畢克斯·拜德貝克

畢克斯·拜德貝克（英語：Bix Beiderbecke，1903年3月10日—1931年8月6日），又譯畢德貝克、貝德貝克，全名里昂·俾斯麥·拜德貝克（Leon Bismark Beiderbecke），美國爵士短號手、爵士鋼琴家和作曲家。 他和路易斯·阿姆斯壯是1920年代樂壇上，數一數二、最具影響力的爵士獨奏家。他的作品中，尤以〈Singin' the Blues〉（1927年）和〈I'm Coming, Virginia〉（1927年）最為眾所讚嘆，淋漓盡致地展現了他異常純粹的音色和即興天分。也由於這二首樂曲，他協助創立了爵士謠曲風格，進而促成1950年代冷爵士樂的興起。他為數極少的鋼琴樂曲作品中，唯一留下錄音記錄的〈In a Mist〉（1927年）則開創性的融合古典元素與爵士切分音風格。拜德貝克啟發了眾多爵士後輩，如平·克勞斯貝，也經由法蘭克·楚鮑爾間接影響了萊斯特·楊。 威廉斯（Martin T. Williams）承認：「楊自己將音樂成就大部分歸功於楚鮑爾…但我懷疑，一個四處以次中音薩克斯風演奏〈吟唱藍調〉（Singin' the Blues）的男人，能沒有任何一點畢克斯的影子。」（第69頁） Alexander, Scott with Dennis Pereyra. "Jean Goldkette and his Orchestra". The Red Hot Jazz Archive: A History of Jazz Before 1930. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Alexander, Scott with Dennis Pereyra. "Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra". The Red Hot Jazz Archive: A History of Jazz Before 1930. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Armstrong, Louis. Satchmo: My Life in New Orleans. New York: Da Capo, 1954, 1986. ISBN 0-306-80276-7. Baker, Dorothy. Young Man with a Horn. 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"Young Man with a Horn" (1936) and "Young Man with a Horn Again" (1940) in The Otis Ferguson Reader (Dorothy Wilson and Robert Chamberlain, eds.). New York: Da Capo, 1982, 1997. ISBN 0-306-80744-0. Gioia, Ted. The Birth (And Death) of the Cool. Golden, Colo.: Speck Press, 2009. ISBN 1-933108-31-2. Gioia, Ted. The History of Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-19-512653-X. "Grammy Hall of Fame Award: Past Recipients". Grammy.com. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Gray, Frank (April 30, 2005). "Solo in Sunnyside: Frank Gray travels through Queens, New York, in search of the late Bix Beiderbecke" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Guardian （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Green, Benny. The Reluctant Art: Five Studies in the Growth of Jazz. New York: Da Capo, 1962, 1991. ISBN 0-306-80441-7. Hadlock, Richard. Jazz Masters of the Twenties. New York: Collier Books, 1965, 1974. Haim, Albert (January 7, 2001). "The Available Documentation" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Bixography Discussion Group （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved September 19, 2010. "International Academy of Jazz Hall of Fame" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jazz at Pitt （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved September 19, 2010. "Iowa: Scott County" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. National Register of Historic Places （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Jacobsen, Bob. "Bix Beiderbecke". Starr Gennett Foundation Inc.. Retrieved September 19, 2010. James, Burnett. Bix Beiderbecke. London: Cassell, 1959. "Jazz at Lincoln Center's Nesuhi Ertegun Jazz Hall of Fame" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jazz at Lincoln Center （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Johnson, Rich and Jim Arpy and Gerri Bowers. Bix: The Davenport Album. Barnegat, N.J.: Razor Edge, 2009. ISBN 0-9774018-5-5. Kennedy, Richard Lee. Jelly Roll, Bix, and Hoagy: Gennett Studios and the Birth of Recorded Jazz. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-253-21315-0. Kenney, William Howland. Jazz on the River. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. ISBN 0-226-43733-7. Lion, Jean Pierre. Bix: The Definitive Biography of a Jazz Legend. New York: Continuum, 2005. ISBN 0-8264-2754-5. Mezzrow, Mezz and Bernard Wolfe. Really the Blues. New York: Citadel, 1946, 1998. ISBN 0-8065-1205-9. Perhonis, John Paul. The Bix Beiderbecke Story: The Jazz Musician in Legend, Fiction, and Fact; A Study of the Images of Jazz in the National Culture 1930–the Present. Unpublished dissertation, University of Minnesota, March 1978. Rayno, Don. Paul Whiteman: Pioneer in American Music, 1890–1930; Vol. I. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8108-4579-2. Shapiro, Nat and Nat Hentoff, eds. Hear Me Talkin' to Ya: The Story of Jazz as Told by the Men Who Made It. New York: Dover, 1966. ISBN 0-486-21726-4. Spencer, Frederick J., M.D. Jazz and Death: Medical Profiles of Jazz Greats. Oxford, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 2002. ISBN 1-57806-453-8. Sudhalter, Richard M. Lost Chords: White Musicians and Their Contribution to Jazz, 1915–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-514838-X. Sudhalter, Richard M. Stardust Melody: The Life and Music of Hoagy Carmichael. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-516898-4. Sudhalter, Richard M. and Philip R. Evans with William Dean-Myatt. Bix: Man and Legend. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1974. ISBN 0-02-872500-X. "Sudhalter, Richard M. (Merrill)" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Jazz.com Encyclopedia of Jazz Musicians （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Lewis Porter, Tim Wilkins, and Ted Gioia, eds. Retrieved September 19, 2010. Teachout, Terry. "Homage to Bix," Commentary, September 2005, pp. 65–68. Teachout, Terry. Pops: A Life of Louis Armstrong. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009. ISBN 0-15-101089-7. Turner, Frederick. 1929. New York: Counterpoint, 2003. ISBN 1-58243-265-1. Wald, Elijah. How the Beatles Destroyed Rock 'n' Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN 0-19-534154-6. Ward, Geoffrey C. Jazz: A History of America's Music. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. ISBN 0-679-44551-X. Williams, Martin. The Jazz Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970, 1993. ISBN 0-19-507816-0. 畢克斯·拜德貝克資源：畢克斯傳記（英文） 畢克斯·拜德貝克資源：一個富創作力的聽覺歷史論題 – 1971年長一個半小時的電台節目的19個系列錄音。包括法蘭克·楚鮑爾、路易斯·阿姆斯壯、金·克魯帕、艾迪·康登、平·克勞斯貝、赫奇·卡爾麥基及拜德貝克的長兄查爾斯·拜德貝克（暱稱伯尼）等的訪談（英文） 〈達文波特藍調〉（Davenport Blues） – 拜德貝克首度以個人名義錄音的mp3檔（英文） 「畢克斯傳記」（摘記） （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），布倫丹·沃爾夫（Brendan Wolfe），Jazz.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文） 《十二段不可錯過的畢克斯·拜德貝克演出紀錄》 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆），布倫丹·沃爾夫，Jazz.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文） The Beiderbecke Affair：布倫丹·沃爾夫所經營、關於拜德貝克的部落格（英文）