流亡政府

流亡政府是主張為某國家或地區的合法政府，但因為各種原因不能執行法律權力，而駐在其他國家或地區的临时性政治組織。 流亡政府經常發生於戰時的佔領，而有時亦是內戰、革命、軍事政變，或廣泛相信某執政政府為非法的後果。例如，在第二次世界大戰德國的擴張期時，眾多歐洲政府和君主被迫在英國尋求避難而避免被納粹德國所摧毀。流亡政府的效力主要依靠它所能獲得的外國政府支持，及其國家本身的人口。某些流亡政府可以發展成強大的力量，對實際掌握國家的競爭對手構成巨大的挑戰，其它一些則主要維持一種象徵性的姿態，實際作用微小。 流亡政府的現象早於術語產生。在君主政府時期對應的是君主流亡并成立流亡朝廷，如先遭克倫威爾驅逐，后又在光榮革命中遭到驅逐，丧失王权的斯圖亞特王朝，以及在法國大革命及拿破崙統治時期的波旁王朝。隨著君主立憲制的發展，流亡政府開始包括君主及首相二者。 流亡政府的運作，通常假設有一天將回到它們的國家並重新掌權。例如第二次世界大戰期間设在倫敦的波兰流亡政府。它們與殘存國家的區別是，殘存國家仍控制原先領土的最少一部份。相反地，流亡政府已喪失它的全部領土。例如第二次世界大戰期間，卢森堡全部領土被德國佔據。 流亡政府經常未獲其它國家承認，或僅有極少數國家承認。 殘存國家 主權國家 臨時政府 政治實體 傀儡政權 分裂国家列表 有限承认国家列表 王位覬覦者 現有王位覬覦者列表 WordNet Search - 3.1. wordnetweb.princeton.edu. [2020-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08）.  Tir, J. , 2005-02-22 "Keeping the Peace After Secessions: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Hilton Hawaiian Village, Honolulu, Hawaii Online <.PDF>. 2009-05-25 Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-07-21 RADABNR.ORG: The Belarusian Democratic Republic official web site. [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2012-07-04）.  Lori Reese. China's Christian Warrior. 時代雜誌 (Time Inc.). August 28–30, 1999,. Vol. 154 (No. 7/8). （原始内容存档于2010年5月11日） （英语）. After four years of civil war, Chiang and the nationalists were forced to flee to the island of Taiwan. There they established a government-in-exile and dreamed of retaking the mainland.  BBC - History - Chiang Kai-shek. [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-19） （英国英语）. There Chiang established a government in exile which he led for the next 25 years.  TIMELINE: Milestones in China-Taiwan relations since 1949. Reuters. [March 4, 2015]. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24） （英语）. 1949: Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists lose civil war to Mao Zedong's Communist forces, sets up government-in-exile on Taiwan.  Nixon's China Game | American Experience. PBS. [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-31） （英语）. ......after the inauguration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Beijing on October 1, 1949, Chiang and the Nationalists installed the rival Republic of China (ROC) as a government in exile on Taiwan.  John J. Tkacik, Jr.. Taiwan's "Unsettled" International Status: Preserving U.S. Options in the Pacific. Heritage Foundation. 19 June 2008 [20 December 2009]. （原始内容存档于2009-07-27）. Chiang Kaishek wanted to fight it out on an all or nothing basis. There are also reports that Chiang's advisors convinced him that if the ROC mission stayed to represent Taiwan, Chiang would be under pressure to demonstrate in some constitutional way that his Chinese government in exile represented the people of Taiwan rather than the vast population of China. Doing so would require Chiang to dismantle his existing regime (which was elected in 1947 on the Chinese mainland and continued to rule in Taiwan under emergency martial law provisions without benefit of elections), adopt an entirely new constitution, and install an entirely new government.  ROC Government in Exile Is Illogical (English transl.). (original source: "「流亡政府」邏輯不通" by NOWnews Network). June 1, 2010 [7 October 2010]. （原始内容存档于2011-06-14）.  Jonathan I. Charney and J. R. V. Prescott, Resolving Cross-Strait Relations Between China and Taiwan, American Journal of International Law, July 2000 [2011-02-28], （原始内容存档于2004-06-22）  CIA report shows Taiwan concerns. Taipei Times. 2013-06-09 [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-19）. [Quoting from a declassified CIA report on Taiwan written in March 1949] From the legal standpoint, Taiwan is not part of the Republic of China. Pending a Japanese peace treaty, the island remains occupied territory in which the US has proprietary interests.  Robert I. Starr, Starr Memorandum of the Dept. of State, July 13, 1971 [2012-05-18], （原始内容存档于2020-10-09）, Following World War II, the Republic of China, under the Kuomintang (KMT) became the governing polity on Taiwan. In 1949, after losing control of mainland China following the Chinese civil war, the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to occupied Taiwan and Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law. Japan formally renounced all territorial rights to Taiwan in 1952 in the San Francisco Peace Treaty, but neither in that treaty nor in the peace treaty signed between Japan and China was the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan awarded to the Republic of China.  Reuters. Ukraine lawmakers brand Chechnya 'Russian-occupied' in dig at Kremlin. Reuters. 2022-10-18 [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-11） （英语）.  Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. news.yahoo.com. [2022-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-19） （美国英语）.  Afghan President Ghani Flees to Tajikistan Amid Taliban Entering Kabul. Newsweek. 2021-08-15 [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-16） （英语）.  AFP. Defiant Afghan ex-VP vows new fight with Taliban. Digital Journal. 2021-08-17 [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-17） （美国英语）.  Singh. One year of Taliban: Where are Saleh and Ghani as Afghanistan slips deeper into chaos?. India Today. 2022-08-17 [2023-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2023-05-05） （英语）.  Venezuela: un "Tribunal Supremo de Justicia" en el exilio se instala en la OEA. Clarín. 12 October 2017 [10 July 2018]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-12） （西班牙语）.  緬甸平行文人政府領導人誓言 藉革命推翻軍政府 | 緬甸示威延燒 | 全球 | 聯合新聞網. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-23）.  緬甸前議長曼溫凱丹逃亡中號召“革命推翻軍政府” - 要聞分析. [2022-01-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-15）.  緬甸議會代表委員會領袖揚言革命推翻軍政府 - RTHK. [2021-04-03]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-13）.  Trial of Kurdish Parliament in Exile to begin in Ankara. Today's Zaman. [2013-08-22]. （原始内容存档于2013-11-03）.  Southerncameroonsig.org. Southerncameroonsig.org. 2012-08-20 [2012-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-12）.  WORLDBalochistan Leaders Demand Government In Exile In India; Suppot PM Modi’s Move On Kashmir. Eurasiantime. [2020-07-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-23）.  Biafraland. Biafraland. [2012-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-01）.  Peacehalle.com. Peacehall.com. [2012-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-04）.  generalitat de Catalunya. Govern de la República. [2018-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-09）.  Thielemans, Marie-Rose (编), Albert 1er, Carnets et Correspondance de Guerre, 1914-1918, Paris: Duculot: 14–5, 1991, ISBN 2-8011-0951-7  Armia Krajowa – szkice z dziejów Sił Zbrojnych Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego, pod redakcją Krzysztofa Komorowskiego, Warszawa 1999, s. 27. Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1960: 723. ISBN 0671624202.  Oorlogsverliezen 1940–1945. Maandschrift van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek, blz. 749. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Commonwealth Act No. 671 : AN ACT DECLARING A STATE OF TOTAL EMERGENCY AS A RESULT OF WAR INVOLVING THE PHILIPPINES AND AUTHORIZING THE PRESIDENT TO PROMULGATE RULES AND REGULATIONS TO MEET SUCH EMERGENCY. officialgazette.gov.ph. December 16, 1941 [2020-03-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）.  Jacques Bertrand. Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. 2004: 166 [2020-03-26]. ISBN 0-521-52441-5. （原始内容存档于2020-04-06）.  Pour, Julius. Doorstoot naar Djokja: Pertikaian Pemimpin Sipil-Militer [Doorstoot naar Djokja: Disagreements between Civil-Military Leaders]. Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas. 2010. ISBN 9789797094546 （印度尼西亚语）.  ROBERT CRIBB; AUDREY KAHIN. Historical Dictionary of Indonesia SECOND EDITION. [2020-03-26]. ISBN 978-0810849358. （原始内容存档于2021-02-08）.  Ricklefs, M.C. A History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300 4th. London: MacMillan. 2008 [1981]. ISBN 978-0-230-54685-1.  Mujibnagar Government.. BANGLAPEDIA. [2016-11-27]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-12）.  Colin Leys, John S. Saul, and Susan Brown. Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-Edged Sword (London: James Currey, 1995). pp. 20–21, 40. 黃雲娜. 【曾鈺成vs李柱銘】不能說的政黨政治（中）—— 點解無得執政. 香港01. 2017-07-10 [2022-10-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-07） （中文（香港））.  立法局憲制事務委員會會議紀要. [2018-07-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-28）.  News - Society - Kosovo Serb prison workers continue protest. B92. 2 April 2008 [28 April 2010]. （原始内容存档于7 June 2011）.