性别鉴定

性别鉴定（英語：sexing或gender identification）是生物学及农学的技术手段，用于确定人、家禽、家畜或野生动物的性别。 对于两性异形的动物而言，可以根据形态学特征区分其性别，例如大多数哺乳动物可以通过外生殖器的差异来区分。部分鸟类、爬行动物和两栖动物没有外部的性别差异，因而需要使用一些辅助技术进行性别鉴定。如在动物医学上，对于两性同形的鸟类可以在麻醉或束缚下依靠耳鏡（英语：Otoscope）或纤维内窥镜（英语：Fiberscope）来通过内生殖器鉴定性别，也可以检验血液或粪便样本，通过两性的激素差异来判断性别。而野生动物则可以依靠行为上的差异来区分。在养殖业中，可以翻开雏鸡的泄殖腔来鉴别其性别，也可以人为控制亲本的性别连锁基因，根据伴性遗传性状来确定子代的性别。 随着分子生物学技术的发展，性别分子鉴定或称分子性别鉴定（英語：molecular sexing）也相应地产生并应用在养殖业、生物学、法医学、考古学等领域。例如养殖场对雏鸡的性别鉴定、采集野生动物的粪便进行性别鉴定、鉴定非法狩猎的猎物的性别、严重损毁的案件受害者遗体的性别鉴定、对古人类残骸的性别鉴定等。常用的分子标记物包括用于人及其它哺乳动物的牙釉质基因（英语：Amelogenin#Application_in_sex_determination）、SRY、ZFX/ZFY，用于鸟类的CHD1（古颚类除外）、NIPBL（所有鸟类）、RASA1（雉科）等。 Kunz, Thomas H.; Wemmer, Chris; Hayssen, Virginia. Sex, age, and reproductive condition of mammals. Wilson, DE; Cole, FR; Nichols, JD; Rudran, R.; Foster, MS (编). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals (PDF). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1996: 279–290.  Bercovitz, Arden Bryan. Bird sexing methods which should you choose?. AFA Watchbird. 1981, 8 (3): 18–21.  Gunnarsson, Tómas G.; Gill, Jennifer A.; Goodacre, Sara L.; Gélinaud, Guillaume; Atkinson, Philip W.; Hewitt, Godfrey M.; Potts, Peter M.; Sutherland, William J. Sexing of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica: a comparison of behavioural, molecular, biometric and field-based techniques. Bird Study. 2006, 53 (3): 193–198. doi:10.1080/00063650609461433.  Ammer, F. K.; Wood, P. B.; McPherson, R. J. Gender Identification of Grasshopper Sparrows Comparing Behavioral, Morphological, and Molecular Techniques. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 2008, 120 (1): 221–225. doi:10.1676/07-002.1.  孔少芬; 郑茗; 聂庆华. 鸡的早期性别鉴定方法. 养禽与禽病防治. 2019, (12): 20–23.  刘铸; 田秀华; 白素英. 一种准确简便的东方白鹤性别分子鉴定方法. 野生动物. 2006, 27 (3): 50–53.  Wang, Ning; Li, Jianqiang; Liu, Yingying; Zhang, Zhengwang. Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species. Chinese Birds. 2010, 1 (1): 65–69. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2009.0009.  Huang, X.; Zhou, X.; Lin, Q.; et al. An efficient molecular sexing of the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) from faeces samples. Conservation Genet Resour. 2012, 4: 391–393. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9557-6.  Zenke, P.; Zorkóczy, O.K.; Lehotzky, P.; Ózsvári, L.; Pádár, Z. Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes. Animals. 2022, 12 (3): 246. doi:10.3390/ani12030246.  Maulani, C.; Auerkari, E.I. Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2020, 10: 36. doi:10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6.  Skoglund, P.; Storå, J.; Götherström, A.; Jakobsson, M. Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40: 4477–4482.  Blagodatskikh, E.G.; Nikitin, A.G.; Seregin, Y.A.; et al. Sex determination in biological specimens using the DYS14 marker. Mol Biol. 2010, 44: 568–570. doi:10.1134/S0026893310040102.  Pfeiffer, I.; Brenig, B. X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet. 2005, 6: 16. PMC 1079817 . PMID 15771775. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-6-16.  Seok, SH; Kang, SY; Im, YB; Yoo, HS; Yeon, SC. Sex identification using ZFX and ZFY genes in leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea. J Vet Med Sci. 2019, 81 (5): 793–798. PMC 6541836 . PMID 30944271. doi:10.1292/jvms.18-0693.  Morinha, F.; Cabral, J. A.; Bastos, E. Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Theriogenology. 2012, 78 (4): 703–714.