阿涅斯·卡拉馬爾

阿妮絲·卡拉瑪爾（法語：Agnès Callamard，1965年11月30日—）是現任國際特赦組織秘書長。曾任聯合國人權理事會任命的法外處決、即審處決或任意處決問題特別報告員（Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions）及美國哥倫比亞大學「全球言論自由項目」主任。 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。 In 1985, Callamard received her undergraduate degree from the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Grenoble. In 1988, she earned a master's degree in international and African studies from Howard University. In 1995, she received a PhD in Political Science from the New School for Social Research in New York City, with a thesis titled “Populations Under Fire, Population Under Stress: A Study of Mozambican Refugees and Malawian villagers in Malawi”. Callamard is considered an expert on a number of international and UN human rights initiatives and has conducted human rights investigations in a number of countries in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. She has published in the field of human rights, women's rights, refugee movements and accountability. Callamard has worked extensively in the field of international refugee movements, including work with the Center for Refugee Studies in Toronto. In May 2017, Callamard attended a conference in the Philippines, which was followed by her Wikipedia page being vandalized. Callamard stated that the visit was not in an official capacity. From 1998 to 2001, Callamard served as Chef de Cabinet for the Secretary General of Amnesty International, and as the organisation's Research Policy Coordinator, she led Amnesty's work on women's human rights. In January 2013, Callamard tweeted that Shimon Peres had supposedly admitted in a New York Times interview that Yasser Arafat was murdered. In April 2021, Amnesty International released a statement that the tweet was not reflective of the position of Amnesty International or Callamard. Jewish News wrote "[t]he tweet was still available on Callamard’s account". In 2001, Callamard was the founding director of HAP International (the Humanitarian Accountability Partnership, created in 2003) where she oversaw field trials in Afghanistan, Cambodia and Sierra Leone and created an international self-regulatory body for humanitarian agencies committed to strengthening accountability to disaster-affected populations. She was in this position until 2004. In October 2004, Callamard took the position of Executive Director of Article 19, an international human rights organization. In November 2013, Callamard was appointed Director of Columbia University's Global Freedom of Expression initiative. In 2016 she was nominated by France to become the fourth OSCE Special Representative on Freedom of the Media. Despite being a popular choice to replace Dunja Mijatović her nomination was strongly opposed by Russia and other eastern European countries. Callamard was the United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, appointed by the UN Human Rights Council resolution A/HRC/RES/35/15 of 22 June 2017 for a 3 years mandate and finishing on 31 March 2021. In 2019 she led the human rights inquiry （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） into the assassination of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi. Her findings were presented to the UN Human Rights Council in June 2019. After the report was published, she said that a senior Saudi official twice threatened to have her killed if she was not reined in by the UN. She concluded that the drone strike on Iranian General Qasem Soleimani was unlawful as part of advance version of her report on "Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions" for the Forty-fourth session of the Human Rights Council. She returned to Amnesty International after twenty years, as Secretary General, in March 2021. She leads the organization's human rights work and is its chief spokesperson. She is responsible for providing overall leadership of the International Secretariat, including setting the strategic direction for the organisation and managing relations with Amnesty International’s national entities. Callamard, Agnès. Protect the believers, not the belief. The Guardian. 18 March 2009 [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-02）.  Callamard, Agnès; Amnesty International Dutch Section; Codesria. Monitoring and Investigating Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment, and Prison Conditions (PDF). Dakar: Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. 2000 [2022-08-05]. ISBN 978-2-869-78088-0. OCLC 47863459. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-01-22）.  Callamard, Agnès. Comity for Internet? Recent Court Decisions on the Right to be De-indexed. The National Law Review. 12 August 2015 [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-24）.  Callamard, Agnès. Are courts re-inventing Internet regulation?. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology. 23 March 2017, 31 (3): 323–339. S2CID 152003362. doi:10.1080/13600869.2017.1304603.  Dr. Agnès Callamard appointed as Secretary General of Amnesty International. Amnesty International USA. [2021-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-22） （美国英语）.  Dr. Agnes Callamard, Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-15）.  People: Agnès S. Callamard. Global Freedom of Expression Project, Columbia University. [2017-05-05]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-23）.  ATLAS: Agnès Callamard. ATLAS. [2022-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-01） （美国英语）.  2021 Dag Hammarskjöld Lecture: Agnès Callamard. Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation. [2022-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-26） （英语）.  Vibar, Ivy Jean. UN rapporteur's Wikipedia page defaced upon visit to PH. ABS-CBN News. 5 May 2017 [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-22）.  Police Brutality in the United States: A Conversation with Agnes Callamard, the UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions. Harvard Kennedy School Carr Center for Human Rights Policy. [2022-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-05） （英语）.  Cabato, Regine. Malacañang slams visit of UN rapporteur to PH. CNN Philippines. 5 May 2017 [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-16） （英语）.  Callamard, Agnes. Special Rapporteur rejects misinformation about her current academic visit to Philippines. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 5 May 2017 [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-05）.  Agnès Callamard. Global Freedom of Expression. [2022-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-05） （英语）.  Jerusalem, Anshel Pfeffer. Israel leaks Amnesty report on 'apartheid' against Palestinians. The Times. [2022-01-31]. ISSN 0140-0460. （原始内容存档于2022-04-24） （英语）.  Daventry, Michael. Amnesty International chief retracts 'Israel murdered Arafat' claim. Jewish News. 15 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. （原始内容存档于2021-12-02）.  Keyser, Zachary. Amnesty denounces S-G's tweet that alluded Israel assassinated Arafat. The Jerusalem Post. 16 April 2021 [18 April 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-25）.  Agnes Callamard. Dart Center. 2014-04-01 [2022-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-07-05） （英语）.  Vukovic, Brenda. UN experts urge the Philippines to stop unlawful killings of people suspected of drug-related offences (Press release). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). 18 August 2016 [2022-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2019-01-08）.  The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia. pbs.org. [1 October 2019]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-01）.  Kirchgaessner, Stephanie. Top Saudi official issued death threat against UN's Khashoggi investigator. The Guardian. 2021-03-23 [2021-03-23]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2022-12-18） （英国英语）.  Qasem Soleimani: US strike on Iran general was unlawful, UN expert says. BBC. 9 July 2020 [11 July 2020]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-17）.  International, Amnesty. Amnesty International appoints new Secretary General. Amnesty International. 2021-03-29 [2022-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-31） （英语）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：阿涅斯·卡拉馬爾 Agnes Callamard （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Article 19 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 阿涅斯·卡拉馬爾的X（前Twitter）帳戶 YouTube上的The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (full film) published September 28, 2019 Frontline (American TV program)