膝溝藻屬

膝溝藻屬（學名：Gonyaulax），其物種一般稱作膝溝藻（，是双鞭毛虫门的一個屬，模式種是具刺膝沟藻（Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing）。本屬物種是已知可引起赤潮的一個甲藻的屬。 本属包括以下物种： Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid, 1911 Gonyaulax ambigua Deflandre, 1941 Gonyaulax apiculata (Pénard) Entz Gonyaulax apionis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 Gonyaulax balechii Karen A. Steidinger (1971) Gonyaulax balechii sp. nov. (Dinophyceae) with a discussion of the genera Gonyaulax and Heteraulacus, Phycologia, 10:2-3, 183-187, DOI: 10.2216/i0031-8884-10-2-183.1 Gonyaulax birostris F.Stein Gonyaulax bulloidea Cookson & Eisenack, 1960 Gonyaulax catenella 角突膝沟藻 Gonyaulax ceratocoroides Kofoid, 1910 Gonyaulax clathrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1960 Gonyaulax clevei Ostenfeld, 1902 Gonyaulax cochlea Meunier, 1919 Gonyaulax diaphanis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 双刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax diegensis Kofoid, 1911 Gonyaulax diegensis-digitale 粗刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax digitale (Pouchet) Kofoid, 1911 Gonyaulax edwardsi Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 Gonyaulax eisenacki Deflandre, 1938 Gonyaulax ellegaardiae Mertens, 2015 Gonyaulax eumorpha Cookson & Eisenack, 1960 Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech Gonyaulax fragilis (F.Schütt) Kofoid, 1911 纺锤膝沟藻 Gonyaulax fusiformis Graham, 1942 Gonyaulax geomunensis Gonyaulax grindleyi P.Reinecke Gonyaulax helensis Woloszyska, 1928 Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenfeld & Schmidt Gonyaulax hyalodermopsis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 Gonyaulax inflata (Kof.) Kof., 1911 焦氏漆沟藻 Gonyaulax jolliffei Murray & Whitting, 1899 Gonyaulax jurassica Deflandre, 1938 Gonyaulax kofoidii Pavill. Gonyaulax longicornu Gonyaulax milneri (Murray & Whitting, 1899) Kofoid, 1911 Gonyaulax minima Matzenauer, 1933 Gonyaulax minuta 帽状膝沟藻 Gonyaulax mitra Schütt Kofoid,1911 Gonyaulax monacantha Pavill. Gonyaulax monilata Gonyaulax monocantha Gonyaulax muderongensis Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 Gonyaulax nana Schiller, 1937 Gonyaulax nezaniae H.Gu et K.N.Mertens 2021 Gonyaulax nigricans (J.Schiller) Balech 东方膝沟藻 Gonyaulax orientalis Gonyaulax ovalis Schiller, 1929 太平洋膝沟藻 Gonyaulax pacifica Kofoid, 1907 Gonyaulax palustris Lemmermann Gonyaulax parva Ramsfjell Gonyaulax perforans Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 多边膝沟藻 Gonyaulax polyedra Stein,1883 多纹膝沟藻 Gonyaulax polygramma Stein, 1883 Gonyaulax rugosum Wailes, 1928 Gonyaulax scotti Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid, 1911 Gonyaulax serrata Cookson & Eisenack, 1958 Gonyaulax sphaeroidea Kof. 具刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède & Lachmann) Diesing, 1866，底刺膝沟藻 Gonyaulax tamarensis Lebour, 1925 Gonyaulax turbynei G.Murray & F.Whitting Gonyaulax unicornis Lebour 春膝沟藻 Gonyaulax verior Sournia, 1973 Gonyaulax whaseongensis A.S.Lim, H.J.Jeong et Ji Hye Kim 2018 赤潮是因為海水被諸如膝溝藻屬物種這類有顏色的細胞在海洋中泛濫，從而令海水看起來像變了顏色似的。部分膝溝藻屬物種會產生毒素。舉例說：具刺膝沟藻（Gonyaulax spinifera）已知與虾夷扇贝毒素的生成相關；而扇貝毒素是一組在結構上與聚醚相關的毒素，能夠在食用貝殼類生物的體內累積，並產生跟中了麻痺性貝毒（PSP）類似的病徵。 膝溝藻. 教育百科. [2021-03-10] （中文（繁體））.  Rollo, Franco; Sassarolil, Stefano; Boni, Laurita; Marota, Isolina. Molecular typing of the red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra in phytoplankton suspensions (PDF). Aquatic Microbial Ecology. 1995-04-28, 9: 55 [2015-04-25]. doi:10.3354/ame009055. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-10）.  Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K. Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization. J. Phycol. 2015, 51 (3): 560–73. PMID 26986670. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304.  syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Hyun Jung Kim, Zhun Li, Haifeng Gu, Kenneth Neil Mertens, Joo Yeon Youn, Kyeong Yoon Kwak, Seok-Jin Oh, Kyoungsoon Shin, Yeong Du Yoo, Wonchoel Lee & Hyeon Ho Shin (2023) Gonyaulax geomunensis sp. nov. and two allied species (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) from Korean coastal waters and East China Sea: morphology, phylogeny and growth response to changes in temperature and salinity, Phycologia, 62:1, 48-67, DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2140548 syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 潘雪峰; 张鹰; 刘吉堂. 海州湾多纹膝沟藻赤潮的动态相关分析. 《海洋环境科学》 (植物通). 2007, 2007年 (06期): 523–526 [2021-03-10] （中文（简体））.  Kirkpatrick, Barbara; Fleming, Lora E.; Squicciarini, Dominick; Backer, Lorrie C.; Clark, Richard; Abraham, William; Benson, Janet; Cheng, Yung Sung; Johnson, David. Literature review of Florida red tide: implications for human health effects. Harmful Algae. 2004-04-01, 3 (2): 99–115. PMC 2856946 . PMID 20411030. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2003.08.005.  White, A W. Marine zoo plankton can accumulate and retain dinoflagellate toxins and cause fish kills. ASOL Limnology and Oceanography. Jan 1981, 26 (1): 103–9. Bibcode:1981LimOc..26..103W. JSTOR 2835810. doi:10.4319/lo.1981.26.1.0103 .  Diaz, Patricio; Molinet, Carlos; Seguel, Miriam; Labra, Gissela; Figueroa, Rosa. Coupling planktonic and benthic shifts during a bloom of Alexandrium catenella in southern Chile: Implications for bloom dynamics and recurrence. Harmful Algae. December 2014, 40 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2014.10.001 .