閉後圓唇元音

閉後圓唇元音是元音的一種。用於部份口說語言當中。國際音標用以表示此音的符號為⟨u⟩；而X-SAMPA則以 u代表此音。 普通话的韵母u就是此音。 在多數有此音的語言中，此音以唇內（endolabial）的方式發音；然而在少部份的狀況下，此音以唇外（exolabial）的方式發音。 閉後突出元音是閉後圓唇元音最常見的變體。它通常在IPA中被轉錄為⟨u⟩，本文中亦依照此慣例。由於沒有專門用於表示「突出」（英語：protruded）的IPA變音符號，因此可以使用表示唇化作用的舊式符號⟨  ̫⟩，即⟨u̫⟩。另一種可能的寫法是⟨uʷ⟩ 或 ⟨ɯʷ⟩（被唇內化的閉後元音），但這種寫法可能會被理解為雙元音。 其元音高度為閉，這意指舌頭的位置會盡量接近齒齦，但不會阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。 其元音舌位是後，表示舌頭的位置會盡可能地朝向口腔後部，但不至于阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。 其圓唇度為圓唇元音，這表示嘴唇向前突起並圓形的開口，且唇內側並不露出。 其元音圓唇度為突出，即將嘴角聚拢，且嘴唇內側向外露出。 在瑞典語、日語等語言中，其閉後元音使用了一種特別的圓唇方式，這樣的情況被稱作「不突出」（compressed）或唇外音（exolabial）。已知的語言中僅有上海話擁有與突出元音互相對比的閉後元音。但事實上，兩個元音的高度都可以從可以在閉到半閉之間自由變化。 没有确定的变音符号来描述是否突出。但唇的不突出度可被⟨β̞⟩描写为⟨ɯ͡β̞⟩或⟨ɯᵝ⟩。展唇化变音符号⟨  ͍ ⟩作为ad hoc标用在圆唇元音⟨u͍⟩也可以，但'展'实际上意味着不圆唇。 其元音高度為閉，這意指舌頭的位置會盡量接近齒齦，但不會阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。 其元音舌位是後，表示舌頭的位置會盡可能地朝向口腔後部，但不至于阻礙氣流而被歸類為子音。 其元音圓唇度為不突出，即嘴唇的邊緣緊繃而聚在一起，且嘴唇內側不向外露出。 Donaldson (1993)，第2, 5頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDonaldson1993 (help) Donaldson (1993)，第5頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDonaldson1993 (help) Thelwall & Sa'Adeddin (1990)，第38頁. 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Thackston (2006a)，第1頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFThackston2006a (help) Khan & Lescot (1970)，第8-16頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKhanLescot1970 (help) Fattah描述此音是长央元音 (p. 116)。 Wheelock's Latin (1956). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWheelock's_Latin1956 (help) Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)，第159頁. Peters (2006)，第119頁. Stone (2002)，第600頁. Gilles & Trouvain (2013)，第70頁. Iivonen & Harnud (2005)，第62, 66–67頁. Jassem (2003)，第105頁. Cruz-Ferreira (1995)，第91頁. Sarlin (2014)，第18頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFSarlin2014 (help) Jones & Ward (1969)，第67頁. Landau et al. (1999)，第67頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLandauLončarićaHorgaŠkarić1999 (help) Fast Mowitz (1975)，第2頁. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003)，第256頁. Doke & Mofokeng (1974)，第?頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDokeMofokeng1974 (help) Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993)，第24頁. Zimmer & Organ (1999)，第155頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZimmerOrgan1999 (help) Göksel & Kerslake (2005)，第11頁. Iivonen & Harnud (2005)，第64, 68頁. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995)，第4頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDanyenkoVakulenko1995 (help) Šewc-Schuster (1984)，第20頁. Bamgboṣe (1969)，第166頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFBamgboṣe1969 (help) Merrill (2008)，第109頁. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)，第295頁. Okada (1999)，第118頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFOkada1999 (help) Chirkova & Chen (2013)，第78頁. Vanvik (1979)，第13, 17頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVanvik1979 (help) Vanvik (1979) harv error: no target: CITEREFVanvik1979 (help)并未描写该元音的准确的圆唇度，但其他一些资料(如Haugen (1974:40頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFHaugen1974 (help)和Kristoffersen (2000:16頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFKristoffersen2000 (help))明确支持它非圆唇。 Vanvik (1979)，第17頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVanvik1979 (help) Engstrand (1999)，第140頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEngstrand1999 (help) Rosenqvist (2007)，第9頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFRosenqvist2007 (help) Árnason, Kristján, The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4  Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire, Estonian, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x  Bamgboṣe, Ayọ, A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966  Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5  Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul, New Zealand English: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 580–602, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0  Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim, Catalan, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618  Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shanghai Chinese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (3): 321–327 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043, （原始内容存档于2017-08-18）  Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya, Lizu (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 75–86, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000242 [失效連結] Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of Cardiff English, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 87–103, 1990 [2017-03-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, （原始内容存档于2017-03-11）  Connolly, John H., Port Talbot English, Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (编), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd.: 121–129, 1990 [2017-03-15], ISBN 1-85359-032-0, （原始内容存档于2017-03-11）  Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne, Australian English (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (3): 341–350 [2017-03-15], doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2009-07-31）  Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223  Dum-Tragut, Jasmine, Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2009  Einarsson, Stefán, Icelandic. 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