準國家

準國家（英語：quasi-state）或似國家實體（英語：state-like entity），包括所謂的原國家（英語：proto-state），存在一定程度制度化的政府，可以自治，但尚未擁有主權的政治實體，接近於主權國家的狀況但尚未成為主權國家。 政治學研究中對準國家的精確定義會根據使用的上下文情況而變化。一些現代學者已經用它來描述自治的英國殖民地和附屬地，這些殖民地和附屬地實行部分殖民地方自治，但仍然作為大英帝國的重要組成部分，首先受到倫敦政府的管理。同樣，联邦制国家成员，如蘇聯內部擁有各行政單位的蘇維埃共和國也被稱為準國家。 在最近的用法中，“準國家”一詞最常被提起來是指那些主張並對某一地區行使某種形式的領土控制但缺乏機構凝聚力的激進分裂主義團體。準國家包括波斯尼亞戰爭期間的塞族共和國和黑塞哥-波斯尼亚克罗地亚共和国、2012年马里共和国圖阿雷格人叛亂期間的阿扎瓦德、敘利亞內戰期間興起的伊斯蘭國。 Although officially controlled by the Palestinian National Authority, the Gaza Strip is administered separately and has achieved its own unique sub-national status as a Palestinian proto-state. Jubaland declared itself independent of Somalia in 1998. It technically rejoined Somalia in 2001 when its ruling Juba Valley Alliance became part of the country's Transitional Federal Government. However, Jubaland has continued to persist as a more or less autonomous state. The erosion of Portuguese military control over northern Mozambique during the Mozambican War of Independence allowed local guerrillas to establish a proto-state there, which survived until the war ended in 1974. Home to about a million people, the miniature insurgent proto-state was managed by FRELIMO's civilian wing and was able to provide administrative services, open trade relations with Tanzania, and even supervise the construction of its own schools and hospitals with foreign aid. John P. Grant; J. Craig Barker. Quasi-State. Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law 3rd. 牛津: 牛津大學出版社. 2009: 493, 580. ISBN 978-0-19-538977-7. OL 23213349M. Wikidata Q105755921 （英语）. 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