摔跤手 (埃蒂油画)

《摔角手》是一幅在纸板上的油画，由英国艺术家威廉·埃蒂于1840年左右创作，保存于英国约克的约克美术馆。它描绘了一个黑人和一个白人之间的摔跤比赛，两人都挥汗如雨，他们的曲线和肌肉在强烈的灯光下被凸显出来。虽然在1947年前很少有文献记载这副油画，但它很可能是在英国的皇家艺术院的模特教学班耗费三个夜晚绘画出来的。 1837年，皇家艺术院搬到了位于特拉法加广场的新房子，这儿的模特教学班所用的工作室狭小而炎热，但事实上是为了更好地突出中央人物汗流浃背的样子。埃蒂最著名的是他在历史或神话背景下所化的裸体的或半裸体的女人，但也作出了一些男人参与各种形式格斗时的绘画。 在绘画《摔跤手》的时期，体育运动越来越受欢迎，这幅画既是这种趋势的反映，也是从希腊古典作品中模仿的英国传统模仿绘画的一部分。这一时期也是英国对种族关系态度的一个转变时期，埃蒂在这一时期一般都在自觉且努力在他的作品中说明道德教训，但不清楚他是否以此为话题作为社会评论的形式，或者仅仅是因为黑人和白人肤色之间的对比在视觉上是惊人的。 尽管《摔跤手》可能作为埃蒂1849年的重要作品陈列，但后来这个作品流入了私人收藏，之后几乎一个世纪以来都没有公开展出。它曾在1947年被售卖；由于商业对这一主题兴趣不大，它被作为便宜货以30美元的价格被现在陈列他的约克美术馆收购。这幅画在2002年和2011年至2012年期间成为主要展品。 威廉·埃蒂（1787-1849），约克·贝克和米勒的第十七个儿子，原本是赫尔学徒印刷工，但在完成七年学徒后，他移居伦敦成为一名艺术家。1807年1月，他作为一名缓刑犯被录取进入皇家艺术院，那年七月成为著名肖像画家托马斯·劳伦斯的学生，在他手下学习了一年。 受提齊安諾·維伽略和鲁本斯作品的影响，埃蒂以圣经、文学和神话背景中的裸体人物而闻名于世。 He became well-respected for his ability to capture flesh tones accurately in painting, and for his fascination with contrasts in skin tones. Many of his peers greatly admired his work, and in February 1828 he defeated John Constable by 18 votes to five to become a full Royal Academician, at the time the highest honour available to an artist. Between 1820 and 1829 Etty exhibited 15 paintings, of which 14 depicted nude figures. While some nude paintings by foreign artists existed in private collections in England, the country had no tradition of nude painting and the display and distribution of nude material to the public had been suppressed since the 1787 Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice. Etty was the first British artist to specialise in the nude, and the prurient reaction of the lower classes to these paintings caused concern throughout the 19th century. Although his portraits of male nudes were generally well received, many critics condemned his recurrent depictions of female nudity as indecent. Etty's male nude portraits were primarily of mythological heroes and classical combat, genres in which the depiction of male nudity was considered acceptable in England. William Etty. 《牛津国家人物传记大辞典》 線上版. 牛津大學出版社. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/8925.  需要订阅或英国公共图书馆会员资格 Gilchrist 1855，第23頁. Burnage & Bertram 2011，第20頁. Burnage 2011a，第157頁. Burnage 2011a，第158頁. About the artist. Manchester Art Gallery. [10 February 2015]. （原始内容存档于11 February 2015）.  Burnage 2011c，第198頁. Farr 1958，第52頁. Robinson 2007，第135頁. Burnage 2011d，第32頁. Smith 2001b，第53頁. Smith 2001b，第55頁. Burnage 2011d，第32–33頁. Burnage, Sarah. Etty and the Masters. Burnage, Sarah (编). William Etty: Art & Controversy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 2011a. ISBN 978-0-85667-701-4. OCLC 800599710.  Burnage, Sarah. History Painting and the Critics. Burnage, Sarah (编). William Etty: Art & Controversy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 2011b. ISBN 978-0-85667-701-4. OCLC 800599710.  Burnage, Sarah. The Life Class. Burnage, Sarah (编). William Etty: Art & Controversy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 2011c. ISBN 978-0-85667-701-4. OCLC 800599710.  Burnage, Sarah. Painting the Nude and 'Inflicting Divine Vengeance on the Wicked'. Burnage, Sarah (编). William Etty: Art & Controversy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 2011d. ISBN 978-0-85667-701-4. OCLC 800599710.  Burnage, Sarah; Bertram, Beatrice. Chronology. Burnage, Sarah (编). William Etty: Art & Controversy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 2011. ISBN 978-0-85667-701-4. OCLC 800599710.  Farr, Dennis. William Etty. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1958. OCLC 2470159.  Gilchrist, Alexander. Life of William Etty, R.A. 2. London: David Bogue. 1855. OCLC 2135826.  Robinson, Leonard. William Etty: The Life and Art. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. 2007. ISBN 978-0-7864-2531-0. OCLC 751047871.  Smith, Alison. Exposed: The Victorian Nude. London: Tate Publishing. 2001a. ISBN 978-0-7864-2531-0.  Smith, Alison. Private Pleasures?. Bills, Mark (编). Art in the Age of Queen Victoria: A Wealth of Depictions. Bournemouth: Russell–Cotes Art Gallery and Museum. 2001b. ISBN 978-0-905173-65-8.  Smith, Alison. The Victorian Nude. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7190-4403-8.  Turner, Sarah Victoria. Intimacy and Distance: Physicality, Race and Paint in Etty's 'The Wrestlers'. Burnage, Sarah (编). William Etty: Art & Controversy. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. 2011. ISBN 978-0-85667-701-4. OCLC 800599710.