社会主义经济学

社会主义经济学（Socialist economics）包括假设的和现有的社会主义经济制度的经济理论、实践和规范。社会主义经济制度的特点是生产资料的社会所有和经营，可以采取自治合作社或以生产为载体的直接公有制形式直接用于使用而非盈利。利用市场在经济单位之间分配资本货物和生产要素的社会主义制度被称为市场社会主义。实行计划经济时，经济体制被指定为社会主义计划经济。非市场形式的社会主义通常包括以实物计算为基础的会计制度，以评估资源和货物。 社会主义经济学与不同的经济思想流派联系在一起。马克思经济学为基于资本主义分析的社会主义提供了基础，而新古典经济学和进化经济学提供了社会主义的综合模型。20世纪，社会主义计划经济和市场经济的建议和模式在很大程度上基于新古典经济学与马克思主义或制度经济学的综合。 作为一个术语，社会主义经济学也可以应用于分析在社会主义国家实施的以前和现有的经济制度，例如匈牙利经济学家雅诺什·科尔奈的著作。19世纪美国个人主义无政府主义者本杰明·塔克将亚当·斯密和李嘉图社会主义者以及皮埃尔-约瑟夫·蒲鲁东、卡尔·马克思和约西亚·沃伦的古典经济学与社会主义联系起来，认为社会主义思想有两个流派，即无政府主义社会主义和国家社会主义，它们的共同点是劳动价值论。社会主义者不同意对经济进行社会控制或监管的程度；社会应该在多大程度上进行干预，以及政府，特别是现有政府，是否是变革的正确工具，这些都是分歧的问题。 Lerner, A. P. Theory and Practice in Socialist Economics. The Review of Economic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press). October 1938, 6 (1): 71–75. JSTOR 2967541. doi:10.2307/2967541.  Sinclair, Upton. Upton Sinclair's: A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible. 1918. Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is 'social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.'  Busky, Donald F. Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Praeger. 2000: 2. ISBN 978-0275968861. Socialism may be defined as movements for social ownership and control of the economy. It is this idea that is the common element found in the many forms of socialism.  Rosser Jr., J. Barkley; Rosser, Mariana V. Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. 2003: 53. ISBN 978-0262182348. Socialism is an economic system characterized by state or collective ownership of the means of production, land, and capital.  Nove, Alec. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1–18. 2008. ISBN 978-1-349-95121-5. doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_1718-2. A society may be defined as socialist if the major part of the means of production of goods and services is in some sense socially owned and operated, by state, socialized or cooperative enterprises. The practical issues of socialism comprise the relationships between management and workforce within the enterprise, the interrelationships between production units (plan versus markets), and, if the state owns and operates any part of the economy, who controls it and how.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助) Arnold, N. Scott (1998). The Philosophy and Economics of Market Socialism: A Critical Study. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 8. "What else does a socialist economic system involve? Those who favor socialism generally speak of social ownership, social control, or socialization of the means of production as the distinctive positive feature of a socialist economic system." Bertrand Badie; Dirk Berg-Schlosser; Leonardo Morlino. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Sage Publications. 2011: 2456. ISBN 978-1412959636. Socialist systems are those regimes based on the economic and political theory of socialism, which advocates public ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources.  Arneson, Richard J. (April 1992). "Is Socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism". Ethics. 102 (3) pp. 485–511. Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0415919665. "More fundamentally, a socialist society must be one in which the economy is run on the principle of the direct satisfaction of human needs. [...] Exchange-value, prices and so money are goals in themselves in a capitalist society or in any market. There is no necessary connection between the accumulation of capital or sums of money and human welfare. Under conditions of backwardness, the spur of money and the accumulation of wealth has led to a massive growth in industry and technology. [...] It seems an odd argument to say that a capitalist will only be efficient in producing use-value of a good quality when trying to make more money than the next capitalist. It would seem easier to rely on the planning of use-values in a rational way, which because there is no duplication, would be produced more cheaply and be of a higher quality. [...] Although money, and so monetary calculation, will disappear in socialism this does not mean that there will no longer be any need to make choices, evaluations and calculations. [...] Wealth will be produced and distributed in its natural form of useful things, of objects that can serve to satisfy some human need or other. Not being produced for sale on a market, items of wealth will not acquire an exchange-value in addition to their use-value. In socialism their value, in the normal non-economic sense of the word, will not be their selling price nor the time needed to produce them but their usefulness. It is for this that they will be appreciated, evaluated, wanted and produced."" Steele, David Ramsay. From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. Open Court. 1999: 175–77. ISBN 978-0875484495. Especially before the 1930s, many socialists and anti-socialists implicitly accepted some form of the following for the incompatibility of state-owned industry and factor markets. A market transaction is an exchange of property titles between two independent transactors. Thus internal market exchanges cease when all of industry is brought into the ownership of a single entity, whether the state or some other organization [...], the discussion applies equally to any form of social or community ownership, where the owning entity is conceived as a single organization or administration.  Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. Stanford University Press. 2011: 20. ISBN 978-0804775663. [S]ocialism would function without capitalist economic categories—such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent—and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognised the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilise the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.  Lawler, James; Ollman, Bertell; Schweickart, David; Ticktin, Hillel (1998). "The Difference Between Marxism and Market Socialism". Market Socialism: The Debate Among Socialists. New York; London: Routledge. pp. 60–64. ISBN 0415919665. Socialist Party of Great Britain. Socialism and Calculation (PDF). World Socialist Movement. [15 February 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于7 June 2011）.  Veblein, Throstein. The Socialist Economics of Karl Marx and His Followers. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press). February 1907, 21 (2): 299–322. JSTOR 1883435. doi:10.2307/1883435.  Roemer, John. A Future for Socialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press). 1994. ISBN 978-0674339460.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助) Taylor, Fred M. The Guidance of Production in a Socialist State. The American Economic Review. 1929, 19 (1): 1–8. JSTOR 1809581.  Enrico Barone, "Il Ministro della Produzione nello Stato Collettivista", Giornale degli Economisti, 2, pp. 267–93, trans. as "The Ministry of Production in the Collectivist State", in F. A. Hayek, ed. (1935), Collectivist Economic Planning, ISBN 978-0-7100-1506-8 pp. 245–90. F. Caffé (1987), "Barone, Enrico", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, ISBN 978-1-56159-197-8, v. 1, p. 195. János Kornai (1992), The Socialist System: the political economy of communism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-828776-6, p. 476. Mark Skousen (2001), Making Modern Economics, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-0479-8,pp. 414–15. Robin Hahnel (2005), Economic Justice and Democracy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-93344-5, p. 170 Kornai, János: The Socialist System. The Political Economy of Communism. Princeton: Princeton University Press and Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992; Kornai, János: Economics of Shortage. Munich: Elsevier 1980. A concise summary of Kornai's analysis can be found in Verdery, Katherine: Anthropology of Socialist Societies. In: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, ed. Neil Smelser and Paul B. Baltes. Amsterdam: Pergamon Press 2002, available for download. Brown, Susan Love (1997). "The Free Market as Salvation from Government". In Carrier, James G., ed. Meanings of the Market: The Free Market in Western Culture. Berg Publishers. p. 107. ISBN 978-1859731499. Docherty, James C.; Lamb, Peter, eds. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. 73. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 9780810855601.