缺氧事件

缺氧事件或大洋缺氧事件指的是海洋中氧氣缺乏的一段時期，期間海水中的硫化氫（H 2S）含量大幅增加。它在地質史上曾多次發生，同時伴隨而來的是生物集群灭绝。因此生物地層學上將缺氧時間當成時間劃分的一個重要指標。它的成因可能是氣候變暖、溫室氣體增加及洋流速度變緩等，而釋放出大量二氧化碳的火山作用是其主要外部成因 絕大部分的缺氧事件都發生在侏羅紀、白堊紀等氣溫上升、二氧化碳含量增加的時期，缺氧事件中平均海水表面溫度超過25 °C（77 °F），而現代則不過13 °C（55 °F）。氣溫上升的原因可能是原本封存于地殼中的天然氣大規模釋放。 海洋低氧现象 Timothy W. Lyons, Ariel D. Anbar, Silke Severmann, Clint Scott, and Benjamin C. Gill. Tracking Euxinia in the Ancient Ocean: A Multiproxy Perspective and Proterozoic Case Study. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. January 19, 2009, 37: 507–53 [April 11, 2014]. Bibcode:2009AREPS..37..507L. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124233. （原始内容存档于2020-05-15）.  Wignall, Paul B.; Richard J. Twitchett. Oceanic Anoxia and the End Permian Mass Extinction. Science. 5265. 24 May 1996, 272 (5265): 1155–1158 [12 September 2011]. Bibcode:1996Sci...272.1155W. PMID 8662450. doi:10.1126/science.272.5265.1155. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）.  Peters, Walters; Modowan K.E. The Biomarker Guide, Volume 2: Biomarkers and Isotopes in the Petroleum Exploration and Earth History. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 749 [2017-03-29]. ISBN 978-0-521-83762-0. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Katja M Meyer; Lee R Kump. Oceanic euxinia in Earth history: Causes and consequences. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. January 9, 2008, 36: 251–288 [2014-04-11]. Bibcode:2008AREPS..36..251M. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.36.031207.124256. （原始内容存档于2020-02-26）.  What would 3 degrees mean?. [2008-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2008-07-19）.  Mark Lynas. Six Steps to Hell: The Facts on Global Warming. May 1, 2007 [2008-07-08]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-02）.  Gronstal, A. L. Gasping for Breath in the Jurassic Era. Imaginova. 2008-04-24 [2008-04-24]. （原始内容存档于29 April 2008）.  Pearce, C. R.; Cohen, A. S.; Coe, A. L.; Burton, K. W. Molybdenum isotope evidence for global ocean anoxia coupled with perturbations to the carbon cycle during the Early Jurassic. Geology (Geological Society of America). March 2008, 36 (3): 231–234 [2008-04-24]. Bibcode:2008Geo....36..231P. doi:10.1130/G24446A.1. （原始内容存档于29 April 2008）.  Kashiyama, Yuichiro; Nanako O. Ogawa; Junichiro Kuroda; Motoo Shiro; Shinya Nomoto; Ryuji Tada; Hiroshi Kitazato; Naohiko Ohkouchi. Diazotrophic cyanobacteria as the major photoautotrophs during mid-Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Nitrogen and carbon isotopic evidence from sedimentary porphyrin. Organic Geochemistry. May 2008, 39 (5): 532–549. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.11.010.  Kump, L.R.; Pavlov, A. & Arthur, M.A. Massive release of hydrogen sulfide to the surface ocean and atmosphere during intervals of oceanic anoxia. Geology. 2005, 33 (5): 397–400. Bibcode:2005Geo....33..397K. doi:10.1130/G21295.1.  Hallam, A. Catastrophes and lesser calamities: the causes of mass extinctions. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. 2004: 91–607. ISBN 0-19-852497-8.  Demaison G.J. and Moore G.T., (1980),"Anoxic environments and oil source bed genesis". American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) Bulletin, Vol.54, 1179–1209. Hot and stinky: The oceans without oxygen （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Charles E. Jones; Hugh C. Jenkyns. Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor spreading (PDF). American Journal of Science. February 2001. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2005-05-07）.  R.D. Pancost; N. Crawford; S. Magness; A. Turner; H.C. Jenkyns; J.R. Maxwell. Further evidence for photic-zone euxinic conditions during Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 2004, 161: 353–364. doi:10.1144/0016764903-059. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-10-09）.  Hugh Jenkyns talking about the Bonarelli Level and OAEs [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Original article (Geologie en Mijnbouw, 55, 179–184, 1976) on oceanic anoxic events authored by Seymour Schlanger and Hugh Jenkyns [2] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）