尤金·山道

尤金·山道（Eugen Sandow；1867年4月2日—1925年10月14日），本名弗里德里希·威廉·穆勒（Friedrich Wilhelm Müller ，德语：[ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈmʏlɐ]），是一名普鲁士健美运动员，号称现代健美之父。1901年，他伦敦的皇家阿尔伯特音乐厅举办了世界上第一个大型健美比赛，与阿瑟·柯南·道尔等一起担任评委。 他于1867年4月2日出生于普魯士王國柯尼斯堡（今加里寧格勒）的一个犹太人家庭。他的父亲是德国人，而他的母亲是俄罗斯血统。虽然他的父母都出生于犹太家庭，但后来都成为路德宗信徒，也希望他成为一名路德宗牧师。为避免服兵役，他于1885年离开普鲁士游历欧洲，曾加入马戏团，并取了化名尤金·山道。 在布鲁塞尔，他参观了路德维格·德拉克（Ludwig Durlacher）的健身房，并受到后者赏识和指导，让他前往伦敦参加大力士比赛，由此出名。 小弗洛伦茨·齐格菲尔德想在芝加哥举行的1893年芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会上雇佣他进行表演，但之前莫里斯·格劳（Maurice Grau）已经签下山道，每周支付1000美元。齐格菲尔德虽然给不了那么多，但同意以总收入的10%作为补偿。 1894年，爱迪生影业拍摄了以他为主角的三部短片《山道》（Sandow）。他开设了自己的健身房“Sandow Institute”，1898年，他创办月刊《山道体育杂志》（Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture），随后又出版了不少体育类书籍，并创造了“body-building”（健美）一词。 1901年，山道在伦敦皇家阿爾伯特音樂廳举办了世界上第一场大型健美比赛。会场人满为患。主持比赛的三位评委是雕塑家查尔斯·贝内特·劳斯、作家阿瑟·柯南·道尔和山道本人。 1902年，山道在纽约市的举重比赛中被凯蒂·布鲁姆巴赫击败。这场胜利后，布鲁姆巴赫给自己改了姓“Sandwina”（Sandow一名的女性化）。 他周游世界，去过南非、印度、日本、澳大利亚、新西兰等。从1909年开始，他自费为英國陸軍預備役部隊新兵提供训练，使他们达到体能标准。 1911年，他成为乔治五世的体育老师。 山道于1925年10月14日在伦敦肯辛顿的家中去世，当时报道称他死于腦出血，享年58岁。据称，这是由于他两三年前在没有帮助的情况下，用力将一辆遭遇车祸的汽车从沟里抬出来所致。其死亡报告显示死因为主動脈瘤，但其实他没有经过尸检。 应妻子的要求，桑多安葬在帕特尼谷公墓（Putney Vale Cemetery），未树立墓碑，传闻这是因为他婚后出轨。但她的妻子对原因一直避而不谈。2002年，他的墓碑才由仰慕者树立起来，2008年由其后代重新立碑。 山道于1894年与曼彻斯特摄影师沃里克·布鲁克斯（Warwick Brooks）的女儿布兰奇·布鲁克斯结婚，育有两个女儿。 他在伦敦肯辛顿荷兰公园大道（Holland Park Avenue）的家是他的崇拜者、一个印度商人（Dhunjibhoy Bomanji）1906年赠与的，后者因为采用了他的锻炼方法而改善了身体健康。 "How to Preserve Health and Attain Strength", Cosmopolitan, vol. XVII, no. 2, June 1894, pp. 169-176. Sandow's System of Physical Training (1894) Sandow on Physical Training (1894) Strength and how to Obtain It (1897) Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture (1898–1907) Body-Building Strength and Health The Construction and Reconstruction of the Human Body (1907) Life is Movement (1919) Death of Sandow. Time magazine. 26 October 1925 [2009-02-19]. （原始内容存档于19 February 2012）. As it must to all men, Death came last week to Eugene Sandow, aged 58, chest expansion 14 inches.  Strength and How to Obtain It （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Louise Maher. The Mighty Sandow: How the world's strongest man wowed Australian audiences in 1902. ABC Radio. 29 Apr 2015 [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.  Baader, Benjamin Maria; Gillerman, Sharon; Lerner, Paul. Jewish Masculinities. Indiana University Press. 2012 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 9780253002136. JSTOR j.ctt16gz5c0. （原始内容存档于2023-04-07）.  Chapman, David L. Sandow the Magnificent: Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding. Sport and society. University of Illinois Press. 1994: 6 [27 January 2019]. ISBN 978-0-252-02033-9. OCLC 538245261.  "Adam hints at the quarrel by reporting that Sandow's parents at first wanted their son to become a Lutheran minister, but later relented when it became obvious that he had no inclinations in that field." Full text of "Sandow on physical training : a study in the perfect type of the human form". 1894.  Sandow, Eugen; Adam, G. Mercer. Sandow on physical training: a study in the perfect type of the human form. New York : J. S. Tait. 1 January 1894.  Louis Attila. Legendary Strength. 29 October 2013 [2014-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-10-05）.  Eugen Sandow. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2009-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-07）. At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago he joined Florenz Ziegfeld's Trocadero Company and toured the continent for several years. Ziegfeld's Follies and his glorification of the American girl were inspired in part by his earlier successful showcasing of Sandow. Noted physical educator Dudley Sargent of Harvard University examined Sandow and judged him to be the finest specimen of manhood he had seen. By the time he left the United States, Sandow's name was a household word, and he had earned more than a quarter million dollars.  Florenz Ziegfeld Dies in Hollywood After Long Illness. The New York Times. Associated Press. 23 July 1933 [2009-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-15）. In New York the younger Ziegfeld knew Maurice Grau, grand opera impresario, had under contract Eugene Sandow. The "perfect man" Mr. Grau esteemed as worth $1,000 a week. Mr. Ziegfeld could not guarantee anybody $1,000 a week and so offered 10% of the gross. The deal was made and Sandow went to the World's Fair.  Souvenir Strip of the Edison Kinetoscope (Sandow, the Modern Hercules). Film Threat. 11 April 2008 [2008-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-09）.  Plaque to father of body-building. BBC. 16 February 2009 [2009-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-09）. Fitness pioneer Eugen Sandow devised the first major body-building contest, which was held at the Royal Albert Hall in 1901. Sandow opened a gym, the Institute of Physical Culture, and performed on the stage all over the world. The plaque was unveiled at 161 Holland Park Avenue, where he lived from 1906 until he died at aged 58 in 1925.  Patrick Scott, 'Body-Building and Empire-Building: George Douglas Brown, The South African War, and Sandow's Magazine of Physical Culture, Victorian Periodicals Review, 41:1 (2008), pp. 78–94. Eugen Sandow: Bodybuilding's Great Pioneer by David Chapman – Author of 'Sandow the Magnificent – Eugen Sandow and the Beginnings of Bodybuilding' 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2010-03-25. Steve Ward. Beneath the Big Top: A Social History of the Circus in Britain. Pen and Sword. 2014: 163–164. ISBN 9781783030491.  The Great Sandwina, Circus Strongwoman and Restaurateur. 26 December 2017 [7 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-09）.  Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 48. Oxford University Press. 2004: 904–905. ISBN 0-19-861398-9. Entry by Mark Pottle. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 48. : 904.  Eugen Sandow.. Hartford Courant. 15 October 1925 [2008-04-20]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-24）. Eugen Sandow, who died yesterday in London, was a physical weakling as a child and yet he became known as "the world's strongest man" and was probably entitled to the honor.  Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 48. : 905.  Why I Wanted to Visit a Dead Man’s Grave. Physical Culture Study. [2023-09-03]. （原始内容存档于2023-09-29）.  "Pretty Enough to Be Delilah," The Illustrated American, October 13, 1894 Sandow, Eugen. Strength and How to Obtain It 4th. Elibron Books. 2005 [1911] [2012-07-29]. ISBN 1-4021-5900-5.  Цитатник Mug. Eugen Sandow, the father of bodybuilding. Live Internet Russia. 2011-01-31 [2012-07-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.  SANDOW, Eugen (1867–1925). English Heritage. [2018-06-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-08）.  Waller, David. The perfect man : the muscular life and times of Eugen Sandow, Victorian strongman. Brighton. 2011: 200. ISBN 978-1-906469-25-2. OCLC 774635051.  Eugen Sandow: Fakir of Physical Culture. OPEN Magazine. December 2011 [2018-06-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-02） （英语）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：尤金·山道 Eugene Sandow - 古滕堡分布式校对（加拿大） Eugen Sandow & The Golden Age of Iron Men （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 互联网档案馆中尤金·山道的作品或与之相关的作品 來自尤金·山道的LibriVox公共領域有聲讀物 尤金·山道在互联网电影资料库（IMDb）上的資料（英文）