近地系外行星

截至2021年5月7日，人类共在太阳系外发现4723颗系外行星，其中极少数位于太阳系附近。美国国家航空航天局系外行星档案（英语：NASA Exoplanet Archive）记有97颗离地球不到十秒差距（32.6光年）的系外行星。与地球相距不足十秒差距的恒星超过四百颗，其中约60颗确知有行星系，51颗恒星肉眼可见，九颗包含行星系。 1998年，科学家首度宣布在离地15.3光年的格利澤876周围发现行星，2020年又在32光年外的顯微鏡座AU附近发现行星。比邻星距太阳系仅4.25光年，是离地最近的恒星，2016年科学确认该星附近发现距地最近的系外行星比鄰星b。离地十秒差距范围以21.6光年外的格利泽892系外行星最多，共有六颗。 十秒差距范围发现的大部分系外行星轨道距围绕旋转的恒星很近，大多质量远超地球，只有少数类似，12光年外的鯨魚座YZ有两颗行星可能质量小于地球。众多已经确认的系外行星可能是宜居星球，比邻星b与23.6光年外的格利泽667Cc希望最大。國際天文聯會2015年开展公开调查为已知系外天体起名，其中包括天苑四（10.5光年）与北落师门周围的行星。 与太阳系内天体不同，天文学界尚未确立正式认可系外行星的程序。國際天文學聯合會认为系外行星发现五年后无争议即可确认。经过跟进研究，部分初步报告提出的系外行星是否存在疑有疑问，如2007年发现，离地15.6光年的LHS 288。部分系外行星经后来研究认定不存在，4.36光年外的南門二B、13.9光年外的范马南星、15.9光年外的格鲁姆布里奇1618、16.2光年外的狮子座AD、16.6光年外的格利泽682、18.7光年外的VB 10、25.1光年外的北落师门，这些恒星周边都有候选行星后来否决的情况。 2021年，科学家在織女一附近发现候选行星但尚待确认。南門二A周围也发现候选行星，但也可能是小行星或特定发现机制下因人为因素成像。 根据国际天文联会太阳系外行星工作组2003年的定义，行星的标准是质量不足以维持氘热核聚变。研究计算结果表明如此规则的质量上限是约13倍木星質量，质量超过的天体通常归入棕矮星。部分候选系外行星经研究认定质量超过阈值，很可能是棕矮星，如12.6光年外的SCR 1845-6357 B、29.7光年外的SDSS J1416+1348 B、30光年外的WISE 1217+1626 B。 部分次棕矮星或星際行星质量不足以持续核聚变，但因未绕恒星旋转不属系外行星，如离地7.3光年的WISE 0855–0714、13光年外的UGPS 0722-05、18.6光年外的WISE 1541-2250、20光年外的SIMP J01365663+0933473。 鄰近恆星列表 最近類地太陽系外行星列表 星際行星 行星列表 行星類型列表 适居太阳系外行星目录 本条目数据基本取自美国国家航空航天局系外行星档案，其他数据库也列出部分已经确认但尚未纳入航空航天局档案的近地系外行星。 例如2016年11月确知第104近的恒星系是天园增三，离地19.7光年。 波特尔暗空分类法认为，亮度至少达到6.5视星等的天体在典型乡村夜空肉眼可见；如果条件“极佳”，肉眼可见的最黯淡天体为7.6甚至8.0视星等 恒星天苑四以北欧海洋女神瀾，其行星天苑四b以瀾的丈夫埃吉爾命名，行星北落師門b以古叙利亚鱼神大袞命名。 系外行星命名约定用“b”开始的小写英语字母为行星命名，根据按时间排列的初步报告顺序分配字母，如果报告包含多颗行星则按距离恒星从近到远排列。没有字母说明行星尚待确认，或该项已经撤回。 已知大部分系外行星质量误差范围很大（通常在一到三成）。科学家通常靠测算恒星徑向速度变化推断系外行星质量，但这种方法只能估算行星轨道参数，算不出軌道傾角。因此，大部分系外行星只能提供質量下限估计值，同时从统计角度估计真实质量接近质量下限，但系外行星还是有一成三的可能实际质量超出质量下限两倍。 冯氏等人2020年在《天文物理期刊》发表的文章把白羊座TZ称为GJ9066，米科·托米（Mikko Tuomi）等人2019年发表的文献称为GJ83.1。行星b和c是冯氏等人2020年文献的编号，托米等人2019年的著作分别编为b和d。托米等人文献编为c的行星未列入冯式等人2020年文章，故列入候选。 Harrington, J. 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