球蓋菇屬

球蓋菇屬（學名：Stropharia、英語：roundheads）是一群中至大型的傘菌，其特徵為蕈柄上有一圈膜質的蕈環。本屬中較有名的物種包括大球蓋菇與銅綠色的銅綠球蓋菇。球蓋菇屬的物種通常不被認為是可食的，且許多種類的可食性受到質疑，但大球蓋菇在剛長成時是可食的，且野外露營者主要食用的菇種之一。 球蓋菇屬的學名Stropharia衍生自希臘文的στροφος（音strophos），意為「帶狀物」。屬內物種的變異很大，且被認為是個複系群，其中核心支序的共同特徵為形成假根的菌絲體中含有許多棘紅細胞，在Stropharia acanthocystis中，棘紅細胞亦存在於子實層。分子證據分析證明球蓋菇屬核心支序的關係與黏滑菇属與鳞伞属較近，而與屬內其他物種（如S. semiglobata）相差較遠。2013年，Scott Redhead將球蓋菇屬中不含棘紅細胞，且囊狀體（英语：cystidia）呈星狀（astrocystidia）者獨立為Protostropharia屬，而Protostropharia semiglobata即為模式種。 德國真菌學家洛夫·辛格將球蓋菇屬的物種進一步區分為數個組，有些缺乏棘紅細胞的節已被提升為獨立的屬，如2008年提升的Leratiomyces屬是來自球蓋菇屬的Stropholoma節，前述的Protostropharia屬是來自Stercophila節。 屬於迷幻蘑菇的古巴裸盖菇（英语：Psilocybe cubensis）曾被分類在球蓋菇屬，之後被辛格改分至裸蓋菇屬（英语：Psilocybe），此變動與後續DNA序列分析一致。古巴裸蓋菇的中大型大小、發育完整的蕈環與深色的孢子和球蓋菇外表相像，但應屬於裸蓋菇屬，而和球蓋菇屬沒有密切關係。 球蓋菇屬的特徵為蕈柄上明顯的蕈環，核心物種菌絲體中含有棘紅細胞。孢子印成熟時多呈中等至深的紫棕色，邊緣為白色，也有部分物種孢子印為鐵鏽般的棕色。 本属包括以下物种： Stropharia acanthocystis Cortez & R.M. Silveira 銅綠球蓋菇 Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis) Quél. 铜绿球盖菇黄褐变型 Stropharia aeruginosa f. brunneola Hongo Stropharia agaricoides P.S. Silva, Cortez & R.M. Silveira Stropharia agrocyboides (Raithelh.) Raithelh. Stropharia albivelata (Murrill) Norvell & Redhead 亮白球盖菇 Stropharia albonitens (Fr.) Quél. Stropharia albosulphurea (Pat.) Zhu L. Yang Stropharia ambigua (Peck) Zeller Stropharia andina Singer Stropharia apiahyna (Speg.) Cortez & R.M. Silveira Stropharia araucariae Cortez & R.M. Silveira 二色球盖菇 Stropharia bicolor Pegler Stropharia caerulea Kreisel Stropharia campestris Peck 黄囊球盖菇 Stropharia chrysocystidia T.X. Meng & T. Bau Stropharia cifuentesii Bandala, Montoya & Jarvio Stropharia coccinea A. Pearson ex Pegler 齿环球盖菇 Stropharia coronilla (Bull.) Quél. Stropharia coronilliformis Murrill Stropharia cyanea Tuom. Stropharia elegans Murrill Stropharia eximia Benedix Stropharia farlowiana Raithelh. Stropharia flocculosipes Singer Stropharia floridana Murrill 盐碱球盖菇 Stropharia halophila Pacioni 哈德球盖菇 Stropharia hardii 浅赭色球盖菇 Stropharia hornemannii (Fr.) S. Lundell & Nannf. Stropharia imaiana Benedix 涂擦球盖菇 Stropharia inuncta (Fr.) Quél. 吉林球盖菇 Stropharia jilinensis T. Bau & E.J. Tian Stropharia kauffmanii A.H. Sm. Stropharia lasseri Dennis 假环柄球盖菇 Stropharia lepiotiformis (Cooke & Massee) Sacc. Stropharia mammillata Sacc. 黑孢球盖菇 Stropharia melanosperma (Bull.) Gillet Stropharia ochraceoviridis García Mon. Stropharia palustris (Quél.) Sacc. Stropharia pokhraensis Dhanch. & Bakhukh. 假蓝球盖菇 Stropharia pseudocyanea (Desm.) Morgan Stropharia purpureoaurantiaca Raithelh. Stropharia purpureoviolacea Raithelh. Stropharia rubrobrunnea Senthil. & S.K. Singh 皱环球盖菇 Stropharia rugomarginata Zeller & Epling 大球蓋菇 Stropharia rugosoannulata Farl. ex Murrill, 皱环球盖菇，酒红球盖菇 皱环球盖菇浅黄变型 Stropharia rugosoannulata f. lutea Hongo Stropharia sanguineopurpurea (Rick) Raithelh. 半球球盖菇 Stropharia semiglobata (Batsch) Quél. Stropharia semigloboides Murrill 干柄球盖菇 Stropharia siccipes Stropharia squamulosa (Massee) Massee Stropharia stuhlmannii Henn. Stropharia subbadia Murrill 近鳞球盖菇 Stropharia subsquamulosa Mitchel & A.H. Sm. Stropharia subuda Grgur. Stropharia taediosa (Kalchbr.) D.A. Reid Stropharia trinitensis (Dennis) Cortez Stropharia troyana Murrill Stropharia umbonasceus Morgan Stropharia umbonatescens (Peck) Sacc. 杂色球盖菇 Stropharia variicolor Desjardin & Hemmes Stropharia varzeae (Singer) Cortez Stropharia venusta P.S. Silva, Cortez & R.M. Silveira Stropharia viloriana (Dennis) Singer Stropharia viridula (Schaeff.) Morgan 云南球盖菇 Stropharia yunnanensis W.F. Chiu 真菌主题 Stropharia (Fr.) Quél. 1872. MycoBank.International Mycological Association. [2011-09-11]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-22）.  Paul Stamets, Growing gourmet and medicinal mushrooms （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, pg. 334, Ten Speed Press, 3rd ed. (2000), ISBN 1-58008-175-4 Redhead SA. Nomenclatural novelties (PDF). 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