水猿假說

水猿假說（英語：Aquatic ape hypothesis，AAH）是對人類演化過程的一個假說，這個假說認為現代人類的共同祖先曾經度過一段半水棲時期，之後才又回到以陸地為主的生活方式。 這個假說起源於提出者觀察到人類與水棲哺乳類生物之間，存在著類似的生理結構，因此提出這個假說，支持者認為這解釋了人類如何演化出雙足步行方式與無毛的體表。 目前這項假說已被否證，人類學家更普遍將水猿假說給視為偽科學。 1942年，德國病理學家魏斯登霍法首先提出這種說法，但是沒有受到重視。1960年，英國海洋生物學家阿利斯特·哈代在《新科學家》發表水棲猿類的短文，但是並未被學界所廣泛接受。1967年，英國動物學家莫里斯在《裸猿》中簡短提及這個概念，英國作家伊莲·N·摩根讀到這本書，進而研究並出版一系列有關水猿假說的著作。 水猿假說已被否證，人類學家更普遍忽略水猿假說，並將之視為偽科學學說。然而學術界外，這項假說依舊有大卫·爱登堡等少數支持者；此外，這項假說已成為一種月經文，直至2019年都還有人嘗試推廣。 人魚 幼態延續 Rae TC, Koppe T. Sinuses and flotation: does the aquatic ape theory hold water?. Evolutionary Anthropology. 2014, 23 (2): 60–4. PMID 24753346. S2CID 5456280. doi:10.1002/evan.21408 . most practicing anthropologists are unbothered by the Aquatic Ape Theory (AAT) and its advocates, except perhaps when a student brings it up in lecture  Rafferty SM. Chapter 6: Biological anthropology and pseudoscience. Misanthropology – Science, Pseudoscience, and the Study of Humanity 1st (Routledge). 2022: 100–112. ISBN 9781032231778. doi:10.4324/9781003276166-6.  Regal, Brian. Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press (ABC-CLIO). 2009: 25–27. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-3.  Westenhöfer, M. Der Eigenweg des Menschen. Berlin: Mannstaedt & Co. 1942.  Hardy, A. Was man more aquatic in the past (PDF). New Scientist. 1960, 7: 642–645. （原始内容 (pdf)存档于2009-03-26）.  Morris, Desmond. The Naked Ape. McGraw-Hill. 1967: 29. ISBN 0 09 948201 0.  Morgan's books on the topic include: Morgan, Elaine. The Descent of Woman. Souvenir Press. 1972. ISBN 0 285 62700 7.  Morgan, Elaine. The Aquatic Ape. Stein & Day Pub. 1982. ISBN 0-285-62509-8.  Morgan, Elaine. The Scars of Evolution. Souvenir Press. 1990. ISBN 0-285-62996-4.  Morgan, Elaine. The Descent of the child. Souvenir Press. 1994. ISBN 0-285-63377-5.  Morgan, Elaine. The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. Penguin. 1997. ISBN 0-285-63518-2.  Morgan, Elaine. The Naked Darwinist. Eildon Press. 2008. ISBN 0-9525620-30.  Morgan, E. The Aquatic Ape. Stein & Day Pub. 1982. ISBN 0-285-62509-8.  Morgan, Elaine. The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. Souvenir Press. 1997. ISBN 0-285-63518-2.  Niemitz C. A Theory on the Evolution of the Habitual Orthograde Human Bipedalism - The "Amphibisce Generalistheorie". Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 2002, 60: 3–66.  Patrick, John. Human Respiratory Adaptations for Swimming and Diving. Souvenir Press. 1991. ISBN 0-285-63033 4.  Langdon JH. Umbrella hypotheses and parsimony in human evolution: a critique of the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis. J. Hum. Evol. 1997, 33 (4): 479–94. PMID 9361254. doi:10.1006/jhev.1997.0146.  Odent M. We are All Water Babies. Celestial Arts. 1996. ISBN 0890877580.  Hanna, N; Mustard A. The Art of Diving: And Adventure in the Underwater World. Globe Pequot. 2007: 193. ISBN 1599212277.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Ellis DV. Wetlands or aquatic ape? Availability of food resources. Nutrition and health (Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire). 1993, 9 (3): 205–17. PMID 8183488. ; Cunnane, S., Plourde, M., Stewart, K., Crawford, M. Docosahexaenoic Acid and Shore-Based Diets in Hominin Encephalization: A Rebuttal. American Journal of Human Biology. 2007, 19 (4): 578–591. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20673. ; Crawford, M; et al. Evidence for the unique function of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) during the evolution of the modern hominid brain. Lipids. 2000, 34: S39–S47. doi:10.1007/BF02562227.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Pawlowski B. Why are human newborns so big and fat?. Human Evolution. 1998, 13: N1.  Kingdon, Jonathan. Lowly origin: where, when, and why our ancestors first stood up. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 2003: 242. ISBN 0-691-05086-4.  Verhaegen M. Origin of hominid bipedalism. Nature. 1987, 325: 305–6. doi:10.1038/325305d0.  Crelin, Edmund S. The Human Vocal Tract: Anatomy, Function, Development, and Evolution. New York: Vantage Press. 1987. ISBN 0 533 06967 X.  Roede M. The aquatic ape: fact or fiction?: the first scientific evaluation of a controversial theory of human evolution. London: Souvenir Press. 1991: 99. ISBN 0-285-63033-4.  开放目录项目中的“水猿假說” Presentation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Elaine Morgan at TED July, 2009; Comment （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） on ScienceBlogs by paleoanthropologist Greg Laden http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNd3cOyTEC8 人類演化自水猿＿Elaine Morgan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Scuttling the Aquatic Ape Hypothesis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Brian Switek Aquatic ape theory: Sink or Swim? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – website critical of the AAH