梨俱吠陀

《梨俱吠陀》（梵語：ऋग्वेद，羅馬化：ṛgveda），梵文由ṛc（“歌颂”）和veda（“知识”）两个词根构成，全名《梨俱吠陀本集》，漢譯為《歌詠明論[來源請求]》，是吠陀经中最早出現的一卷，成文於公元前16世纪到前11世纪，是除了赫梯语的文献外，在印欧语系语言中最古老的书籍。与其他文明的古老文献不同，它是以口传方式保存下来的。 《梨俱吠陀》分十卷，收诗1,028首﹐其中有11首被認為是附錄，最短的诗只有3节，最长的诗有58节，是雅利安人來到印度河两岸，对神的赞歌。 雅利安人將宇宙分为三界：天界、空界和地界，每一界有11个神，三界共33个神，天界的神有帝奥斯、婆楼那、苏利耶、乌莎、罗底利；空界的神有因陀罗、阿邦那波陀、鲁陀罗；地界之神有泼利提韦、阿耆尼、苏摩，這些深厚而豐富的精神思維體系，反映出雅利安人對於先智慧開導者們的崇拜與向往。因陀罗是古印度人部落的首领，骁勇善战，在公元前2000年征服印度，古印度人的诗人為了歌頌他而創作出200余首神曲。 《梨俱吠陀》中所記載的妖魔，後人推斷為古代印度的奴隶，西來的雅利安人又以“瓦爾那”來分別其階級，最後再转义为“种姓”，《梨俱吠陀》末卷出現了婆罗门、刹帝利、吠舍、首陀罗四个种姓。 《梨俱吠陀》除颂神的诗歌外，还有世俗诗歌，有一些以婚礼、爱情、巫术甚至是賭博为内容的神曲，例如第六章俗谛神曲序《赌徒忏悔录》，描寫擲骰子的迷人之處，一位教徒賭輸後跪在神像前忏悔，哀号凄切，以及家中母亲和妻子的忧伤。這些作品都反映着吠陀时期人民的生活習俗。 《梨俱吠陀》的成书时间相传是在公元前2000至前1500年之间，但最早的文字流传仅能追溯至公元15世纪，《梨俱吠陀》實際上是靠婆羅門祭司們代代口耳相传，爾后才有手稿。玄奘在迦湿弥罗的时候曾读过“四吠陀”，但未必是此书，也不能证明唐朝时此书流传于世。19世紀欧洲人第一次刊印《梨俱吠陀》，有德、英、法等譯本。 吠陀 奧義書 梨俱吠陀维基 梨俱吠陀諸神（英语：Rigvedic deities） Editions editio princeps: Friedrich Max Müller, The Hymns of the Rigveda, with Sayana's commentary, London, 1849–75, 6 vols., 2nd ed. 4 vols., Oxford, 1890–92. Theodor Aufrecht, 2nd ed., Bonn, 1877. Sontakke, N. S. Rgveda-Samhitā: Śrimat-Sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā. Sāyanachārya (commentary) First. Vaidika Samśodhana Maṇḍala. 1933. . The Editorial Board for the First Edition included N. S. Sontakke (Managing Editor), V. K. Rājvade, M. M. Vāsudevaśāstri, and T. S. Varadarājaśarmā. B. van Nooten und G. Holland, Rig Veda, a metrically restored text, Department of Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Harvard University, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England, 1994. Rgveda-Samhita, Text in Devanagari, English translation Notes and indices by H. H. Wilson, Ed. W.F. Webster, originally in 1888, Published Nag Publishers 1990, 11A/U.A. Jawaharnagar,Delhi-7. Commentary Sayana (14th century) ed. Müller 1849–75 (German translation); ed. Müller (original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on 24 manuscripts). ed. Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samsodhana Mandala, Pune (2nd ed. 1972) in 5 volumes. Rgveda-Samhitā Srimat-sāyanāchārya virachita-bhāṣya-sametā, ed. by Sontakke et al., published by Vaidika Samśodhana Mandala,Pune-9,1972, in 5 volumes (It is original commentary of Sāyana in Sanskrit based on over 60 manuscripts). Sri Aurobindo, Hymns to the Mystic Fire (Commentary on the Rig Veda), Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin ISBN 0-914955-22-5 [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Raimundo Pannikar (1972), The Vedic Experience, University of California Press Philology Vashishtha Narayan Jha, A Linguistic Analysis of the Rgveda-Padapatha Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi (1992). Bjorn Merker, Rig Veda Riddles In Nomad Perspective, Mongolian Studies, Journal of the Mongolian Society XI, 1988. Thomas Oberlies, Die Religion des Rgveda, Wien 1998. Oldenberg, Hermann. Hymnen des Rigveda. 1. Teil: Metrische und textgeschichtliche Prolegomena. Berlin 1888. (please add), Wiesbaden 1982. 1894.  —Die Religion des Veda. Berlin 1894; Stuttgart 1917; Stuttgart 1927; Darmstadt 1977 —Vedic Hymns, The Sacred Books of the East vo, l. 46 ed. Friedrich Max Müller, Oxford 1897 Adolf Kaegi, The Rigveda: The Oldest Literature of the Indians (trans. R. Arrowsmith), Boston, Ginn and Co. (1886), 2004 reprint: ISBN 978-1-4179-8205-9. Mallory, J. P.; et al. Indo-Iranian Languages in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Fitzroy Dearborn. 19891997.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Historical Anthony, David W., The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World, Princeton University Press, 2007  Avari, Burjor, India: The Ancient Past, London: Routledge, 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9  Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-513777-9.  Flood, Gavin D., An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, 1996  Lal, B.B. 2005. The Homeland of the Aryans. Evidence of Rigvedic Flora and Fauna & Archaeology, New Delhi, Aryan Books International. Talageri, Shrikant: The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, 2000. ISBN 81-7742-010-0 Witzel, Michael, Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state (PDF), EJVS vol. 1 no. 4 (1995), 1995, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于20 February 2012）  Witzel, Michael (ed.), Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts. New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997  梵語维基文库中相关的原始文献： Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari 维基文库中相关的原始文献： Original Sanskrit text in ASCII transliteration 维基语录上的梨俱吠陀语录 Text Devanagari and transliteration （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） experimental online text at: sacred-texts.com ITRANS, Devanagari, transliteration （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） online text and PDF, several versions prepared by Detlef Eichler Transliteration, metrically restored （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） online text, at: Linguistics Research Center, Univ. of Texas Transliteration with tone accents （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） PDF prepared by Keith Briggs The Hymns of the Rigveda （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Editio Princeps by Friedrich Max Müller (large PDF files of book scans). Two editions: London, 1877 (Samhita and Pada texts) and Oxford, 1890–92, with Sayana's commentary. 互联网档案馆中梨俱吠陀的作品或与之相关的作品 Audio Audio download (MP3) by Indian Institute of Scientific Heritage (IISH) Audio download (MP3) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Live recording by Varanasi-based scholars; chanted in North Indian style, i.e. without tones (yeha swara) Choral Hymns from the Rig Veda, Op.26, Gustav Holtz, 14 pieces in 4 groups, Piano with Violins, Romantic Movements, Vocal Scores （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, University of Rochester Translations English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith on Wikisource For links to other translations, see Translations section above. Other Nomination of Rigveda Archive-It的存檔，存档日期2007-09-26 (.doc format) submitted by India in 2006–2007 for inclusion in the Memory of the World Register. A Still Undeciphered Text: How the scientific approach to the Rigveda would open up Indo-European Studies, Karen Thomson (2009), The Journal of Indo-European Studies, Volume 37, Number 1 & 2, pages 1–47 (a review of various attempts to translate Rigveda and the issues with current translations) 季羡林：〈《梨俱吠陀》几首哲学赞歌新解 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）〉。