全染料

全染料（英語：Stains-all），也称染料-ALL，是一种羰花菁阳离子染料，能与众多阴离子生物大分子结合产生不同颜色，包括阴离子蛋白质、核酸、阴离子多糖等。 全染料是一种异染性染色剂，根据结合的分子不同，呈现出不同的颜色。染色1小时后，磷蛋白的检测限可以达到1 ng以下，多糖的检测限则在10 ng到500 ng之间。与高阴离子蛋白质结合显蓝色、与蛋白聚糖显紫色、与一般阴离子蛋白显粉色。与RNA结合为蓝紫色，且检测限为90 ng；与DNA结合显蓝色，检测限则达到3 ng。 全染料对光敏感，因此染色常在避光条件下进行，且拍照过程需立刻完成。对于蛋白质的染色，可随后进行银染法（英语：Silver staining）来强化。全染料与其同系物乙基全染料具有相似的性质，只是溶解程度和显色性质不同。 可以用全染料染色的材料有：核酸、阴离子蛋白、阴离子多糖（海藻胶，果胶等）、透明质酸、硫酸皮肤素（英语：dermatan sulfate）、肝素、硫酸乙酰肝素和硫酸软骨素等。常用在SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、琼脂糖凝胶电泳和组织染色，例如骨骼生长线的染色等。 张军、林卓坤. 全染料染色法测定末端脱氧核苷酰转移酶活力. 生物化学与生物物理进展. 1994, (6): 544–546.  Green, M. R.; Pastewka, J. V.; Peacock, A. C. Differential staining of phosphoproteins on polyacrylamide gels with a cationic carbocyanine dye. Analytical Biochemistry. 1973, 56 (1): 43–51. PMID 4128675. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(73)90167-x.  Myers, Jody M.; Veis, Arthur; Sabsay, Boris; Wheeler, A.P. A Method for Enhancing the Sensitivity and Stability of Stains-All for Phosphoproteins Separated in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 1996, 240 (2): 300–302. PMID 8811925. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0361.  Sharma, Y.; Rao, C. M.; Rao, S. C.; Krishna, A. G.; Somasundaram, T.; Balasubramanian, D. Binding site conformation dictates the color of the dye stains-all. A study of the binding of this dye to the eye lens proteins crystallins. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1989, 264 (35): 20923–7. PMID 2480348. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)30024-9 .  Cong, W. T.; Ye, W. J.; Chen, M.; Zhao, T.; Zhu, Z. X.; Niu, C.; Ruan, D. D.; Ni, M. W.; Zhou, X.; Jin, L. T. Improved staining of phosphoproteins with high sensitivity in polyacrylamide gels using Stains-All. Electrophoresis. 2013, 34 (24): 3277–86. PMID 24114871. S2CID 1412613. doi:10.1002/elps.201300328.  NVolpi, N.; MacCari, F.; Titze, J. Simultaneous detection of submicrogram quantities of hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate on agarose-gel by sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All. Journal of Chromatography. B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2005, 820 (1): 131–5. PMID 15866501. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.03.028.  Volpi, N.; MacCari, F. Detection of submicrogram quantities of glycosaminoglycans on agarose gels by sequential staining with toluidine blue and Stains-All. Electrophoresis. 2002, 23 (24): 4060–6. PMID 12481260. S2CID 22945783. doi:10.1002/elps.200290021.  Goldberg, H. A.; Warner, K. J. The staining of acidic proteins on polyacrylamide gels: Enhanced sensitivity and stability of "Stains-all" staining in combination with silver nitrate. Analytical Biochemistry. 1997, 251 (2): 227–33. PMID 9299020. doi:10.1006/abio.1997.2252.  Sigma-Aldrich: MSDS Stains-All ~95%, accessed May 16, 2015. Green, M. R.; Pastewka, J. V. The cationic carbocyanine dyes Stains-all DBTC, and Ethyl-Stains-all, DBTC-3,3',9 triethyl. The Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. 1979, 27 (3): 797–9. PMID 90067. doi:10.1177/27.3.90067 .  Krishna, A. G.; Sharma, Y. Conformation of alginate and pectate chains monitored by the binding of the dye stains-all. Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics. 1991, 28 (1): 30–3. PMID 1711507.  Gruber, H. E.; Mekikian, P. Application of stains-all for demarcation of cement lines in methacrylate embedded bone. Biotechnic & Histochemistry. 1991, 66 (4): 181–4. PMID 1716999. doi:10.3109/10520299109109966.