小猪笼草

小猪笼草（学名：Nepenthes gracilis）广布于东南亚低地的热带食虫植物。其种加词来源于拉丁文“gracilis”，意为“细长的”。小猪笼草存在于马来西亚、新加坡、印尼苏门答腊及泰国。该物种的海拔分布范围也很广，为海拔0至1100米（少数甚至可达1700米），但其大部分都分布于海拔100米以下的地区，极少数植株存在于海拔1000米以上的地区。尽管其分布非常的广泛，但关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种却很少见。 彼得·威廉·科萨尔在1839年发表的专著《关于猪笼草属》中对小猪笼草进行了正式的描述。 产自菲律宾的源小猪笼草（N. abgracilis）由于与小猪笼草非常相似而得名。 小猪笼草的捕虫笼相对比较普通，唇非常窄小。但其捕虫笼笼盖下表面却存在着参差不齐的蜡质层，该特征可能是猪笼草属内唯一的。该蜡质层与捕虫笼内表面蜡质区的蜡质层厚度不一且结构也完全不同。，该蜡质层在下暴雨时会增加昆虫在笼盖下表面的附着难度，使昆虫容易受雨滴撞击而落入捕虫笼内，从而该蜡质层成为小猪笼草捕获猎物机制的一部分。科學家透過X光分析小猪笼草，發現籠蓋與植株間有個特別脆弱的點，該點被雨滴擊中時會塌陷，連帶使笼盖往下彈，讓獵物落入捕蟲籠後以特定方式復原。這是其近親莱佛士猪笼草沒有的機制。 在实验条件下小猪笼草的捕虫试验 蚂蚁被模拟的降雨从笼盖下表面的蜡质区击落 在笼盖下表面放置一个回形针的对照试验 高速摄影展示家蝇（Musca domestica）被雨滴击落入捕虫笼的过程（录像帧频：428 s−1，播放帧频10 s−1） 小猪笼草分布广泛，存在于婆罗洲、西马来西亚、新加坡、苏拉威西中部、苏门答腊及泰国南部。其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括邦加島、巴圖群島、勿里洞岛望加丽岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、纳闽岛、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（西比路島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、马萨拉岛、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、納土納群島、廖内岛）、魯帕島。 2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。以下为猪笼草进化树的“第6分支”。 尽管小猪笼草的可变性较小，但其还是存在着大量的种下类群。但大部分命名都不是有效的。 Nepenthes gracilis f. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Westphal (1993) Nepenthes gracilis var. angustifolia (Mast.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) Nepenthes gracilis var. arenaria Ridl. ex Macf. (1908) Nepenthes gracilis var. elongata Bl. (1852) Nepenthes gracilis var. longinodis Beck (1895) Nepenthes gracilis var. major Hort.Lindsay ex Dixon (1889) Nepenthes gracilis var. teysmanniana (Miq.) Beck (1895) 以下是已发现的关于小猪笼草的自然杂交种。 N. albomarginata × N. gracilis N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=N. × trichocarpa] (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=N. × trichocarpa × N. bicalcarata] N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=N. × cantleyi] ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=N. × sharifah-hapsahii, N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?] N. gracilis × N. northiana [=N. × bauensis] N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana N. gracilis × N. sumatrana 白环猪笼草与小猪笼草的自然杂交种 毛果猪笼草 坎特利猪笼草 ？真穗猪笼草与小猪笼草的自然杂交种 沙礼花－哈萨猪笼草 石龙门猪笼草 小猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的自然杂交种 小猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的自然杂交种 Clarke, C.M. Nepenthes gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T39663A143960417 [2022-08-01]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39663A143960417.en .  Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22. Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes angustifolia (Mast.), sp. nov. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(408): 524. （德文） Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229. 引用错误：带有name属性“Beck”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 夏洛特. 食蟲植物觀賞&栽培圖鑑. 台北: 商周出版. 2007: 56–57. ISBN 978-986-124-850-9.  McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sulawesi. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. （意大利文） Catalano, M. 2010. Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio. Prague. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes.PDF Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.151.1.2 Bauer, U., B. Di Giusto, J. Skepper, T.U. Grafe & W. Federle 2012. With a flick of the lid: a novel trapping mechanism in Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants. PLoS ONE 7(6): e38951. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038951 Incorvaia, Darren. 生物力學 科學剪影. 科學人. No. 250 (遠流出版公司): 20. ISSN 1682-2811.  （印尼文） Hidayat, S., J. Hidayat, Hamzah, E. Suhandi, Tatang & Ajidin 2003. Analisis vegetasi dua jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga di Padang Pinang Anyang, Pulau Belitung. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [Vegetation analysis of two insectivorous plants in Padang Pinang Anyang, Belitung Island.] Biodiversitas 4(2): 93–96. Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56. （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-09-21. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307. Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Macfarlane, J.M. 1908. Nepenthaceae. In: A. Engler. Das Pflanzenreich IV, III, Heft 36: 1–91. Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Fretwell, S. 2013. Back in Borneo to see giant Nepenthes. Part 2: Mt Tambuyukon and Poring. Victorian Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 108: 6–15. Lee, C.C. 2004. Nepenthes. In: Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity. H.S. Yong, F.S.P. Ng and E.E.L. Yen (eds). The Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. LIX, No. 80; Special Issue No. 6: 71–77. Tan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85. Bednar, B.L. 1985. Nepenthes ✕ dominii and var. intermedia.PDF Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106. Adam, J.H. 1997. Prey spectra of Bornean Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 20(2–3): 121–134. Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999. Palynological study of Bornean Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae).PDF Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 22(1): 1–7. Adam, J. H., R. Omar & C. C. Wilcock 2002. Phytochemical Screening of Flavonoids in Three Hybrids of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) and their Putative Parental Species from Sarawak and Sabah.PDF OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences 2(9): 623–625. doi:10.3923/jbs.2002.623.625 Adam, J.H., E.M. Nurulhuda, H. Abdul-Halim, O. Abdul-Rahim, A.H. Hafiza, G.K. Gopir, L.M. Pilik, R. Omar, M.B. Qasim, J. Salimon, S. Abdul-Rahim & M.M. Hanafiah 2005. Pitcher plants recorded from BRIS forest in Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Trengganu, Malaysia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Wetland Science 3(3): 183–189. （马来文） Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim et al. 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. [Soil Properties in Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.] In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem. [Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem.] Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157. Adam, J.H., H.A. Hamid, M.A.A. Juhari, S.N.A. Tarmizi & W.M.R. Idris 2011. Species composition and dispersion pattern of pitcher plants recorded from Rantau Abang in Marang District, Terengganu State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 7(2): 162–169. doi:10.3923/ijb.2011.162.169 （印尼文） Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract Athauda, S.B.P., K. Matsumoto, S. Rajapakshe, M. Kuribayashi, M. Kojima, N. Kubomura-Yoshida, A. Iwamatsu, C. Shibata, H. Inoue & K. Takahashi 2004. Enzymatic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases.PDF (1.32 MiB) (manuscript BJ20031575) Biochemical Journal 381(1): 295–306. doi:10.1042/BJ20031575 Aung, H.H., L.S. Chia, N.K. Goh, T.F. Chia, A.A. Ahmed, P.W. Pare & T.J. Mabry 2002. Phenolic constituents from the leaves of the carnivorous plant Nepenthes gracilis. Fitoterapia 73(5): 445–447. PMID 12165348 doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00113-2 （印尼文） Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013. Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi Nepenthes spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Protobiont 2(1): 1–6. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of Nepenthes carnivorous plants. New Phytologist 191(2): 545–554. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03696.x Bourke, G. 2010. The climbing pitcher plants of the Kelabit highlands.PDF Captive Exotics Newsletter 1(1): 4–7. Brearley, F.Q. & M. Mansur 2012. Nutrient stoichiometry of Nepenthes species from a Bornean peat swamp forest. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(3): 105–108. Buch, F., M. Rott, S. Rottloff, C. Paetz, I. Hilke, M. Raessler & A. Mithöfer 2012. Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for microbial growth. Annals of Botany 111(3): 375–383. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs287 Chia, T.F., H.H. Aung, A. Osipov, N.K. Goh & L.S. Chia 2004. Carnivorous pitcher plant uses free radicals in the digestion of prey. Redox Report 9(5): 255–261. doi:10.1179/135100004225006029 Chua, T.J.L. & M.L.M. Lim 2012. Cross-habitat predation in Nepenthes gracilis: the red crab spider Misumenops nepenthicola influences abundance of pitcher dipteran larvae. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28(1): 97–104. doi:10.1017/S0266467411000629 Clarke, C.M., R. Cantley, J. Nerz, H. Rischer & A. Witsuba. Nepenthes gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2000. [10 May 2006].  Damayanti, F., M. Mansur & I. Roostika 2011. Diversity of Nepenthes spp. in West Kalimantan. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 3(13): 705–708. （印尼文） Enjelina, W. 2012. Analisis hibrid alam kantung semar (Nepenthes) di Bukit Taratak Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat dengan teknik RAPD. M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Fan, D.-H., H. Wang, D. Zhi & Y.-M. Shen 2010. CE analysis of endogenous flavonoid gallate esters from Nepenthes gracilis (Nepenthaceae). Chromatographia 72(9–10): 1013–1016. doi:10.1365/s10337-010-1729-0 Fashing, N.J. 2010. Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).PDF In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.) Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9837-5 Frazier, C.K. 2000. Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) and their hybrids （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. （印尼文） Handayani, T. 1999. Konservasi Nepenthes di kebun raya Indonesia.PDF [Conservation of Nepenthes in Indonesian botanic gardens.] In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372. （印尼文） Harahap, A.S. 2010. Mikropropogasi tunas kantong semar (Nepenthes gracillis Korth.) dengan pemberian NAA dan BAP secara in vitro （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Student paper, University of North Sumatra, Medan. Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. Hooker, J.D. 1859. XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of Nepenthes, with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 22(4): 415–424. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1856.tb00113.x Kato, M. 1993. Floral biology of Nepenthes gracilis (Nepenthaceae) in Sumatra. American Journal of Botany 80(8): 924–927. doi:10.2307/2445512 Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract Kitching, R.L. 2000. Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. Plant Biology 15(3): 611–615. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00709.x Lam, S.Y. 1982. Tripteroides aranoides (Theobald) in two pitcher plants, Nepenthes ampullaria Jack and N. gracilis Korth., at Kent Ridge (Diptera: Culicidae). B.Sc (Hons.) Thesis, National University of Singapore. Lee, C.C. 2000. Recent Nepenthes Discoveries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [video] The 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA. Lim, A.L. & N. Prakash 1973. Life history of Nepenthes gracilis. Malaysian Journal of Science 2(A): 45–53. Lim, S.H., D.C.Y. Phua & H.T.W. Tan 2000. Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of Nepenthes. Biologia Plantarum 43(1): 153–155. doi:10.1023/A:1026535920714 Ma Hnin Hnin Aung 2004. Phenolic compounds from Nepenthes gracilis Korth: isolation, identification and antioxidant studies. Ph.D. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391. Macfarlane, J.M. 1927. The Philippine species of Nepenthes. The Philippine Journal of Science 33(2): 127–140. （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.PDF In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253. （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis Nepenthes (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. [Diversity of lowland Nepenthes (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.] Berita Biologi 8(5): 335–341. Abstract （印尼文） Mansur, M. 2008. Penelitian ekologi Nepenthes di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.] Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(1): 67–73. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008. Ecological studies on Nepenthes at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 9(3): 271–276. Moore, D. 1872. On the culture of Nepenthes at Glasnevin. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(11): 359–360. Masters, M.T. 1872. The cultivated species of Nepenthes. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette 1872(16): 540–542. Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897 （德文） Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..PDF Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich. Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676 Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the trnK intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39(2): 478–490. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.11.023 （印尼文） Meriko, L. 2010. Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis Nepenthes (N. ampullaria Jack., N. gracilis Korth. dan N. reinwardtiana Miq.). M.Sc. thesis, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract Mithöfer, A. 2011. Carnivorous pitcher plants: insights in an old topic. Phytochemistry 72(13): 1678–1682. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.024 Miyagi, I. & T. Toma 2007. A new mosquito of the genus Topomyia (Diptera, Culicidae) from a Nepenthes pitcher plant in a Bario highland of Sarawak, Malaysia. Medical Entomology and Zoology 58(3): 167–174. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in Nepenthes pitchers in Singapore: Predators increase prey community diversity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90(2): 177–183. Mokkamul, P., A. Chaveerach, R. Sudmoon & T. Tanee 2007. Species Identification and Sex Determination of the Genus Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4): 561–567. doi:10.3923/pjbs.2007.561.567 Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999. Aspects of Pitcher Morphology and Spectral Characteristics of Six Bornean Nepenthes Pitcher Plant Species: Implications for Prey Capture.PDF Annals of Botany 83: 521–528. Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009. Phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Nepenthes. National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin. （印尼文） Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013. Pembuatan flash card dari hasil inventarisasi Nepenthes di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran 2(1): [unpaginated; 14 pp.] Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Normawati, Y. 2002. The effect of stem length on pitcher and inflorescence production in Nepenthes gracilis and Nepenthes mirabilis at Serendah Selangor. B.Sc. Thesis. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. （日語） Oikawa, T. 1992. Nepenthes gracilis Korth.. In: Muyū kusa – Nepenthes（無憂草 – Nepenthes）. [The Grief Vanishing.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 38–39. Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of Nepenthes species. Annals of Botany 102(5): 845–853. doi:10.1093/aob/mcn162 Pollard, S.D. 2012. Fishing spiders in the hanging stomachs of Borneo. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 41(1): 20–23. （印尼文） Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatera Barat.PDF [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] （马来文） Rahim, S.A., T. Lihan, M. Baba, A. Laming, Z.A. Rahman, W.M.R. Idris, M.B. Gasim, A. Hashim, S.M. Yusof & L.H. Yin 2008. Pengambilan logam berat oleh Nepenthes gracilis dan N. Hookeriana dalam tanih bekas lombong besi dan timah, Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor. [Heavy metal uptake by Nepenthes gracilis and N. Hookeriana in ex-iron and tin mine soil, Pelepah Kanan, Kota Tinggi, Johor.] Sains Malaysiana 37(1): 39–49. Abstract （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Robinson, A. 1995 ['1994/95']. Plant findings in Malaysia. The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal 18: 44–47. Rottloff, S., R. Stieber, H. Maischak, F.G. Turini, G. Heubl & A. Mithöfer 2011. Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, Nepenthes. Journal of Experimental Botany 62(13): 4639–4647. doi:10.1093/jxb/err173 Russell, C. & E. Ossian 1990. Opportunistic feeding involving the pitcher plants Nepenthes hirsuta, Nepenthes gracilis and the epiphytic orchid Schomburgkia tibicinis, or natural ant eradication, the rube goldberg method. The Orchid Digest 54(4): 182–184. Shivas, R.G. 1984. Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur. Siegara, A. & Yogiara 2009. Bacterial community profiles in the fluid of four pitcher plant species (Nepenthes spp.) grown in a nursery[永久失效連結]. Microbiology Indonesia 3(3): 109–114. Slack, A. 1979. Nepenthes gracilis. In: Carnivorous Plants. Ebury Press, London. p. 86. Sun, W.F. 2008. In vitro induction of polyploidy in Nepenthes gracilis Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-02-21. M.Sc. thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. （印尼文） Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatera Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract （印尼文） Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatera Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract Takahashi, K., S.B.P. Athauda, K. Matsumoto, S. Rajapakshe, M. Kuribayashi, M. Kojima, N. Kubomura-Yoshida, A. Iwamatsu, C. Shibata & H. Inoue 2005. Nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases: enzymatic and structural characteristics. Current Protein and Peptide Science 6(6): 513–525. doi:10.2174/138920305774933259 Takeuchi, Y., M.M. Salcher, M. Ushio, R. Shimizu-Inatsugi, M.J. Kobayashi, B. Diway, C. von Mering, J. Pernthaler & K.K. Shimizu 2011. In situ enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus Nepenthes. PLoS ONE 6(9): e25144. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025144 Tan, S. 2006. Development of capillary electrophoresis techniques for plant natural products analyses. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Teo, L.L. 2001. Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. M.Sc. thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Thorogood, C. 2010. The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives. Nova Science Publishers, New York. （捷克文） Toufar, P. 1996. Ještě jednou k Nepenthes gracilis （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Trifid 1996(2): 6–7. (page 2 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) （印尼文） Uji, T. 2003. Keanekaragaman dan potensi flora di Cagar Alam Muara Kendawangan, Kalimantan Barat. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [Flora diversity and its potential in Muara Kendawangan Nature Reserve, West Kalimantan.] Biodiversitas 4(1): 112–117. James Wong and the Malaysian Garden （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. [video] BBC Two. 食虫植物照片搜寻引擎中小猪笼草的照片 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）。 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：小猪笼草 維基物種上的相關信息：小猪笼草