蜾蠃亞科

蜾（guǒ）蠃（luǒ）亞科（學名：Eumeninae）是胡蜂科之下五個亞科之一，是一類分佈於全球的黄蜂，也是胡蜂科之下生物多樣性最高的一個亞科。有部份文獻將本亞科提升至科級，是為蜾蠃科（學名：Eumenidae）。 本亞科物種普遍均為色黑或棕，常帶有鮮明的黃色、白色、橙色、紅色、甚或上述各色混合的斑紋。 蜾蠃亚科大多数独栖，雌蜂在交配后会选择合适的地点筑巢，并在巢内繁衍后代。蜾蠃亞科物種築巢方法多樣，有些會利用現有由其他鞘翅目或膜翅目物種曾在木塊上建立的廢棄管道裡棲息；也有些會在人工建築（如：建築物或電子部件上的鑽孔或釘孔）裡棲息；但大多數會在地底或地面上利用沙泥築成巢穴。牠們的巢穴不像其他蜂類那樣有多室，而是一般只有一個窩室，少數會有多於一個。因此，過往有假設認為蜾蠃亞科物種正處於從獨居到的有階級真社會性結構的過渡期。蜾蠃用來築巢的泥沙會以反吐（英语：Regurgitation (digestion)）出來的水黏合，但有不少物種會用咀嚼過後的植物來黏合。 蜾蠃亚科的雌蜂通常通过分泌毒素麻痹猎物，主要捕食鳞翅目昆虫，将其置于虫室内供孵化幼虫取食，随后用泥块密封虫室和巢口。 蜾蠃亞科是胡蜂科五個亞科之中生物多樣性最高的一個，有205個屬、3700多個物種（英语：List of potter wasp genera）。Zethinae（英语：Zethinae）亞科的成員過往亦屬於蜾蠃亞科，但近年的研究認為這些物種在存在會令本亞科成為一個並系群，因為將牠們抽出來自組一個亞科。 蜾蠃亚科包括以下属： Abispa Mitchell, 1838 Acanthodynerus Gusenleitner, 1969 Acarodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962 Acarozumia Bequaert, 1921 Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 Afreumenes Bequaert, 1926 Afrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1934 Afrogamma Giordani Soika, 1987 Afroxanthodynerus Giordani Soika, 1979 Alastor Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1841 Alastorynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Alfieria Giordani Soika, 1934 Allepipona Giordani Soika, 1987 Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Allorhynchium Vecht, 1963 Alphamenes Bertoni, 1934 Ancistroceroides Saussure, 1855 Antamenes Giordani Soika, 1957 啄蜾蠃属 Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 Anterhynchium de Saussure, 1863 Antezumia de Saussure, 1875 Antherhynchium Antodynerus Saussure, 1855 Apodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993 Araucodynerus Willink, 1968 Archancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1986 Argentozethus Stange, 1979 Aruodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993 Asiodynerus Kurzenko, 1977 Astalor Schulthess, 1925 Australodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962 Australozethus Giordani-Soika, 1969 Belonogaster de Saussure, 1854 Brachymenes Giordani Soika, 1961 Brachyodynerus Bluethgen, 1938 Brachypipona Gusenleitner, 1967 Calligaster de Saussure, 1852 Carinstrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989 Catilostenus Meunier, 1888 Cephalastor Giordani Soika, 1982 Cephalochilus Blüthgen, 1939 Cephalodynerus Parker, 1965 Chartergus Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836 Chelodynerus Perkins, 1902 Chlorodynerus Bluethgen, 1951 Chlunodynerus Clorodynerus Coeleumenes Vecht, 1963 Coelodynerus Convextrocerus Giordani Soika, 1989 Crassodynerus Crastinocerus Crestocranius Ctenochilus Saussure, 1856 Cuyodynerus Willink, 1968 Cyphodynerus Cyphomenes Giordani Soika, 1978 Cyrtalastor Giordani Soika, 1989 Cyrteumenes Giordani Soika, 1991 細蜾蠃屬 Cyrtolabulus Van der Vecht, 1969 Delta Saussure, 1855 Deuterodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904 Diemodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962 Discoelius Latreille, 1809 Dolichodynerus Bohart, 1939 外舌蜾蠃属 Ectopioglossa Perkins, 1912 Elimus de Saussure, 1852 Elisella Soika, 1974 Epiodynerus Giordani Soika, 1957 Epsilon Saussure, 1855 Eremodynerus Blüthgen, 1939 Erodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993 Eudiscoelius Friese, 1904 Eumenemorphus Gusenleitner, 1995 Eumenestiferus Meunier, 1888 Eumenidiopsis Giordani Soika, 1939 Eumicrodynerus Gusenleitner, 1972 Eunortonia Carpenter, 1985 Euodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Euodynerus Ma, Chen & Li, 2017 Eustenancistrocerus Blüthgen, 1938 Flammodynerus Giordani Soika, 1962 Flavoleptus Giordani Soika, 1992 Gamma Zavattari, 1912 Gastrodynerus Bohart, 1984 Gibberhynchium Gioiella Giordani Soika, 1985 Giordania Gusenleitner, 1995 Globepipona Gusenleitner, 1998 Globodynerus Giordani Soika, 1987 Gribodia Zavattari, 1912 Gymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938 Harmorhynchium Zhang, Sun & Zhang, 1994 Hemipterochilis Hemipterochilus Ferton, 1909 Hirtocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992 Hoplomerus Hypalastoroides Saussure, 1856 Hypancistrocerus Saussure, 1855 Incodynerus Willink, 1968 Intereuodynerus Gusenleitner, 1997 Interzumia Gusenleitner, 2002 Irianmenes Giordani Soika, 1993 Ischnocoelia Perkins, 1908 Ischnogasteroides Magretti, 1884 Jucancistrocerus Bluethgen, 1938 黄斑蜾蠃属 Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910 Kennetia Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940 Labochilus Bluthgen, 1939 小柄蜾蠃属 Labus de Saussure, 1867 Laevimenes Giordani Soika, 1978 Lamellodynerus Gusenleitner, 1999 Latimenes Giordani Soika, 1992 Latrodynerus Leionotus Saussure, 1853 Leptocheilus Leptochiloides Bohart, 1940 Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 Leptodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Leptomenes Giordani Soika, 1939 Leptomenoides Giordani Soika, 1962 细盾蜾蠃属 Leptomicrodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985 Leptopterocheilus Giordani Soika, 1953 Leucodynerus Bohart, 1982 Lissepipona Giordani Soika, 1995 Lissodynerus Giordani Soika, 1993 Macrocalymma Perkins, 1908 Malagassodynerus Gusenleitner, 1992 Malayepipona Giordani Soika, 1993 Malgachemenes Gusenleitner, 1992 Maricopodynerus Viereck, 1908 Mecodynerus Micreumenes Ashmead, 1902 Microdynerus Thomson, 1874 Minixi Giordani Soika, 1978 Mitrodynerus Monobia de Saussure, 1852 Monodynerus Gusenleitner, 1982 Montezumia de Saussure, 1852 Nannodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Nesodynerus Perkins, 1901 Nestocoelius Giordani Soika, 1992 Nirtenia Giordani Soika, 1989 Nortonia de Saussure, 1869 Nortozumia Van der Vecht, 1937 Odontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Okinawepipona Yamane, 1987 Omicrabulus Giordani Soika, 1987 Omicroides Giordani Soika, 1935 Omicron de Saussure, 1855 Onychopterocheilus Bluethgen, 1955 Orancistrocerus Vecht, 1963 奥蜾蠃属 Oreumenes Bequaert, 1926 Oreumenoides Giordani Soika, 1961 Ovodynerus Giordani Soika, 1985 Pachodynerus Saussure, 1875 Pachycoelius Giordani-Soika, 1969 Pachymenes de Saussure, 1852 Pachyminixi Giordani Soika, 1978 Parachilus Goirdani Soika, 1960 Paragymnomerus Blüthgen, 1938 Paralastor Saussure, 1856 Paraleptomenes Giordani Soika, 1970 Paralionotulus Blüthgen, 1938 Paramischocyttarus Magretti, 1884 Parancistrocerus Bequaert, 1925 Paranortonia Bertoni, 1934 Pararaphidoglossa Zavattari, 1912 旁喙蜾蠃屬 Pararrhynchium de Saussure, 1855 Paraslator Paravespa Radoszkowski, 1886 Paravespula Blüthgen, 1938 Parazumia Saussure, 1855 秀蜾蠃属 Pareumenes de Saussure, 1855 Parifodynerus Soika, 1962 Parodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Parodynerus de Saussure, 1855 Philippodynerus Gusenleitner, 1996 Phimenes Giordani Soika, 1992 Phimenes de Saussure, 1855 Pirhosigma Giordani Soika, 1978 Plagiolabra Schulthess, 1903 Plocancistrocerus Polistepipona Giordani Soika, 1989 Polistes Latreille, 1802 Polybia Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1836 Postepipona Soika, 1974 Proepipona Giordani Soika, 1977 Protodiscoelius Dalla Torre, 1904 Pseudabispa Vecht, 1960 Pseudacaromenes Giordani Soika, 1978 Pseudagris Saussure, 1863 Pseudalastor Giordani Soika, 1962 Pseudepipona Dalla Torre Pseudepipona Saussure, 1856 Pseudochilus Saussure, 1856 Pseudodontodynerus Blüthgen, 1939 Pseudodynerus de Saussure, 1855 Pseudoleptochilus Blüthgen, 1938 Pseudomicrodymerus Pseudomicrodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 Pseudonortonia Timon-David, 1944 Pseudopterocheilus Perkins, 1901 Pseudosymmorphus Blüthgen, 1938 Pseudozethus Perkins, 1914 Pseudozumia Saussure, 1875 Pseumenes Giordani Soika, 1935 Psiliglossa S.S.Saunders, 1852 Pterocheilus Klug, 1805 Pterochilus Pteromenes Giordani Soika, 1960 Raphiglossa S.S.Saunders, 1850 Raphiglossoides Giordani Soika, 1936 Rhaphiglossa Rhynchagris Maidl, 1915 Rhynchalastor Meade-Waldo, 1910 Rhynchium Spinola, 1806 Rotundipetiolus Zhang, 1989 Rugomenes Giordani Soika, 1992 Rygchium Spinola, 1806 Santamenes Giordani Soika, 1990 Smeringodynerus Snelling, 1975 Sphaeromenes Giordani Soika, 1978 Spinilabochilus Kurzenko, 1981 Stellepipona Giordani Soika, 1973 Stenancistrocerus Saussure, 1863 Stenodyneriellus Giordani Soika, 1962 Stenodynerus Saussure, 1864 Stenonartonia Giordani Soika, 1973 Stenosigma Giordani Soika, 1978 Stroudia Gribodo, 1892 Subancistrocerus de Saussure, 1855 Symmorphus Wesmael, 1836 Synagis Synagris Latreille, 1802 Synargris Syneuodynerus Blüthgen, 1951 Tachyancistrocerus Giordani Soika, 1952 Tachymenes Giordani Soika, 1983 Trachyodynerus Giordani Soika, 1989 Tricarinodynerus Giordani Soika, 1952 Trichodynerus Tropidodynerus Blüthgen, 1939 Tuleara Gusenleitner, 2000 Xanthodynerus Blüthgen, 1954 Xenorhynchium Vecht, 1963 Zeta de Saussure, 1855 Zeteumenes Bertoni, 1921 Zeteumenidion Zethus Fabricius, 1804 在农林生态系统中，蜾蠃亞科不仅是农作物的传粉者，还是农林害虫的天敌。 Eumenes pomiformis Potter's wasp nests, Springdale, AR Pseudodynerus quadrisectus（英语：Pseudodynerus quadrisectus） nest built in a hole bored by a carpenter bee（英语：carpenter bee） Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus） nectaring Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus） Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus） Phimenes flavopictus（英语：Phimenes flavopictus） building nest Cirrus Digital: Potter Wasp and Mud Pot Nest （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Costa, Camila Cristina Ferreira da; Gonçalves, Rodrigo Barbosa. What do we know about Neotropical trap‑nesting bees? Synopsis about their nest biology and taxonomy. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 2019-05-15, 59: e20195926. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.26.  Piekarski, PK; Carpenter, JM; Lemmon, AR; Moriarty-Lemmon, E; Sharanowski, BJ. Phylogenomic Evidence Overturns Current Conceptions of Social Evolution in Wasps (Vespidae). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2018-06, 35 (9): 2097–2109. doi:10.1093/molbev/msy124 （英语）.  使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link) 李参; 王铁伟, 董秀仁. 黄唇蜾蠃蜂及其利用的初步研究. 昆虫学报. 1975, 18 (2): 151–155 [2024-09-13].  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) 陆俊; 李文强，刘琪，冉芸琪，胡锋，龚文奥，张诗雨，章肇棋，黄敦元. 黄缘蜾蠃营巢生物学研究. 环境昆虫学报. 2024, (3): 744–752 [2024-09-13].  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Fateryga, A. V. The nest structure in four wasp species of the genus Euodynerus Dalla Torre (Hymenoptera, Vespidae: Eumeninae). Entomological Review. 2013-07, 93 (4): 412–421. doi:10.1134/S0013873813030027.  Cowan, David P. 2. The Solitary and Presocial Vespidae. 2. The Solitary and Presocial Vespidae. Cornell University Press. : 33–73 [2024-09-13]. ISBN 978-1-5017-1867-0 （英语）.  Carpenter, James M. The phylogenetic relationships and natural classificition of the Vespoidea (Hymenptera). Systematic Entomology. 1982-01, 7 (1): 11–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.1982.tb00124.x.  Nidup, Tshering; Klein, Wim; Kumar, P. Girish; Dorji, Phurpa. Additional reports of solitary potter wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae) in Bhutan. Journal of Threatened Taxa. 2018-04-26, 10 (5): 11686. doi:10.11609/jott.3888.10.5.11686-11696.  Tan, Jiang-Li; Carpenter, James M.; van Achterberg, Cornelis. An illustrated key to the genera of Eumeninae from China, with a checklist of species (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). ZooKeys. 2018-03-02, 740: 109–149. doi:10.3897/zookeys.740.22654.  James M. Carpenter. A synonymic generic checklist of the Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (PDF). Psyche (entomological journal)（英语：Psyche (entomological journal)）. 1986, 93: 61–90 [2019-05-16]. doi:10.1155/1986/12489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-07-18）.  Carpenter, J. M. & B. R. Garcete-Barrett. 2003. A key to the neotropical genera of Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Boletín del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Paraguay 14: 52–73. Giordani Soika, 1989. Terzo contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi afrotropicali (Hymenoptera). Societa Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 14(1) 1989: 19–68. Giordani Soika, A. 1992. Di alcuni eumenidi nuovi o poco noti (Hymenoptera Vespoidea). Societá Veneziana di Scienze Naturali Lavori 17 1992: 41–68. Giordani Soika, A. 1993. Di alcuni nuovi eumenidi della regione orientale (Hym. Vespoidea). Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia 42, 30 giugno 1991(1993): 151–163. Gusenleitner. 1992. Zwei neue Eumeniden-Gattungen und -Arten aus Madagaskar (Vespoidea, Hymenoptera). Linzer Biologische Beiträge 24(1) 1992: 91–96. CSIRO Entomology Division. 1991. The Insects of Australia: a textbook for Students and Research. 2nd Edition. Melbourne University Press and Cornell University Press（英语：Cornell University Press）. 1137 pp. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蜾蠃亞科 維基物種上的相關信息：蜾蠃亞科 Eumenes spp., potter wasps of Florida （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site Vespidae: Potter wasps; Vespid wasps; Social wasps; Hornets; Paper wasps; Yellowjackets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Subfamily Eumeninae - Potter and Mason Wasps （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）