關鍵期假說

关键期假设（英文：critical period hypothesis）是一个长期存在争论的假说，关于人是否存在一个语言学习的关键年龄段。 该假说一般认为，存在一个理想时期更容易受语言环境影响从而比其他时间更容易学习一门语言。关键期假设认为，生命的最初几年是关键时期，在足够的刺激下，人都能习得第一语言。如果超过这个时期，语言的学习将会非常困难，特别是在语法方面。然而事實上這種說法目前在學界仍然只是一種假說，各方學者對此仍有許多批評爭議，未有定論。 Bongaerts, T.; Planken, B.; Schils, E. Can late learners attain a native accent in a foreign language? A test of the Critical Period Hypothesis. Singleton, D.; Lengyel, Z. (编). The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. 1995: 30–50. . Castro-Caldas, A.; Petersson, A.; Reis, S.; Ingvar, M.; Ingvar, M. The illiterate brain: Learning to read and write during childhood influences the functional organization of the adult brain. Brain. 1998, 121: 1053–63. PMID 9648541. doi:10.1093/brain/121.6.1053.  L. M. Espinosa, "Second language acquisition in early childhood." In R. New and M. Cochran, eds, Early Childhood Education (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group). Espinosa, L. M. Second language acquisition in early childhood. Rebecca Staples, New; Cochran, Moncrieff (编). Early Childhood Education: An International Encyclopedia. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33100-8.  Flege, James Emil; Mackay, Ian R. A.; Piske, Thorsten. Assessing bilingual dominance. Applied Psycholinguistics. 2002, 23 (4): 567–598. doi:10.1017/S0142716402004046.  Harley, Birgit. Age in second language acquisition. College-Hill Press. 1986 [2015-05-25]. ISBN 978-0-88744-269-8. （原始内容存档于2020-03-26）.  Lenneberg, E.H. Biological Foundations of Language. Wiley. 1967. ISBN 0-89874-700-7.  Moyer, A. Ultimate attainment in L2 phonology: the critical factors of age, motivation, and instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. 1999, 21 (1): 81–108. doi:10.1017/S0272263199001035. . Oyama, S. A sensitive period for the acquisition of a nonnative phonological system. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 1976, 5: 261–285. doi:10.1007/BF01067377.  Penfield, W.; Roberts, L. Speech and Brain Mechanisms. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1959.  Pinker, S. The Language Instinct. New York: Morrow. 1994. ISBN 84-206-6732-3.  Ramscar, M.; Gitcho, N. Developmental change and the nature of learning in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Science. 2007, 11 (7): 274–279. PMID 17560161. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.05.007.  Reis, A.; Castro-Caldas, A. Illiteracy: A case for biased cognitive development. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1997, 3 (5): 444–450. PMID 9322403.  Robertson, P. The Critical Age Hypothesis. Asian EFL Journal. 2002. （原始内容存档于2006-12-11）.  Scherag, A; Demuth, L; Rösler, F; Neville, HJ; Röder, B. The effects of late acquisition of L2 and the consequences of immigration on L1 for semantic and morpho-syntactic language aspects. Cognition. October 2004, 93 (3): B97–108. PMID 15178380. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2004.02.003.  Sebastián-Gallés, Núria; Echeverría, Sagrario; Bosch, Laura. The influence of initial exposure on lexical representation: Comparing early and simultaneous bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language. 2005, 52 (2): 240–255. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.11.001.  Singleton, David, and Lengyel, Zsolt. (1995). The Age Factor in Second Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. See also https://web.archive.org/web/20060319062202/http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~ionin/SLAgroup/Ling527papers/Singleton%2BCritical%2BPeriods%2Biral.2005.43.4.269.pdf Tarone, Elaine; Bigelow, Martha; Hansen, Kit. Literacy and Second Language Oracy. Oxford University Press. 2009 [2015-05-25]. ISBN 978-0-19-442300-7. （原始内容存档于2020-03-26）.  Thompson-Schill, S.; Ramscar, M.; Chrysikou, M. Cognition without control: When a little frontal lobe goes a long way (PDF). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2009, 18 (5): 259–263. PMC 2855545 . PMID 20401341. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01648.x. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-03-07）.  Weber-Fox, Christine M.; Neville, Helen J. Maturational constraints on functional specializations for language processing: Erp and behavioral evidence in bilingual speakers. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 1996, 8 (3): 231–256. doi:10.1162/jocn.1996.8.3.231.  Young-Scholten, M. Orthographic input in L2 phonological development. Burmeister, P.; Piske, T.; Rohde, A. (编). An integrated View of Language Development: Papers in Honor of Henning Wode. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier. 2002: 263–279. . Cook, V. Second Language Learning and Language Teaching. London: Hodder Arnold. 2001.  Johnson, J.S.; Newport, E.L. Critical period effects in second language learning: the influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cognitive Psychology. 1989, 21 (1): 60–99. PMID 2920538. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0.  Lamendella, J.T. General principles of Neurofunctional organization and their manifestation in primary and non-primary language acquisition. Language Learning. 1977, 27: 155–9. doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1977.tb00298.x.  [introduces the phrase 'sensitive period'.] Lightbown, P.; Spada, N. How Languages are Learned 2nd. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006. ISBN 0-19-442224-0.  Marshall, Brad. Is there a 'child advantage' in learning foreign languages?. Education Week. 2000, 19 (22): 39–41.  Mitchell, R.; Myles, F. Second Language Learning Theories 2nd. London: Hodder Arnold. 2006.  Newport, E.L. Maturational constraints on language learning. Cognitive Science. 1990, 14: 11–28. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1401_2.  White, L. (2003). Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zhao, A.H.; Morgan, C. Consideration of Age in L2 Attainment - Children, Adolescents and Adults. Asian EFL Journal. 2005, 6 (4). （原始内容存档于2006-12-08）.