中觀應成派

中觀應成派（梵語：Prāsaṅgika Madhyamaka），又稱隨應破派、必過性空派，大乘佛教中觀學派之下的支派之一，由佛護、月稱建立。這個派別的學說未傳入漢傳佛教，但在藏傳佛教傳承下來。後世的格魯派主要採取他們的見解，並將此認定為中觀派的主流。 此派得名於他們使用的辯論技巧。他們採用隨應破（prasaṅga）的方式來闡述空性。清辯採用自立量來作為辯論技巧，與他們形成對立，被稱為中觀自續派（svātantrika）。 隨應破，又譯為墮過，最早起源於龍樹《中論》。本意為「墮於過失」，這種辯論技巧認為對方的主張中必有過失，尋找出其過失，就可破斥其主張。當對方最後所有的立論都失敗之後，就可以確認一切法都沒有實體，亦即是空性的。 月稱解釋這種方法，為自無宗故。宗（pratijñā）是因明學術語，指主張命題；自無宗，也就是自身不需要先提出自己的意見與見解。這派的見解，同於嘉祥吉藏所說「破邪即是顯正」的見解。 隨應破派的名稱，最早起於佛護、月稱。佛護為《中論》作註，提出隨應破方法，被清辯認為此法不合理，主張應採自立量。其徒月稱反駁清辯的見解，之後形成一個宗派，在那爛陀寺中傳承。 月稱的見解，之後為寂天繼承。經阿底峽傳入西藏，在噶當派中傳承。經宗喀巴，成為格魯派的中心宗義。 Padmakara Translation Group 2005，第386, note 12頁. sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFPadmakara_Translation_Group2005 (help) 主要參考資料 Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Ocean of Nectar, Tharpa Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-0-948006-23-4  Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Padmakara Translation, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9  Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9  Tsonghkhapa, Ocean of Reasoning, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-19-514732-2  次要參考資料 Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004  Garfield, Jay L.; Thakchöe, Sonam, Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas, Cowherds (编), Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2011  Cheng, Hsueh-Li, The Roots of Zen Buddhism, Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 1981, 8: 451–478 [2021-01-22], doi:10.1111/j.1540-6253.1981.tb00267.x, （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）  Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara, Introduction, Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Simon and Schuster, 2015  Hopkins, Jeffrey, A Tibetan Perspective on the Nature of Spiritual Experience, Buswell, Jr., Robert E.; Gimello, Robert M. (编), Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought, Motilal Banarsidass, 1994  Hopkins, Jeffrey, Emptiness Yoga, Kalachakra Tantra. Rite of Initiation, Wisom Publications, 1999  Jinpa, Thupten, Negation, identyfying its object, Leaman, Oliver (编), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Routledge, 2006  Newland, Guy, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 1999  Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005  Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012  Rizzi, Cesare, Candrakīrti, Motilal Banarsidass, 1988  Web-sources 導論 Lopez, Introduction; Chapter 2: Svatantrika and Prasangika, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987  Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, The Adornment of the Middle Way. Shantarakshita’s Madhyamakalankara with commentary by Jamgön Mipham, Shambhala, 2005  Padmakara Translation Group, Translator's Introduction, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012  印度中觀 della Santina, Peter. Madhyamaka Schools in India. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. (1986) 西藏中觀(主要/次要 參考資料) Candrakirti; Ju Mipham, Introduction to the Middle Way. Candrakirti’s Madhyamakavatara; with commentary by Ju Mipham, Shambhala, 2012  (Candrakirti/Nyingma) Shantarakshita; Ju Mipham, The Adornment of the Middle Way, Shambhala, 2005, ISBN 1-59030-241-9  (Shantarakshita/Nyingma) Tsong Khapa, The great treatise on the stages of the path to enlightenment: Volume 3, Snow Lion Publications, 2002, ISBN 1-55939-166-9  (Gelugpa) Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama; 14th Dalai Lama; Berzin, Alexander, Session 10, The Gelug/Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra (PDF), Shambhala, 1997 [2021-01-22], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-01-29）  (Gelugpa) Jang-Gya; Lopez, Donald, A Study of Svatantrika, Snow Lion Publications, 1987  (Gelugpa) Brunhölzl, Karl, Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition, Snow Lion Publications, 2004  (Kagyu) Cabezon, J. I.; Lobsang Dargyay, Freedom from Extremes. Gorampa's "Distinguishing the View" and the Polemics of Emptiness, Wisdom, 2007  (Sakya) 西藏中觀(次要參考資料) Dreyfus, Georges B.J.; McClintock, L. Sara (编), Svatantrika-Prasangika Distinction: What Difference Does a Difference Make?, Wisdom Publications, 2003  Vose, Kevin Alan, The Birth of Prāsaṅgika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet, University of Virginia, 2005  Jay L. Garfield (2011), Identifying the Object of Negation and the Status of Conventional Truth: Why the dGag Bya Matters So Much to Tibetan Mādhyamikas （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. In: Moonshadows: Conventional Truth in Buddhist Philosophy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Oxford University Press ( focuses on the debate between Tsongkhapa and Gorampa) Phuntsho, Karma. Mipham's Dialectics and Debates on Emptiness: To Be, Not to Be or Neither. London: RoutledgeCurzon (2005) ISBN 0-415-35252-5 Cornu, Philippe, Nawoord, Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels, KunchabPublicaties, 2001  中觀 中論 中觀學派 The Buddha Within by S. K. Hookham on Rangtong and Shentong