蛙屬

蛙屬（Rana）也称林蛙属、赤蛙属，是蛙科的一个屬，分佈於歐亞大陸、北美洲、中美洲及南美洲北部。很多其他的屬以往都包括在內。 一般蛙屬的體形頗大，腰部幼長及皺皮。大部份的背部隆起，但卻沒有蟾蜍的疣。牠們的腳幼長，善於跳躍。後肢上的蹼令牠們在水中可以靈活的運動。牠們背部一般呈綠色及褐色，有深色及黃色的斑點。一些蛙类（如：箭毒蛙）身上有鲜艳的色彩，用做警告敌人：‘我有毒。’ 蛙屬很多時都在初春繁殖，而生活在亞熱帶及熱帶的物種全年都會繁殖。很多雄蛙都會叫，但有一些卻不會發聲。雌蛙會一排排或球狀式產卵，每次可以產達2萬顆。 蛙屬目前有約90個物種，但其分類則仍有爭議。2006年，Frost等人將本屬的部分物種劃為獨立屬別，但後來2016年Yuan等人的研究認為這樣的分類會使其他屬成為併系群，為了維持本屬的單系性，建議使用亞屬代替提升為屬級的做法。 目前已自立的屬有拇棘蛙屬（Babina）、Clinotarsus、腺蛙属（Glandirana）、Hydrophylax、水蛙屬（Hylarana）、臭蛙屬（Odorrana）、側褶蛙屬（Pelophylax）、琴蛙属(Nidirana)、Pulchrana、Sanguirana及Sylvirana。當中臭蛙屬是蛙屬的近親，有可能重置於蛙屬中。 本分類樹依照Yuan等人於2016年的論文繪製： 截止2022年1月14日，根据 Amphibian Species of the World 中的记录本属包含55种： 黑龍江林蛙 Rana amurensis Boulenger, 1886 田野林蛙 Rana arvalis Nilsson, 1842 中亞林蛙 Rana asiatica Bedriaga, 1898 紅腿蛙 Rana aurora Baird et Girard, 1852 Rana bacboensis Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003，为Odorrana bacboensis (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的异名 Rana banaorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003，为Odorrana banaorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的异名 黃腿蛙 Rana boylii Baird, 1854 卡斯廸蛙 Rana cascadae Slater, 1939 昭覺林蛙 Rana chaochiaoensis Liu, 1946 中國林蛙 Rana chensinensis David, 1875 峰斑蛙 Rana chevronta Hu et Ye, 1978 Rana coerulea Houttuyn, 1787 韩国林蛙 Rana coreana Okada, 1928 徂徕林蛙 Rana culaiensis Li, Lu et Li, 2008 Rana cultripes Tschudi, 1838 大别山林蛙 Rana dabieshanensis Wang, Qian, Zhang, Guo, Pan, Wu, Wang et Zhang, 2017 捷蛙 Rana dalmatina Bonaparte, 1840，别名：Rana dalmatina Fitzinger, 1838 Rana daorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003，为Amolops daorum (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的异名 加州紅腿蛙 Rana draytonii Baird et Girard, 1852 東北林蛙 Rana dybowskii Günther, 1876 Rana fasciata Burchell, 1824 希腊林蛙 Rana graeca Boulenger, 1891 寒露林蛙 Rana hanluica Shen, Jiang et Yang, 2007 Rana hmongorum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003，为Odorrana jingdongensis Fei, Ye & Li, 2001的异名 桓仁林蛙 Rana huanrenensis Fei, Ye et Huang, 1990 休格利蛙 Rana iberica Boulenger, 1879 Rana iriodes Bain & Nguyen, 2004，为Amolops iriodes (Bain & Nguyen, 2004)的异名 意大利林蛙 Rana italica Dubois, 1987 日本林蛙 Rana japonica Boulenger, 1879 借母溪林蛙 Rana jiemuxiensis Yan, Jiang, Chen, Fang, Jin, Li, Wang, Murphy, Che et Zhang, 2011 九岭山林蛙 Rana jiulingensis Wan, Lyu et Wang, 2020 越南趾沟蛙 Rana johnsi Smith, 1921 Rana kauffeldi Feinberg, Newman, Watkins-Colwell, Schlesinger, Zarate, Curry, Shaffer & Burger, 2014 琉球林蛙 Rana kobai Matsui, 2011 高原林蛙 Rana kukunoris Nikolskii, 1918 京都林蛙 Rana kyoto Eto, Matsui et Sugahara, 2022 Rana lenca Luque-Montes, Austin, Weinfurther, Wilson, Hofmann & Townsend, 2018 拉塔斯蛙 Rana latastei Boulenger, 1879 長腳赤蛙 Rana longicrus Stejneger, 1898 栾川林蛙 Rana luanchuanensis Zhao et Yuan, 2017 哥伦比亚斑点蛙 Rana luteiventris Thompson, 1913 高加索林蛙 Rana macrocnemis Boulenger, 1885 猫儿山林蛙 Rana maoershanensis Lu, Li et Jiang, 2007 Rana marginata Linnaeus, 1758 Rana matsuoi Eto & Matsui, 2023 Rana megatympanum Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003，为Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980)的异名 Rana mitrata Houttuyn, 1787 Rana morafkai Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003，为Odorrana morafkai (Bain, Lathrop, Murphy, Orlov & Ho, 2003)的异名 黃腿山蛙 Rana muscosa Camp, 1917 根羽林蛙 Rana neba Ryuzaki, Hasegawa et Kuramoto, 2014 峨眉林蛙 Rana omeimontis Ye et Fei, 1993 山赤蛙 Rana ornativentris Werner, 1903 Rana papillosa Houttuyn, 1787 Rana parvipalmata López-Seoane, 1885 北海道林蛙 Rana pirica Matsui, 1991 Rana pliocenica Zweifel, 1954 斑點赤蛙 Rana pretiosa Baird et Girard, 1853 希尔卡尼亚林蛙 Rana pseudodalmatina Eiselt et Schmidtler, 1971 Rana pusilla (Owen, 1847) 比利牛斯林蛙 Rana pyrenaica Serra-Cobo, 1993 黔江林蛙 Rana qianjiang 流田子蛙 Rana sakuraii Matsui et Matsui, 1990，樱井蛙 桑植蛙 Rana sangzhiensis Shen, 1986，桑植趾沟蛙，为 Pseudorana sangzhiensis (Shen, 1986)的异名 梭德氏赤蛙 Rana sauteri Boulenger, 1909 脛腺蛙 Rana shuchinae Liu, 1950 内华达黄腿林蛙 Rana sierrae Camp, 1917 Rana tabaca Bain & Nguyen, 2004，为Odorrana tiannanensis (Yang & Li, 1980)的异名 田子蛙 Rana tagoi Okada, 1928 太行林蛙 Rana taihangensis 塔瓦斯林蛙 Rana tavasensis Baran et Atatür, 1986 林蛙 Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758 對馬赤蛙 Rana tsushimensis Stejneger, 1907 Rana uenoi Matsui, 2014 冲绳林蛙 Rana ulma Matsui, 2011 Rana verrucosa Houttuyn, 1787 Rana virescens Kalm 绿林蛙 Rana viridis Garsault, 1764 武夷林蛙 Rana wuyiensis Wu, Shi, Zhang, Chen, Cai, Hoang, Wu et Wang, 2021 郑氏林蛙 Rana zhengi Zhao, 1999 鎮海林蛙 Rana zhenhaiensis Ye, Fei et Matsui, 1995 织金林蛙 Rana zhijinensis Cai, Hong-xia; Che, Jing, Pang, Jun-feng; Zhao, Er-mi & Zhang, Ya-ping. 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Spatiotemporal Diversification of the True Frogs (Genus Rana): A Historical Framework for a Widely Studied Group of Model Organisms. Systematic Biology. 2016-09-01, 65 (5): 824–842 [2019-04-04]. ISSN 1063-5157. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw055. （原始内容存档于2020-06-23） （英语）.  Darrel Frost. 2022. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1 (2022-01-14). Electronic Database accessible at https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Ranidae/Rana （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Bain, R.H., A. Lathrop, R.W. Murphy, N. Orlov, and T.C. Ho. 2003. Cryptic species of a cascade frog from southeast Asia: taxonomic revisions and descriptions of six new species. American Museum Novitates. 3417: 1–60. Chencheng Wang, Lifu Qian, Chenling Zhang, Weibo Guo, Tao Pan, Jun Wu, Hui Wang and Baowei Zhang. 2017. A New Species of Rana from the Dabie Mountains in eastern China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys. 724: 135-153. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.724.19383 沈猷慧,江建平,杨道德.中国林蛙属(无尾目:蛙科)一新种——寒露林蛙Rana hanluica sp. nov[J].Current Zoology, 2007, 53(3):481-488.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-5507.2007.03.011. Raoul H. Bain and Nguyen Quang Trong. 2004. Herpetofaunal Diversity of Ha Giang Province in Northeastern Vietnam, with Descriptions of Two New Species. American Museum Novitates. 3453 Jeremy A. Feinberg, Catherine E. Newman, Gregory J. Watkins-Colwell, Matthew D. Schlesinger, Brian Zarate, Brian R. Curry, H. Bradley Shaffer and Joanna Burger. 2014. Cryptic Diversity in Metropolis: Confirmation of a New Leopard Frog Species (Anura: Ranidae) from New York City and Surrounding Atlantic Coast Regions. PLoS ONE, 2014; 9 (10): e108213 DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108213 Ileana Luque-Montes, James D. Austin, Kayla D. Weinfurther, Larry David Wilson, Erich P. Hofmann and Josiah H. Townsend. 2018. An Integrative Assessment of the Taxonomic Status of Putative Hybrid Leopard Frogs (Anura: Ranidae) from the Chortís Highlands of Central America, with Description of A New Species. Systematics and Biodiversity. In Press. DOI 10.1080/14772000.2017.1415232 Zhao, H.P., Yang, J.X., Wang, C.P., Li, P.P., Murphy R.W., Che, J. and Yuan, Z.Y., 2017. A new species of the genus Rana from Henan, central China (Anura, Ranidae). ZooKeys, (694), 95–108. Koshiro Eto and Masafumi Matsui. 2023. A New Brown Frog from the Goto Islands, Japan with Taxonomic Revision on the Subspecific Relationships of Rana tagoi (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Current Herpetology. 42(2): 191-209. DOI: 10.5358/hsj.42.191 Masashi Ryuzaki, Yoshinori Hasegawa and Mitsuru Kuramoto. 2014. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana from Japan (Anura: Ranidae) revealed by Cytological and Bioacoustic Studies. Alytes. 31(3-4); 49-58. SHEN H. J., XU M. Y., YANG X. Y., CHEN Z., XIAO N. W., CHEN X. H. A New Brown Frog of the Genus Rana (Anura, Ranidae) from North China, with a Taxonomic Revision of the R. chensinensis Species Group. Asian Herpetol Res, 2022, 13(3): 145–158. DOI: 10.16373/j.cnki.ahr.210062 Irving, Hardesty. The number and arrangement of the fibers forming the spinal nerves of the frog (Rana virescens)[J]. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1899. Shasha Yan,Qingqing He,Tao Luo, et al. Description of a new species of the genus Rana (Anura: Ranidae) from western Guizhou, China, integrating morphological and molecular genetic data[J]. Zoological Systematics, 2022, 47(4): 275-292. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蛙屬 AmphibiaWeb （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Version 4, 2006-AUG-17.