伞菌目

伞菌目（学名：Agaricales），又名磨菇目，是傘菌綱的一目。本目包含33科、413屬和超过13000種已经描述的物种，其中包括6个化石属。本目所包含的種類廣泛，從最常見的洋菇，致命的毒鵝膏和有迷幻性質的毒蠅傘，到可發光的發光類臍菇都是本目的種類。 伞菌目的物种无处不在，所有大洲均有发现。大部分生长在陆地，它们的栖息地包括所有类型的林地和草地，不同科之间的物种差别很大。伞菌目长期被认为是只生长在陆地，直到2005年发现的水生蘑菇(Psathyrella aquatica)，唯一在水下繁殖的蘑菇。 伞菌目的担子果通常是肉质的，具有通常称为茎的菌柄、菌盖、和菌褶，其中产生担孢子。 这是蘑菇的刻板结构。 不同类型的蘑菇包括多孔菌，它们有孔（管）而不是菌褶，以及形成齿状或棘状突起的触须菌(hydnoid fungi)。 現時屬於傘菌目的科有約40個，包括： 蘑菇科 Agaricaceae 鹅膏菌科 Amanitaceae Asproinocybaceae T. Bau & G.F. Mou 2021 Asproinocybe R. Heim 1970 Asproinocybe sinensis Tricholosporum Guzmán 1975 Tricholosporum guangxiense Biannulariaceae Jülich 1982 粪锈伞科 Bolbitiaceae Singer 1948 Broomeiaceae Callistosporiaceae Chromocyphellaceae 珊瑚菌科 Clavariaceae 丝膜菌科 Cortinariaceae Crassisporiaceae 锈耳科 Crepidotaceae ，靴耳科 挂钟菌科 Cyphellaceae 皮革菌科 Cystostereaceae 粉褶菌科 Entolomataceae 牛舌菌科 Fistulinaceae Hebelomataceae Hemigasteraceae 轴腹菌科 Hydnangiaceae 蜡伞科 Hygrophoraceae 腹菌科 Hymenogastraceae Inocybaceae Jülich 1982 Astrosporina J.Schröt., 1889 Astrosporina S.Imai, 1938 Auritella Matheny & Bougher, 2006 Cyphellathelia Jülich Inocybe (Fr.) Fr., 1863 凹孢丝盖伞属 Inosperma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe (Kuyper) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe abruptibulbosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe acystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe africana Aïgnon, Yorou & Ryberg Mallocybe agardhii (N.Lund) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe althoffiae (E.Horak) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe arenaria (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe arthrocystis (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe attenuatipes (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe coloradoensis (Tracy & Earle) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe cotoneovelata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe crassivelata Ferisin, Bizio, Esteve-Rav., Vizzini & Dovana Mallocybe delecta (P.Karst.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe depressa L.Fan, H.Zhou & N.Mao Mallocybe errata (E.Horak, Matheny & Desjardin) Haelew. Mallocybe fibrillosa (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe fulviceps (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe fulvipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe fulvoumbonata (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe fuscomarginata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe granulosa (Jacobsson & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe gymnocarpa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe hebelomoides Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe heimii (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe homomorpha (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe isabellina (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe lagenicystidiata (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe latifolia (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe latispora (Bon) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe leucoblema (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe leucoloma (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe malenconii (R.Heim) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe megalospora (Stangl & Bresinsky) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe multispora (Murrill) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe myriadophylla (Vauras & E.Larss.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe nuptialis Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh. Mallocybe pakistanica Mallocybe pallidotomentosa (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe paludosa (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe pelargoniodora (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe perbrevis (Weinm.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe peronata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe piceae L.Fan & N.Mao Mallocybe pinicola Mallocybe plebeia Bandini, B.Oertel & U.Eberh. Mallocybe pseudodulcamara (E.Ludw.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe pygmaea (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe pyrrhopoda (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe sabulosa (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe siciliana (Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti) Brugaletta, Consiglio & M.Marchetti Mallocybe solidipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe squamosoannulata (J.Favre) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe squarrosoannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe subannulata (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe subdecurrens (Ellis & Everh.) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe subflavospora (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe substraminipes (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe subtilior (Matheny & Bougher) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe terrigena (Fr.) Matheny, Vizzini & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe tomentosula Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe umbrinofusca (Kühner) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe unicolor (Peck) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe velicoronata (E.Ludw. & M.Huth) Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Mallocybe velutina Saba & Khalid Nothocybe Matheny & K.P.D.Latha, 2019 Pseudosperma Matheny & Esteve-Rav. Tubariomyces Esteve-Rav. & Matheny, 2010 Limnoperdaceae 马勃科 Lycoperdaceae 离褶伞科 Lyophyllaceae Macrocystidiaceae 小皮伞科 Marasmiaceae 小菇科 Mycenaceae Mythicomycetaceae Niaceae Nidulariaceae 光茸菌科 Omphalotaceae Palaeoclavariaceae Phelloriniaceae Phyllotopsidaceae Physalacriaceae 侧耳科 Pleurotaceae 光柄菇科 Pluteaceae Porotheleaceae 鬼伞科 Psathyrellaceae Pseudoclitocybaceae 羽瑚菌科 Pterulaceae Radulomycetaceae Sarcomyxaceae 裂褶菌科 Schizophyllaceae Secotiaceae Squamanitaceae Stephanosporaceae 球盖菇科 Strophariaceae 口蘑科 Tricholomataceae Tubariaceae Tulostomataceae Typhulaceae 科的地位未定的属： Acanthocorticium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb. Acanthocystidium Baltazar, Gorjón & Rajchenb Acinophora Rafinesque, 1808 Albocoprinus Aleurocystis 鵝膏菌屬 Amanita Adanson, 1763 Amogaster M.A.Castellano, 1995 拟变孔菌属 Anomoloma Aureofungus Hibbett, Binder & Wang, 2003 Australocybe Baumanniella Henn. Blasiphalia Redhead Bresadolina Chalymmota Cheilophlebium Opiz & Gintl, 1856 Collyria E.M.Fries, 1849 Copelandia Cribrospora Pacioni & P.Fantini, 2000 Cycloderma Klotzsch, 1832 Cypellomyces Spegazzini, 1906 Cysodermella H.Harmaja, 2002 小囊皮菌属 Cystodermella Hamaja 树状皮革菌属 Dendrothele Disporotrichum Stalpers, 1984 Eriosperma Rafinesque, 1808 Flammeopellis Y.C.Dai, B.K.Cui & C.L.Zhao, 2014 Geasterites Pia, 1927 Gerontomyces Poinar, 2016 Gondwanagaricites Heads et al., 2017 Gramincola Velenovský, 1947 Hertzogia Hygrophorocybe Vizzini & Contu, 2014 Hypomnema Britzelmayr, 1883 Inopilus (Romagn.) Pegler Laterradea Raspail, 1824 Lignomphalia Mesophelliopsis Batista & A.F.Vital, 1957 Microcollybia Micromphale Nees 蒙氏假菇属 Montagnea (DC.) Zeller Mycospongia Velenovský, 1939 Mylitta E.M.Fries, 1825 新桩菇属 Neopaxillus Neopaxillus bryogenus E.Horak Neopaxillus dominicanus Angelini & Vizzini Neopaxillus echinospermus (Speg.) Singer Neopaxillus plumbeus Singer & Lodge Neopaxillus reticulatus (Petch) Pegler Nigrocarnea Palaeoagaracites Poinar & Buckley, 2007 Palaeoagaricites G.O.Poinar Jr. & R.Buckley, 2007 Phaeotephrocybe Phlebophyllum R.Heim, 1969 Pholiota (Fr.) Quél Pilosace (Fr.) Quél. Pleuromycenula 褶尾菌属 Plicatura Peck Polygaster E.M.Fries, 1823 Praearthromyces Radulomycetopsis G.S.Dhingra, Priyanka & J.Kaur, 2012 Rotula Rafinesque, 1815 Stemastrum Rafinesque, 1808 Strobilurusl Stylobates E.M.Fries, 1837 Synnematomyces Kobayasi, 1981 真菌子实体是生命周期的孢子产生阶段。 大多数真菌通过孢子繁殖，子实体专为孢子的产生和传播而开发。 子实体产生的孢子通常是有性生殖的结果。 Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 12. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.  Frank, Jonathan L.; Coffan, Robert A.; Southworth, Darlene. Aquatic gilled mushrooms: Psathyrella fruiting in the Rogue River in southern Oregon. Mycologia. 2010-01, 102 (1) [2022-08-07]. ISSN 0027-5514. doi:10.3852/07-190. （原始内容存档于2022-08-07） （英语）.  Malka Saba, Abdul Nasir Khalid and Samina Sarwar. 2023. New Species of Mallocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) from Pakistan, based on Morphological and Molecular Evidence. MycoKeys. 99: 171-186. DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.99.86844 Alexopolous et al., pp. 508–43.