根瘤菌

根瘤菌主要指与豆类作物根部共生形成根瘤并能固氮的细菌，一般指根瘤菌属和慢生根瘤菌属；两属都属于根瘤菌目。 根瘤菌侵入寄主根内，刺激根部皮层和中柱鞘的某些细胞，引起这些细胞的强烈生长，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根内定居，植物供给根瘤菌以矿物养料和能源，根瘤菌固定大气中游离氮气，为植物提供氮素养料，两者在拮抗寄生关系中处于均衡状态而表现共生现象。 根瘤菌细胞呈杆状，有鞭毛和荚膜，鞭毛为正常的活动器官，无芽孢，革兰氏染色阴性，属需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌体形式多种多样，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，这种变形的菌体成为类菌体；类菌体在豆科植物体内不生长繁殖，却能与豆科植物共同固氮，对豆科植物有良好作用。 每种根瘤菌只能与一种或几种植物建立共生关系，如下表： 此外，还有些微生物能同非豆类植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放线菌（如：小头木麻黄、赤杨、杨梅）、蓝绿菌（如：苏铁、竹柏、满江红）。 根瘤菌属 包括以下物种： Rhizobium acaciae Hsouna et al. 2023 Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016 埃及根瘤菌 Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2017 Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017 Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011 Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009 Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009，为Neorhizobium alkalisoli (Lu et al. 2009) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名 Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016 Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015 安徽根瘤菌 Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015 Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019 Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017 Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020 Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014 Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016 Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium beringeri Young et al. 2023 Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium borbori Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium borbori (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 Rhizobium brockwellii Young et al. 2023 Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015 Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015 Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007 Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019 Rhizobium ciceri Nour et al. 1994，为Mesorhizobium ciceri (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名 Rhizobium croatiense Rajnovic et al. 2023 大田根瘤菌 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005 Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020 Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015 Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014 Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011 Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017 Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993 Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008 Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016 Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014 Rhizobium fredii Scholla and Elkan 1984，为Ensifer fredii (Scholla and Elkan 1984) Young 2003的异名 Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013 Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989，为Neorhizobium galegae (Lindström 1989) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名 Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997 格氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016 Rhizobium giardinii Amarger et al. 1997 Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2012 海南根瘤菌 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997 Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012 Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015 Rhizobium herbae Ren et al. 2011，为Pararhizobium herbae (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020 华氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium huakuii Chen et al. 1991，为Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名 Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998，为Neorhizobium huautlense (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名 Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002 Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016 Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 日本根瘤菌 Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，为Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的异名 Rhizobium johnstonii Young et al. 2023 Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014 Rhizobium larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，为Agrobacterium larrymoorei Bouzar and Jones 2001的异名 豌豆根瘤菌 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889 Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014 Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015 Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2012 Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003，为Rhizobium mongolense subsp. loessense (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的异名 Rhizobium loti Jarvis et al. 1982，为Mesorhizobium loti (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名 Rhizobium lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，基异名：Phytomyxa lupini Schroeter 1886 Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006 Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015 Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013 地中海根瘤菌 Rhizobium mediterraneum Nour et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名 Rhizobium meliloti Dangeard 1926，为Ensifer meliloti (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的异名 Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2012 Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009 Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015 Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008 内蒙根瘤菌 Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998 Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008 Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2018 Rhizobium nepotum Puławska et al. 2012，为Agrobacterium nepotum (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008，为Allorhizobium oryzae (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 稻生根瘤菌 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015 Rhizobium oryziradicis Zhao et al. 2017，为Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的异名 巴基斯坦根瘤菌 Rhizobium pakistanense Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：Rhizobium pakistanensis Rhizobium paknamense Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013 Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014 Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012 Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926 Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008 Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014 Rhizobium populisoli Shen et al. 2022 Rhizobium pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium pseudoryzae (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016 Rhizobium pusense Panday et al. 2011，为Agrobacterium pusense (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的异名 Rhizobium redzepovicii Rajnovic et al. 2023 Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001 Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020 Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014 Rhizobium rhododendri Kuzmanović et al. 2023 Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011 Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的异名 Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020 Rhizobium selenitireducens Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：Rhizobium selenireducens Rhizobium setariae Kang and Seo 2023 Rhizobium skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012 Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2015 土壤根瘤菌 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010 Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2015 Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2015 Rhizobium sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012 Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014 Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013 Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002 太白山根瘤菌 Rhizobium taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012，为Allorhizobium taibaishanense (Yao et al. 2012) Hördt et al. 2020的异名 Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2013 土生根瘤菌 Rhizobium terricola Dahal et al. 2023 天山根瘤菌 Rhizobium tianshanense Chen et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名 西藏根瘤菌 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009 Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard 1926，为Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的异名 Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991 Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011 Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019 Rhizobium undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，为Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998的异名 Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011 Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011，为Neorhizobium vignae (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的异名 Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017 Rhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，为Allorhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名 文新根瘤菌 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及细菌分类学家、中国科学院院士陈文新的名字命名 梧州根瘤菌 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018 杨凌根瘤菌 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001 盐亭根瘤菌 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015 Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017 J.P. 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Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317. Quan, Z. X., Bae, H. S., Baek, J. H., Chen, W. F., Im, W. T., Lee, S. T. (2005). Rhizobium daejeonense sp. nov., isolated from a cyanide treatment bioreactor. Int.J.Syst.Evol.Microbiol. 55 : 2543-2549 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280524 Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979. Shen L, Liu JJ, Liu PX, An MM, He XW, Zhao GZ. A non-symbiotic novel species, Rhizobium populisoli sp. nov., isolated from rhizosphere soil of Populus popularis. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:50. Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. 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Current research on Rhizobium leguminosarum （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Norwich Research Park Video and commentary on root nodules and Rhizobium in White Clover （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）