1669年埃特納火山噴發

1669年埃特納火山噴發是指在1669年，義大利西西里島東海岸的埃特納火山噴發，這是有紀錄以來規模最大、最具破壞性的火山噴發。在最初幾週，埃特納火山附近不斷發生地震活動，尼科洛西和其他城市遭到破壞。到了3月10日至3月11日晚間，埃特納火山東南側出現裂縫噴發口。3月11日，數處裂縫噴發口開始變得活躍，由噴發口噴出的火山碎屑岩和火山噴發碎屑落在西西里島上空，並累積形成火山渣錐。在3月至4月期間，由埃特納火山裂縫噴發口噴出的熔岩逐漸向南流動，掩埋許多城鎮和農田，最終熔岩覆蓋面積多達37平方公里至40平方公里（14平方英里至15平方英里）。 熔岩流動導致大量城鎮居民逃往卡塔尼亞尋求庇護，卡塔尼亞還舉行祈求火山噴發結束的宗教儀式。到了4月初，熔岩流開始朝著卡塔尼亞的方向流動，這導致城市出現嚴重危機，大量居民因而選擇逃離城市。在這期間，神父迭戈·帕帕拉多（英语：Diego Pappalardo）和其他50人曾嘗試藉由破壞熔岩以改變其流向，這也是歷史上首起改變熔岩流動方向的嘗試。儘管這項工作最初確實成功地改變熔岩的流向，但是由於方向的更改反而會威脅到另一個城鎮，使得該城鎮的居民將帕帕拉多等人趕走。最終熔岩還是恢復原先朝向卡塔尼亞的流動方向。 到了4月16日，熔岩流抵達卡塔尼亞城牆。由於城牆擋住熔岩流動，這些熔岩到達，開始流入伊奧尼亞海。在兩週多後，部分熔岩越過城牆，對於卡塔尼亞造成部分的破壞。整起火山噴發災害在同年7月中旬結束。1669年埃特納火山的噴發並無已經確認的死亡人數，但是附近數十個城鎮、卡塔尼亞部分地區和農田遭到熔岩流、及伴隨噴發的地震摧毀或掩埋。在這期間，埃特納火山爆發的消息甚至遠傳至北美地區。許多同一時代的人都描述這一事件，這也導致人們對於埃特納火山活動的興趣有所增加。 Salvatore Cocuzza Silvestri:ambientediritto/Etna. [2023-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-18）.  Azzaro, Raffaele; Castelli, Viviana. Materiali per un catalogo di terremoti etnei dal 1600 al 1831 [Materials for a catalogue of Etna earthquakes from 1600 to 1831]. Quaderni di Geofisica (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia). 2015, 123 [2023-12-18]. ISSN 1590-2595. （原始内容存档于2024-03-26）.  Blong, Russell J. Volcanic hazards : a sourcebook on the effects of eruptions. Sydney: Academic Press. 1984. ISBN 0-12-107180-4. OCLC 11375639.  Bonaccorso, Alessandro; Calvari, Sonia; Coltelli, Mauro; Del Negro, Ciro; Falsaperla, Susanna (编). Mt. Etna: Volcano Laboratory. Geophysical Monograph Series 143. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union. 2004. ISBN 978-0-87590-408-5. doi:10.1029/gm143 （英语）.  Branca, Stefano; De Beni, Emanuela; Proietti, Cristina. The large and destructive 1669 AD eruption at Etna volcano: reconstruction of the lava flow field evolution and effusion rate trend. Bulletin of Volcanology. 10 February 2013, 75 (2): 694. Bibcode:2013BVol...75..694B. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 129432141. doi:10.1007/s00445-013-0694-5.  Branca, Stefano; Azzaro, Raffaele; De Beni, Emanuela; Chester, David; Duncan, Angus. Impacts of the 1669 eruption and the 1693 earthquakes on the Etna Region (Eastern Sicily, Italy): An example of recovery and response of a small area to extreme events. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 15 September 2015, 303: 25–40. Bibcode:2015JVGR..303...25B. ISSN 0377-0273. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.020.  Branca, Stefano; Abate, Tiziana. Current knowledge of Etna's flank eruptions (Italy) occurring over the past 2500years. From the iconographies of the XVII century to modern geological cartography. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 1 November 2019, 385: 159–178. Bibcode:2019JVGR..385..159B. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 134411827. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.11.004.  Carbone, S.; Branca, S.; Lentini, F. Note illustrative della carta geomorfologica d'Italia alla scala 1:50.000 foglio 634 CATANIA [Illustrative notes on the geomorphological map of Italy at the scale 1:50,000. Sheet 634 "Catania"] (PDF). Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. 2009 [2023-12-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-11-07） （意大利语）.  Carbone, S.; Lentini, F.; Branca, S. Note illustrative della carta geomorfologica d'Italia alla scala 1:50.000 foglio 633 PATERNÒ [Illustrative notes on the geomorphological map of Italy at the scale 1:50,000. Sheet 633 "Paternò"] (PDF). Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. 2009 [2023-12-18]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-01-15） （意大利语）.  Chester, D. K.; Duncan, A. M.; Guest, J. E.; Kilburn, C. R. J. Mount Etna. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 1986. ISBN 978-94-010-8309-6. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4079-6 （英语）.  Chester, David K.; Duncan, Angus M.; Sangster, Heather. Human responses to eruptions of Etna (Sicily) during the late-Pre-Industrial Era and their implications for present-day disaster planning. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 1 May 2012,. 225–226: 65–80 [7 September 2020]. Bibcode:2012JVGR..225...65C. ISSN 0377-0273. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.02.017. （原始内容存档于27 November 2020）.  Ciuccarelli, C.; Bianchi, M.G. Catania e l'eruzione dell'Etna del 1669 [Catania and the eruption of Mount Etna in 1669]. V Congresso dell'Associazione Italiana di Storia Urbana. 8 September 2011. hdl:2122/7379 （意大利语）.  Corsaro, Rosa Anna; Cristofolini, Renato; Patanè, Loredana. The 1669 eruption at Mount Etna: chronology, petrology and geochemistry, with inferences on the magma sources and ascent mechanisms. Bulletin of Volcanology. 1 December 1996, 58 (5): 348–358. Bibcode:1996BVol...58..348C. ISSN 1432-0819. S2CID 129156098. doi:10.1007/s004450050144.  di San Lio, Eugenio; Galizia, Maria; Santagati, Cettina. Difese naturali e artificiali nella Catania del secolo XVII. MODERN AGE FORTIFICATIONS of the MEDITERRANEAN COAST - DEFENSIVE ARCHITECTURE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN (FORTMED2015). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 16 October 2015: 299–306 [2023-12-18]. ISBN 978-84-9048-377-0. doi:10.4995/FORTMED2015.2015.1711. hdl:10251/95348 . （原始内容存档于2023-11-07） （意大利语）.  Kahl, Maren; Viccaro, Marco; Ubide, Teresa; Morgan, Daniel J.; Dingwell, Donald B. A Branched Magma Feeder System during the 1669 Eruption of Mt Etna: Evidence from a Time-integrated Study of Zoned Olivine Phenocryst Populations. Journal of Petrology. 1 March 2017, 58 (3): 443–472 [2023-12-18]. ISSN 0022-3530. doi:10.1093/petrology/egx022 . （原始内容存档于2024-04-14）.  Magee, Ruadhan; Ubide, Teresa; Kahl, Maren. The Lead-up to Mount Etna's Most Destructive Historic Eruption (1669). Cryptic Recharge Recorded in Clinopyroxene. Journal of Petrology. 18 September 2020, 61 (1): egaa025 [2023-12-18]. doi:10.1093/petrology/egaa025. （原始内容存档于2023-11-07）.  Mammino, P.; Santonocito, F. La storia geologica di Catania: escursione presso quattro siti interessati dalla lava dell'eruzione del 1669 e/o dal terremoto del 1693 [The geological history of Catania: excursion of four sites affected by eruption of 1669 and/or the earthquake of 1693] (PDF). Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia. 2014, 102: 145–156 [14 January 2020]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于20 May 2019）.  Mammino, P.; Santonocito, F. Le gallerie laviche del Monte Etna: le grotte dell'eruzionedel 1669 nel territorio di Belpasso (Sicilia) [Lava tubes of Mount Etna: 1669 eruption caves of Belpasso (Sicily)] (PDF). Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia. 2014b, 102: 157–170 [14 January 2020]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于20 May 2019）.  Maugeri, Michele. Seismic prevention of damage : a case study in a Mediterranean city. Southampton, U.K.: WIT Press. 2005. ISBN 1-84564-004-7. OCLC 62717673.  Mulas, Maurizio; Cioni, Raffaello; Andronico, Daniele; Mundula, Filippo. The explosive activity of the 1669 Monti Rossi eruption at Mt. Etna (Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 15 December 2016, 328: 115–133. Bibcode:2016JVGR..328..115M. ISSN 0377-0273. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.10.012.  Pappalardo, G.; Punturo, R.; Mineo, S.; Contrafatto, L. The role of porosity on the engineering geological properties of 1669 lavas from Mount Etna. Engineering Geology. 20 April 2017, 221: 16–28. ISSN 0013-7952. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.02.020.  Santagati, Cettina, Heritage and Places: Rediscovering and Enhancing Cultural Identities Lost Under 1669 Mount Etna Lava Flow, Amoruso, Giuseppe (编), Putting Tradition into Practice: Heritage, Place and Design, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 3, Springer International Publishing: 392–401, 2018, ISBN 978-3-319-57936-8, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57937-5_41  Scarth, Alwyn. Vulcan's fury : man against the volcano. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1999. ISBN 0-300-07541-3. OCLC 39860019.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Tringa, Giovanni. Oronimi Etnei - Il nome dei crateri dell'Etna [Etnean Oronyms - The names of Etna's craters] (PDF). Bollettino Accademia Gioenia Sci. Nat. (Catania). 2012, 45 (375): 511–606. ISSN 0393-7143. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于4 March 2016） （意大利语）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：1669年埃特納火山噴發 Simulation of a present-day repeat