居魯士文書

居魯士文書（又譯居魯士圓柱或居魯士銘筒；波斯語：منشور کوروش‎）是古代的一個泥製圓筒，現已破裂為幾件碎片，以居魯士大帝的名義由古代阿卡德語楔形文字所寫成，在美索不达米亚的巴比倫遺跡中出土，現存於大英博物館。它寫成的年代約為公元前6世紀。 據居魯士文書所載，在波斯攻陷巴比倫後，居魯士大帝宣佈釋放所有奴隸回鄉。因此，聖經學者一般認為它是居魯士大帝在巴比倫之囚後讓猶太人重返應許之地政策的証據。居魯士圓柱亦被視為世界上最早的人權宣言，儘管此看法被大英博物館與部份西亞古代史學者所否定。 那波尼德圓筒 貝希斯敦銘文 Kuhrt (2007), p. 70, 72 人權的背景 - 中華國際人權促進會. [2013-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2013-04-04）.  Abtahi, Hirad. Abtahi, Hirad; Boas, Gideon , 编. The Dynamics of International Criminal Justice: Essays in Honour of Sir Richard May. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2006. ISBN 90-04-14587-7.  Albertz, Rainer. Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. 2003. ISBN 1-58983-055-5.  Ansari, Ali. Modern Iran: The Pahlavis and After. Harlow: Longman. 2007. ISBN 1-4058-4084-6.  Arberry, A.J. The Legacy of Persia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1953. OCLC 1283292.  Arnold, Bill T.; Michalowski, Piotr. Achaemenid Period Historical Texts Concerning Mesopotamia. Chavelas, Mark W. (编). The Ancient Near East: Historical Sources in Translation. London: Blackwell. 2006. ISBN 0-631-23581-7.  Bedford, Peter Ross. Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah. Leiden: Brill. 2000. ISBN 90-04-11509-9.  Beaulieu, P.-A. An Episode in the Fall of Babylon to the Persians. Journal of Near Eastern Studies (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). Oct 1993, 52 (4).  Becking, Bob. "We All Returned as One!": Critical Notes on the Myth of the Mass Return. Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (编). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 2006. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7.  Berger, P.-R. Das Neujahrsfest nach den Königsinschriften des ausgehenden babylonischen Reiches. Finet, A. (编). Actes de la XVIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale. Publications du Comité belge de recherches historiques, épigraphiques et archéologiques en Mésopotamie, nr. 1. Ham-sur-Heure: Comité belge de recherches en Mésopotamie. 1970 （德语）.  Bidmead, Julye. The Akitu Festival: Religious Continuity And Royal Legitimation In Mesopotamia. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press LLC. 2004. ISBN 1-59333-158-4.  Briant, Pierre. From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbraun. 2006. ISBN 978-1-57506-120-7.  Brown, Dale. Persians: Masters of Empire. Alexandra, VA: Time-Life Books. 1996. ISBN 0-8094-9104-4.  Buchanan, G. The Foundation and Extension of the Persian Empire. Bury, J.B.; Cook, S.A.; Adcock, F.E. (编). The Cambridge Ancient History: IV. The Persian Empire and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1964. OCLC 57550495.  Curtis, John; Tallis, Nigel; André-Salvini, Béatrice. Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2005. ISBN 0-520-24731-0.  Dandamaev, M.A. A political history of the Achaemenid Empire. Leiden: Brill. 1989. ISBN 978-90-04-09172-6.  Daniel, Elton L. The History of Iran. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. ISBN 0-313-30731-8.  Dick, Michael B. The "History of David's Rise to Power" and the Neo-Babylonian Succession Apologies. Batto, Bernard Frank; Roberts, Kathryn L.; McBee Roberts, Jimmy Jack (编). David and Zion: Biblical Studies in Honor of J.J.M. Roberts. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 2004. ISBN 1-57506-092-2.  Dyck, Jonathan E. The Theocratic Ideology of the Chronicler. Leiden: Brill. 1998. ISBN 90-04-11146-8.  Evans, Malcolm. Religious Liberty and International Law in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 0-521-55021-1.  Finkel, I.L.; Seymour, M.J. Babylon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. ISBN 978-0-19-538540-3.  Fowler, Richard; Hekster, Olivier. Imaginary kings: royal images in the ancient Near East, Greece and Rome. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 2005. ISBN 978-3-515-08765-0.  Free, Joseph P.; Vos, Howard Frederic. Vos, Howard Frederic , 编. Archaeology and Bible history. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 1992. ISBN 978-0-310-47961-1.  Fried, Lisbeth S. The priest and the great king: temple-palace relations in the Persian Empire. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 2004. ISBN 978-1-57506-090-3.  Grabbe, Lester L. A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud, the Persian Province of Judah. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. 2004. ISBN 0-567-08998-3.  Grabbe, Lester L. The "Persian Documents" in the Book of Ezra: Are They Authentic?. Lipschitz, Oded; Oeming, Manfred (编). Judah and the Judeans in the Persian period. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 2006. ISBN 978-1-57506-104-7.  Hallo, William. Hallo, William; Younger, K. Lawson , 编. The Context of Scripture: Monumental inscriptions from the biblical world 2. Leiden: Brill. 2002. ISBN 978-90-04-10619-2.  Haubold, Johannes. Xerxes' Homer. Bridges, Emma; Hall, Edith; Rhodes, P.J. (编). Cultural Responses to the Persian Wars: Antiquity to the Third Millennium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-19-927967-8.  Hilprecht, Hermann Volrath. Explorations in Bible lands during the 19th century. Philadelphia: A.J. Molman and Company. 1903.  Hurowitz, Victor Avigdor. Restoring the Temple: Why and when?. The Jewish Quarterly Review (University of Pennsylvania Press). Jan–Apr 2003, 93 (3/4).  Janzen, David. Witch-hunts, purity and social boundaries: the expulsion of the foreign women in Ezra 9–10. London: Sheffield Academic Press. 2002. ISBN 978-1-84127-292-4.  Koldewey, Robert; Griffith Johns, Agnes Sophia. The excavations at Babylon. London: MacMillan & co. 1914.  Kuhrt, Amélie. Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes. Boardman, John (编). The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV – Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982. ISBN 0-521-22804-2.  Kuhrt, Amélie. The Cyrus Cylinder and Achaemenid imperial policy. Journal for the Study of the Old Testament (Sheffield: University of Sheffield. Dept. of Biblical Studies). 1983, 25. ISSN 1476-6728.  Kuhrt, Amélie. The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources of the Achaemenid Period. London: Routledge. 2007. ISBN 0-415-43628-1.  Kuhrt, Amélie. Cyrus the Great of Persia: Images and Realities. Heinz, Marlies; Feldman, Marian H. (编). Representations of Political Power: Case Histories from Times of Change and Dissolving Order in the Ancient Near East. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 2007. ISBN 1-57506-135-X.  Kutsko, John F. Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. 2000. ISBN 1-57506-041-8.  Lincoln, Bruce. Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. New York: Oxford University Press US. 1992. ISBN 0-19-507909-4.  Lincoln, Bruce. Religion, empire and torture: the case of Achaemenian Persia, with a postscript on Abu Ghraib. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-226-48196-8.  Llewellyn-Jones, Lloyd. The First Persian Empire 550–330BC. Harrison, Thomas (编). The Great Empires of the Ancient World. Getty Publications. 2009: 104. ISBN 978-0-89236-987-4.  Mallowan, Max. Cyrus the Great (558-529 B.C.). Frye, Richard Nelson; Fisher, William Bayne (编). The Cambridge history of Iran. Vol. 2, The Median and Achaemenian periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1968. ISBN 0-521-20091-1. OCLC 40820893.  Masroori, C. Cyrus II and the Political Utility of Religious Toleration. Laursen, J. C., (编). Religious toleration : "the variety of rites" from Cyrus to Defoe. New York: St. Martin's Press. August 1999. ISBN 978-0-312-22233-8.  Min, Kyung-Jin. The Levitical Authorship of Ezra-Nehemiah. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004. 2004. ISBN 0-567-08226-1.  Mitchell, T.C. Biblical Archaeology: Documents from the British Museum. London: Cambridge University Press. 1988. ISBN 0-521-36867-7.  Nies, J.B.; Keiser, C.E. Babylonian Inscriptions in the Collection of J.B. Nies II. 1920.  Pahlavi, Mohammed Reza. The White Revolution of Iran. Imperial Pahlavi Library. 1967.  Pritchard, James Bennett (编). The Ancient Near East, Volume I: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1973. OCLC 150577756.  Rassam, Hormuzd. Asshur and the land of Nimrod. London: Curts & Jennings. 1897.  Rawlinson, H. C. Notes on a newly-discovered clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. 1880, 12.  Robertson, Arthur Henry; Merrills, J. G. Human rights in the world : an introduction to the study of the international protection of human rights. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-7190-4923-1.  Schaudig, Hanspeter. Die Inschriften Nabonids von Babylon und Kyros' des Grossen samt den in ihrem Umfeld entstandenen Tendenzschriften : Textausgabe und Grammatik. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. 2001. ISBN 3-927120-75-8 （德语）.  Shabani, Reza; Mahmood Farrokhpey (trans). Iranian History at a Glance. London: Alhoda UK. 2005 [2013-04-20]. ISBN 964-439-005-9. （原始内容存档于2019-03-31）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Sherwin, Simon J. Old Testament monotheism and Zoroastrian influence. Gordon, Robert P (编). The God of Israel: Studies of an Inimitable Deity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 0-521-87365-7.  Smith, Morton. Cohen, Shaye J.D. , 编. Studies in the cult of Yahweh, Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. 1996: 78. ISBN 978-90-04-10477-8.  Soggin, J. Alberto; John Bowman (trans). An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah. London: SCM-Canterbury Press Ltd. 1999. ISBN 0-334-02788-8.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) Stillman, Robert E. Philip Sidney and the poetics of Renaissance cosmopolitanism. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. 2008. ISBN 978-0-7546-6369-0.  van der Spek, R.J. Did Cyrus the Great introduce a new policy towards subdued nations? Cyrus in Assyrian perspective. Persica (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Osten). 1982, 10. OCLC 499757419.  Vos, Howard Frederic. Archaeology of Mesopotamia. Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (编). The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 1995. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6.  Walker, C.B.F. A recently identified fragment of the Cyrus Cylinder. Iran : journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies. 1972, (10). ISSN 0578-6967.  Walton, John H.; Hill, Andrew E. Old Testament Today: A Journey from Original Meaning to Contemporary Significance. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 2004. ISBN 0-310-23826-9.  Wiesehöfer, Josef. Kyros, der Schah und 2500 Jahre Menschenrechte. Historische Mythenbildung zur Zeit der Pahlavi-Dynastie. Conermann, Stephan (编). Mythen, Geschichte(n), Identitäten. Der Kampf um die Vergangenheit. Schenefeld/Hamburg: EB-Verlag. 1999. ISBN 3-930826-52-6 （德语）.  Wiesehöfer, Josef. Ancient Persia: From 550 BC to 650 AD. London: I.B. Tauris. 2001. ISBN 1-86064-675-1.  Weissbach, Franz Heinrich. Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden. Vorderasiatische Bibliotek. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs. 1911 （德语）.  Winn Leith, Mary Joan. Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period. Coogan, Michael David (编). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-513937-2.  Farrokh, Kaveh. Cyrus the Great and early Achaemenids. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3.  Lauren, Paul Gordon. Philosophical Visions: Human Nature, Natural Law, and Natural Rights. The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2003. ISBN 0-8122-1854-X.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：居魯士文書 世界上第一部關於人權的憲章 - 好讀人文歷史報 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 大英博物館一鎮館之寶將在美國巡展 - 英倫網 Neil MacGregor, Director of the British Museum, traces 2600 years of Middle Eastern history through this single object. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）