奥斯曼土耳其语

奥斯曼土耳其语（鄂圖曼土耳其語：لسان عثمانى‎，羅馬化：lisân-ı Osmânî），属于突厥语系，是奥斯曼帝国的官方语言。奥斯曼土耳其语中存在大量的阿拉伯语和波斯语借词，流行於奥斯曼帝国的贵族及上层社会中。奥斯曼土耳其语的书写系统是经修改过的阿拉伯字母，称奥斯曼土耳其语字母。 奥斯曼土耳其语有时也会使用亚美尼亚字母、希臘字母、拉丁字母或希伯來字母书写。 土耳其共和国建立后，1928年，穆斯塔法·凯末尔·阿塔土克进行了土耳其语言及文字改革。含有大量外语借词的奥斯曼土耳其语被强行废除。拉丁字母书写的民间白话被使用一直至今，演变成为如今土耳其人使用的现代土耳其语。 英語 V. H. Hagopian. Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar: a practical method of learning the Ottoman-Turkish language, Volume 1. D. Nutt. 1907.  Online copies: [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, [2], [3] Charles Wells. A practical grammar of the Turkish language (as spoken and written). B. Quaritch. 1880.  Online copies from Google Books: [4] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）,[5], [6] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） V. H. Hagopian. Key to the Ottoman-Turkish conversation-grammar. Nutt. 1908 [2021-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-25）.  Sir James William Redhouse. A simplified grammar of the Ottoman-Turkish language. Trübner. 1884.  Frank Lawrence Hopkins. Elementary grammar of the Turkish language: with a few easy exercises. Trübner. 1877.  Sir James William Redhouse. An English and Turkish dictionary: in two parts, English and Turkish, and Turkish and English. B. Quarich. 1856 [2021-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-28）.  Sir James William Redhouse. A lexicon, English and Turkish: shewing in Turkish, the literal, incidental, figurative, colloquial, and technical significations of the English terms, indicating their pronunciation in a new and systematic manner; and preceded by a sketch of English etymology, to facilitate to Turkish students ... 2nd. Printed for the mission by A.H. Boyajian. 1877 [2021-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-26）.  Charles Boyd, Charles Boyd (Major.). The Turkish interpreter: or, A new grammar of the Turkish language. Printed for the author. 1842.  Thomas Vaughan. A Grammar of The Turkish Language. Robinson. 1709 [2021-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-24）.  William Burckhardt Barker. A practical grammar of the Turkish language: With dialogues and vocabulary. B. Quaritch. 1854.  William Burckhardt Barker, Nasr-al-Din (khwajah.). A reading book of the Turkish language: with a grammar and vocabulary ; containing a selection of original tales, literally translated, and accompanied by grammatical references : the pronunciation of each word given as now used in Constantinople. J. Madden. 1854.  James William Redhouse (sir.). The Turkish campaigner's vade-mecum of Ottoman colloquial language. 1855 [2021-12-16]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-24）.  Lewis, Geoffrey. The Jarring Lecture 2002. "The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success". 其它語言 Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Qawâ'id al-Lugha al-Turkiyya li Ghair al-Natiqeen Biha (Turkish Grammar for Arabs; adapted from Mehmet Hengirmen's Yabancılara Türkçe Dilbilgisi), Engin Yayınevi, 2003). Mehmet Hakkı Suçin. Atatürk'ün Okuduğu Kitaplar: Endülüs Tarihi (Books That Atatürk Read: History of Andalucia; purification from the Ottoman Turkish, published by Anıtkabir Vakfı, 2001). Kerslake, Celia. La construction d’une langue nationale sortie d’un vernaculaire impérial enflé: la transformation stylistique et conceptuelle du turc ottoman. Chaker, Salem (编). Langues et Pouvoir de l'Afrique du Nord à l'Extrême-Orient. Aix-en-Provence: Edisud. 1998: 129–138.  Korkut M. Buğday. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag , 编. Osmanisch: Einführung in die Grundlagen der Literatursprache. 1999.  维基孵育场的維基詞典語言試驗版：奥斯曼土耳其语試驗版 密歇根大学的奥斯曼土耳其语资源 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com 大量奥斯曼土耳其语的文本资源（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 输入奥斯曼字母的网页工具 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 鄂圖曼土耳其语. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.