絛蟲綱

绦虫纲（學名：Cestoda）是一個寄生性扁形动物门的一個綱。人们常说的絛蟲其實是多個物種的泛稱。所有絛蟲綱的物種都是寄生蟲，其生活史可能各有不同，但這些物種的成虫寄生于各类脊椎动物的消化道内，而其幼年期則寄生於其他動物的物種，例如：软体动物。這些物種自身无消化道，体分节或不分节的扁形动物。 絛蟲的寄生歷程已有很長久歷史：科學家在一塊2.7億年前（二疊紀中期到後期）的鯊魚糞便化石（coprolites）裡發現了多叢絛蟲卵及一條發育中的蚴。 目前全球约有4000餘种，中国约有400种。共分以下两个亚纲： 单节绦虫亚纲（Cestodaria） 多節絛蟲亞綱（Eucestoidea） 寄生于人体的绦虫有30余种，多属圆叶目（Cyclophyllidea）和假叶目（Pseudophyllidea），最著名的种是引起人类绦虫病的猪肉絛虫。 多節絛蟲亞綱物種的分類已澄清。以下為現時的分類： 單殖綱 Monogenea Amphilinidea Caryophyllidea Spathebothriidea Trypanorhyncha 假葉目（Pseudophyllidea） 四葉目（Tetraphyllidea） Diphyllidea, Proteocephalidea Nippotaeniidea 圓葉目（Cyclophyllidea）、Tetrabothriidea 四葉目、假葉目（因為裂頭絛蟲科，Diphyllobothriidae）及圓葉目（因為Mesocestoididae科）均為並系群。 帶科（Taeniidae）可能是圓葉目之下12個目的最基底。 The Tetraphyllidea, Lecanicephalidea, Proteocephalidea, Nippotaeniidea, Tetrabothriidea, and Cyclophyllidea are considered to be the 'higher' tapeworms. 海洋中的Trypanorhyncha目有277个已知物种，分为五个总科：Tentacularioidea, Gymnorhynchoidea, Otobothrioidea, Eutetrarhynchidae 和 Lacistorhynchidae. 在GBIF，本纲包括以下目： Amphilinidea Bothriocephalidea Caryophyllidea Cathetocephalidea Cathetocephalidae Disculicepitidae 圓葉目 Cyclophyllidea Diphyllidea Echinobothriidae 裂头绦虫目 Diphyllobothriidea Cephalochlamydidae 裂头绦虫科 Diphyllobothriidae Adenocephalus Nybelin, 1931 Baylisia Markowski, 1952 Baylisiella Markowski, 1952 Dibothriocephalus Lühe, 1899 Diphyllobothrium Cobbold, 1858 Diplogonophorus Lönnberg, 1892 Dubium Rudolphi, 1819 Flexobothrium Yurakhno, 1989 Glandicephalus Fuhrmann, 1921 Hexagonoporus Gubanov, 1955 Ligula Bloch, 1782 Ligula alternans Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula avium Bloch, 1782 Ligula colymbi Zeder, 1803 Ligula digramma Creplin, 1839 Ligula interrupta Rudolphi, 1810 Ligula intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Gmelin, 1790 Ligula monogramma Creplin, 1839 Ligula nemachili (Dubinina, 1957) Kuchta & Scholz, 2017 Ligula pancerii Polonio, 1860 Ligula pavlovskii Dubinina, 1959 Multiductus Clarke, 1962 Plicobothrium Rausch & Margolis, 1969 Pyramicocephalus Monticelli, 1890 Schistocephalus Creplin, 1829 Sparganum Diesing, 1854 Spirometra Faust, Campbell & Kellogg, 1929 Tetragonoporus Skryabin, 1961 Solenophoridae Gyrocotylidea Haplobothriidea Lecanicephalidea Aberrapecidae Cephalobothiidae Cephalobothriidae Eniochobothriidae Lecanicephalidae Paraberrapecidae Polycephalidae Polypocephalidae Anteropora Subhapradha, 1955 Anthemobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906 Corollapex Herzog & Jensen, 2017 Hornellobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906 Polypocephalus Braun, 1878 Polypocephalus affinis Subhapradha, 1951 Polypocephalus alii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981 Polypocephalus barsami Roudsari & Haseli, 2020 Polypocephalus bombayensis Shinde, Dhule & Jadhav, 1991 Polypocephalus budhadebae Jadhav, 2007 Polypocephalus caribbensis (Gardner & Schmidt, 1984) Jensen, 2005 Polypocephalus coronatus Subhapradha, 1951 Polypocephalus digholensis Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982 Polypocephalus djeddensis Jadhav & Shinde, 1989 Polypocephalus elongatus (Southwell, 1912) Jensen, 2005 Polypocephalus harnesis Lanka, Pathan & Jadhav, 2006 Polypocephalus helmuti Jensen, 2005 Polypocephalus himanshui Pramanik & Manna, 2006 Polypocephalus indicus Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982 Polypocephalus karbharii Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982 Polypocephalus katpurensis Shinde & Jadhav, 1981 Polypocephalus kuhlii Vankara, Vijayalakshmi & Vijayalakshmi, 2006 Polypocephalus lintoni Subhapradha, 1951 Polypocephalus maharashtra Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982 Polypocephalus medusia (Linton, 1890) Southwell, 1925 Polypocephalus mirkarwarensis Dandawate & Jadhav, 2009 Polypocephalus moretonensis Butler, 1987 Polypocephalus prathibhai Deshmukh, Jadhav & Shinde, 1982 Polypocephalus radiatus Braun, 1878 Polypocephalus ratnagiriensis Jadhav, Shinde & Sarwade, 1986 Polypocephalus rhinobatidis Subhapradha, 1951 Polypocephalus rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1951 Polypocephalus saoudi Hassan, 1982 Polypocephalus singhii Shinde & Jadhav, 1981 Polypocephalus thapari Shinde & Jadhav, 1981 Polypocephalus vesicularis Yamaguti, 1960 Polypocephalus visakhapatnamensis Vankara, Lakshmi & Lakshmi, 2007 Polypocephalus vitellaris Subhapradha, 1951 Polypocephalus waltairensis Mote, 2012 Seussapex Jensen & Russell, 2014 Thysanobothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906 Tetragonocephalidae Zanobatocestidae Litobothriidea Nippotaeniidea Onchoproteocephalidea Phyllobothriidea Chimaerocestidae Phyllobothriidae Alexandercestus Ruhnke & Workman, 2013 Anindobothrium Anthobothrium Aocobothrium Bibursibothridium McKenzie & Caira, 1998 Bibursibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998 Biporophyllaeus Subramaniam, 1939 Calyptrobothrium Monticelli, 1893 Cardiobothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998 Caulobothrium Caulopatera Cutmore, Bennett & Cribb, 2010 Clistobothrium Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990 Clistobothrium amyae Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020 Clistobothrium carcharodoni Dailey & Vogelbein, 1990 Clistobothrium gabywalterorum Caira, Hayes & Jensen, 2020 Clistobothrium montaukense Ruhnke, 1993 Clistobothrium tumidum (Linton, 1922) Ruhnke, 1993 Crossobothrium Linton, 1889 Cyatocotyle Mola, 1908 Dinobothrium Flexibothrium McKenzie & Caira, 1998 Gastrolecithus Guidus Ivanov, 2006 Hemipristicola Cutmore, Theiss, Bennett & Cribb, 2011 Hoaleshwaria Kowsalyabothrium Muralidhar, Shinde & Jadhav, 1987 Marsupiobothrium Yamaguti, 1952 Monorygma Diesing, 1863 Orygmatobothrium Diesing, 1863 Pelichnibothrium Monticelli, 1889 Pentaloculum Alexander, 1963 Phanobothrium Phormobothrium Alexander, 1963 Phyllobothrium Van Beneden, 1850 Pillersium Southwell, 1927 Pithophorus Southwell, 1925 Polipobothrium Rockacestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021 Ruhnkebothrium Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021 Scyphophyllidium Woodland, 1927 Shindeiobothrium Thysanocephalum Linton, 1890 Tiarabothrium Shipley & Hornell, 1906 Yamaguticestus Caira, Bueno & Jensen, 2021 Zyxibothrium Hayden & Campbell, 1981 Rhinebothriidea Spathebothriidea Acrobothriidae Diplocotylidae Spathebothriidae Tetrabothriidea Tetrabothriidae Anophryocephalus Baylis, 1922 Bothridiotaenia Lönnberg, 1896 Chaetophallus Nybelin, 1916 Dendrometra Jordano & Diaz-Ungria, 1956 Priapocephalus Nybelin, 1922 Strobilocephalus Baer, 1932 Tetrabothrium Blainville, 1828 Tetrabothrius Rudolphi, 1819 Trigonocotyle Baer, 1932 四葉目 Tetraphyllidea 锥吻目 Trypanorhyncha 目的地位未定的科： Ballianiidae Pseudophyllidae Trilocularidae 目和科的地位未定的属： Acanthorhynchus Diesing, 1850 Acrostoma Le Sauvage, 1827 Alyselminthus Zeder, 1800 Amphicephalus Beneden, 1871 Aprostatandrya Spasski, 1951 Atriotaenia Spasski, 1951 Balanoforus Briganti, 1825 Bicorne Sultzer, 1801 Bicornius Rafinesque, 1815 Bothriocephalum Lühe, 1899 Bothriorhynchus Lidth de Jeude, 1829 Bothriotaenia Railliet, 1892 Bothryocephalus Cuvier, 1817 Butleroides Lordello & Zamith, 1959 Caryophillinus Schrank, 1788 Caryophyllus Rudolphi, 1809 Catenaria Zeder, 1800 Cephalocotyleum Diesing, 1850 Cercocystis Villot, 1882 Cestoideum Diesing, 1854 Cestoscolex Parona, 1887 Chitonorecta Meggitt, 1927 Cisticercoideum Parona, 1901 Corynesoma Leuckart, 1843 Cotylogenes Lühe, 1902 Cryptocephalus van Beneden, 1849 Cryptocystis Villot, 1883 Cucurbilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965 Cucurbitina Alexander, 1833 Cucurbitinus Gleichen, 1779 Cucurbitinus Kniphof, 1759 Cylindrocorpus Rühm, 1959 Cysticercus Zeder, 1800 Cysturus Oken, 1815 Davainoides Fuhrmann, 1921 Dibothria Rudolphi, 1809 Dibothriorhyncus Chiaje, 1831 Dibothrium Diesing, 1850 Dibothrium Rudolphi, 1839 Dibothrius Rudolphi, 1819 Dibothrydus Diorchis Matevosyan, 1946 Diplasia Holten, 1802 Diporus Diesing, 1863 Diprognopolus Anon., 1904 Dithyridium Rudolphi, 1819 Dithyridium Valenciennes, 1844 Dittocephalus Parona, 1887 Echinobothria Rudolphi, 1810 Echinobothrion Rudolphi, 1809 Echinoproboscilepsis Sadovskaya, 1965 Fascia Blanchard, 1888 Furia Linnaeus, 1758 Gieystoria Globus Scopoli, 1772 Gopalaia Dixit, Capoor & Rengaragu, 1980 Guptaia Malhotra, 1985 Gvosdevileps Spasskii, 1953 Gymnobothrion Rudolphi, 1809 Gymnoscolex Diesing, 1853 Gymnotenia Beneden, 1873 Gyrarthrix Halysis Zeder, 1803 Heterodera Skarbilovich, 1959 Hydatodes Abildgaard, 1790 Ilisha Southwell & Prashad, 1918 Lakistorhynchus Pintner, 1913 Luheella Baer, 1924 Maccallumiella Yamaguti, 1952 Mastacembellophyllaeus Shinde & Chincholikar, 1977 Merocestus Cohn, 1902 Metabelea Mettrick, 1963 Monocercus Villot, 1882 Monogramma Cholodkovsky, 1915 Notobothrium Linstow, 1905 Octobothrium Diesing, 1850 Onchoscolex Diesing, 1853 Oobothrium Linton, 1904 Orygmatoscolex Diesing, 1854 Palaia Shipley, 1900 Pancrates Gistl, 1848 Parvitaenio Burt, 1940 Piestocystis Diesing, 1850 平槽属 Platybothrium Hornell & Nayudu, 1924 Plerocercoides Proglottis Dujardin, 1843 Prosthecocotyle Monticelli, 1892 Pseudobothrium Pseudocapingentoldes Verma, 1971 Pseudodiscus Polonio, 1860 Pseudonybelinla Dollfus, 1966 Pseudoscicus Polonio, 1860 Sagittula Lamarck, 1816 Skrjabinoparaksis Krotov, 1949 Slossia Meggitt, 1931 Solium Blanchard, 1886 Spasskijela Tenora, 1959 Sphairidion Goodsir, 1845 Steganobothrium Diesing, 1854 Stenotenia Gervais, 1870 Strobilocercus Sambon, 1924 Synbia Tschudi, 1837 Taeniea Braun, 1894 Taxocyclocotyle Diesing, 1854 Terratas Blanchard, 1886 Tetrabothriorhynchus Diesing, 1850 Tetracisdicotyla Fuhrmann, 1907 Tetracotylus Monticelli, 1892 Tetrarhyncha Tetrastoma Forbes, 1840 Tetrathyridium Rudolphi, 1819 Tetrathyrus Creplin, 1851 Thornonema Andrássy, 1959 Urocystidium Beddard, 1912 Versicaria Baird, 1853 成虫扁长如腰带，分节，白色或乳白色，体长因虫种不同可从数毫米至数米不等。由头节（scolex）、颈部（neck）、节片（proglottid）组成，前端细。 头节上有槽、吸盘或钩，借此附着在宿主肠壁上；节片由颈分裂而来，节片由一至数千不等，越往后越宽大；每一节片相当一个体，称链体（stroblius），链体是虫体最显著的部分，其中至少有一套雌雄生殖器官，其他器官退化，营养靠体表吸收宿主的养料；随着生殖器官的发育，节片愈后愈成熟，有卵的节片称为孕节，最后逐节或整段脱落，随粪便排出宿主体外。 卵内具有钩的胚，胚逸出后侵入中间宿主，发育为实心或囊状的蚴，蚴被最终宿主吞食后，即在小肠内成长为成虫；例如寄生人体内的猪肉绦虫、牛肉绦虫。 Tapeworm eggs discovered in 270-million-year-old fossil shark feces [2.7億年前鯊魚糞便化石發現絛蟲卵]. 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