單家蟻屬

單家蟻屬（學名：Monomorium）又称小家蚁属，為家蟻亞科。共有 302 個現生物種和 3 個化石物種。世界廣布，尤其是舊世界的熱帶地區。單家蟻屬包含一些惡名昭彰的害蟲，如法老小家蟻 (M. pharaonis ) 和花居小家蟻 (M. floricola )。 該屬形態及體型變異較大。有些物種工蟻單型，有些多型。有些物種工蟻體型小，有些體型大。大部分物種具有大且由多個小眼組成的複眼，但 M. inusuale 和一些非洲的物種的複眼較為退化。具有功能正常的螫針。 單家蟻屬包含很多物種，是一個龐大的屬，在 2007 年時， Nothidris、Epelysidris 和 Phacota 被同物異名為單家蟻屬，作者同時也推測 Anillomyrma（英语：Anillomyrma）、Megalomyrmex（英语：Megalomyrmex） 和 Bondroita 可能也為單家蟻屬。 如何精準界定該屬尚無定論。單家蟻沒有明顯可以將其與火家蟻族其他成員區分開來的特徵。如果以支序學角度嚴謹的說，整個火家蟻族都該被納入火家蟻屬，但火家蟻族並沒有明顯的共衍徵。單家蟻屬目前是併系群，是一個臨時類群，未來還需整理，其他的臨時類群包含巨山蟻屬和窄胸家蟻屬 (Leptothorax )。 大部分物種居住在朽木、石頭下或土壤中。有些物種為清除者，有些則取食種子。大部分物種具有含生物鹼的毒液，可用以抵禦天敵。除了形態變異外，該屬染色體對數也多變，從 16 對至 70 對 (2n) 皆有紀錄。 本属包括以下物种： Monomorium abeillei Andre, 1881 Monomorium aberrans Forel, 1902 Monomorium abyssinicum (Forel, 1894) Monomorium acutinode Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium adiastolon Heterick Monomorium advena Brown & Wilson, 1957 Monomorium affabile Santschi, 1926 Monomorium afrc Monomorium afrum Andre, 1884 Monomorium aithoderum Monomorium alamarum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium albipes Monomorium albopilosum Emery, 1895 Monomorium algiricum (Bernard, 1955) Monomorium altinode Santschi, 1910 Monomorium ambvky Monomorium anceps Emery, 1895 Monomorium andrei Saunders, 1890 Monomorium angustinode Forel, 1913 Monomorium annamense Donisthorpe, 1941 Monomorium antarcticum (Smith, 1858) Monomorium antipodum Forel, 1901 Monomorium aper Emery, 1914 Monomorium arboreum Weber, 1943 Monomorium areniphilum Santschi, 1911 Monomorium armstrongi McAreavey, 1949 Monomorium arnoldi Forel, 1913 Monomorium atomum Forel, 1902 Monomorium aureorugosum Heterick Monomorium australe Emery, 1886 Monomorium australicum Forel, 1907 Monomorium baal Wheeler & Mann, 1916 Monomorium balathir Bolton, 1987 Monomorium banksi Forel, 1910 Monomorium barbatulum Mayr, 1877 Monomorium basale Monomorium bequaerti Forel, 1913 Monomorium bevisi Arnold, 1944 Monomorium bicolor Emery, 1877 Monomorium bicorne Forel, 1907 Monomorium bifidoclypeatum Heterick Monomorium bifidum Monomorium bimaculatum Wheeler, 1928 Monomorium binatu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium biroi Forel, 1907 Monomorium biroianum Bolton, 1995 Monomorium bodenheimeri Menozzi, 1929 Monomorium boerorum Forel, 1910 Monomorium bogischi Wheeler, 1917 Monomorium boltoni Espadaler & Agosti, 1987 Monomorium borlei Santschi, 1937 Monomorium brasiliense Forel, 1908 布朗氏小家蚁 Monomorium braunsi Mayr, 1901 Monomorium broomense Forel, 1915 Monomorium broschorum Sparks Monomorium butteli Forel, 1913 Monomorium buxtoni Crawley, 1920 Monomorium capeyork Sparks Monomorium captator Santschi, 1936 Monomorium carbo Forel, 1910 Monomorium carbonarium (Smith, 1858) Monomorium centrale Forel, 1910 Monomorium chilensis 中华小家蚁 Monomorium chinense Santschi, 1925 Monomorium chnodes Heterick Monomorium chobauti (Emery, 1896) Monomorium clarinodis Heterick Monomorium clavicorne Andre, 1881 Monomorium coecum Monomorium compressum Wheeler, 1914 Monomorium consternens (Walker, 1859) Monomorium crawleyi Santschi, 1930 Monomorium creticum (Emery, 1908) Monomorium criniceps (Mayr, 1879) Monomorium cristatum Monomorium croceiventre Emery, 1914 Monomorium cryptobium (Santschi, 1921) Monomorium cyaneum Wheeler, 1914 Monomorium dakarense Santschi, 1914 Monomorium damarense Forel, 1910 Monomorium decuria Monomorium delabiei Monomorium delagoense Forel, 1894 Monomorium demisum Santschi, 1936 Monomorium dentatum Monomorium denticulatum Mayr Monomorium denticulum Heterick Monomorium dentigerum (Roger, 1862) Monomorium destructor (Jerdon, 1851) Monomorium dichroum Forel, 1902 Monomorium dictator Santschi, 1937 Monomorium dilatatum Bernard, 1977 Monomorium disertum Forel, 1913 Monomorium disoriente Bolton, 1987 Monomorium dispar Monomorium dolatu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium donisthorpei Crawley, 1915 Monomorium drapenum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium draxocum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium ebangaense Santschi, 1937 Monomorium ebeninum Forel, 1891 Monomorium edentatum Emery, 1897 Monomorium effractor Bolton, 1987 Monomorium egens Forel, 1910 Monomorium elghazalyi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2017 Monomorium elgonense (Santschi, 1935) Monomorium elongatum Smith, 1876 Monomorium emarginatum DuBois, 1986 Monomorium emeryi Mayr, 1895 Monomorium epinotale Santschi, 1923 Monomorium eremoides Sparks Monomorium eremum Sparks Monomorium ergatogyna Wheeler, 1904 Monomorium esharre Bolton, 1987 Monomorium euryodon Monomorium evansi Donisthorpe, 1918 Monomorium excelsior Arnold, 1926 Monomorium excensurae Forel, 1915 Monomorium exchao Santschi, 1926 Monomorium exiguum Forel, 1894 Monomorium falcatum (McAreavey, 1949) Monomorium fasciatum Santschi, 1920 Monomorium fastidium Bolton, 1987 Monomorium fayfaense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium ferodens Heterick Monomorium fezzanense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium fieldi Forel, 1910 Monomorium firmum Santschi, 1926 Monomorium fisheri Heterick Monomorium flavigaster (Clark, 1938) Monomorium flavimembra Heterick Monomorium flavipes Clark, 1938 Monomorium flavum Collingwood, 1961 Monomorium floricola (Jerdon, 1851) Monomorium forcipatum Emery, 1914 Monomorium foreli Viehmeyer, 1914 Monomorium fraterculum Santschi, 1919 Monomorium fridae Forel, 1905 Monomorium fugelanum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium fulvum Monomorium gabrielense Forel, 1916 Monomorium geminum Sparks Monomorium gilberti Forel, 1902 Monomorium glabrum (Andre, 1883) Monomorium gongromos Heterick Monomorium gracillimum Smith Monomorium grassei (Tohme, 1980) Monomorium guillarmodi Arnold, 1946 Monomorium guineense (Bernard, 1953) Monomorium hanaqe Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium hanneli Forel, 1907 Monomorium hannonis Santschi, 1910 Monomorium havilandi Forel, 1910 Monomorium heggyi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021 Monomorium hemame Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium hercules Viehmeyer, 1923 Monomorium herero Forel, 1910 Monomorium hertogi Sparks Monomorium hesperium Emery, 1915 Monomorium hesperium lanzarotense Wheeler, W.M., 1927 Monomorium hildebrandti Forel, 1892 Monomorium hirsutum Forel, 1910 Monomorium hiten Terayama, 1996 Monomorium hoffmanni Sparks Monomorium holothir Bolton, 1987 Monomorium hospitum Viehmeyer, 1916 Monomorium howense Wheeler, 1927 Monomorium humilior Forel, 1910 Monomorium ilgii Forel, 1894 Monomorium ilium Forel, 1907 Monomorium imerinense Forel, 1892 Monomorium impexum Wheeler, 1928 Monomorium indet Monomorium indicum Forel, 1902 Monomorium infuscum Heterick Monomorium inquietum Santschi, 1926 Monomorium inquilinum DuBois, 1981 Monomorium insolescens Wheeler, 1934 Monomorium insulare Clark, 1938 Monomorium integrum 黑腹小家蚁 Monomorium intrudens Smith, 1874 皮氏小家蚁 Monomorium intrudens pieli Santschi,1925 Monomorium inusuale Monomorium invidium Bolton, 1987 Monomorium iyenasu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium jacksoni Bolton, 1987 Monomorium jonesi Arnold, 1952 Monomorium jucundum Sant. Monomorium junodi Forel, 1910 Monomorium katir Bolton, 1987 Monomorium kelapre Bolton, 1987 Monomorium kempi Mukerjee, 1930 Monomorium khalidi Sharaf, Mohamed, Boudinot, Wetterer, Hita Garcia, Dhafer & Aldawood, 2021 Monomorium kidman Sparks Monomorium kiliani Forel, 1902 Monomorium kineti Weber, 1943 Monomorium kitectum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium kondratieffi Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013 Monomorium kugitangi Dlussky, 1990 Monomorium kugleri Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2009 Monomorium kusnezovi Santschi, 1928 Monomorium laeve Mayr, 1876 Monomorium lameerei (Forel, 1902) Monomorium latastei Emery Monomorium latinode Mayr, 1872 Monomorium latinodoides Wheeler, 1928 Monomorium leae Forel, 1913 Monomorium leda Forel, 1915 Monomorium legulum Monomorium lene Santschi, 1920 Monomorium leopoldinum Forel, 1905 Monomorium lepidum Heterick Monomorium libanicum Tohme, 1980 Monomorium liliuokalanii Forel, 1899 Monomorium lindbergi Pisarski, 1967 Monomorium longi Forel, 1902 Monomorium longiceps Wheeler, 1934 Monomorium longinode Monomorium longipes Emery, 1914 Monomorium longiusculum Monomorium lubricum Arnold, 1948 Monomorium luisae Forel, 1904 Monomorium luteum Emery, 1881 Monomorium macareaveyi (Ettershank, 1966) Monomorium macrops Arnold, 1944 Monomorium madecassum Forel, 1892 Monomorium major Bernard, 1953 Monomorium malamixtum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium malatu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium mandibulare Monomorium manir Bolton, 1987 Monomorium mantazenum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium marjoriae DuBois, 1986 Monomorium marshi Bolton, 1987 Monomorium maryannae Sparks Monomorium mavide Bolton, 1987 Monomorium mayri Forel, 1902 Monomorium mayrianum Wheeler, 1915 Monomorium medinae Forel, 1892 Monomorium mediocre Santschi, 1920 Monomorium melleum Emery, 1914 Monomorium merepah Sparks Monomorium micrommaton Heterick, 2006 Monomorium micron Crawley, 1925 Monomorium micropacum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium mictile Forel, 1910 Monomorium minimum (Buckley, 1867) Monomorium minor Stitz, 1923 Monomorium mirandum Arnold, 1955 Monomorium mitchell Sparks Monomorium moathi Sharaf & Collingwood, 2010 Monomorium modestum Santschi, 1914 Monomorium moestum Monomorium mohammedi Sharaf & Hita Garcia, 2018 单小家蚁 Monomorium monomorium Bolton, 1987 Monomorium musicum Forel, 1910 Monomorium muticum (Emery, 1887) Monomorium nengraharicum Pisarski, 1970 Monomorium nigricans Heterick Monomorium niloticum Emery, 1881 Monomorium nimihil Collingwood, 2004 Monomorium nirvanum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium nitidiventre Emery, 1893 Monomorium notulum Forel, 1910 Monomorium noualhieri (Emery, 1915) Monomorium noxitum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium nuptualis Forel, 1913 Monomorium occidaneum Crawley, 1922 Monomorium occidentale Bernard, 1953 Monomorium ocellatum Arnold, 1920 Monomorium oodnadatta Sparks Monomorium opacior Forel, 1913 Monomorium opacum Forel, 1913 Monomorium ophthalmicum Forel, 1894 Monomorium orangiae Arnold, 1956 Monomorium orientale Mayr, 1879 Monomorium oscaris Forel, 1894 Monomorium osiridis Santschi, 1915 Monomorium pacis Forel, 1915 Monomorium pallidipes Forel, 1910 Monomorium pallidum Donisthorpe, 1918 Monomorium parvinode Forel, 1894 Monomorium paternum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium pergandei (Emery, 1893) Monomorium perplexum Radchenko, 1997 Monomorium personatum Santschi, 1937 法老小家蚁 Monomorium pharaonis (Linnaeus, 1758) 小黄家蚁、法老小家蚁法老蚁 Monomorium phoeniceum Santschi, 1927 Monomorium phoenicium Santschi, 1927 Monomorium phoenicum Santschi, 1927 Monomorium pilbara Sparks Monomorium pilipes Mayr, 1868 Monomorium platynode Monomorium platynodis Heterick Monomorium pulchrum Santschi, 1926 Monomorium rabirium Bolton, 1987 Monomorium rastractum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium rhopalocerum Emery, 1895 Monomorium robustior Forel, 1892 Monomorium rogeri (Mayr, 1865) Monomorium rosae Santschi, 1920 Monomorium rothsteini Forel, 1902 Monomorium rotundatum Santschi, 1920 Monomorium rubriceps Mayr, 1876 Monomorium rufulum Stitz, 1923 Monomorium ruzskyi Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985 Monomorium sagei Forel, 1902 Monomorium sahlbergi Emery, 1898 Monomorium sakalavum Santschi, 1928 Monomorium salomonis (Linnaeus, 1758) Monomorium sanguinolentum Wheeler, 1927 Monomorium santschii (Forel, 1905) Monomorium sarawatensis Sharaf & Aldawood, 2013 Monomorium scabriceps (Mayr, 1879) Monomorium schultzei Forel, 1910 Monomorium schurri Forel, 1902 Monomorium sculpturatum Clark, 1934 Monomorium sechellense Emery, 1894 Monomorium senegalense Roger, 1862 Monomorium sersalatum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium setuliferum Forel, 1910 Monomorium shilohense Forel, 1913 Monomorium shuckardi Forel, 1895 Monomorium silvestrii Wheeler, 1927 Monomorium smithii Forel, 1892 Monomorium sommieri Emery, 1908 Monomorium sordidum Forel, 1902 Monomorium spatulicorne Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926 Monomorium spectrum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium speculiceps Monomorium speculum Sparks Monomorium speluncarum Santschi, 1914 Monomorium springvalense Forel, 1913 Monomorium sryetum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium stagnum Sparks Monomorium stictonotum Monomorium strangulatum Santschi, 1921 Monomorium striatifrons Monomorium subapterum Wheeler, 1917 Monomorium subcoecum Emery, 1894 Monomorium subdentatum Forel, 1913 Monomorium subopacum (Smith, 1858) Monomorium suteri Forel, 1892 Monomorium sutu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium sydneyense Forel, 1902 Monomorium symmotu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium syriacum (Tohme, 1980) Monomorium tablense Santschi, 1932 Monomorium taedium Bolton, 1987 Monomorium talbotae DuBois, 1981 Monomorium talpa Emery, 1911 Monomorium tambourinense Monomorium tanysum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium taprobanae Forel, 1913 Monomorium tchelichofi Forel, 1914 Monomorium tenebrosum Sparks Monomorium termitarium Forel, 1910 Monomorium termitobium Forel, 1892 Monomorium thrascoleptum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium topend Sparks Monomorium torrens Sparks Monomorium torvicte Bolton, 1987 Monomorium trageri DuBois, 1986 Monomorium trake Bolton, 1987 Monomorium tricolor Emery, 1914 Monomorium triviale Wheeler, 1906 Monomorium tumaire Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium turneri (Forel, 1910) Monomorium tynsorum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium vaguum Santschi, 1930 Monomorium valtinum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium vatranum Bolton, 1987 Monomorium vecte Bolton, 1987 Monomorium venustum (Smith, 1858) Monomorium versicolor Heterick Monomorium viator Santschi, 1923 Monomorium viride Brown, 1943 Monomorium vitiense Mann, 1921 Monomorium vonatu Bolton, 1987 Monomorium wahibiense Collingwood & Agosti, 1996 Monomorium westi Bolton, 1987 Monomorium wheelerorum DuBois, 1986 Monomorium whitei Wheeler, 1915 Monomorium willowmorense Bolton, 1987 Monomorium wilsoni Monomorium wroughtoni Forel, 1902 Monomorium wroughtonianum Ettershank, 1966 Monomorium xanthognathum Arnold, 1944 Monomorium xuthosoma Heterick 织女小家蚁 Monomorium zhinu Terayama, 2009 Monomorium zulu Santschi, 1914 Barry Bolton. AntCat. （原始内容存档于2020-06-08）.  Aldawood, A. S. and M. R. Sharaf. (2011). Monomorium dryhimi sp. n., a new ant species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the M. monomorium group from Saudi Arabia, with a key to the Arabian Monomorium monomorium-group. ZooKeys 106, 47-54. Heterick, B. E. (2003). Two new Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), including a highly distinctive species. Australian Journal of Entomology 42(3), 249-53. Fernández, F. (2007). Two new South American species of Monomorium Mayr with taxonomic notes on the genus. In: Snelling, R. R., et al. (eds). Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to 艾德華·威爾森 – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80, 128-45. Heterick, B. (2006). A revision of the Malagasy ants belonging to Genus Monomorium Mayr, 1855 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 57(3), 69-202. Mashaly, A. M. A., et al. (2010). Source, optimal dose concentration and longevity of trail pheromone in two Monomorium ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal of King Saud University-Science 22(1), 57-60. Jones, T. H., et al. (2003). The venom alkaloids from some African Monomorium species. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Journal of Chemical Ecology 29(12), 2721-27. Lorite, P., et al. (2002). Chromosome numbers in Spanish Formicidae (Hymenoptera) IV. New data of species from the genera Camponotus, Formica, Lasius, Messor, and Monomorium. Sociobiology 40(2), 331-42. Monomorium. Japanese Ant Image Database. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：單家蟻屬 Mashaly, A. M. A. (2010). Monomorium ant's trail pheromones: Glandular source, optimal concentration, longevity and specificity. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 13(1), 23-26. Mayr, G. (1855). Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im oesterreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen nebst Hinzufuegung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5, 273-478.