閉後不圓唇元音

閉後不圓唇元音為一元音。此音的国际音标符号是变形的拉丁字母 ⟨ɯ⟩（即是倒转的m）。 在普通话中，拼音e有时会通过辅音化的[ɰ]加上[ʌ]实现，如拼音的 he 在語音形式上可能為 [xɰʌ]。 類似於漢語拼音中的 zi（資）ci（慈）si（斯）的韻母部分。 其元音高度為閉，這意指舌頭的位置會盡量接近齒齦，但不會阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。 其元音舌位是後，表示舌頭的位置會盡可能地朝向口腔後部，但不至于阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音，嘴唇自然放鬆，不特別向前突起。 Mid-vowels in Acehnese 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-07-14. Agreement System in Acehnese (PDF). [2012-05-21]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-07-30）.  Acehnese Coda Condition (PDF). [2021-01-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-02-16）.  Wells (1982)，第557頁. Wells (1982)，第536頁. Ladefoged (1999)，第42–43頁. NZE Phonology (PDF). Victoria University of Wellington: 3. [2021-01-09]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-11-18）.  Bauer & Warren (2004)，第585頁. Gordon (2004)，第290頁. Bowerman (2004)，第936頁. Asu & Teras (2009)，第369頁. Labrune (2012)，第25頁. Okada (1999)，第118頁. Lee (1999)，第122頁. Cruz-Ferreira (1995)，第91頁. Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993)，第24頁. Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10頁) Kılıç & Öğüt (2004) Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155頁) Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire. Estonian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2009, 39 (3): 367–372. doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x .  Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul, New Zealand English: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 580–602, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0  Bowerman, Sean, White South African English: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 931–942, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0  Ladefoged, Peter, American English, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 41–44, 1999  Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, S2CID 249414876, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223  Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943  Gordon, Matthew J., New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 282–299, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0  International Phonetic Association, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7  Kılıç, Mehmet Akif; Öğüt, Fatih. A high unrounded vowel in Turkish: is it a central or back vowel? (PDF). Speech Communication. 2004, 43 (1–2): 143–154 [2023-06-15]. doi:10.1016/j.specom.2004.03.001. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-21） –通过Elsevier ScienceDirect.  Labrune, Laurence, The Phonology of Japanese, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2012, ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4  Lee, Hyun Bok, Korean, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press: 120–123, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1  Ghaffarvand-Mokari, Payam; Werner, Stefan, An acoustic description of spectral and temporal characteristics of Azerbaijani vowels, Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics, 2016, 52 (3), S2CID 151826061, doi:10.1515/psicl-2016-0019  Okada, Hideo, Japanese, International Phonetic Association (编), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press: 117–119, 1999, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0  Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur S. Thai. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 1993, 23 (1): 24–26. S2CID 242001518. doi:10.1017/S0025100300004746.  Wells, John C.（英语：John C. Wells） (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0 . Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999 [2015-11-20], ISBN 0-521-65236-7, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-07-25）  Vasconcelos, Eduardo A. Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará (学位论文). Campinas: University of Campinas. 2013. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2013.929939 . hdl:20.500.12733/1622968 .  Alves, Ana Carolina Ferreira. Aspectos do sistema fonológico de Arara (Karib). Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas. 2013, 8 (2): 265–277. doi:10.1590/S1981-81222013000200003 .  dos Anjos, Zoraide. Fonologia Katukina-Kanamari. LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 2012, 12 (1): 123–156. doi:10.20396/liames.v0i12.1486 .  Ɯ ɯ: 拉丁字母 Ɯ 在PHOIBLE上搜尋含有[ɯ]的語言