意大利兄弟党

意大利兄弟党（義大利語：Fratelli d'Italia），簡稱FdI，指的是一个意大利的民族保守派和极右翼民粹主義政黨，是2022年意大利大选以來意大利的执政黨。該黨目前由現任意大利總理喬治亞·梅洛尼領導。FdI的上台標誌著意大利共和国出现了历史上第一個极右翼政府，也是二戰自意大利法西斯以來最右翼的政府。 该党成立於2012年12月17日，從西爾維奧·貝盧斯科尼所在的自由人民党（PdL）中分裂而出，現任主席為喬治亞·梅洛尼，总部位於意大利的罗马。该党在青年群體中有一個特殊組織叫作“民族青年”，擁有為其宣傳的报纸《爱国者之声》，並且還是中右联盟和欧洲保守派和改革主义者党的成员。2014年開始，該黨派使用“三色火焰”作為其標誌，並和其它黨派組成“後法西斯國家聯盟（AN）”，法西斯聯盟成立於1995年，在2009年合併了很多意大利的極端右翼黨派，該聯盟自稱是意大利社會運動（MSI）的繼承者，活躍於1945～1995年。雖然義大利兄弟黨一直宣稱自己和墨索里尼和二戰時代的國家法西斯黨（1921～1943）無關，但外界普遍認為這是同一理念的延續。 按照其黨主席喬治亞·梅洛尼的說法，義大利兄弟黨並不是極端政黨，而是一個守護傳統文化、堅持保守價值觀、並且想脫離歐盟的普通黨派；而意大利的觀察家則將FdI描述為民族保守派、右翼民粹主義、社會保守派、新法西斯主義、後法西斯主義、本土主義者和反移民主義者的集合體。雖然該黨是歐洲懷疑論的強烈支持者，時常宣傳歐盟的種種弊端，但在外交上又矛盾的支持意大利與美國緊密合作，包括成為大西洋主義、北約、五眼聯盟等組織的核心成員，既使美國和歐盟的大部份政策是一致的。由於義大利兄弟黨在意大利國會中擁有席位，所以這個黨派可以出席歐洲議會，即使它本身反對歐盟，FdI的席位成員一開始是依附於歐洲人民黨集團，但後來因為理念不合而脫離，自立歐洲保守黨和改革黨，保改黨是2020年被喬治亞·梅洛尼領導的。最後，FdI提議要廢除歐盟，理由是現在的歐洲是個鬆散的邦聯，同時建議歐洲各國必須結合成一個強有力的聯邦來保護自己。 Sondaggi a picco? Adesso per la Lega anche i tesserati sono al palo. Invece Fratelli d'Italia cresce e rischia di mangiarsi Salvini a breve. La Notizia. 2021-04-06 [2022-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-24） （意大利语）.  Fereri, Alba. Armchair Quarterback or Most Valuable Player? The Italian Parliament: Debating Economic Planningwith a Crisis in the Offing (2006–2014). Papakostas, Nikolaos; Pasamitros, Nikolaos (编). EU: Beyond the Crisis: A Debate on Sustainable Integrationism. Columbia University Press. 2016: 32 [2021-11-05]. ISBN 978-3-838-26848-4. （原始内容存档于2023-10-08） –通过Google Books.  Taube, Friedel. Women increasingly drawn to right-wing populist parties, study shows. Deutsche Welle. 2018-08-30 [2020-05-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-07）. Co-founder and leader of the national conservative Brothers of Italy party, Giorgia Meloni has a long history in far-right politics.  Papakostas & Pasamitros 2016，第32頁. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPapakostasPasamitros2016 (help) Italy | Center for Strategic and International Studies. www.csis.org. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26） （英语）.  Parties and Elections in Europe. www.parties-and-elections.eu. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-23）.  Berlusconi im Wahlkampf. ZDF. 2018-02-01 [2022-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-03） （德语）.  Zulianello, Mattia. Varieties of Populist Parties and Party Systems in Europe: From State-of-the-Art to the Application of a Novel Classification Scheme to 66 Parties in 33 Countries. Government and Opposition. April 2020, 55 (2): 327–347 [2021-02-26]. S2CID 200013354. doi:10.1017/gov.2019.21. （原始内容存档于2019-11-01）.  EXPLAINED: Is Brothers of Italy a ‘far right’ party?. The Local Italy. 2022-09-25 [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-13） （美国英语）.  Brothers of Italy, the far-right party on the cusp of power. France 24. 2022-07-24 [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-24） （英语）.  Matteo Salvini, Giorgia Meloni, and ‘Post-fascism’ as political logic | The Political Studies Association (PSA). Matteo Salvini, Giorgia Meloni, and ‘Post-fascism’ as political logic | The Political Studies Association (PSA). [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-07） （英语）.  Italy is on its way to being run by ‘post-fascists’. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-23） （英语）.  Ben-Ghiat, Ruth. The Return of Fascism in Italy. The Atlantic. 2022-09-23 [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-23） （英语）.  Abadi, Cameron. Is Italy Seeing the Rise of a New Fascism?. Foreign Policy. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-04） （美国英语）.  意大利候任总理梅洛尼何许人也？. 德国之声. [2022-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-07） （中文）.  Italy | Center for Strategic and International Studies. www.csis.org. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26） （英语）.  Bailo, Francesco. Online Communities and Crowds in the Rise of the Five Star Movement e-book. Cham, Switzerland. 2020: 102 [2022-08-15]. ISBN 978-3-030-45508-8. OCLC 1194944908. S2CID 226694989. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45508-8 –通过Google Books.  Berti, Carlo; Cossarini, Paolo; Ruzza, Carlo. The Impact of Populism on European Institutions and Civil Society: Discourses, Practices, and Policies. Springer Nature. 2021: 71 [2022-08-15]. ISBN 978-3-0307-3411-4 –通过Google Books.  Galli della Loggia e la fantasiosa tesi di Giorgia Meloni leader di una destra moderna. www.linkiesta.it. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14） （意大利语）.  Chiamiamoli per nome, la vera natura reazionaria del manifesto sovranista. www.editorialedomani.it. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-28） （意大利语）.  Ferrari, Franco. Meloni: fascista con piel de conservadora. ctxt.es | Contexto y Acción. [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-01） （西班牙语）.  Politics has not stalled Italy network deal talks-TIM CEO. Reuters. 2022-08-04 [2022-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-29）. The right-wing Brothers of Italy party, leading in polls ahead of next month's election, has criticised CDP's plans and wants talks to be suspended until a new government is in place.  Kington, Tom. Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy. The Times (Rome). 2022-07-25 [2022-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26）. The leader of the right-wing Brothers of Italy could be brought low by the same people who did for Berlusconi: the hostile magistracy. That is if you believe one of her key aides, reports Tom Kington  Winfield, Nicole. Italy's Draghi Resigns After Government Implodes. HuffPost (Associated Press). 2022-07-21 [2022-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-29）. Opinion polls have indicated neck-to-neck percentages for the center-left Democratic Party and the right-wing Brothers of Italy party, which had remained in the opposition to Draghi’s coalition.  Benveniste, Campani & Lazaridis 2016，第36頁 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFBenvenisteCampaniLazaridis2016 (help); Kuhar & Paternotte 2017 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFKuharPaternotte2017 (help); Russell 2019 sfnm error: no target: CITEREFRussell2019 (help). Winfield, Nicole. How a party of neo-fascist roots won big in Italy. AP News (Associated Press). 2022-09-26 [2022-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27）.  D'Emilio, Frances; Winfield, Nicole; Zampano, Giada. First female premier poised to take helm of Italy government. AP News (Associated Press). 2022-09-27 [2022-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-08）.  Kington, Tom. Hurdles ahead for Giorgia Meloni, the rightwinger who would rule Italy. The Times (Rome). 2022-07-25 [2022-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26）.  Kirby, Jen. The far right is having a moment in Europe. Actually, everywhere.. Vox. 2022-09-24 [2022-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-20）.  Far-right Meloni set to become Italy's first woman PM. France 24 (Agence France-Presse). 2022-10-21 [2022-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-21）.  Harlan, Chico; Pitrelli, Stefano. Meloni sworn in as Italy's first female prime minister. The Washington Post. 2022-10-21 [2022-10-22]. ISSN 0190-8286. （原始内容存档于2022-10-21）.  Leali, Giorgio; Roberts, Hannah. Italy on track to elect most right-wing government since Mussolini. Politico. 2022-09-25 [2022-09-27]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26）.  Braithwaite, Sharon; DiDonato, Valentina; Fox, Kara; Mortensen, Antonia; Nadeau, Barbie Latza; Ruotolo, Nicola. Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini. CNN. 2022-09-26 [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26）.  Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate. Deutsche Welle. 2022-09-26 [2022-09-26]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-26）.  Alba Ferreri. Armchair Quarterback or Most Valuable Player? The Italian Parliament: Debating Economic Planningwith a Crisis in the Offing (2006–2014). Nikolaos Papakostas; Nikolaos Pasamitros (编). EU: Beyond the Crisis: A Debate on Sustainable Integrationism. Columbia University Press. 2016: 32 [2020-11-24]. ISBN 978-3-8382-6848-4. （原始内容存档于2022-04-23）.  Roberts, Hannah. I'm not a fascist — I like the Tories, says Italy's far-right leader. Politico Europe. 2022-08-10 [2022-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-14）.  Fratelli d'Italia: dova va la destra italiana [Brothers of Italy: where the Italian right goes]. I Mille. 2014-03-24 [2014-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24） （意大利语）.  Payne, Stanley G. Antifascist after Fascism. First Things. 2022-01-01, (January 2022) [2022-09-28]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-30）. The Movimento Sociale Italiano, a significant minority party, once seemed the best candidate for neofascism, but moderated and mutated continuously in order to win votes. By the 1990s it had morphed into the Alleanza Nazionale, a relatively standard and anodyne center-right parliamentary group.  Carlo, Andrea. Could Giorgia Meloni become Italy's next prime minister?. Euronews. 2022-06-20 [2022-07-21]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-12）.  Ciucci, Chiara. Dall'Msi a Fratelli d'Italia, passando per An e la svolta di Fiuggi: storia della fiamma tricolore nata con Almirante e arrivata fino a Meloni [From MSI to Brothers of Italy, passing through An and the turning point of Fiuggi: the story of the tricolor flame born with Almirante and reaching Meloni]. Il Fatto Quotidiano. 2022-08-13 [2022-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-21） （意大利语）.  Italy's frontrunner party suspends candidate over Hitler praise. Reuters. 2022-09-20 [2022-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-25）.  Ceccarini, Luigi; Newell, James L. Introduction: The Paradoxical Election. Newell, James L.; Ceccarini, Luigi (编). The Italian General Election of 2018: Italy in Uncharted Territory. Springer International Publishing. 2019: 5 [2023-01-04]. ISBN 978-3-03-013617-8. （原始内容存档于2022-10-07）.  Steven, Martin; Szczerbiak, Aleks. Conservatism and 'Eurorealism' in the European Parliament: the European Conservatives and Reformists under the leadership of Poland's Law and Justice. European Politics and Society. 2022-05-06: 1–18 [2023-01-04]. ISSN 2374-5118. S2CID 248600333. doi:10.1080/23745118.2022.2065725. （原始内容存档于2023-03-31）.  Il segnale di Meloni alla stampa estera: 'Nessuna svolta autoritaria, la destra italiana ha consegnato il fascismo alla storia da decenni' [Meloni's signal to the foreign press: 'No authoritarian turning point, the Italian right has consigned fascism to history for decades']. Il Fatto Quotidiano. 2022-08-10 [2022-08-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-14） （意大利语）.  UE, Meloni: Conservatori europei ribadiscono impegno per costruire Europa delle nazioni fondata su un modello confederale [EU, Meloni: European conservatives reaffirm their commitment to build a Europe of nations based on a confederal model]. Giorgia Meloni. 2022-07-06 [2022-07-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-01-07） （意大利语）.  Ue, Meloni: 'Vorrei un'Europa confederale' [EU, Meloni: 'I would like a confederal Europe']. Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata. 2022-07-06 [2022-08-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-09-29） （意大利语）.  Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna. Giorgia Meloni's New Europe: Europe of Sovereign Nations in the Brothers of Italy Party Manifestos. Berti, Francesco; Sondel-Cedarmas, Joanna (编). The Right-Wing Critique of Europe. London: Taylor & Francis. 2022. ISBN 978-1-0005-2042-2. S2CID 246381004. doi:10.4324/9781003226123-8.