马斯顿·莫尔斯

哈罗德·卡尔文·马斯顿·莫尔斯（Harold Calvin Marston Morse，1892年3月24日–1977年6月22日）是一名美国数学家，他为大规模变分法引入了微分拓扑，即现在的莫尔斯理论。莫尔斯理论的关键成果之一——莫尔斯–帕莱引理得名于他，图厄–莫尔斯序列是有诸多应用的无限二进制序列。 莫尔斯于1929年当选为美国文理科学院院士，于1932年当选为美国国家科学院院士，于1936年当选为美国哲学学会会士。1933年，莫尔斯因在数学分析方面的工作获得博谢纪念奖。罗伯特·奥本海默形容莫尔斯“几乎是数学界的政治家”。 1892年，马斯顿·莫尔斯生于缅因州沃特维尔。莫尔斯在1914年获得了科尔比学院（同在沃特维尔）学士学位，1915年在哈佛大学获得硕士学位，于1917年获得博士学位。莫尔斯的博士论文《负曲率曲面的某些类型的测地运动》（Certain Types of Geodesic Motion of a Surface of Negative Curvature）导师是乔治·戴维·伯克霍夫。 1919–1920年，莫尔斯在哈佛大学担任本杰明·皮尔斯讲师，之后到1925年和1925–1926年分别在康奈尔大学和布朗大学担任助理教授。1926年他回到哈佛，1929年晋升为教授，并一直任教到1935年。同年他到普林斯顿高等研究院任职，直到1962年退休。 他职业生涯的大部分时间都用于研究现在所谓的莫尔斯理论，是微分拓扑的一个分支，通过研究光滑流形上的可微函数来分析此流形的拓扑。莫尔斯最初将理论用于测地线（路径上能量泛函的临界点），后来拉乌尔·博特用这些技术证明了博特周期性定理。莫尔斯理论是现代数学物理（如弦论）中一个非常重要的课题。 莫尔斯于1977年6月22日在普林斯顿的家中逝世。他的第二任妻子路易斯·杰弗里斯于2016年去世。 马斯顿·莫尔斯和他的五代堂兄萨缪尔·摩尔斯是不同的两人，后者闻名于摩尔斯电码；与安东尼·摩尔斯也是不同的两人，后者闻名于摩尔斯–萨德定理。 Morse, Harold Marston. A fundamental class of geodesics on any closed surface of genus greater than one. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1924, 26 (1): 25–60. MR 1501263. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1924-1501263-9 .  Morse, Marston. The foundations of a theory in the calculus of variations in the large. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1928, 30 (2): 213–274. MR 1501428. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1928-1501428-x .  Morse, M. Singular points of vector fields under general boundary conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1928, 14 (5): 428–430. Bibcode:1928PNAS...14..428M. PMC 1085532 . PMID 16577120. doi:10.1073/pnas.14.5.428 .  Morse, Marston. The critical points of functions and the calculus of variations in the large. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1929, 35 (1): 38–54. MR 1561686. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1929-04690-1 .  The foundations of the calculus of variations in the large in m-space (first paper). Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1929, 31 (3): 379–404. MR 1501489. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1929-1501489-9 .  Morse, M. Closed extremals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1929, 15 (11): 856–859. Bibcode:1929PNAS...15..856M. PMC 522574 . PMID 16577255. doi:10.1073/pnas.15.11.856 .  The foundations of a theory of the calculus of variations in the large in m-space (second paper). Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1930, 32 (4): 599–631. MR 1501555. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1930-1501555-6 .  Morse, Marston. The critical points of a function of n variables. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1931, 33 (1): 72–91. MR 1501576. PMC 526733 . PMID 16577308. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1931-1501576-4.  Morse, Marston. Sufficient conditions in the problem of Lagrange without assumptions of normalcy. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1935, 37 (1): 147–160. MR 1501780. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1935-1501780-9 .  Morse, Marston; Leighton, Walter. Singular quadratic functions. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1936, 40 (2): 252–288. MR 1501873. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1936-1501873-7 .  Morse, Marston; Hedlund, Gustav A. Manifolds without conjugate points. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 1942, 51 (2): 362–386. MR 0006479. doi:10.1090/s0002-9947-1942-0006479-x .  Morse, M. Homology relations on regular orientable manifolds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1952, 38 (3): 247–258. Bibcode:1952PNAS...38..247M. PMC 1063540 . PMID 16589087. doi:10.1073/pnas.38.3.247 .  Calculus of variations in the large, American Mathematical Society, 1934  Topological methods in the theory of functions of a complex variable, Princeton University Press, 1947  Lectures on analysis in the large, 1947  Symbolic dynamics, Mimeographed notes by R. Oldenberger. Princeton, NJ: Institute for Advanced Study. 1966.  with Stewart Cairns: Critical point theory in global analysis and differential topology, Academic Press, 1969  Variational analysis: critical extremals and Sturmian extensions, Wiley, 1973; 2nd edn. Dover, 2007  Global variational analysis: Weierstrass integrals on a Riemannian manifold, Princeton University Press, 1976  Morse, Marston, Bott, Raoul , 编, Selected papers, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981, ISBN 978-0-387-90532-7, MR 0635124  Morse, Marston, Montgomery, Deane; Bott, Raoul , 编, Collected papers. Vol. 1--6, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1987, ISBN 978-9971-978-94-5, MR 0889255  "Pits, Peaks, and Passes: A Lecture on Critical Point Theory", Mathematical Association of America Lecture Films, 1966 Marston Morse. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 2023-02-09 [2023-06-01] （英语）.  H. Marston Morse. www.nasonline.org. [2023-06-01].  APS Member History. search.amphilsoc.org. [2023-06-01].  YouTube上的A Conversation with J. Robert Oppenheimer Marston Morse - Scholars | Institute for Advanced Study. www.ias.edu. 2019-12-09 [2021-12-26] （英语）.  马斯顿·莫尔斯在數學譜系計畫的資料。 約翰·J·奧康納; 埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜, Morse, MacTutor数学史档案 （英语）  Harold Marston Morse Dies at 85; Served With Einstein at Princeton. The New York Times. 1977-06-26 [2021-12-26]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.  Obituaries 12/7/16. Town Topics. 2016-12-07 [2024-01-14].  National Academy of Sciences. Marston Morse. Biographical Memoirs: Volume 65. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-309-07359-2.  Noteworthy Morses. Morse Society. [2022-06-05].  Morse, J. Howard; Leavitt, Emily W. Anthony Morse and Four Generations. Morse genealogy, comprising the descendants of Samuel, Anthony, William, and Joseph Morse and John Moss: being a revision of the Memorial of the Morses, published by Abner Morse in 1850. Springfield Printing and Binding Company. 1903. hdl:2027/hvd.hxcrcu.  Howard Calvin MORSE. Pilgrim Edward Doty Society: A Family History Society. [2022-06-05].  Grimaud, Jessica. Cousin Chart—Family Relationships Explained. FamilySearch. 2019-07-23 [2022-06-05].  Dresden, Arnold. Review: Calculus of variations in the large, by Marston Morse. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1936, 42 (9, Part 1): 607–612. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1936-06362-7 .  Ahlfors, L. Review: Topological methods in the theory of functions of a complex variable, by Marston Morse. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1948, 54 (5): 489–491. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1948-09004-8 .  Smale, Stephen. Review: Global variational analysis: Weierstrass integrals on a Riemannian manifold, by Marston Morse. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 1977, 83 (4): 683–693. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1977-14345-0 .  Pitcher, Everett, H. Marston Morse (PDF), National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (编), Biographical Memoirs, Biographical Memoirs 65, Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press: 223–240, 1994, ISBN 978-0-309-07359-2 . Bott, Raoul, Marston Morse and his mathematical works, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, New Series, 1980, 3 (3): 907–950, MR 0585177, Zbl 0469.01012, doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1980-14824-7  . Nadis, Steve; Yau, Shing-Tung, Chapter 4. Analysis and Algebra Meet Topology: Marston Morse, Hassler Whitney, and Saunders Mac Lane, A History in Sum, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press: 86–115, 2013, ISBN 978-0-674-72500-3, JSTOR j.ctt6wpqft, MR 3100544, Zbl 1290.01005, doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674726550  (e-book: ISBN 978-0-674-72655-0). 维基语录上的马斯顿·莫尔斯语录