蟾蜍科

蟾蜍科（学名：Bufonidae）是多種分布於世界各地（除了澳大利亞、馬達加斯加與南極洲以外）的蛙類。 眼睛後方有耳下腺，可分泌蟾蜍毒素。皮膚粗糙。頭部有骨質棱脊。無齒。頭部骨質化。水平瞳孔。大部份陸棲性。未成年的雄性蟾蜍睪丸前方有畢德氏器，是退化的卵巢，成年後消失。 本科包括以下属： 阿登诺蟾属 Adenomus Cope, 1861 巴爾胎生蟾蜍屬 Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987 Andinophryne Hoogmoed, 1985 Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985，为Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)的异名 涧蟾属 Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 斑蟾屬 Atelophryniscus McCranie, Wilson and Williams, 1989，为Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826的异名 斑足蟾屬 Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841 蟾蜍屬 Bufo Laurenti, 1768 Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani, 1973 'Bufoides bhupathyi Naveen, Tapley, Chandramouli, Jervis, Babu, Meetei & Karunakaran, 2023 Bufoides kempi (Boulenger, 1919) Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda, 1971) 漠蟾属 Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815 Capensibufo Grandison, 1980 Capensibufo deceptus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017 Capensibufo magistratus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017 Capensibufo rosei (Hewitt, 1926) Capensibufo selenophos Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017 Capensibufo tradouwi (Hewitt, 1926) Churamiti Channing & Stanley, 2002 Churamiti maridadi Channing & Stanley, 2002 扁蟾屬 Crepidophryne Cope, 1889 小叢蟾屬 Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871 碩足蛙屬 Didynamipus Andersson, 1903 头棱蟾属 Duttaphrynus Frostius Cannatella, 1986 Frostius erythrophthalmus Pimenta & Caramaschi, 2007 Frostius pernambucensis (Bokermann, 1962) 棱顶蟾属 Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006 Kenyaphrynoides Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023 Kenyaphrynoides vulcani Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023 勞蟾屬 Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960 平滑蟾屬 Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843 黑昧蟾屬 Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961 默蟾屬 Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960 Metaphryniscus Señaris, Ayarzagüena and Gorzula, 1994 Metaphryniscus sosai Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994 游蟾屬 Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters in Peters, 1875 胎生蟾屬 Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926 利比里亞胎生蟾蜍屬 Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987 對趾蟾屬 Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895 奥索蟾屬 Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976 小蟾属 Parapelophryne Fei, Ye and Jiang, 2003 漿蟾屬 Pedostibes Günther, 1876 Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1876 厚蹼蟾屬 Pelophryne Barbour, 1938 Poyntonophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006 Poyntonophrynus beiranus (Loveridge, 1932) Poyntonophrynus damaranus (Mertens, 1954) Poyntonophrynus dombensis (Bocage, 1895) Poyntonophrynus fernandae Baptista, Vaz Pinto, Keates, Lobón-Rovira, Edwards & Rödel, 2023 Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti (Hewitt & Methuen, 1912) Poyntonophrynus grandisonae (Poynton & Haacke, 1993) Poyntonophrynus hoeschi (Ahl, 1934) Poyntonophrynus kavangensis (Poynton & Broadley, 1988) Poyntonophrynus lughensis (Loveridge, 1932) Poyntonophrynus pachnodes Ceríaco, Marques, Bandeira, Agarwal, Stanley, Bauer, Heinicke & Blackburn, 2018 Poyntonophrynus parkeri (Loveridge, 1932) Poyntonophrynus vertebralis (Smith, 1848) 水蟾屬 Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838 Rhaebo Cope, 1862 Rhaebo andinophrynoides Mueses-Cisneros, 2009 Rhaebo atelopoides (Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1981) Rhaebo blombergi (Myers & Funkhouser, 1951) Rhaebo caeruleostictus (Günther, 1859) Rhaebo colomai (Hoogmoed, 1985) Rhaebo ecuadorensis Mueses-Cisneros, Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2012 Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869) Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799) Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope, 1862) Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger, 1913) Rhaebo lynchi Mueses-Cisneros, 2007 Rhaebo nasicus (Werner, 1903) Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985) 鉤吻蟾屬 Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971 思齐蟾属 Schismaderma Smith, 1849 埃塞俄比亞胎生蟾蜍屬 Spinophrynoides Dubois, 1987 Stephopaedes Channing, 1979 花蟾属 Strauchbufo Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995 前舌蟾屬 Werneria Poche, 1903 沃蟾屬 Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939 Bufonidae. ITIS.  Ryan L. Lynch, Sebastian Kohn, Fernando Ayala-Varela, Paul S. Hamilton, and Santiago R. Ron. 2014. Rediscovery of Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Anura, Bufonidae), an enigmatic and endangered Andean toad. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation. 8(1) [Special Section]: 1–7 (e75). doi: dx.doi.org/10.1514/journal.arc.0000075 Naveen R.S., Tapley B., Chandramouli S.R., Jervis P.A., Babu S., Meetei A.B. and Karunakaran P.V. 2023. A New Species of Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani 1973 (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Mizoram (India) and the Delimitation of the Distribution Range of Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda 1971) to the Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India). BIODIVERSITAS. 24(9); 4617-4627. A. Channing, G.J. Measey, A.L. de Villiers, A.A. Turner and, K.A. Tolley. 2017. Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa. Zootaxa. 4232(2); 282–292. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11 H Christoph Liedtke, Patrick K Malonza, Domnick V Wasonga, Hendrik Müller and Simon P Loader. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Toad from Mount Kenya illuminates East African Montane Biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlad160. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad160 S.R. Chandramouli and A.A. Thasun Amarasinghe. 2016. Taxonomic Reassessment of the Arboreal Toad Genus Pedostibes Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and Some Allied Oriental Bufonid Genera. Herpetologica. 72(2): 137-147. DOI 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-15-00053 Ninda L. Baptista, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Chad Keates, Javier Lobón-Rovira, Shelley Edwards and Mark-Oliver Rödel. 2023. Two New Poyntonophrynus Species (Anura: Bufonidae) highlight the importance of Angolan Centers of Endemism. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 991-1031. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e103935 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. 2008. Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope 1862): un complejo de especies. Con redescripción de Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger 1913) y descripción de una nueva especie. Herpetotropicos. 5: 29-47. Mueses-Cisneros, J.J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W. 2012. A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günrhwe, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). Zootaxa. 3447:22-40. 2011. The Amazonian toad Rhaebo guttatus is able to voluntarily squirt poison from the paratoid macroglands. Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (2011): 546-549 Mueses-Cisneros, A.A. 2007. A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa. 1662:53-59.