蒂萨河之战

赛约河之战，1241年3月蒙古帝國在第二次西征中入侵匈牙利，由拔都率領的蒙古军在赛约河（今匈牙利东部蒂薩河）戰勝了時任匈牙利國王貝拉四世率領的匈牙利軍隊。此場戰役又名為蒂萨河之战（Battle of Mohi）。 拔都与速不台率领的蒙古军在征服斡罗斯后，乘匈牙利准备不及而实行突袭，将所辖军队分成四个纵队，先扫荡匈牙利守备薄弱地区，以造成对匈牙利主力的钳击之势。匈牙利貝拉四世避战待援。匈牙利联军约三万人，声势浩大，士气较旺，自认为有信心抵抗蒙古军。 蒙古军进抵佩斯特城附近，得知匈牙利军两倍于蒙古军兵力，且勇而善战。蒙古军决定采取诱敌歼灭之计，将其已到达多瑙河的兵马开始向东撤退。匈牙利联军以为蒙古军不敢渡河攻击，便过多瑙河同蒙古军决战。匈牙利军渡河后没有发现蒙古军主力，只见到少数巡逻部队，误认为蒙古军大部队已先行撤走，貝拉四世于是率领匈牙利联军向东追击，连续数日，已远离多瑙河，仍未追上撤退的蒙古军，于是驻营在赛约河西的索尔诺克。为防止蒙古军的偷袭，以赛约河为天然障阻，四周又环拱小山，构筑工事。当夜得知蒙古军隔河仅六里之遥，貝拉四世又派一千精兵把守桥头和营外，还以货车排列构成防护圈。 是夜黎明之前，拔都军向赛约河对岸桥头发起突然攻击，攻击受阻，以弩炮猛攻。匈牙利军守卫桥头的部队发现他们自己遭到石与箭的猛烈攻击，并“伴随着雷鸣般的声音和火光”。当时，蒙古军队是否正在使用東歐军事史上的第一门加农炮，因证据不足，只能存疑。不管怎样，这是现代火炮雏形在13世纪的表现。如现代战术一样，紧跟着就是猛烈的突击。 被声音、死亡和毁灭搞得晕头转向的守桥者被迅速压倒，匈牙利联軍被迫后撤，蒙古军队顺利连续地过了桥。受此骚乱刺激的贝拉军主力急忙从其防御营地出击，随之发生激烈的战斗。然而，战局突然明朗了，这只是蒙古军队牵制性的攻击。 主攻是由速不台亲自指挥的3个万戶约3万人实施的。在黎明前的黑暗之中，他率部队在桥头之南涉过蒂萨河冰冷的河水，然后转向北打击匈牙利军队的左翼及侧后。匈牙利人不能抵挡这一毁灭性的冲击，慌忙退入其营地，到上午7点被蒙古军队完全包围。蒙古骑兵渡河，在平原展开攻势。速不台率部沿河下，联军立即以密集队形向蒙古军冲击，蒙古军从正面后退到匈牙利军两侧，形成两翼包围。蒙古军队以石、箭和燃烧的石油精持续进行了几小时的轰击。对一些绝望的匈牙利军队来说，西面似乎有一道缝隙，有几个士兵安全地逃了出去。由于蒙古军队攻击的密度转至别处，越来越多的匈牙利士兵溜了出去。 蒙古军队同时还施放烟幕使匈牙利军迷失方向，渐次进入错综复杂的地形，蒙古军缩小包围圈，以远距离火箭焚烧匈牙利军营地。由于防线崩溃，残存者急于同那些已逃出去的人会合。战斗队形演散，许多逃跑者丢盔弃甲，以保性命。突然，他们发现自己已陷入蒙古军队的陷阱。蒙古士兵骑上快速的战马，从四面八方出现，分割了精疲力竭的匈牙利士兵，将他们赶进沼泽之中，并突击了有些士兵企图避难的村子。经过几小时恐怖的屠杀，匈牙利军队被彻底摧毁，死亡數千人。但各条道路均被蒙古军堵塞，蒙古军为避免匈牙利军死鬥，在平原西方通多瑙河处开一缺口，故意让匈牙利军逃走，尔后连续追击六日，歼灭联军一萬余人。 匈牙利國王貝拉四世及整個匈牙利王室出逃維也納尋求協助，但被他們的仇人奧地利大公腓特烈二世軟禁並勒索償還六年前腓特烈被迫向貝拉支付的賠償金，貝拉妥協被釋放後又逃往仍在匈牙利控制下的達爾馬提亞。更为严重的是，匈牙利军队的失败使蒙古人控制了从第聂伯河到奧得河和从波罗的海到多瑙河的整个东欧，並攻佔了其首都佩斯。巴爾幹半島強國之一的匈牙利被擊敗令整個亞得里亞海東岸陷入恐慌。 Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124 Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik. Markó, László, Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, 2000, ISBN 963-547-085-1  Liptai, Ervin, Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 1985, ISBN 963-326-337-9  Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible." Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary, one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter. Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Leignitz to the North and Hermannstadt (Sibiu) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week. McLynn, p. 469 Sverdrup, p. 115 Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163; McLynn, p. 473 The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy." John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144. 引用错误：没有为名为Tucker279的参考文献提供内容 The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103. 《中国战典 上》. 中国人民革命军事博物馆编著 北京：解放军出版社 1994 第775页.  Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-521-52290-0.  Carey, Brian Todd. Warfare in the Medieval World. Pen & Sword Books. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84415-339-8.  Gabriel, Richard A. Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8061-3734-7.  Kosztolnyik, Z. J. Hungary in the Thirteenth Century. East European Monographs; No. CDXXXIX. New York: Columbia University Press. 1996.  Morgan, David. The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1990. ISBN 0-631-17563-6.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords. Brockhampton Press. 1998.  Regan, Geoffrey. The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles. Canopy Books. 1992. ISBN 9781558594319.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Saunders, J. J. The History of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1971. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7.  Sicker, Martin. The Islamic World in Ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna. Praeger Publishers. 2000.  Soucek, Svatopluk. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 9780521657044.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West. Pearson Longman. 2005.