各地LGBT權利

各地同性戀、雙性戀與跨性別者的權利（LGBT）的法律處境，光譜廣泛且差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻或其他形式的同性結合，視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分；亦有國家視同性性行為或變裝為非法行為，施加監禁甚至死刑等刑罰。 LGBT權利的人權論述在1990年代左右展開，由國際LGBTI聯合會、國際立即行動、國際特赦組織以及人權觀察等非政府組織提倡，並逐漸為歐洲、加拿大、美國的司法實體和聯合國吸納運用。 LGBT權利的立法範疇包括但不限于： 廢除對於合意的成年同性性行為的刑事處罰（性悖軌法） 政府承認同性關係（同性婚姻或民事结合等形式） 政府承认LGBT抚养的親屬關係，允许LGBT收養 平等取用人工生殖技術 增强对LGBT群體仇恨犯罪的刑事处罚，禁止LGBT迫害 反霸凌立法措施，保護LGBT孩童或學生 工作就業和房屋租賃方面的反歧视措施 不同性傾向和性別群體平等從軍服役 移民平權（英语：Immigration equality）措施 允许男男性接触人群捐血 跨性別者可施行性別重置手術和性别肯定激素治疗（GAHT） 政府允許性別變更登記（承認其性別身份） 保证成年异性性行为和成年同性性行为的同意年齡平等 保证LGBT權利相關的言論自由以及集會自由、結社自由 2011年，聯合國通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案，隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告，具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。 截至2024年8月，有38個國家承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利，其中大多数国家位于美洲和西欧。 63個國家和3個地方政府或屬地仍有对同性性行為定罪的法律（這當中有些國家遺留殖民時期的條款未實際執行，但也有實際執行和起訴的國家，各國情況不一；也有法律無明顯對同性性行為定罪，但在事實上以遊蕩、賣淫、猥褻等名義逮捕的情況），其中大部分国家位于亚洲和非洲。立陶宛、俄羅斯、波蘭、伊拉克、中國等國制定了限制LGBT權利表達自由的法案。 根據學者們的推測，最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教法律中可能反對同性性行為的紀錄，是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜中的猶太人，在他們的經典利未記中紀載，規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑。而在同一個時代，在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。 一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭，不過類似的情形也在印歐語系民族的文化中可以發現，比如古羅馬律法Lex Scantinia以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith，或者是西元前1075年的亞述法律紀錄。. 透過傳統猶太教、基督教和伊斯蘭教的闡釋，懲罰同性性行為的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義的到來，那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家，將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義的政治控制擴張到世界各地。 中國傳統理念中對於同性戀情並沒有明確地指責，甚至在部分地區存在有「契兄弟」相稱的同性情侶，《紅樓夢》等名著中也多有描寫。近代以來，由於殖民統治時期傳入的亞伯拉罕宗教思想及民間傳統觀念對於生育的認知，同性戀成為了一種「罪惡」與不潔的道德。中華人民共和國建立後，曾一度將同性性行為列入流氓罪進行處罰，直到1997年才除罪化。 通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時，亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定義籠統，且法律本身並不針對同性戀群體。又由于文化大革命时期执法的随意性，这给予了世俗中的反对婚前性行为者惩罚違背傳統生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口，而且實際案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为對同性性行為的非罪化與去污名化，以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情况目前有争议。 這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表，各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是，不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律，但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地，有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪，但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意，並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中，不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪，就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪，沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法，一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡的同性性行為，除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。 截至2024年，联合国195个会员国及观察员国裡，有106个从未对同性性行为定罪或者实现了对同性性行为的除罪化。 由於南極洲沒有常住人口，到访南极洲的人均为短期科学考察或冒险旅游。南極條約體系規定，在南極的所有人身权利受到当事人国籍所在司法管辖区的管轄。 LGBT主题 人权主题 地理学主题 民權運動 異性戀主義 同性恋恐惧症 跨性別恐懼症 宗教和同性戀 民事結合 同性婚姻 LGBT領養 性革命 同意年齡 性悖軌法 反歧視法 社會主義與LGBT权利（英语：Socialism and LGBT rights） 共产主义与LGBT权利 美洲：美國（包括美國已通過組織法的未合併屬地）、阿根廷、巴西、加拿大、智利、哥倫比亞、哥斯大黎加、古巴、厄瓜多、墨西哥、烏拉圭 歐洲：安道爾、奧地利、比利時、英國（包括王室屬地和一些英國海外領土）、丹麥（包括格陵蘭）、愛沙尼亞、芬蘭、法國（包括法國海外領土）、德國、希臘、冰島、愛爾蘭、列支敦斯登、盧森堡、馬爾他、荷蘭（包括荷蘭加勒比區）、挪威、葡萄牙、西班牙、斯洛維尼亞、瑞典、瑞士 非洲：南非 亞洲：臺灣、泰國 大洋洲：澳洲、紐西蘭 非洲：阿爾及利亞、蒲隆地、喀麥隆、查德、葛摩、埃及（事實上違法）、厄利垂亞、衣索比亞、甘比亞、迦納、幾內亞、肯亞、賴比瑞亞、利比亞、馬拉威、茅利塔尼亞、摩洛哥（包括西撒哈拉）、奈及利亞、塞內加爾、獅子山共和國、索馬利亞、索馬利蘭、南蘇丹、蘇丹、史瓦濟蘭、坦尚尼亞、多哥、突尼西亞、烏干達、尚比亞、辛巴威。 亞洲：阿富汗、孟加拉、汶萊、伊朗、伊拉克、科威特、黎巴嫩、馬來西亞、馬爾地夫、緬甸、北韓（事實上違法）、阿曼、巴基斯坦、卡達、沙烏地阿拉伯、斯里蘭卡、敘利亞、土庫曼、阿拉伯聯合大公國、烏茲別克、葉門。 美洲：格瑞那達、蓋亞那、牙買加、聖露西亞、聖文森及格瑞那丁。 大洋洲：吉里巴斯、巴布亞紐幾內亞、薩摩亞、索羅門群島、東加、吐瓦魯。 亞齊省（印尼）、加薩走廊（巴勒斯坦）、紐埃 雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記 当时德国分为东德和西德，东德于稍早的1968年除罪化 只按联合王国四个构成国计算，不包括英联邦和英国海外领土，其中英格兰和威尔士于1967年合法，苏格兰于1981年，1982年北爱尔兰合法后全国均合法 Ronald Holzhacker. ‘Gay Rights are Human Rights: The framing of new interpretations of international human rights norms’ (PDF). 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Consensual same-sex sexual activity is illegal under Section 377 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, but the law was not enforced.  Bangladesh government makes Hijra an official gender option 同性性行為除罪化　剷除160年英國殖民遺毒. 上報.  Prakash, Satya. Supreme Court expands definition of family; says it may take form of domestic, unmarried partnerships or queer relationships. Tribune India (Tribune Trust). The Tribune. 29 August 2022 [18 October 2023].  Being gay still a crime in the military. StratPost. 2009-07-02 [2010-09-05].  Apr 15, Dhananjay Mahapatra / TNN / Updated:; 2014; Ist, 12:58. Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender' | India News - Times of India. The Times of India. [2022-10-03] （英语）.  In landmark move, Nepal’s govt circular allows same-sex marriage. April 27, 2024 [May 5, 2024].  Sexual Orientation / Gender Identity References (PDF). U.S. Department of State Human Rights Reports for 2008. [2010-09-30] （英语）.  Lavers, Michael K. 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[2013-04-19].  https://www.government.nl/topics/discrimination/contents/prohibition-of-discrimination http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2013.pdf （西班牙文） Gaceta Oficial No. 29 Extraordinaria de 17 de junio de 2014 （西班牙文） Entra en vigor nuevo Código de Trabajo "Cuba approves sex change operations", Reuters, 6 June 2008 （西班牙文） Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010. Dominican Republic reiterates ban on gay cops and soldiers Homosexuality Is Still Illegal In These 9 Caribbean Countries. newnownext.  The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010. Government of Montserrat. [2014-07-15].  Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms. Government of Montserrat. 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Athos GLS. 2010-04-27 [2010-05-12] （葡萄牙语）.  （葡萄牙文） Patricia Silva Gadelha. A prática da pederastia é crime militar. Jus Navigandi. March 2006 [2013-09-10].  Homosexuality is not deviant - Federal Council of Psychologists of Brazil （葡萄牙文） Psychiatrist Jairo Bouer talks about the "collateral effects" of "gay cure" bill （葡萄牙文） http://www.washingtonblade.com/2015/01/28/chilean-civil-unions-bill-receives-final-approval/ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/reuters/article-2930343/Socially-conservative-Chile-approves-civil-unions.html Ley 20830 CREA EL ACUERDO DE UNIÓN CIVIL Bonnefoy, Pascale; Londoño, Ernesto. Chile Legalizes Same-Sex Marriage at Fraught Political Moment. The New York Times. 2021-12-07 [2021-12-07]. ISSN 0362-4331 （美国英语）.  （西班牙文） Claudio Ortiz Lazo. Reflexiones en torno a la homosexualidad y fuerzas armadas. Revista Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad. [2012-04-21].  Chile Passes Anti-Discrimination Law Following Daniel Zamudio's Death. 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Sodomylaws.org. 2004-03-28 [2008-12-21]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-19）.  Sagapolutele, Fili. gay marriage illegal in American Samoa. USNews. [2015-07-10].  Employment Relations Act 2012 http://www.starobserver.com.au/soap-box/2009/06/09/new-caledonia-catches-up-to-france/13739 Pitcairn Island: Same Sex Marriage and Civil Partnership Ordinance 2015 [7] The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010 Labour and Employment Relations Act 2013 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：各地LGBT權利 国际男女同性恋协会** 国家支持的恐同报告（2012年版） （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 开放目录项目中的“男同性恋，女同性恋和双性恋：法律” 美国大赦国际：世界各地LGBT合法地位 — 互动式地图 GayLawNet: 法律（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 国际同性恋者人权委员会 法律信息研究资源链接 国际法律家委员会：性倾向，性别认同与正义 - 比较法案例汇编 联合国人权理事会：基于性取向和性别认同的歧视性法律和对个人的暴力行为（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）年度报告C 世界挺跨和恐跨报告：（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）