統一俄羅斯

統一俄羅斯（俄语：Единая Россия，羅馬化：Yedinaya Rossiya）是俄羅斯目前的執政黨。它成立于2001年4月，主要是由尤里·卢日科夫、叶夫根尼·普里马科夫和明季梅尔·沙伊米耶夫領導的“祖国—全俄罗斯”联盟與谢尔盖·绍伊古、亞歷山大·古洛夫和運動員出身亞歷山大·卡列林為首的“团结”党合併而成。俄羅斯總統普京曾任該党主席，之后仍与其关系紧密。现今該黨主席为俄罗斯联邦安全会议副主席德米特里·梅德韦杰夫。 俄罗斯反对派称该党为“骗子与小偷党”，该词由俄罗斯反对派领袖阿列克謝·納瓦爾尼于2011年首创。 統一俄羅斯创立之初，因為普京的高人氣，使其在地方與聯邦選舉中有很好的成果。在2003年俄羅斯議會選舉之中，該黨得到37%的支持率。2005年1月，該黨擁有全議會450席中的305席，達到了「宪法多数」。統一俄羅斯黨也在俄羅斯聯邦委員會（上議院）中178個代表中擁有88名代表席次。在2004年總統選舉，統一俄羅斯黨支持普京，并有助于他的胜利。 普京政府任職的部長、許多地區的首長以及其他在整個俄羅斯聯邦政府高級官員都是該黨的黨員。根據官方網站宣稱，到2007年7月20日時已經有153万名黨員。根據統一俄羅斯黨自己在2005年9月20日登記的資料，那個時候該黨在全俄羅斯就有2600個地方黨部與29856個小辦事處。 2007年俄罗斯国家杜马选举中該黨被指控多次進行俄羅斯憲法所禁止、違反選舉法的選舉犯罪活動。2011年国家杜马選舉中該黨取得238個席次。2016年国家杜马選舉中該黨取得343個席次。2021年俄羅斯國家杜馬選舉該黨取得324個席次。 存档副本. [2017-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-25）.  Chen, Cheng. The Return of Ideology: The Search for Regime Identities in Postcommunist Russia and China. University of Michigan Press. 2016: 87 [2017-10-30]. ISBN 978-0-472-11993-6. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.  Laruelle, Marlène. Nationalism as Conservative Centrism: United Russia. In the Name of the Nation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009: 119–152. ISBN 978-1-349-38117-3. doi:10.1057/9780230101234_5.  Sakwa, Richard. Power and Policy in Putin's Russia. Routledge. 2013: 7 [2017-10-14]. ISBN 978-1-317-98994-3. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）.  de Vogel, Sasha. New Russian "Patriots". The Institute of Modern Russia. 2012-10-25 [2017-05-26]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-05）.  Chaisty, Paul; Whitefield, Stephen. Putin's Nationalism Problem. E-International Relations. 2015-04-20. . Is 'National Conservatism' the New Ideology of the Russian People?. Diena. 2008-12-05 [2018-01-11]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-22）.  Lansford, Tom. Political Handbook of the World 2015. CQR Press. 2014. United Russia ... espouses “social conservatism”  Путин, ОНФ и корпоративное государство. [2022-05-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-08）.  "Единая Россия" вступила в Центристский демократический интернационал. [2021-10-02]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-02）.  «Единая Россия» отвергает все формы социального, экономического популизма, национализма и радикализма. Народная программа «Единой России». [2021-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）.  White, Stephen. Graeme Gill; James Young , 编. Public opinion and voting behaviour. Routledge Handbook of Russian Politics and Society (Routledge). 2012: 359.  Coalson, Robert. Russia: Kremlin Labors To Get "A Just Russia" Into The Next Duma. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2007-09-05 [2021-11-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）.  Gönen, Selim. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.  Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始内容存档于2021-11-26）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.  SELIM GÖNEN. Uncertainty looms as Putin carves the future of troubled Russia. Daily Sabah. 2020-01-17 [2020-01-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-01-18）. Meanwhile, the State Duma, the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, is currently dominated by members of the current ruling right-wing political party United Russia.  Finn, Peter. Kremlin-Backed Opposition Party Foundering as Elections Loom. The Washington Post. 2007-10-26 [2018-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-27）. 'As of today, we are truly an opposition party,' Mironov told reporters the day after Putin informed a United Russia congress that he would lead the party at the polls. 'And the president's support consists only of this: He agrees that Russia needs not only the right-wing United Russia but also a powerful socialist or social democratic party. And we don't need any more from him. The rest we'll do ourselves, relying on the support of our voters.'  Borisov, Sergey. United Russia 'determined itself as a right-wing party'. RT. 2009-11-23 [2018-03-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-29）. Having called themselves "conservatives," the members of United Russia "have simply determined their place" as a right-wing party, political scientist Dmitry Travin said. That means that they are "politicians who defend values of the market economy based on national traditions," Rosbalt news agency quoted him as saying.  Paulo Vicente Alves. Emerging Markets Report 1st. AVEC Editora. 2014 [2018-03-27]. ISBN 9788567901053. （原始内容存档于2020-04-27）. Here are the two main parties, the "Right-Wing" United Russia and the "Statist" CPRF (Communist Party). United Russia was created in 2001 from the union of the Unity and Fatherland parties. Their "Right-Wing" position in the frontier of "Leftist" groups shows how hard it is to define United Russia but it is definitely trying to move Russia toward capitalism with stability.  Mitchell A. Orenstein (编). The Lands in Between: Russia vs. the West and the New Politics of Hybrid War. Oxford University Press. 2019: 141.  F. Stephen Larrabee; Stephanie Pezard; Andrew Radin; Nathan Chandler; Keith Crane; Thomas S. Szayna (编). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crisis: European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures. Rand Corporation. 2014: 55 [2022-05-03]. ISBN 9780833094094. （原始内容存档于2022-04-28）.  Anton Shekhovtsov (编). Russia and the Western Far Right: Tango Noir. Routledge. 2017: 44.  （俄文）http://www.er.ru/news.html?rid=298 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2007-04-09. （英文）http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/12/02/europe/EU-POL-Russia-Election-Violations.php （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） United Russia to have 238 seats at new State Duma （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. itar-tass.com (2011-12-06) 統一俄羅斯官方網站 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 统一俄罗斯國家杜馬黨团官方網站 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 統一俄羅斯（莫斯科） （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 統一俄羅斯（烏拉爾）