俄羅斯化

俄羅斯化（俄语：русификация，羅馬化：rusifikatsiya）是指俄羅斯政權或人民將其境內非俄羅斯民族進行同化、民族融合的手段。此政策在19世紀的俄羅斯帝國、20世紀的蘇聯和21世紀的俄羅斯聯邦皆採取過，歷史上曾受俄羅斯人統治的波羅的海三國民族、芬蘭人、波蘭人、車臣人與白俄羅斯人、哈薩克人皆曾受到此政策的影響、本國文化受到鎮壓，蘇聯於史達林時期更曾大規模推動此政策，更將軍事佔領的波蘭境內的民族主義者大量屠殺。 Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December): 1019–1039. Armstrong, John A. 1968. "The Ethnic Scene in the Soviet Union: The View of the Dictatorship," in Erich Goldhagen, Ed., Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger): 3–49. Aspaturian, Vernon V. 1968. "The Non-Russian Peoples," in Allen Kassof, Ed., Prospects for Soviet Society. New York: Praeger: 143–198. Azrael, Jeremy R., Ed. 1978. Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices. New York: Praeger. Włodzimierz Bączkowski. Russian colonialism: the Tsarist and Soviet empires. New York, Frederick A. Praeger. 1958: 97.  Bilinsky, Yaroslav. 1962. "The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy," Soviet Studies 14 (Oct. 1962): 138–157. Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène. Grand défi (Grand Defile; Bolsheviks and Nations 1917–1930). Warsaw, Most. 1992: 186.  Conquest, Robert. The nation killers. Houndmills, Macmillan Press. 1977: 222. ISBN 0-333-10575-3.  Andrzej Chwalba. Polacy w służbie Moskali (Poles in the Muscovite Service). Kraków, PWN. 1999: 257. ISBN 83-01-12753-8.  Gross, J. T. Revolution from abroad; the soviet conquest of Poland's western Ukraine and western Belorussia. Princeton, Princeton University Press. 2000: 396. ISBN 0-691-09603-1.  Gasimov, Zaur (Ed.), Kampf um Wort und Schrift. Russifizierung in Osteuropa im 19.-20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen:V&R 2012. Hajda, Lubomyr, and Mark Beissinger, Eds. 1990. The Nationality Factor in Soviet Politics and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview. Kaiser, Robert, and Jeffrey Chinn. 1996. The Russians as the New Minority in the Soviet Successor States. Boulder, CO: Westview. Karklins, Rasma. 1986. Ethnic Relations in the USSR: The Perspective from Below. Boston and London: Allen & Unwin. Kreindler, Isabelle. 1982. "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union," International Journal of the Sociology of Language 33: 7–39. Lewis, E. Glyn. 1972. Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and its Implementation. The Hague: Mouton. Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Multilingual Matters, Tonawanda, NY. ISBN 1-84769-087-4. Rodkiewicz, Witold. Russian nationality policy in the Western provinces of the Empire (1863–1905). Lublin, Scientific Society of Lublin. 1998: 295. ISBN 83-87833-06-1.  Rouland, Michael. A nation on stage: music and the 1936 Festival of Kazak Arts. In Neil Edmunds, ed., Soviet Music and Society under Lenin and Stalin: The baton and sickle (pp. 181–208). Abingdon & New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-30219-7.  Serbak, Mykola. Natsional'na politika tsarizmu na pravoberežniy Ukrayni (National Politics of Tsardom in Right-bank Ukraine). Kyiv, Kyiv Shevchenko University Press. 1997: 89. ISBN 5-7763-9036-2.  Silver, Brian D. 1974. "The Status of National Minority Languages in Soviet Education: An Assessment of Recent Changes," Soviet Studies 26 (January): 28–40. Silver, Brian D. 1986. "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses," in Ralph S. Clem, Ed., Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press): 70–97. Leonard Szymański. Zarys polityki caratu wobec szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815–1915 (Sketch of the Tsarist Politics Regarding General Education in the Kingdom of Poland Between 1815 and 1915). Wrocław, AWF. 1983: 1982.  Thaden, Edward C., Ed. 1981. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05314-6 Weeks, Theodore R. Nation and state in late Imperial Russia: nationalism and Russification on the western frontier, 1863–1914. DeKalb, Northern Illinois University Press. 1996: 297. ISBN 0-87580-216-8.  Weeks, Theodore R. Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863–1905. Slavic Review. 2001, 60 (1): 96–114. JSTOR 2697645. S2CID 163956911. doi:10.2307/2697645.  Weeks, Theodore R. Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914 (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 2004, 148 (4): 471–489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 May 2012）.  Weeks, Theodore R. Russification / Sovietization. Institute of European History. 2011.  Wixman, Ronald. 1984. The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. New York: M.E. Sharpe and London, Macmillan. John Morison (编). Ethnic and national issues in Russian and East European history; selected papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press; New York, St. Martin's Press. 2000: 337. ISBN 0-333-69550-X.  Problemy natsional'nogo soznaniâ pol'skogo naseleniâ na Belarusi (Problems of National Identity of Poles in Belarus). Grodno, Society of Poles in Belarus. 2003: 288.  民族主義 德意志化 蘇維埃化 大民族主义 黃俄羅斯計劃 Russification in Lithuania（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire’s Northwestern Region after 1863 by Mikhail Dolbilov (PDF) Permanent mission of Caucasian Institute for Democracy Foundation opened in Tskhinvali – Regnum News Agency (Russia), 9 December 2005 Tatarstan Rejects Dominant Role of Russians – Kommersant, 6 March 2006