巴内特战役

巴内特战役是15世纪英格兰玫瑰战争的一场决定性战役，以兰开斯特一方战败告终。 1471年4月14日，得到勃艮第金钱支持的爱德华四世及其弟克拉伦斯公爵乔治、格洛斯特公爵理查（后来的理查三世），以及黑斯廷斯勛爵（英语：William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings）等率领的7000－15000约克军队和支持亨利六世的10000－30000兰开斯特军队在伦敦以北的小镇巴内特交战。兰开斯特军队的首领是原来约克家族的重要同盟、第十六代沃里克伯爵理查德·內維爾以及其弟蒙塔古侯爵約翰（英语：John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu），还有埃克塞特公爵、牛津伯爵（英语：John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford）等。 战斗是在雾中进行的。牛津的军队打败黑斯廷斯勋爵后返回战场，出现在蒙塔古的军队的后方。因为有雾，蒙塔古误以为是爱德华四世的预备军来了，竟然朝自己的盟友放箭。坚定地忠于兰开斯特的牛津见状，大呼蒙塔古叛变了，他的军队对蒙塔古进行反击，并从战场上撤退。他们关于叛变的呼喊迅速传遍了兰开斯特军的整条战线，一些兰开斯特士兵在愤怒、恐惧和迷惑中逃离，战线被摧毁了。当雾气散去，爱德华四世发现敌军的中心已经混乱，便派出了真正的预备军，加速了兰开斯特军的崩溃。在兰开斯特军撤退时，又传来埃克塞特公爵阵亡（其实未死）的消息。在混乱中，蒙塔古被约克军或牛津的军队杀死。 沃里克目睹弟弟阵亡，知道这场仗打输了，便试图撤退，并寻找马匹。爱德华四世下令活捉沃里克。一些编年史家认为他可能想说服沃里克重新成为自己有价值的约克派盟友。史学家迈克尔·希克斯则认为他是想公开处决沃里克。但沃里克还是死于兰开斯特溃军之中：在逃离战场时，他被从马背上摔下来并被杀死了。 此战约克军损失约500人，兰开斯特军损失约1000人。 随后5月4日的蒂克斯伯里战役宣告了兰开斯特家族的彻底失败。 书籍 Britnell, Richard. Country Politics. The Closing of the Middle Ages?: England, 1471–1529. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. 1997. ISBN 978-0-631-16598-9.  Brooke, Richard. The Field of the Battle of Barnet. Visits to Fields of Battle, in England, of the Fifteenth Century: To which are Added Some Miscellaneous Tracts and Papers Upon Archaeological Subjects. London: John Russell Smith. 1857 [28 January 2009]. OCLC 43406489. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Burne, Alfred. The Battle of Barnet, April 14th, 1471. The Battlefields of England. London: Methuen and Company. 1950 [8 February 2009]. OCLC 3010941. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Carpenter, Christine. The Wars of the Roses: Politics and the Constitution in England, c. 1437–1509. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2002 [1997] [16 March 2009]. ISBN 0-521-31874-2. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Cox, John. History and Guilt. Seeming Knowledge: Shakespeare and Skeptical Faith. Texas: Baylor University Press. 2007 [8 February 2009]. ISBN 1-932792-95-3. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Edelman, Charles. The Wars of the Roses: 2 and 3 Henry VI, Richard III. Brawl Ridiculous: Swordfighting in Shakespeare's Plays. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1992 [12 April 2009]. ISBN 0-7190-3507-4. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Goodman, Anthony. Local Revolts and Nobles' Struggles, 1469–71. The Wars of the Roses: Military Activity and English Society, 1452–97. London: Taylor and Francis. 1990 [1981] [6 March 2009]. ISBN 0-415-05264-5. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Goy-Blanquet, Dominique. Unhappy Families. Shakespeare's Early History Plays: From Chronicle to Stage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2003 [8 February 2009]. ISBN 0-19-811987-9. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Gravett, Christopher. Tewkesbury 1471: The last Yorkist victory (PDF). Campaign 131. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 22 October 2003. ISBN 978-1-84176-514-3. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 February 2019）.  Harriss, Gerald. Shaping the Nation: England 1360–1461. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007 [2005] [5 April 2009]. ISBN 0-19-921119-1. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Hicks, Michael. The Sources. Pollard, Anthony (编). The Wars of the Roses. Problems in Focus. London: MacMillan Press. 1995. ISBN 0-333-60166-1.  Hicks, Michael. Warwick the Kingmaker. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2002 [1998] [12 February 2009]. ISBN 0-631-23593-0. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Jones, Michael; Underwood, Malcolm. The Wars of the Roses. The King's Mother: Lady Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993 [8 March 2009]. ISBN 0-521-44794-1. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Kettler, Sarah; Trimble, Carole. Warwickshire. The Amateur Historian's Guide to the Heart of England: Nearly 200 Medieval and Tudor Sites Two Hours or Less from London. Virginia, United States: Capital Books. 2003 [9 March 2009]. ISBN 1-892123-65-7. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Martin, Randall; Shakespeare, William. Introduction. Henry VI: Part Three. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001 [8 February 2009]. ISBN 0-19-283141-0. （原始内容存档于2020-09-21）.  Richmond, Colin. The Paston Family in the Fifteenth Century: Endings 3. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2000 [18 March 2009]. ISBN 978-0-7190-5990-2.  Ross, Charles. Edward IV. Yale English Monarchs revised. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. 1997 [1974] [16 March 2009]. ISBN 0-300-07372-0. （原始内容存档于2020-07-27）.  Ross, Charles. Richard III. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. 1999 [1981]. ISBN 0-300-07979-6.  Royle, Trevor. Lancaster Against York: The Wars of the Roses and the Foundation of Modern Britain. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008. ISBN 1-4039-6672-9.  Seymour, William. Battles in Britain and Their Political Background, 1066–1746. Hertfordshire, United Kingdom: Wordsworth Editions. 1997 [1975]. ISBN 978-1-85326-672-0.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Wise, Terence. The Wars of the Roses. Men-at-Arms Series 145. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 1983 [16 January 2009]. ISBN 0-85045-520-0.  Wolffe, Bertram. Henry VI. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven, Connecticut; and London: Yale University Press. 2001 [1981]. ISBN 0-300-08926-0.  在线资源 English Heritage Battlefield Report: Barnet 1471 (PDF). Swindon, United Kingdom: English Heritage. 1995 [2 February 2009]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于27 November 2013）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：巴内特战役 Bruce, John (编). Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, in England and the Finall Recouerye of His Kingdomes from Henry VI. A.D. M.CCCC.LXXI. London: John Bowyer Nichols, and Son. 1838 [13 February 2009]. OCLC 602067. （原始内容存档于2009年10月14日）.  de Commynes, Philippe. Scoble, Andrew , 编. The Memoirs of Philip de Commines, Lord of Argenton: Containing the Histories of Louis XI, and Charles VIII, Kings of France, and of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. To which is Added the Scandalous Chronicle, Or, Secret History of Louis XI. London: Henry G. Boyn. 1855: 199–203 [13 March 2009]. OCLC 13897813. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.  Warkworth, John. Halliwell, James Orchard , 编. The Warkworth Chronicle: Part VI. London: John Bowyer Nichols, and Son. 1839 [27 February 2009]. OCLC 916993. （原始内容存档于2009年3月26日）.  The Barnet Society Lewis, Matthew. Richard III: Loyalty Binds Me. Amberley Publishing Limited. 15 September 2018: 27 [2024-08-08]. ISBN 978-1-4456-7155-0. （原始内容存档于2024-03-25） （英语）.  Hicks 2002，第310頁.