吸蟲綱

吸虫（学名：Trematoda）是寄生虫的一种，为扁形动物门吸虫纲动物的总称，也称为瓜仁虫。一些吸虫也被称为二口虫（拉丁語：Distoma）。其名由来是因为它的口吸盘和腹吸盘都被认为是口而致，拉丁语中，Di代表“二”，stoma代表“口”。 吸蟲是非常有名的一種寄生蟲，大部分為雌雄同體，可自體受精；生活史中可能有一個或多個中間宿主，以魚類、人體等多種脊椎動物為最終宿主；成蟲產卵發育成纖毛幼蟲（Miracidium，亦作毛蚴），纖毛幼蟲入侵中間宿主後，增殖並發育成尾動幼蟲(cercaride，亦作尾蚴)，再被最終宿主食入前會發育成曩狀幼蟲（metacerariae，亦作曩蚴）。吸蟲的成蟲有口吸盤及腹吸盤，其卵有卵蓋（operculum），蟲體在人體中最久可活30年，由生食淡水魚而感染。貓、狗為一種名為保蟲的吸蟲宿主，成蟲寄生於膽道，大量感染時可在膽囊中發現蟲體。曩狀幼蟲存在於淡水魚時，醃漬、煙燻或脫水皆不能將其殺死，輕微感染時無症狀，重度感染會造成膽道阻塞、膽囊炎、結石、肝膿痬或急性胰臟炎等，蟲卵約於感染後1個月後可於糞便中發現。 吸蟲綱物種原來分為单殖目（Monogena）、複殖目（Digenea）、盾腹目（Aspidogastrea，亦作盾盘目或楯盤目）三個目。單殖、複殖所指的是物種的雄性生殖系统的输精管的数目（单殖1个、複殖2个）；而盾腹目的命名則沿於其特征，在其腹口吸盘周围有一個盾牌狀的衬垫。當時的單殖目可再細分為三個亞目，但現時單殖目已被提升至綱級，成為單殖綱。餘下的兩個目合計的物種，推算約 18,000到 24,000個物種。有文獻把這兩個目提升到亞綱的地位。 複殖目又名二生目，是吸蟲綱絕大多數物種所屬，之下再分為腹口亞目（Gasterostomata，寄生於魚腸內）及前口亞目（Prosostomata，有59科），其物種泛稱複殖吸蟲（digenetic trematode）是以寄生人體為對象的吸蟲。複殖吸蟲的基本結構和發育過程大致上相同，種類相當繁多且形態各自相差頗大，生活史有性世代（寄生於軟體動物，如螺螄、蚌類的階段）與無性世代（寄生於脊椎動物體內階段），基本生活型態是以卵生且多種幼蟲（毛蚴、胞蚴、雷蚴、尾蚴、囊蚴）之後在成長為成蟲。這些吸虫中以人类为宿主的种类，有肺吸虫（卫氏肺吸虫）、肝吸虫（中華肝吸蟲、牛羊肝吸蟲）、肠道吸虫、横川吸虫、血吸虫（日本血吸虫）、布氏薑片蟲（Fasciolopsis buski）等。 楯盤目只有一科四屬，直接發育，無需中間宿主。今提升至亞綱級，是為楯吸蟲亞綱或楯盤亞綱。 本纲包括以下目： Aspidogastrida Aspidogasteridae Aspidogastridae Multicalycidae Rugogastridae 有壁目 Diplostomida 斜睪目 Plagiorchiida Stichocotylida Stichocotylidae 目的地位未定的科： Acanthostomatidae Albulatrematidae Areobiotrematidae Arnolidae Gekkonotrematidae Halipegidae Jubilariidae Lecithochiridae Lobatovitelliovariidae Oesophagicolidae Sclerodistomatidae Tetrasteridae 目、科的地位未定的属： Acanthocephala Diesing, 1858 Achillurbainia Dollfus, 1939 Adolescaria Sinitzin, 1911 Afrobilharzia Le Roux, 1958 Agamodistomum Stossich, 1892 Ahemiuris Chauhan, 1954 Allomicrophallus Yamaguti, 1971 Allopseudopiclidophora Yamaguti, 1965 Alloschistorchis Yamaguti, 1970 Allotelorchis Goodman, 1988 Amphibothrium Frey & Leuckart, 1847 Amphistomulum Brandes, 1892 Amphocleithrium Price & Romero, 1969 Anatirenicola Odening, 1962 Ankyrocotyle Vlassenko, 1928 Antepharyngeum Witenberg, 1925 Antodera Pigulevsky, 1952 Aototrema Bean-Knudsen, Uhazy & Wagner, 1987 Aspalacitrema Deblock & Rausch, 1965 Aspina Tripathi, 1956 Astomum Schlotthauber, 1860 Asymphylodoroides Yamaguti, 1971 Athesmioides Cribb & Spratt, 1992 Atrioglabrum Gracenea, Montoliu & Deblock, 1993 Atriospinosum Deblock, 1973 Australodiscus Sey, 1983 Axine Yamaguti, 1938 Baiohelmins Cribb & Pearson, 1988 Bashkinovitrema Skrjabin, 1944 Bathycola Fuhrmann, 1928 Baughbilharzia Chauhan, Srivastava & Chauhan, 1973 Beauchampia Yamaguti, 1963 Bengaliniella Deblock, Mukherjee & Ghosh, 1970 Bilateracotyloides Ramalingam, 1961 Bilorchis Mehra, 1937 Biplacunella Unnithan, 1971 Bispina Tripathi, 1956 Bistellavulva Unnithan, 1971 Bivulvostella Unnithan, 1971 Blairium Brooks & Holcman, 1993 Bothriophoron Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Brachionus Schrank, 1776 Brachylecithoides Yamaguti, 1971 Brachysaccus Johnston, 1912 Bravotrema Groschaft, 1970 Bullulina Hammerschmidt, 1838 Buxifrons Fukui, 1929 Buxifrons Näsmark, 1937 Bychowskicotyle Unnithan, 1971 Calicotyle Nybelin, 1941 Calicotylides Nybelin, 1941 Canaania Travassos, 1944 Capronia Richard, 1966 Carangixenus Unnithan, 1962 Catoptroides Looss, 1902 Caudorchis Talbot, 1933 Cauliorchis Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Cesartrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964 Ceylonotrema Gussev, 1963 Chamaeleophilus Yamaguti, 1971 Chaseostrigea Ukoli, 1967 Cheilostomum Diesing, 1850 Chelonella Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Chinhuta Lal, 1937 Chiropterotarbus Bay-Schmith, 1972 Chiropterotrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992 Chiroptodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943 Choanocotyle Jue Sue & Platt, 1998 Choerocotyle Baer, 1959 Choerocotyloides Prudhoe, Yeh & Khalil, 1964 Choristogonoporus Stunkard, 1938 Cladorchis Wang & Zhou, 1989 Cochinocotyle Gupta & Gupta, 1971 Coelomotrema Angel, 1970 Coelomotrema aegyptiaca Coitocoecum Nicoll, 1915 Combesia Mas-Coma, Roset & Mantoliu, 1985 Conspicum Bhalerao, 1936 Coryphogonimus Cribb & Spratt, 1990 Cotylegaster Cobbold, 1877 Cryptocephalus Srivastava, 1944 Cryptostomum Nitzsch, 1832 Cychlorchis Lühe, 1908 Cyclostoma Otto, 1823 Cymbiforma Yamaguti, 1933 Dactylodiscus Kamegai, 1971 Dasyurotrema Cribb, 1992 Decacotylus Mayer, 1841 Dermophthiroides Cheung & Nigrelli, 1983 Diagenites Poinar & Boucot, 2006 Diastomum Packard, 1882 Dicotyle Sonsino, 1898 Dicranocercaria Lutz, 1919 Dicranocercaria Szidat, 1932 Digenites Poinar & Boucot, 2006 Dinotaster Unnithan, 1971 Diplobothrium Chandler, 1942 Diplostomum Brandes, 1888 Diplotrema Tripathi, 1959 Diporpa Dujardin, 1844 Distemum Distoma Retzius, 1786 Distomulum Brandes, 1892 Distomum Diesing, 1850 Distomus Laennec, 1807 Divitelluses Cai & Li, 1993 Dolichodemas Looss, 1900 Dolichosomum Looss, 1899 Dozenkotrema Onkarnatha, 1964 Duttiella Srivastava, Prasad & Maurya, 1980 Echinella van Beneden & Hesse, 1864 Edcaballerotrema Teixeira de Freitas, 1960 Eroliostrigea Yamaguti, 1971 Eucercaria Diesing, 1855 Eucercarioides Tang & Tang, 1992 Eucradium Szidat, 1954 Eurobilharzia Le Roux, 1958 Eurymetra Odhner, 1910 Eustemma Diesing, 1850 Eustomos MacCallum, 1921 Evandrocotyle Jansen, 1941 Evanorchis Skrjabin, 1944 Exorchocoelium Thapar, 1958 Falciungus Akmerov, 1952 Festucaria Schrank, 1788 Flabellodiscus Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 Fontius Lotz & Palmieri, 1985 Gastrothylacias Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Gastrothylacides Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Geaterinia Lebedev, 1969 Gemellicotyle Prudhoe, 1975 Gibsonium Brooks & Holcman, 1993 Gigantatrium Yamaguti, 1958 Gigantobilharziella Khalifa, 1974 Gigantopora Looss, 1907 Glenocercaria Diesing, 1858 Globostomum Oshmarin, 1970 Globularia Rolando, 1841 Glossidioides Yamaguti, 1958 Glossocotyle Van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Glyptamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958 Gotocotyla Meserve, 1938 Gymnocephala Diesing, 1858 Gymnocephala Leidy, 1877 Haematobium Dunglison, 1893 Haplostomum Burmeister, 1856 Harmostomum Witenberg, 1925 Hawkesius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Hemistephanus Looss, 1901 Hemixenotrema Baer, 1971 Hepatotrema Stunkard, 1923 Hephostomum Burmeister, 1856 Heptostomum Schomburgk, 1844 Heteracanthus Diesing, 1836 Heteraxine Linton, 1940 Heterobdella Beneden & Hesse, 1864 Heterocoelium Travassos, 1921 Heterocotyloides Yamaguti, 1963 Heterolope Looss, 1899 Heterostoma De Filippi, 1837 Hexastoma Kuhn, 1829 Hexastoma Rudolphi, 1809 Hexathyridium Treutler, 1793 Histerolecitha Linton, 1910 Histrionella Bory de St.Vincent, 1823 Histrionella Ehrenberg, 1828 Histrionellina Diesing, 1858 Holostoma Nitzsch, 1816 Hormocercaria Diesing, 1855 Hydricuculus McCrady, 1873 Hydrochoeristrema Sinkoc, Muller & Brum, 1998 Hypostoma Rudolphi, 1809 Indopleurogenes Yamaguti, 1971 Indopodocotyle Gupta & Puri, 1981 Indopodocotyloides Gupta & Sayal, 1979 Ishiella Unnithan, 1971 Ityogonismus Jamuartrema Kumar Lal, 1976 Kaurma Chatterji, 1936 Khalilloossia Hilmy, 1949 Klepsitromis Hammerschmidt, 1835 Kunckelia Künstler, 1881 Labontes MacCallum, 1927 Labriferoides Ganapati, Hanumantha & Lakshmana Rao, 1962 Laterostrigea Yang, 1962 Leiperocotyle Eduardo, 1980 Leipertrema Sandosham, 1951 Lepidotes Johnston & Tiegs, 1922 Lepustomum Jain, 1953 Levinseniella Deblock & Pearson, 1971 Levinsensia Looss, 1928 Limatuloides Dubois, 1964 Limosina Manter, 1944 Lintonia Monticelli, 1904 Lobostoma Berthold, 1827 Longitrema Chen, 1954 Lophocercaria Diesing, 1858 Loriformis Goeze, 1782 Lutianicotyle Mamaev, 1990 Lutziella Rohde, 1966 Luxitrema Bray, 1987 Lyperosomoides Yamaguti, 1971 Macallumia Chatterji, 1938 Macrechinostomum Odhner, 1911 Macrocercus Müller, 1773 Macrocraeoides Macrogenotrema Skrjabin & Baskakov, 1925 Macrurochaeta Costa, 1864 Maillardiella Brooks & Holcman, 1993 Malleolus Ehrenberg, 1838 Manidicola Graber & Gevrey, 1981 Maritremopsis Deblock, 1973 Maxtrema Travassos, Teixeira de Freitas & Kohn, 1969 Mazzantia Travassos & Kohn, 1964 Mediantestis Issaitschikow, 1928 Mediodera Pigulevsky, 1952 Mediopharyngeum Witenberg, 1925 Mediorchis Panin, 1984 Mediorima Nicoll, 1914 Meditypus Barton, 1994 Megacetabulum Oshmarin, 1964 Megacustis Bennett, 1935 Megalatriotrema Rao, 1969 Megalophalloides Ching & Ibanez Herrera, 1976 Mehraformis Bhardwaj, 1963 Melanoglena Eichwald, 1850 Mesodendrium Faust, 1919 Mesogonimus Monticelli, 1885 Metacercaria Metadelphis Travassos, 1944 Metagorgoderina Fernandes, 1958 Metagyrodactylus Yamaguti, 1963 Metahelicometra Yamaguti, 1971 Microcotyle Tripathi, 1956 Microderma Mehra, 1931 Microphallus Deblock & Pearson, 1969 Mixophthalmus Karyakarte, 1967 Monarrhenos Deblock & Pearson, 1971 Monocaecum Deblock & Pearson, 1970 Monostoma Rudolphi, 1809 Monostoma Zeder, 1800 Monostomeus Rafinesque, 1815 Monostomulum Brandes, 1892 Morenodendrium Odening, 1969 Muhlingina Mehra, 1950 Multiglandularis Schulz & Skworzow, 1931 Multigonadus Bilqees, 1970 Multilecithum Oshmarin & Demshin, 1972 Musalia Shipley & Hornell, 1904 Muttua Shipley & Hornell, 1904 Nannoenteron Ozaki, 1924 Navigiolum Onji & Nishio, 1924 Neodactylodiscus Kamegai, 1972 Neodermophtherius Price, 1963 Neodicrocoelium Agrawal & Sharma, 1990 Neodiplostomum Dubois, 1937 Neoeuparadistomum Farooq & Azra Qamar, 1996 Neogorgoderina Pereira & Cuocolo, 1940 Neogyrodactylus Baugh, 1957 Neohamatopeduncularia Gupta & Varsha Sachdeva, 1987 Neolepoderma Mehra, 1937 Neomicrophallus Farooq & Yousuf, 1986 Neophroechinostoma Oshmarin & Belous, 1951 Neopisthorchis Chatterji & Kruidenier, 1961 Neoprosotocus Bourgat & Combes, 1977 Neorenifer Byrd & Denton, 1938 Nephrocephala Diesing, 1858 Neuronaia Goodsir, 1845 Nicollina Deshmukh, 1988 Nidarosia Nidrosia Mortensen, 1933 Niviventertrema Dronen, Homesley & Cleveland, 1995 Notaster Unnithan, 1971 Octostoma Otto, 1823 Octothilus Hermann, 1782 Oligolecithus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 Olssoniella Travassos, 1944 Olveria Sinha, 1941 Olveria Thapar & Singha Omnipharynx Nicholls & Brooks, 1969 Ompoktrema Varma & Singh, 1986 Onchiodiscus Kulkarni, 1969 Onchogaster Claparède, 1863 Ophiorchis Mehra, 1937 Opisthoarchiotrema Gupta & Sharma, 1974 Opisthobrachylecithum Yamaguti, 1971 Opisthogenes Nicoll, 1914 Opistholecithum Baer, 1970 Opistocotyle LeBlond, 1836 Oreochromogyrus Ferdousi & Chandra, 2002 Orientoacanthostomum Zaidi & Khan, 1977 Orthorchis Mödlinger, 1925 Orthorchis Travassos, 1944 Oryzomytrema Thatcher, 1982 Oswaldoia Travassos, 1919 Overstreetium Brooks & Holcman, 1993 Palamphistomum Srivastava & Tripathi, 1987 Palitrema Cogate, 1939 Pancreaticum Bhalerao, 1936 Pancreatrema Oshmarin, 1952 Papillatrium Richard, 1966 Papilloleucochloridium Bakke, 1980 Parabascoides Stunkard, 1938 Parabenedenia Johnston, 1929 Paracanthatrium Dubois, 1961 Paracephalogoniomus Skrjabin, 1949 Paraconcinnum Vassiliades & Richard, 1970 Paradistomoidella Brooks & Palmieri, 1981 Paradistomoides Travassos, 1944 Paraibatrema Ueta, Deberaldini, da Silva Cordeiro & de Toledo Artigas, 1981 Paraindopleurogenes Kalyankar & Palladwar, 1977 Paraleyogonimus Vaucher, 1968 Paralutztrema Faust, 1967 Parametadelphis Travassos, 1955 Paramonostomoides Yamaguti, 1971 Paramphistomacotyle Mehra, 1980 Paramphistomoides Yamaguti, 1958 Paraoistosomum Tkach, 2011 Paraplagiorchis Dollfus, 1924 Paraschistosomatium Price, 1929 Parepibdella Johnston, 1929 Paryphostomum Jain, 1952 Pentadion Saint-Rémy, 1891 Petalodistomum Pigulevsky, 1952 Philline Parona & Perugia, 1890 Phillines Westwood, 1840 Phrynobatrachotrema Goodman, 1986 Placotrema Looss, 1907 Plagiorchoides Olsen, 1937 Platyamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958 Platycotyle Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Platymetra Mehra, 1931 Platynosomoides Yamaguti, 1971 Plenosominoides Ke & Liang, 1984 Pleurolobatus Kaw, 1944 Pleuropsoloides Goodman, 1990 Polyporus Grube, 1840 Postodera Pigulevsky, 1952 Postpharyngeum Witenberg, 1925 Praeorchitrema Oshmarin, 1952 Primatotrema Premvati, 1958 Proacetabulorchoides Oshmarin, 1970 Probolitrema Pigulevsky, 1952 Prochiorchis Dollfus, 1963 Procyonophilus Thatcher, 1982 Proechimytrema Thatcher, 1982 Proeputiodiplostomum Gupta, 1962 Progonimodiscus Vercammen-Grandjean, 1960 Promicrophallus Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981 Pronopharynx Cohn, 1904 Proschistosoma Grétillat, 1962 Proshystera Korkhaus, 1930 Prosostephanus Lutz, 1935 Prosthometra Looss, 1896 Prostorchigenes Tubangui, 1928 Protofasciola Odhner, 1926 Protofasciolopsis Odhner Prouterina Foreyt, Schell & Beyer, 1996 Prudhoella Beverley-Burton, 1960 Prymnoprion Looss, 1899 Pseudalassostoma Yamaguti, 1958 Pseudallassostomoides Yamaguti, 1971 Pseudallobenedenia Yamaguti, 1966 Pseudathesmia Travassos, 1942 Pseudoallocreadium Yamaguti, 1971 Pseudobianium Sey, 1996 Pseudocalceostoma Yamaguti, 1963 Pseudodiplodiscoides Murty, 1970 Pseudodiscus Sonsino, 1895 Pseudoechinostomum Pseudoganeo Khomenovskij, 1971 Pseudomagnivitellinum Dronen & Underwood, 1980 Pseudomerizocotyle Kay, 1942 Pseudomorcheides Wang, 1982 Pseudoorientocreadium Agrawal & Sharma, 1990 Pseudoparamphistoma Yamaguti, 1958 Pseudoplagiorchis Yamaguti, 1971 Pseudoquinqueserialis Sutton, 1981 Pseudorchis Yamaguti, 1971 Pseudorenifer Price, 1935 Pseudospelotrematoides Yamaguti, 1939 Pterocotyle Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Pteronella Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Pterygotomaschalos Stunkard, 1924 Ptyasiorchis Mehra, 1937 Quasimaritrema Deblock, 1973 Rallitrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964 Redia Filippi, 1837 Reduxotrema Pigulevsky, 1952 Renicola Sudarikov, 1951 Rhacophotrema Uchida, Itagaki & Inoue, 1980 Rhodobilharzia Le Roux, 1958 Rhopalocerca Diesing, 1850 Rudolphiella Travassos, 1924 Rutschurutrema Baer, 1959 Sarumitrema Beverley-Burton, 1963 Sawqirahcotyle Lebedev, 1976 Schisturus Rudolphi, 1809 Schizocerca Diesing, 1858 Scintillovulva Unnithan, 1971 Serpentinotrema Travassos & Kohn, 1964 Sigmapera Nicoll, 1918 华毕属 Sinobilharzia Dutt & Srivastava, 1955 Sinobilharzia Le Roux, 1958 Sinuosoides Denton & Krissinger, 1975 Skrjabinodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943 Skrjabinosomum Skrjabin, 1944 Solenocerca Diesing, 1855 Solenocotyle Diesing, 1850 Sorexegliphe Sadovskaya, 1954 Spinoderetrema Bray, 1987 Spinometra Mehra, 1931 Sporocerca Diesing, 1855 Sporocystis Filippi, 1854 Sporocystophora Diesing, 1858 Sporonema Diesing, 1855 Sporotherium Diesing, 1858 Srivastavaia Singh, 1970 Staffordiella Mehra, 1966 Stephanolecithus Nakagawa, 1919 Stephanopharynx Fischoeder, 1901 Stichocotyle Faust & Tang, 1936 Strzeleckia Cribb & Spratt, 1991 Sturniratrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992 Suchocyathocotyle Dubois, 1984 Sureshiella Srivastava, Maurya & Prasad, 1980 Symmetricatesticula Krasnolobova, 1976 Synethes Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Tagumaea Fukui, 1930 Taiwantrema Fischthal & Kuntz, 1981 Telogonella Mehra & Negi, 1928 Tenuifasciola Yamaguti, 1971 Testisaculus Bhalerao, 1927 Tetrapapillatrema Ralph, 1938 Tetrastoma Chiaje, 1833 Thailandobilharzia Baugh, 1977 Thylogaster Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Topsiturvitrema Velez & Thatcher, 1992 Travassasella Faust & Tang, 1938 Travassodendrium Skarbilovitch, 1943 Travassosina Vaz, 1932 Travassostrema Rebecq, 1962 Triloborchidiplostomum Dubois & Angel, 1972 Trionchus MacCallum, 1916 Tumaclinostomum Van der Kuyp, 1953 Turbinilla Bory de St.Vincent, 1823 Turquinia Coy Otero, 1989 Ugandalubens Goodman, 1988 Ultragenotrema Skrjabin & Baskakow, 1925 Unistriata Filimonova, 1985 Vaginaespina Tripathi, 1956 Velasquezotrema Eduardo & Javellana, 1987 Verodunia Lahille & Joan, 1918 Vesperugidendrium Pande, 1937 Virgulina Bory de St.-Vincent, 1823 Vitellariotrema Gupta & Krishna, 1977 Voelkeria Travassos & Kohn, 1966 Watsonius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Wellmanius Stiles & Goldberger, 1910 Wrightrenicola Odening, 1962 Xenopharynx Nicoll, 1912 Xenopodistomum Macnae, Rock & Makowski, 1973 Xiphidiocercaria Diesing, 1855 Zeferinella Artigas & Paulino, 1988 Zeylanurotrema Crusz & Sanmugasunderam, 1974 Zoosperma Bory de St Vincent, 1823 Zygodendrium Salem, 1976 體壁組織可分為體被與肌肉；可自我更新；具有吸收營養、感覺等功能。 李永基. 第貳部無脊椎動物 第VII篇扁形動物門. 中山自然科學大辭典. 第九冊：動物學. : 249, 259-272 [2016-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-05） （中文（繁體））.  第二篇 蠕虫学：第六章 吸 虫：吸虫概论. 人体寄生虫学. 郑州大学远程教育学院. 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