卡尔巴拉战役

卡尔巴拉战役（Battle of Karbala），公元680年10月10日发生于巴格达西南的卡尔巴拉，穆罕默德的外孙、什叶派领袖侯赛因·本·阿里率领自己的支持者对抗前来镇压的倭马亚王朝叶齐德一世的大军。最终前者全军覆没，阿里之子侯赛因阵亡。 Aghaie, Kamran S. The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. Seattle & London: University of Washington Press. 2004 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-295-98455-1. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Anthony, Sean. The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Sabaʾ and the Origins of Shīʿism. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 2011 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-90-04-21606-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Arjomand, Saïd A. Sociology of Shiʿite Islam: Collected Essays. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 2016 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9789004326279. （原始内容存档于2020-11-06）.  Ayoub, Mahmoud. Redemptive Suffering in Islam: A Study of the Devotional Aspects of Ashura in Twelver Shi'ism. Hague: Mouton Publishers. 1978 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 90-279-7943-X. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）.  Brunner, Rainer. Karbala. Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Mirza, Mahan; Kadi, Wadad; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim; Stewart, Devin J. (编). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. New Jersey: Princeton University Press: 293. 2013 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9780691134840. （原始内容存档于2019-12-29）.  Calmard, Jean. ʿAbbās b. ʿAlī b. Abū Ṭāleb. Encyclopaedia Iranica 1. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 1982 [11 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-23）.  Calmard, Jean. Ḥosayn b. ʿAli II. In Popular Shiʿism. Encyclopaedia Iranica 7. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 2004 [11 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-08）.  Chaudhuri, Supriya. The Bengali novel. Dalmia, Vasudha; Sadana, Rashmi (编). The Cambridge Companion to Modern Indian Culture. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2012. ISBN 978-0-521-51625-9.  Chittick, William C. Rūmī's view of the Imam Ḥusayn. Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984 12. London: The Muhammadi Trsut of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 3–12. 1986. ISBN 9780710302076.  Daftary, Farhad. The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1992 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0. （原始内容存档于2020-11-09）.  Dakake, Maria M. The Charismatic Community : Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2007 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-7914-7033-6. （原始内容存档于2019-12-25）.  Dixon, Abd al-Ameer A. The Umayyad Caliphate, 65-86/684-705: (a Political Study). London: Luzac. 1971 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0718901493. （原始内容存档于2021-02-25）.  Donaldson, Dwight M. The Shi'ite Religion : A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. London: Luzac. 1933. OCLC 459263076.  Donner, Fred M. Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2010 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-674-05097-6. （原始内容存档于2020-11-20）.  Elsie, Robert. Albanian Literature: A Short History. London & New York: I.B. Tauris. 2005 [2021-03-23]. ISBN 9781845110314. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Fischer, Michael M. J. Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. 2003 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9780299184735. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam H. Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2014 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Gölz, Olmo. Martyrdom and Masculinity in Warring Iran:The Karbala Paradigm, the Heroic, and the Personal Dimensions of War. Behemoth–A Journal on Civilisation. 2019, 12 (1): 35–51. doi:10.6094/behemoth.2019.12.1.1005.  Günther, Sebastian. Maqâtil Literature in Medieval Islam. Journal of Arabic Literature. 1994, 25 (3): 192–212. doi:10.1163/157006494X00103.  Halm, Heinz. Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution. 由Allison Brown翻译. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. 1997. ISBN 1-55876-134-9.  Hanaway Jr., W. L. Marthiya in Persian literature. Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Pellat, Ch. (编). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 608–609. 1991. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.  Hawting, Gerald R. The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750 Second. London and New York: Routledge. 2000. ISBN 0-415-24072-7 （英语）.  Hawting, Gerald R. Yazid (I) b. Mu'awiya. Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. (编). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume XI: W–Z. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 2002. ISBN 978-90-04-12756-2.  Haywood, J. A. Marthiya in Urdu literature. Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Pellat, Ch. (编). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume VI: Mahk–Mid. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 610–612. 1991. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.  Hitti, Philip K. The Near East In History : A 5000 Year Story. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand Company. 1961. ISBN 9781258452452.  Howard, I. K. A. Husayn the Martyr: A Commentary on the Accounts of the Martyrdom in Arabic Sources. Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984 12. London: The Muhammadi Trsut of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 124–142. 1986. ISBN 9780710302076.  Howard, I. K. A. (编). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiyah, A.D. 680–683/A.H. 60–64. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0-7914-0040-1.  Hyder, Syed Akbar. Reliving Karbala: Martyrdom in South Asian Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-19-537302-8. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Jafri, S. M. Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam. London and New York: Longman. 1979 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9780582780804. （原始内容存档于2019-12-21）.  Kennedy, Hugh N. The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State. London: Routledge. 2001 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 0-415-25093-5. （原始内容存档于2019-12-28）.  Kennedy, Hugh N. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century Second. Harlow: Pearson-Longman. 2004 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9780582405257. （原始内容存档于2020-07-21）.  Lammens, Henri. Al-Ḥasan b. 'Ali b. Abï Ṭālib. Houtsma, M. Th.; Wesinck, A. J.; Arnold, T. W.; Heffening, W.; Lévi-Provençal, E. (编). The Encyclopædia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 274. 1927. OCLC 1008303874.  Lammens, Henri. Le Califat de Yazid Ier. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth. 1921. OCLC 474534621 （法语）.  Lewis, Bernard. Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2002 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-19-164716-1. （原始内容存档于2020-11-10）.  Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 1997 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 0-521-64696-0. （原始内容存档于2020-11-26）.  Madelung, Wilferd. Ḥosayn b. ʿAli I. Life and Significance in Shiʿism. Encyclopaedia Iranica 7. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 2004 [11 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于2012-09-30）.  Nakash, Yitzhak. An Attempt To Trace the Origin of the Rituals of 'Āshūrā¸. Die Welt des Islams. 1993, 33 (2): 161–181. doi:10.1163/157006093X00063.  Norris, H. T. Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. 1993 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9780872499775. （原始内容存档于2019-12-20）.  Pinault, David. Horse of Karbala: Muslim Devotional Life in India. New York: Palgrave. 2001 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-1-349-61982-5. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 1981 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-87395-442-6. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.  Schimmel, Annemarie. Mystical Dimensions of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 1975 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-0-8078-1271-6. （原始内容存档于2019-12-20）.  Schimmel, Annemarie. Karbalā' and the Imam Husayn in Persian and Indo-Muslim literature. Al-Serāt: Papers from the Imam Ḥusayn Conference, London, July 1984 12. London: The Muhammadi Trsut of Great Britain and Northern Ireland: 29–39. 1986. ISBN 9780710302076.  Sindawi, Khalid. The image of Ḥusayn ibn 'Alī in Maqātil Literature. Quaderni di Studi Arabi. 2002, 20–21: 79–104. JSTOR 25802958.  Sharon, Moshe. Black Banners from the East: The Establishment of the ʻAbbāsid State : Incubation of a Revolt. Jerusalem: JSAI. 1983 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-965-223-501-5. （原始内容存档于2020-12-01）.  Thackston, Wheeler M. A Millennium of Classical Persian Poetry: A Guide to the Reading & Understanding of Persian Poetry from the Tenth to the Twentieth Century. Bethesda: IBEX Publishers. 1994 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 9780936347509. （原始内容存档于2021-01-23）.  Vaglieri, L. Veccia. (Al)-Ḥasan b. 'Alï b. Abï Ṭālib. Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (编). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 240–243. 1971. OCLC 495469525.  Vaglieri, L. Veccia. (Al)-Ḥusyan b. 'Alï b. Abï Ṭālib. Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (编). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume III: H–Iram. Leiden: E. J. Brill: 607–615. 1971. OCLC 495469525.  Wellhausen, Julius. Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung. 1901. OCLC 453206240 （德语）.  Wellhausen, Julius. The Arab Kingdom and its Fall. 由Margaret Graham Weir翻译. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1927. OCLC 752790641.  Yildirim, Riza. In the Name of Hosayn's Blood: The Memory of Karbala as Ideological Stimulus to the Safavid Revolution. Journal of Persianate Studies. 2015, 8 (2): 127–154. doi:10.1163/18747167-12341289.  Zakeri, Mohsen. Sasanid Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1995 [2020-01-04]. ISBN 978-3-447-03652-8. （原始内容存档于2020-11-07）.  al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, History of the Prophets and Kings; Volume XIX The Caliphate of Yazid b. Muawiyah, translated by I.K.A Howard, SUNY Press, 1991, ISBN 0-7914-0040-9. Kennedy, Hugh, The Armies of the Caliphs: Military and Society in the Early Islamic State, Routledge, 2001. al-Muqarram, Abd al Razzaq, Maqtal al-Husayn, Martyrdom Epic of Imam al-Husayn （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, translated by Yasin T. Al-Jibouri, pub Al-Kharsan Foundation for Publications, originally published Qum, circa 1990. (al-Muqarram was born in 1899 and died in 1971—author's biography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. This is a 20th-century book—see Islamic Historiography, by Chase F. Robinson, p. 35.) 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：卡尔巴拉战役 维基文库中的相关原始文献：The Sermon of Ali ibn Husayn in Damascus What is Muharram?（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Battle of Karbalāʾ（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Encyclopædia Britannica List of the casualties of Karbla（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Karbala – A Lesson For Mankind （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Events of Karbala （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Ashura.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Poetryofislam.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, poetry on Kerbala by Mahmood Abu Shahbaaz Londoni Sacred-texts.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Battle of Karbala （英文） Battle of Karbala（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） A Probe Into the History of Ashura （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） by Dr. Ibrahim Ayati