黑尾長耳大野兔

黑尾長耳大野兔（學名：Lepus californicus）又稱黑尾傑克兔（英語：Black-tailed jackrabbit），是美國西部與墨西哥北部常見的一種野兔，體長約60公分，重1.4—2.7公斤；雌兔體型大於雄兔。本種為北美原生分布最廣的野兔，東至密蘇里州，南至墨西哥下加利福尼亞與薩卡特卡斯州，現分布範圍正往北美大平原東部擴張，並已被人為引入美國東部多地。黑尾長耳大野兔下已有17種亞種被描述，但此數目可能過多，有學者以外型特徵將本種分為兩大亞種，分別為洛磯山脈與科羅拉多河以西的L. c. californicus與以東的L. c. texianus。 黑尾長耳大野兔分布的環境多樣，包括草地、灌木叢、耕地、濃密常綠闊葉灌叢、帕卢斯（英语：Palouse）、沙漠、落葉林與針葉林等。本種不會遷徙，亦無冬眠行為；以環境中的多種植物為食，為多種猛禽與野貓、野狗、郊狼、短尾貓、加拿大猞猁、赤狐、灰狐與美洲獾等多種掠食者的重要獵物。人類捕獵本種的目的一般為避免莊稼被破壞或休閒之用，而非為食用。 羚羊长耳大野兔（英语：Lepus alleni） 白尾长耳大野兔（英语：Lepus townsendii） Brown, D.E.; Lorenzo, C.; Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. Lepus californicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T41276A45186309 [12 March 2022]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T41276A45186309.en .  Liz Langley、魏靖儀. 「兔」和「野兔」有什麼差別？. 國家地理雜誌. 2014-12-22.  Whitaker, John O. Jr.; Hamilton, William J. Jr. 1998. Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press. 189-92. ISBN 0-8014-3475-0 Big Bend National Park Black-tailed Jackrabbit. US National Park Service.  Flux, J. E. C. Introduction to taxonomic problems in hares. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 1983, 174: 7–10.  Chapman, J. A.; Dixon, K. R.; Lopez-Forment, W.; Wilson, D. E. The New World jackrabbits and hares (genus Lepus).--1. Taxonomic history and population status. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 1983, 174: 49–51.  Dunn, John P.; Chapman, Joseph A.; Marsh, Rex E. (1982). "Jackrabbits: Lepus californicus and allies" in Chapman, J. A.; Feldhamer, G. A. (eds.) Wild mammals of North America: biology, management and economics. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2353-6 Dixon, K. R.; et al. The New World jackrabbits and hares (genus Lepus).--2. Numerical taxonomic analysis. Acta Zoologica Fennica. 1983, 174: 53–56.  Johnson, Randal D.; Anderson, Jay E. Diets of black-tailed jack rabbits in relation to population density and vegetation. Journal of Range Management. 1984, 37 (1): 79–83. JSTOR 3898830. doi:10.2307/3898830. hdl:10150/645618 .  Bell, M. M.; Studinski, G. H. (1972). "Habitat manipulation and its relationship to avian and small rodent populations on the Descanso District of the Cleveland National Forest". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT Giusti, Gregory A.; Schmidt, Robert H.; Timm, Robert M.; et al. (1992). "The lagomorphs: rabbits, hares, and pika". In: Silvicultural approaches to animal damage management in Pacific Northwest forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-287. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station: pp. 289–307. doi:10.2737/PNW-GTR-287 Anderson, Jay E.; Shumar, Mark L. Impacts of black-tailed jackrabbits at peak population densities on sagebrush vegetation. Journal of Range Management. 1986, 39 (2): 152–155. JSTOR 3899289. doi:10.2307/3899289. hdl:10150/645512 .  Grubb, Teryl G.; Kennedy, Charles E. (1982). "Bald eagle winter habitat on southwestern National Forests". Res. Pap. RM-237. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Janes, Stewart W. (1985). "Habitat selection in raptorial birds", pp. 159–188 in Cody, Martin L. (ed.) Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press Inc. ISBN 0323140130 Tiemeier, Otto W.; Plenert, Marvin L. A comparison of three methods for determining the age of black-tailed jackrabbits. Journal of Mammalogy. 1964, 45 (3): 409–416. JSTOR 1377413. doi:10.2307/1377413.