行为免疫系统

行为免疫系统指人类和动物的一种心理机制，会检测所在环境中拥有致病寄生虫的物体或生物的潜在存在，并避免与之接触。有理论指出，这种机制是避免致病病原体的基本防线。 此机制包括感官系统对存在寄生虫感染线索（比如恶臭的气味、粉刺和皮膚病的样子）的感知，以及一系列厌恶情绪、感知和行为反应（比如，产生恶心感觉，自动加强对疾病线索的感知，以及避免接触的行为）。 心理学研究中，有研究将行为免疫系统与多种类型的偏见相关联。有些人即使没有传染病，但由于与主观标准的人类看上去不一样而被有偏见地对待，比如对待肥胖症患者、老年人、有身体缺陷者记忆拥有身心障礙的人。 另外，行为免疫系统可能有助于仇外和民族優越感的形成。一项影响是，人们在感觉容易获得传染病时，这些感觉会增强。 研究显示，人们在感觉容易获得传染病时，会沉默、拘谨，表现得不那么外向。证据显示，行为免疫系统也包括在基本视觉范围内寻找并处理疾病信号的过程。 在文化层次的分析中，行为免疫系统有一定影响。在生态学范畴内，当疾病更加流行时，人类表现得拘谨、内向，人类社会的规范和价值体系也会更加保守。 一些研究显示，行为免疫系统也对生理免疫系统的运转有所影响。一项研究发现，只是看看有病模样的人，白细胞就会对感染反应得更强烈。（由细菌刺激促炎产生细胞因子白介素6测定） 研究显示，对可以阻止病原体传播的免疫有关干预可以降低对行为的影响。比如，在注射流感疫苗或者吸收后，疾病线索和忧虑引起的人际和群体间负面态度会降低。 Schaller, M. Parasites, behavioral defenses, and the social psychological mechanisms through which cultures are evoked. Psychological Inquiry. 2006, 17 (2): 96–101. doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1702_2.  Schaller, M.; Duncan, L.A. The behavioral immune system: Its evolution and social psychological implications. J.P. Forgas, M.G. Haselton & W. von Hippel (编). Evolution and the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and social cognition. New York: Psychology Press. 2007: 293–307.  Schaller, M.; Park, J.H. The behavioral immune system (and why it matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2011, 20 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1177/0963721411402596.  Oaten, M.; Stevenson, R.J. & Case, T.I. Disgust as a disease–avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin. March 2009, 135 (2): 303–21. PMID 19254082. doi:10.1037/a0014823.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Park, J.H.; Faulkner, J. & Schaller, M. Evolved disease-avoidance processes and contemporary anti-social behavior: Prejudicial attitudes and avoidance of people with physical disabilities. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior (Springer Netherlands). June 2003, 27 (2): 65–87. ISSN 1573-3653. doi:10.1023/A:1023910408854.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助)[永久失效連結] Park, J.; Schaller, M. & Crandall, C.S. Pathogen-avoidance mechanisms and the stigmatization of obese people (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007, 28 (6): 410–4 [2014-08-14]. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.05.008. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-09-27）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Duncan, L.A.; Schaller, M. Prejudicial Attitudes Toward Older Adults May Be Exaggerated When People Feel Vulnerable to Infectious Disease: Evidence and Implications. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy (The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues). October 27, 2009, 9 (1): 97–115 [2014-08-14]. doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01188.x. （原始内容存档于2013-01-05）.  Faulkner, J.; Schaller, M.; Park, J.H.; Duncan, L.A. Evolved Disease–Avoidance Mechanisms and Contemporary Xenophobic Attitudes. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. 2004, 7 (4): 333–53. doi:10.1177/1368430204046142.  Navarrete, C.D.; D. Fessler; S. Eng. Elevated ethnocentrism in the first trimester of pregnancy (PDF). Evolution and Human Behavior. 2007, 28 (1): 60–5 [2014-08-14]. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2006.06.002. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-06-23）.  Mortensen, C.R.; Becker, D.V.; Ackerman, J.M.; Neuberg, S.L. & Kenrick, D.T. Infection breeds reticence: The effects of disease salience on self-perceptions of personality and behavioral tendencies. Psychological Science. 2010, 21 (3): 440–7. PMID 20424082. doi:10.1177/0956797610361706.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Ackerman, J.M.; Becker, D.V.; Mortensen, C.R.; Sasaki, T.; Neuberg, S.L. & Kenrick, D.T. A pox on the mind: Disjunction of attention and memory in the processing of physical disfigurement (PDF). Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2009, 45 (3): 478–85 [2014-08-14]. PMC 2699287 . PMID 19578547. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.12.008. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2013-08-18）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Fincher, C.L.; Thornhill, R.; Murray, D.R.; Schaller, M. Pathogen prevalence predicts human cross-cultural variability in individualism/collectivism (PDF). Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 2008, 275 (1640): 1279–85 [2014-08-14]. PMC 2602680 . PMID 18302996. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.0094. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-12-04）.  Schaller, M.; Murray, D.R. Pathogens, personality, and culture: Disease prevalence predicts worldwide variability in sociosexuality, extraversion, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. July 2008, 95 (1): 212–21. PMID 18605861. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.212.  Schaller, M.; Miller, G.E.; Gervais, W.M.; Yager, S.; Chen, E. Mere visual perception of other people's disease symptoms facilitates a more aggressive immune response (PDF). Psychological Science. 2010, 21 (5): 649–52 [2014-08-14]. PMID 20483842. doi:10.1177/0956797610368064. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-01-25）.  Huang, J.Y.; Sedlovskaya, A.; Ackerman, J.M.; Bargh, J.A. Immunizing Against Prejudice: Effects of Disease Protection on Attitudes Toward Out-Groups. Psychological Science. 2011, 22 (12): 1550–56. PMID 22058107. doi:10.1177/0956797611417261.  Behavioral immune system publications on Mark Schaller's website "Is Patriotism a Subconscious Way for Humans to Avoid Disease," Discover magazine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "You Can Blame the Bugs," Newsweek magazine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）