或者執行了一項里程碑式的任務的宇航员。在個別情況下，對於在任務中成功挽救嚴重突發情況的宇航员，同樣可以授予該獎。截至2004年，時任美國總統的小布希為在挑戰者號災難和哥倫比亞號災難中獻出生命的14名宇航员追授該勳章後，所有在任務中犧牲的宇航员均獲得了該項殊榮。 至今，一共有五位總統授予過該項榮譽，他們分別是吉米·卡特、隆納·雷根、喬治·赫伯特·沃克·布希、比爾·柯林頓和喬治·沃克·布希。其中喬治·沃克·布希授予最多，他分別向14名在任務中犧牲的宇航员以及另外兩名有傑出貢獻的宇航员授予了這項榮譽。 截止2013年8月，共有26名宇航员獲得這項殊榮。其中有17位為身後追授，其中包括在1986年1月28日挑戰者號太空梭災難和2003年2月1日哥倫比亞號災難中獻出生命的14名宇航员，以及在1967年1月27日阿波羅1號火災事故中不幸喪生的3名宇航员。“*”號代表追授。 14 CFR 1221.201 - Basis for award of the medal. Cornell University Law School. [2013-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-12）. astronaut who in the performance of his duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and of mankind.  List of Awardees by NASA. NASA. [2013-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2013-07-02）. Despite the medal's name, the President awards this medal based upon recommendations from the NASA Administrator. Congress authorized the President to "award, and present in the name of Congress, a medal of appropriate design, which shall be known as the Congressional Space Medal of Honor, to any astronaut who in the performance of his duties has distinguished himself by exceptionalIy meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the Nation and of mankind."  CHALLENGER CREW HONORED WITH CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR Congressional Space Medal of Honor Winners. collectSPACE.com. [2013-09-09]. （原始内容存档于2011-03-07）.  Congressional Space Medal of Honor Winners. Pinterest. 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[2013-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）. e was the pilot of the first orbital test flight of the Shuttle program (STS-1, April 12-14,1981)  NASA榮譽（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）