突觸素

突觸素（Synaptophysin），又稱主要突觸小泡蛋白p38（major synaptic vesicle protein p38），是一種人體中由「SYP」基因轉譯而成的蛋白質。 該基因位於X染色體的短臂上（Xp11.23-p11.22），約由12,406個鹼基對所構成，位於反義股上。該蛋白由313個胺基所構成，分子量約為33.845kDa。 該蛋白質為突触小泡上的醣蛋白，擁有四個穿膜區。該蛋白主要表現於神經內分泌細胞，基本上只要擁有突觸傳輸功能的神經元皆會表達。在免疫染色組織學上，該蛋白常被作為神經內分泌腫瘤的標誌蛋白，或是用於突觸豐度的定量。 目前該蛋白的確切功能尚未闡明，僅知他會與重要的突觸蛋白synaptobrevin（英语：synaptobrevin）產生交互作用。但在動物實驗中，即使將突觸素的基因敲除，似乎並沒有對動物的發育或功能上產生任何影響。近期研究顯示，突觸素的缺失可能導致小鼠出現行為異常，例如探索行為增加、新奇物辨識（object novelty recognition），以及空間感上產生影響。 突觸素可與AP1G1（英语：AP1G1）和SIAH2（英语：SIAH2）產生交互作用。 人類基因列表（英语：List of human genes） 與突觸素相關的疾病；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.  GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000102003 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000031144 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.  Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.  Entrez Gene: SYP synaptophysin. 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Co-localization of synaptophysin with different neuroendocrine hormones in the human gastrointestinal tract. Histochem. Cell Biol. 1999, 111 (1): 49–54. PMID 9930883. doi:10.1007/s004180050332.  Davidsson P, Gottfries J, Bogdanovic N, Ekman R, Karlsson I, Gottfries CG, Blennow K. The synaptic-vesicle-specific proteins rab3a and synaptophysin are reduced in thalamus and related cortical brain regions in schizophrenic brains. Schizophrenia Research（英语：Schizophrenia Research）. 1999, 40 (1): 23–9. PMID 10541003. doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(99)00037-7.  Cassiman D, van Pelt J, De Vos R, Van Lommel F, Desmet V, Yap SH, Roskams T. Synaptophysin: A Novel Marker for Human and Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells. Am. J. Pathol. 1999, 155 (6): 1831–9. PMC 1866940 . PMID 10595912. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65501-0.  Thiele C, Hannah MJ, Fahrenholz F, Huttner WB. Cholesterol binds to synaptophysin and is required for biogenesis of synaptic vesicles. Nat. Cell Biol. 2000, 2 (1): 42–9. PMID 10620806. doi:10.1038/71366.  Nag TC, Wadhwa S. Differential expression of syntaxin-1 and synaptophysin in the developing and adult human retina. J. Biosci. 2001, 26 (2): 179–91. PMID 11426054. doi:10.1007/BF02703642.  Bhangu PS, Genever PG, Spencer GJ, Grewal TS, Skerry TM. Evidence for targeted vesicular glutamate exocytosis in osteoblasts. Bone. 2001, 29 (1): 16–23. PMID 11472886. doi:10.1016/S8756-3282(01)00482-3.  Roudenok V, Kühnel W. The development of synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the human sympathetic ganglia. Ann. Anat. 2001, 183 (4): 345–51. PMID 11508360. doi:10.1016/S0940-9602(01)80177-1.  Wheeler TC, Chin LS, Li Y, Roudabush FL, Li L. Regulation of synaptophysin degradation by mammalian homologues of seven in absentia. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277 (12): 10273–82. PMID 11786535. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107857200 .  Ulfig N, Chan WY. Expression of a kinase anchoring protein 79 and synaptophysin in the developing human red nucleus. Neurosignals. 2003, 11 (2): 95–102. PMID 12077483. doi:10.1159/000058546.  Yao I, Iida J, Nishimura W, Hata Y. Synaptic and nuclear localization of brain-enriched guanylate kinase-associated protein. J. Neurosci. 2002, 22 (13): 5354–64. PMC 6758191 . PMID 12097487. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-13-05354.2002.  Wistow G, Bernstein SL, Wyatt MK, Ray S, Behal A, Touchman JW, Bouffard G, Smith D, Peterson K. Expressed sequence tag analysis of human retina for the NEIBank Project: retbindin, an abundant, novel retinal cDNA and alternative splicing of other retina-preferred gene transcripts. Mol. Vis. 2002, 8: 196–204. PMID 12107411.  醫學主題詞表（MeSH）：Synaptophysin Template:Tumor markers Template:Nerve tissue protein