英语中的国家前缀

英语中的国家前缀（复数：Nationality prefixes）指的是表示某国家、地区、民族或语言的一种前缀。这样的前缀有三种，一种是国家名字不变的，如伊拉克-科威特战争（Iraq-Kuwait War），伊拉克一词就没有变化；另一种是国家名字被添加了-o-这一成分的前缀，这样的前缀不少来自拉丁语；还有一种前缀是该国家的名字或其形容词形式的缩写，如British（英国的）的缩写而成的前缀为Brit-，由其衍生出的单词有Britpop（英式摇滚）。需要注意的是，像Chinglish（中式英语）、Eurasia（欧亚大陆）之类的词语是两个单词各取一部分而混合而成的，而不是以一个国家前缀与一个后缀合成的。 在英语中，-o-这个成分可以是一个插在两个词素间的起连接作用的元音。它的前后各是一个辅音性质的成分。它的插入缓和了发音，但是不会对词意造成影响。它类似于汉语里的诗歌、歌词中的衬字“来”，如：八月里来桂花香。英语中的这个成分通常被用在古希腊语来源的词语中，但是它也能被用在现代的单词甚至缩写词之中。 举例： epheb(e)（青少年） + -o- + philia（爱） = ephebophilia（恋<青春期及青春期之后的>少年癖） speed（速度） + -o- + meter（计量器） = speedometer（速度计） blog（博客） + -o- + sphere（范围） = blogosphere（博客圈） 在一个单词中，该前缀后面不加连接符号，而直接与词语的另一构词成分组合。如Anglophile（亲英派），由Anglo-与表示喜爱的-phile结合。 在两个国家的联合词组中，前面的一个国家使用国家前缀，后一个国家仍然使用本身的形式，两词用连接符号连接，之后空一格，再加上后面的单词。如Sino-Japanese War（中日战争），“中国人”使用前缀Sino-，而“日本人”不使用前缀Japano-，而使用Japanese。 在翻译为汉语时，这些前缀通常也译为一个字，而不译为全称，如Sino-Japanese War译为“中日战争”，不译为“中国人-日本人战争”。 1862, Britannicus (pseudonym), “Vindication of the mosaic ethnology of Europe”, The Cambrian Journal, page 149: From B.C. 390, to B.C. 900, is the fall and rise of the Etrurian or Tyrrhenian empire, of the establishment of the Cymro-Gallic empire in Northern Italy, and of the Etrurian domination in Rome 1907, John Beddoe and Joseph Hamberly Rowe, “The Ethnology of West Yorkshire”, The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, volume 19, page 32: And as for the physical type or types, the light complexion is very unlike that of the earlier British or Iberian race, though we cannot say that the ruling Cymro-Gaelic stocks were not fair. 1909, A. G. Bradley, The Romance of Northumberland, page 137: Some people derive Berwick from the Cymro-Teutonic compound Aber-wick. This sounds most reasonable, Aber signifying the mouth of a river, while some of the Saxons whom Ida gathered into one kingdom certainly then or later had a "wick" or town here. The Celts would naturally have emphasized the penultimate and made it Aberwick [...] 1868, Thomas Nicholas, The Pedigree of the English People, page 442: History proves that for centuries the Anglo-Saxons fought, formed treaties, intermarried with the Cymbric race [...] They even themselves passed through intermixture out of the properly Anglo-Saxon into the Cambro-Saxon phase, constituting in fact a new race. 1993, Martin John Ball and James Fife, The Celtic Languages, ISBN 0415010357, page 311: In present-day Colloquial Welsh borrowed nouns retain noun plurals in the exact shape that they occur in Cambro-English; for example (in north-western areas): [kondəktərs] 'conductors', loris 'lorries'. 1838 March, Sylvanus Urban (pseudonym), review of The Parochial History of Cornwall, in The Gentleman’s Magazine, volume IX, page 274: The root of the Cornish language was the same as that of the Welsh language, but largely amalgamated with the Saxon; […] Every vestige of this old Cymro-Saxon jargon has however past[sic] away, except it be indeed the use of a few pronouns decidedly Saxon. 2004, Jim Perrin, Travels with the Flea... and Other Eccentric Journeys, ISBN 1903238439: They moved to Rhydlewis, just to the west of Llandysul, where he spent what appears to have been a poor (his mother was expelled from chapel for not paying her dues) and unhappy childhood, falling foul of the Cymrophobic education system of the time. 2010 July 15, Graham Henry, “Irish 'consul' holds court at new HQ”, Western Mail: Formerly Mr Driscoll held court at that bastion of Welsh nationalism, The Cayo Arms, on Cardiff’s Cathedral Road, where he could be consulted on any matter concerning Cymro-Irish relations as long as an element of rugby football was included in the conversation. 1987, María Rosa Menocal, The Arabic role in medieval literary history (page 133) […] much Siculo-Arabic poetry is clearly lost, perhaps irremediably […]