端粒酶RNA組分

端粒酶RNA組分（英語：telomerase RNA component，缩写为TERC）或称端粒酶RNA，是一種真核生物的非編碼RNA（ncRNA）。它是端粒酶的組成成分之一——端粒酶用它來延長端粒。端粒酶RNA在DNA複製過程中，爲端粒的逆轉錄過程提供模板。酵母、纖毛蟲、脊椎動物的端粒酶RNA的序列和結構都有很大不同。不過，它們的5'端靠近模板序列處，都有一個假結結構。脊椎動物端粒酶RNA的3'端有一個與snoRNA（核仁RNA）類似的結構域。 端粒酶係一類核糖核蛋白聚合酶。它通過給端粒加上重複序列來維持其長度。該重複序列在不同真核生物間有很大不同（具體可參見端粒條目中的比較表）。端粒酶除RNA外，還含有蛋白質組分（TERT（英语：Telomerase reverse transcriptase），端粒酶逆轉錄酶）。端粒酶的蛋白質組分具有逆轉錄酶的活性。端粒酶的RNA組分，即端粒酶RNA，充當逆轉錄的模板。在脊椎動物端粒酶序列中，作爲模板的CCCUAA序列在50位左右出現。端粒酶的表達在細胞衰老中扮演重要角色，在成熟體細胞中，端粒酶的表达通常處於受抑制狀態，因而端粒會不斷縮短。體細胞的端粒酶表达失調可能會誘發癌變。對小鼠的研究表明，端粒酶亦參與染色體修復，因爲在雙鏈都損壞的情況下，可能需要從頭合成端粒重複序列。在皰疹病毒亦發現了與端粒酶RNA同源的RNA。 編碼端粒酶RNA的基因的突變會造成造成常染色體顯性遺傳的先天性角化不良（英语：dyskeratosis congenita），也有可能與某些類型的再生障礙性貧血有關。 PDB 1ymo; Theimer CA, Blois CA, Feigon J. Structure of the human telomerase RNA pseudoknot reveals conserved tertiary interactions essential for function.. Mol Cell. 2005, 17 (5): 671–82. 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