股节弦音器官

股节弦音器官是一组位于昆虫腿部的机械感觉神经元（图 1）。它的主要功能是检测股节/胫节关节的运动和位置。 该器官是一种本体感受器（proprioceptor）。它把股节/胫节处关节运动和位置的相关信息传递到腹侧神经索（ventral nerve cord, VNC）和大脑，从而在对腿部位置和运动的控制中起到了至关重要的作用 。 股节弦音器官神经元的细胞体通常位于股节近端（靠近身体的一端） 。它们的树突通过不同类型的肌腱连接到胫节外骨骼上。 在模式生物果蝇中，科学家可以通过轴突在腹神经索中的形态来辨别不同类型的股节弦音器官神经元，并且可以通过基因学的方法来特异性地标记这些神经元。在果蝇中，这些神经元可以被分为三种亚型（图2） ：棒状神经元（club）的轴突投射到腹神经索的中心，并且形成形似球棒的神经束；爪状神经元（claw）的轴突在腹神经索中分叉成三个形状像鸟爪的分支；钩状神经元（hook）的轴突形状像弯钩。 股节弦音器官神经元编码股节/胫节处关节的各种运动学特征，包括位置、速度、加速度和振动。 这些不同的运动学特征是由上述提到的解剖学上不同的神经元亚型编码的 （图2）。胫节的位置由爪状神经元编码，振动由棒状神经元编码，运动方向由钩状神经元编码。 一般认为股节弦音器官参与腿部运动的精确控制。通过研究竹节虫和蝗虫的股节弦音器官，人们发现该器官在昆虫行走 和抓取物体的过程中起到重要作用。 股节弦音器官通过介导反射行为来控制腿部运动 （图3）。在昆虫处于静止状态时，该反射会在肢体被外力移动时起作用，从而产生与外力相反的力，阻止肢体受外力影响而移动。在昆虫处于运动状态时，该反射会发生逆转，不再阻止肢体的运动，反而会促进肢体的周期性屈曲与伸展 。 Field, Laurence H.; Matheson, Thomas, Evans, P. D. , 编, Chordotonal Organs of Insects, Advances in Insect Physiology 27, Academic Press: 1–228, 1998-01-01 [2022-02-03], ISBN 9780120242276, doi:10.1016/s0065-2806(08)60013-2 （英语）  BÄSSLER, ULRICH. 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