史蒂夫·比科

斯蒂芬·班图·比科（科薩語：Stephen Bantu Biko，1946年12月18日—1977年9月12日），是南非反种族隔离运动家，活跃于1960年代至1970年代初。 比科在南非创立了黑人觉醒运动（英语：Black Consciousness Movement），动员了大部分居住在城市的黑人。自从比科被警察拘留期间逝世后，他被称为反种族隔离运动（英语：Internal resistance to apartheid）的烈士。他在世的时候，以写作、社会运动等方式尝试使黑人觉醒。比科有一句著名的口号——“黑人是美丽的”，他解释为：“朋友，你很不错，开始抬头看看你这个人。”从1970年代至1990年代中期，非洲人国民大会对他以及黑人觉醒运动十分敌视，但现在则视比科为抗争英雄。 引用 sahistory.org.za «Stephen Biko», （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） South Africa History. 背景：史蒂夫·比科：反种族隔离制度运动的烈士. BBC新闻. 1997年12月8日 [2007-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-05-30）.  史蒂夫·比科. 《I Write What I Like》. Harper & Row. 1986年: 103–104.  來源 Ahluwalia, Pal; Zegeye, Abebe. Frantz Fanon and Steve Biko: Towards Liberation. Social Identities. 2001, 7 (3): 455–469. doi:10.1080/13504630120087262.  Bernstein, Hilda. No. 46 - Steve Biko. London: International Defence and Aid Fund. 1978. ISBN 978-0-904759-21-1.  Blandy, Fran. SA editor's escape from apartheid, 30 years on. Mail & Guardian. 31 December 2007 [19 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-20）.  Brown, Julian. SASO's Reluctant Embrace of Public Forms of Protest, 1968–1972. South African Historical Journal. 2010, 62 (4): 716–734. doi:10.1080/02582473.2010.519940.  Bucher, Jesse. The Possibility of Care: Medical Ethics and the Death of Steve Biko. Journal of Asian and African Studies. 2012, 47 (5): 567–579. doi:10.1177/0021909612452710.  Cock, Jacklyn. Maids and Madams: Domestic Workers Under Apartheid. Johannesburg: Ravan Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-7043-4165-4.  Denis, Philippe. Seminary Networks and Black Consciousness in South Africa in the 1970s. South African Historical Journal. 2010, 62 (1): 162–182. doi:10.1080/02582471003778417.  de Wet, Johann. Steve Biko as Existentialist Communicator. Communicatio. 2013, 39 (3): 293–304. doi:10.1080/02500167.2013.835524.  Drewett, Michael. The Eyes of the World Are Watching Now: The Political Effectiveness of "Biko" by Peter Gabriel. Popular Music and Society. February 2007, 30 (1): 39–51. doi:10.1080/03007760500504929.  Hadfield, Leslie. Biko, Black Consciousness, and 'the System' eZinyoka: Oral History and Black Consciousness in Practice in a Rural Ciskei Village. South African Historical Journal. 2010, 62 (1): 78–99. doi:10.1080/02582471003778342.  Hill, Shannen L. Biko's Ghost: The Iconography of Black Consciousness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0816676361.  Kamola, Isaac. Steve Biko and a Critique of Global Governance as White Liberalism. African Identities. 2015, 13 (1): 62–76. doi:10.1080/14725843.2014.961281.  Lynskey, Dorian. Peter Gabriel on 30 years of Womad – and mixing music with politics. The Guardian. 26 July 2012 [22 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-19）.  Lynskey, Dorian. Nelson Mandela: The Triumph of the Protest Song. The Guardian. 6 December 2013 [26 October 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-09）.  Macqueen, Ian. Resonances of Youth and Tensions of Race: Liberal Student Politics, White Radicals and Black Consciousness, 1968–1973. South African Historical Journal. 2013, 65 (3): 365–382. doi:10.1080/02582473.2013.770062.  Macqueen, Ian. Black Consciousness in Dialogue in South Africa: Steve Biko, Richard Turner and the 'Durban Moment', 1970–1974. Journal of Asian and African Studies. 2014, 49 (5): 511–525. doi:10.1177/0021909613493609.  Mamdani, Mahmood. A Tribute to Steve Biko. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa. 2012, 80: 76–79. doi:10.1353/trn.2012.0045.  Mandela, Nelson. A Tribute to Stephen Bantu Biko. Xolela Mangcu (编). Biko: A Life. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. 2014: 7–9. ISBN 978-1-78076-785-7.  Mangcu, Xolela. Biko: A Life. London and New York: I. B. Tauris. 2014. ISBN 978-1-78076-785-7.  Marable, Manning; Joseph, Peniel. Series Editors' Preface: Steve Biko and the International Context of Black Consciousness. Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko. Andile Mngxitama, Amanda Alexander, and Nigel C. Gibson (eds.). New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008: vii–x. ISBN 978-0-230-60519-0.  Martins, Alejandra. Black Brazilians learn from Biko. BBC News. 25 May 2005 [19 June 2011]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-21）.  Mngxitama, Andile; Alexander, Amanda; Gibson, Nigel. Biko Lives. Biko Lives! Contesting the Legacies of Steve Biko. Andile Mngxitama, Amanda Alexander, and Nigel C. Gibson (eds.). New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 2008: 1–20. ISBN 978-0-230-60519-0.  Ngcobo, Ziyanda. Zuma Commemorates Biko on Human Rights Day. Eyewitness News. 21 March 2017 [4 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-21）.  Ngcukana, Lubabalo. Biko's grave a political battleground for parties. City Press. 13 September 2015 [4 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-08）.  Schumann, Anne. The Beat that Beat Apartheid: The Role of Music in the Resistance against Apartheid in South Africa (PDF). Wiener Zeitschrift für kritische Afrikastudien. 2008, 14 (8): 17–39 [24 October 2016]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-08-09）.  Silove, Derrick. Doctors and the State: Lessons from the Biko Case. Social Science and Medicine. 1990, 30 (4): 417–429. PMID 2180081. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90344-R.  Smit, B. F. Biko, Bantu Stephen (Steve). E. J. Verwey (编). New Dictionary of South African Biography. HSRC Press: 18–21. 1995. ISBN 978-0-7969-1648-8.  Somerville, Keith. Row clouds Biko anniversary. news.bbc.co.uk. 12 September 2002 [13 September 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-27）.  Whitaker, Raymond. No prosecution for death of anti-apartheid activist Biko. The New Zealand Herald. 8 October 2003 [13 October 2012]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-19）.  Wilson, Lindy. Steve Biko. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8214-4441-2.  Woods, Donald. Biko. New York and London: Paddington Press. 1978. ISBN 0-8050-1899-9.  Zulu, Sifiso. Google celebrates Biko with commemorative doodle. Eyewitness News. 18 December 2016 [4 March 2017]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-19）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：史蒂夫·比科 维基语录上的史蒂夫·比科语录 The Steve Biko Foundation （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 史蒂夫·比科在互联网电影资料库（IMDb）上的資料（英文） 比科逝世20周年纪念日纳尔逊·曼德拉发表的讲话