G-四聯體

G-四聯體（英語：G-quadruplex、G-tetrads或G4-DNA）是一種由富含鳥嘌呤的核酸序列所構成的四股型態。含有經由胡斯坦(Hoogsteen)氫鍵維持穩定，並由鳥嘌呤以正方形方式排列而成的結構。在方形中央有一個單價陽離子（通常是鉀）。這種結構可見於DNA、RNA、LNA（鎖核酸）與PNA（肽核酸）；根據形成四聯體的各股的方向，可能有分子內（intramolecular）、雙分子（bimolecular）或四分子（tetramolecular）等不同類型。 在四聯體的結構中，我們可以根據四股的方向，將結構分為平行和反平行（英语：Antiparallel (biochemistry)）。 Campbell, Nancy H.; Neidle, Stephen. Chapter 4. G-Quadruplexes and Metal Ions. Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (编). Interplay between Metal Ions and Nucleic Acids. Metal Ions in Life Sciences 10. Springer. 2012: 119–1134. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2172-2_4.  Bochman, Matthew L.; Paeschke, Katrin; Zakian, Virginia A. DNA secondary structures: stability and function of G-quadruplex structures. Nature Reviews Genetics 13. Nature Publishing Group. 2012: 770–780. doi:10.1038/nrg3296.  Jiangtao Ren, Jiahai Wang* , Lei Han, Erkang Wang*, Jin Wang*. Kinetically grafting G-qaudruplex onto DNA nanostructure as structure and function encoding via DNA machine. Chem. Commun. 2011, 47: 10563–10565 [2015-06-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-20）.  Johnson JE, Smith JS, Kozak ML, Johnson FB. In vivo veritas: using yeast to probe the biological functions of G-quadruplexes. Biochimie. 2008, 90 (8): 1250–1263 [2015-06-19]. PMC 2585026 . PMID 18331848. doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2008.02.013. （原始内容存档于2019-02-07）.  Huppert JL and Balasubramanian S. Prevalence of quadruplexes in the human genome. NAR. 2005, 33 (9): 2908–2916 [2007-06-20]. PMC 1140081 . PMID 15914667. doi:10.1093/nar/gki609. （原始内容存档于2007-05-06）.  Todd AK, Johnston M, Neidle S. Highly prevalent putative quadruplex sequence motifs in human DNA. NAR. 2005, 33 (9): 2901–2907 [2007-06-20]. PMC 1140077 . PMID 15914666. doi:10.1093/nar/gki553. （原始内容存档于2007-05-06）.  Burge S, Parkinson GN, Hazel P, Todd AK, Neidle S. Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure. NAR. 2006, 34 (19): 5402–5415 [2007-06-20]. PMC 1636468 . PMID 17012276. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl655. （原始内容存档于2008-10-07）.  Siddiqui-Jain A, Grand CL, Bearss DJ, Hurley LH. Direct evidence for a G-quadruplex in a promoter region and its targeting with a small molecule to repress c-MYC transcription. PNAS. 2002, 99 (18): 11593–8 [2007-06-20]. PMC 129314 . PMID 12195017. doi:10.1073/pnas.182256799. （原始内容存档于2007-10-01）.  Rawal P, Kummarasetti VB, Ravindran J, Kumar N, Halder K, Sharma R, Mukerji M, Das SK, Chowdhury S. Genome-wide prediction of G4 DNA as regulatory motifs: Role in Escherichia coli global regulation. Genome Res. 2006, 16 (5): 644–55 [2007-06-20]. PMC 1457047 . PMID 16651665. doi:10.1101/gr.4508806. （原始内容存档于2007-09-12）.  Xu Hou, Wei Guo, Fan Xia, Fu-Qiang Nie, Hua Dong, Ye Tian, Liping Wen, Lin Wang, Liuxuan Cao, Yang Yang, Jianming Xue, Yanlin Song, Yugang Wang, Dongsheng Liu, and Lei Jiang. A biomimetic potassium responsive nanochannel: G-quadruplex DNA conformational switching in a synthetic nanopore. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131 (22): 7800–7805 [2015-06-19]. PMID 19435350. doi:10.1021/ja901574c. （原始内容存档于2022-03-15）.  Neidle & Balasubramanian (编). Quadruplex Nucleic Acids. 2006 [2007-06-20]. ISBN 0-85404-374-8. （原始内容存档于2007-09-30）.  Nanopore and Aptamer Biosensor group（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）{NAB group} COST MP0802 Quadruplex Network – the European network of G-quadruplex community: From first principles to applications Quadruplex.org – a website to serve the quadruplex community G-Quadruplex World（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – a website to discuss publications and other information of interest to those working in the field of G-quadruplexes Quadbase – downloadable data on predicted G-quadruplexes Greglist – a database listing potential G-quadruplex regulated genes Database on Quadruplex information: QuadBase from IGIB GRSDB（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）- a database of G-quadruplexes near RNA processing sites. GRS_UTRdb- a database of G-quadruplexes in the UTRs. G-quadruplex Resource Site（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） non-B Motif Search Tool at non-B DB- a web server to predict G-quadruplex forming motifs and other non-B DNA forming motifs from users' DNA sequences. Quadparser: Downloadable program for finding putative quadruplex-forming sequences（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from Balasubramanian's group. QGRS Mapper: a web-based application for predicting G-quadruplexes in nucleotide sequences and NCBI genes（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from Bagga's group. Quadfinder: Tool for Prediction and Analysis of G Quadruplex Motifs in DNA/RNA Sequences from Maiti's group, IGIB, Delhi, India[永久失效連結]