南島語系人稱代詞

南島語系人稱代詞 (austronesian personal pronouns) 為說明不同的南島語系人稱代詞表達法之代詞系統。一般而言，南島語系人稱代詞比其它語言複雜些；不過，其人稱代詞亦可作為格位標記使用。 下列原始南島語 (PAN) 及原始馬來-玻里尼西亞語族人稱代詞為白樂思2009年所重建。 2006年，馬爾康·羅斯(Malcolm Ross（英语：Malcolm Ross (linguist)）)也提出七種不同的人稱代詞類別。類別以原始南島語(PAN)第1人稱單數(我)為範例，如下列出。 中性格 (e.g., PAN *i-aku) 主格 1 (比如，PAN *aku) 主格 2 (比如，PAN *=ku, *[S]aku) 賓格 (比如，PAN *i-ak-ən) 屬格 1 (比如，PAN *=[a]ku) 屬格 2 (比如，PAN *(=)m-aku) 屬格 3 (比如，PAN *n-aku) 下列為羅斯2002年所提出之南島語代詞系統，包含五種類別，也涵蓋一般式(free，比如：獨立式或則非分離式)、一般敬語式( free polite)，及三種屬格分類。 下列魯凱語主要參考自齊莎莉論文(Zeitoun 1997)。李壬癸院士(2001)將魯凱語分為幾個分支如下： 魯凱語 萬山 (Mantauran) 250–300人 (主要分支) 馬加–多納 馬加 (Maga) 多納 (Tona) 霧台–大南(主要魯凱語) 霧台 (Budai) 大南 (Tanan；亦稱 Taromak) 本鄒語人稱代詞表參考自"齊莉莎"(Zeitoun 2005:265).鄒語人稱代詞分「附著格式」(bound)、「一般格式」(free/自由格式)兩類。而代詞附著格式前用连字号(-)註記。且人稱代詞也兼具有格位標記之功能。台灣南島語除鄒語(主格及屬格附著)及巴宰語、噶哈巫語等之外，絕大多數無第3人稱(單複數)主格附著格式。第3人稱分視界內(看得見/visible)，及視界外(看不見/non-visible)兩類。 巴宰語人稱代名詞參考自李壬癸院士(Li 2000)。(注意：第3人稱<近/遠/無>為"視界"(view)之表示法) 巴宰語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"代表"愛蘭巴宰語"、在"巴宰語"項目上"字母(A)"會省略不用，"字母(K)"代表"四庄噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用连字号(-)註記。 噶哈巫語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"表示"愛蘭巴宰語"，"字母(K)"表示"四庄噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用连字号(-)註記。表內詞語加上"角括號"(angle bracket)表示推測應存在的語詞。第3人稱的：近(視界內的近/on view/visible/here)、遠(視界內的遠/on view/visible/there)、無(視界外的很遠/out of view/invisible/very far away)，如:複數中性格代詞(yasia)表視界外的"他們"或"那些"。 噶哈巫語人稱代詞不分性別。"字母(A)"代表"愛蘭巴宰語"、在"巴宰語"項目上"字母(A)"會省略不用，"字母(K)"代表"四庄噶哈巫語"。而代詞附著格式前用连字号(-)註記。 賽夏語人稱代詞系統參考自(Hsieh & Huang 2006:93). 邵語人稱代名詞參考自白樂思(Blust 2003:207).要注意的是複數第1人稱排除式(除了屬格為naam/nam)、第2人稱，及第3人稱的變化大抵相同。 下列費佛朗語參考自李壬癸院士論文(Li 2003:8)。所有的格式採用原型(free form)。屬格代詞加上後綴/-a/。 The Mayrinax and Wulai Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995).In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound). 賽德克語人稱代詞也兼具有格位標記之功能。台灣南島語除鄒語(主格附著)及巴宰語等之外，絕大多數無第3人稱(單複數)主格附著格式。表中的"中性格"可當主格、屬格、斜格(受格/賓語)，即中性格沒有格位區分；類同於噶哈巫語人稱代詞中性格的用法。 The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997). 重構的大武壠語人稱代詞系統： 噶瑪蘭語人稱代詞系統參考自李壬癸院士(Li 2006:30)。 巴賽語人稱代詞系統參考自李壬癸院士(Li 1999:639)。 Takivatan Bunun personal pronoun roots are (De Busser 2009:453): 1s: -ak- 2s: -su- 3s: -is- 1p (incl.): -at- 1p (excl.): -ðam- 2p: -(a)mu- 3p: -in- The tables of Takivatan Bunun personal pronouns below are sourced from De Busser (2009:441). 郡社群布農語人稱代詞有些許的不同(De Busser 2009:454)。 The Kuɬaɬau Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982:14). 南王卑南語人稱代詞參考自(Teng 2008:61-64)。 巴丹語群達悟語人稱代詞本身會隨著數、格（附著）及时态改變時而進行变格運作。表列人稱代詞分「附著格式」(bound)、「未來式」(future)，及「一般格式」(free/非未來式)。而代詞附著格式前用连字号(-)註記。台灣南島語除鄒語及噶哈巫語等之外，絕大多數無第3人稱（單複數）主格附著格式。不過屬於馬來-玻里尼西亞語族的達悟語卻有第三人稱單複數主格附著格式的使用。 Ilokano personal pronouns distinguish three cases: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. They also distinguish three numbers: singular, dual and plural. Accent marks in the following table are not written, but given here for pronunciation purposes. Like nouns, Tagalog personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive. 同名詞一樣，宿霧語人稱代詞是由格位來分類。 *The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective. **The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped. When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form. *When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko. 非正式代詞aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami,及kita為馬來語原有的. 物主代詞 Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table". 爪哇語非正式的人稱代名詞aku及kowe均來自南島語。 Javanese lacks of personal pronouns. For first person plural, Javanese use awake dhewe that means "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just dhewe, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For third person singular, Javanese use dheweke that means "itself" (cf. Malay : dirinya), from dhewe (self, alone) + -k-(as euphony) + -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic), or wonge (cf. Malay : orangnya) that means "the person", from wong (person)+ -(n)e (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative). The rest of plural pronouns uses words kabeh/ sedaya/ sedanten that all means "all" after the singular form. Aku, kowe, and dheweke have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns : griyane kula, omahe awake dhewe, dalemipun panjenengan "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)". The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb, light colour) or postposed (after the verb, dark colour). The first are the normal subjective pronouns, the latter the stressed subjective pronouns, which sometimes implies reflexive pronouns, or with kia te in front the objective pronouns. (There are no possessions involved in the cardinal pronouns and therefore no subjective and objective forms to be considered). Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker. 在正式的口語裏面，語根的全形：<mā-、tā-，及 lā-> 爲 <imā-、itā-，及 ilā->。 The a-class possessive pronouns refer to alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses. The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts. Blust, Robert A. 2009. The Austronesian Languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 0858836025, 978-0858836020. Ross, Malcolm (2006). Reconstructing the case-marking and personal pronoun systems of Proto Austronesian. In Henry Y. Chang and Lillian M. Huang and Dah-an Ho, eds, Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-kuei Li on His 70th Birthday, 521-564. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 1997. The Pronominal System of Mantauran (Rukai) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Dec., 1997), pp. 312-346. Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2001. "The Dispersal of the Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan." Languages and Linguistics 2.1:271-278, 2001. Zeitoun, Elizabeth. 2005. "Tsou." In Adelaar, K. Alexander and Nikolaus Himmelmann, eds. 2005. The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Psychology Press. 李壬癸 院士,"珍惜台灣南島語",台灣本鋪：前衛出版社,台北市,2010年1月,pp.129-131. ISBN 978-957-801-635-4 Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2000. Some Aspects of Pazeh Syntax （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, No. 29, Grammatical Analysis: Morphology, Syntax, and Semantics (2000). 李壬癸/土田滋,"巴宰語詞典(Pazih Dictionary)[1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）,中央研究院語言學研究所,台北,2001年9月.ISBN 957-671-790-6（中文）（英文） 政治大學原住民族語言教育文化研究中心主編，〈國民中小學九年一貫課程語文學習領域 原住民語-巴宰語〉[2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），台北，教育部/原住民族委員會發行,2015/02/19查閱. Hsieh Fuhui and Huang Xuanfan. 2006. "The Pragmatics of Case Marking in Saisiyat." Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 45, Number 1, June 2006, pp. 91-109. Blust, R. A. (2003). Thao dictionary. Taipei: Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academic Sinica. PAN *ni-ku. PAN *ni-Su. PAN *ni-a Huang, Lillian M. (1995). The syntactic structure of Wulai and Mayrinax Atayal: a comparison. Bull. National Taiwan Normal University, Vol. 40, pp. 261-294. Adelaar, K. Alexander. 1997. Grammar Notes on Siraya, an Extinct Formosan Language （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Dec., 1997), pp. 362-397. Adelaar, Alexander. Siraya. Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language.. 2014. ISBN 9783110252958. Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Tsunekazu. Linguistics Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. 東京: The University of Tokyo, Department of Linguistics. 1991-03. 李壬癸. 新港文書研究. 中央研究院語言學研究所. 2010: 1–12. ISBN 978-986-02-3342-1. Paul Jen-kuei Li (李壬癸) and Shigeru Tsuchida (土田滋) (2006) Kavalan Dictionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Language and Linguistics Monograph Series A-19. ISBN 978-986-00-6993-8. Li, Paul Jen-kuei (1999). Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics. In Zeitoun, E., & Li, P. J-K., Selected Papers From the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Taipei, Taiwan: Academica Sinica. De Busser, Rik. 2009. Towards a Grammar of Takivatan: Selected Topics. PhD dissertation at the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia. Possessor of subject 張郇慧,"雅美語參考語法",遠流出版,臺北,2005年1月1日. ISBN 957-32-3899-3 何德華,董瑪女,"臺灣南島語言叢書14達悟語語法概論",行政院原住民族委員會, 2016-09-28. ISBN 978-986-04-9218-7 李壬癸院士,"珍惜台灣南島語言",前衛出版社,2010-1,p.201. ISBN 9789578016354 The series of absolutive enclitics is sometimes referred to as the -ak series, a name derived from the form of the first person singular. The series of ergative enclitics series is sometimes referred to as the -ko series, a name derived from the form of the first person singular. These forms are a combination of the obsolete variant of the personal article si and the absolutive enclitic form. When the enclitic particle -(e)n is attached, the form becomes -akon indicating that it once was -ako in the history of the language. (cf. Tagalog) The final o is lost when the precending word ends in a simple vowel and when there are no following enclitics. Compare the following: Asom Your dog Asomonto It will be your dog. When attaching to either of the suffixes, -en or -an, the -n of the suffix is lost. The 3rd person singular has no ending or form; it is inferred by context. Kata, nita and kanita is not widely used. Kita was the alternative pronoun for first person dual. Schütz, Albert J. 1995. All About Hawaiian, U. of Hawaii Press. Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 1997. "A Syntactic Typology of Formosan Languages — Case Markers on Nouns and Pronouns." In Li, Paul Jen-kuei. 2004. Selected Papers on Formosan Languages. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica. 原始南島語 美国国家科学院院刊(PNAS) 南島語系石化詞綴(Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages（英语：Fossilized affixes in Austronesian languages）) 包含式(Clusivity/排除式) 語言石化(Fossilization (linguistics)（英语：Fossilization (linguistics)）) Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 计算机构建原始语，历史语言学家遭遇“危机” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）