戈多丁 (诗歌)

《戈多丁》（威爾斯語：Y Gododdin，发音：[ə ɡɔˈdɔðɪn]）是一首中世纪的威尔士语诗歌，由一系列献给布立吞王国戈多丁的人民及其同盟的挽歌组成。通常解释他们牺牲于卡特里克之战中，对抗德伊勒与伯尼西亚的盎格鲁人。传统上认为其为吟游诗人阿内林所著，留世的抄本只有一本，称为阿内林之书。 大多学者认为记载的这场战役发生于600年左右，但成诗的日期很有争议。一些学者认为，战役后很短时间内，最初的口述版本就成形于“古老北地”（大不列颠北部讲布立吞语的地区）。假定如此，该诗最初的语言就是当时该地区的通行的坎伯兰语；它也就成了今苏格兰地区现存最古老的诗歌。但其他人则认为，《戈多丁》源于9或10世纪的威尔士。如果是9世纪的作品，就是最初的威尔士诗歌之一。 戈多丁覆盖今苏格兰东南部和诺森伯兰郡的领土，是“古老北地”的一部分，在罗马时代叫做沃塔迪尼。这首诗描写了300（或363）名精英勇士会集起来的过程，其中一些人甚至来自于遥远的皮克特兰和格温内斯。在Din Eidyn（今爱丁堡）盛宴一年后，他们进攻了卡特里克（通常认为是北约克郡的卡特里克）。面对压倒性的优势，几天的战斗后，几乎所有的勇士都牺牲了。该诗内容不是叙事，但其气概有如英雄诗，强调英雄们为了荣誉而战斗。 这首诗现存的手稿以部分中古威尔士语和部分古威尔士语写成，时间追溯至13世纪下半叶。这份手稿里有与戈多丁毫无关系的几节诗，一般认为是添写的。 其中一节提到了亚瑟王，如果能证明这一节出自6世纪末7世纪初，就可以作为已知最早的出处而极具重要性。 Elliot 2005, p. 583. As indicated by Jackson, The Earliest Surviving Scottish Poem. Berggren, J. Lennart and Alexander Jones. "Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters." Princeton University Press: Princeton and Oxford. ISBN 0-691-01042-0 Breeze, Andrew. 1997. Medieval Welsh literature. Four Courts Press. ISBN 1-85182-229-1 Charles-Edwards, Thomas. 1978. "The authenticity of the Gododdin: a historian's view" in Bromwich, Rachel & R. Brinley Jones (eds) Astudiaethau ar yr hengerdd: cyflwynedig i Syr Idris Foster Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0-7083-0696-9 pp. 44–71 Clancy, Joseph P. 1970. The earliest Welsh poetry. Macmillan. Clarkson, Tim. 1999. "The Gododdin Revisited" in The Heroic Age 1. Retrieved August 21, 2006. Davies, Wendy. 2005. "The Celtic Kingdoms". In Fouracre, Paul, and McKitterick, Rosamond (eds), The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500-c. 700. Cambridge. ISBN 0521362911 Dillon, Myles and Nora K. Chadwick. 1973. The Celtic realms Cardinal. ISBN 0-351-15808-1 Dumville, D. 1988. "Early Welsh poetry:problems of historicity" in Roberts, Brynley F. (ed) "Early Welsh poetry: studies in the Book of Aneirin." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-34-X Elliott, Elizabeth. 2005. "Scottish Writing". In Fouracre, Paul, and McKitterick, Rosamond (eds), The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500-c. 700. Cambridge. ISBN 0521362911 Evans, D. Simon. 1977. "Aneirin- bardd Cristionogol?" in Ysgrifau Beirniadol 10. Gwasg Gee. pp. 35–44 Evans, D. Simon. 1978. "Iaith y Gododdin" in Bromwich, Rachel & R. Brinley Jones (eds) Astudiaethau ar yr hengerdd: cyflwynedig i Syr Idris Foster Caerdydd: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0-7083-0696-9 pp. 72–88 Evans, D. Simon. 1982. Llafar a llyfr yn yr hen gyfnod : darlith goffa G.J. Williams Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. ISBN 0-7083-0817-1 Evans, Stephen S. 1997. "The heroic poetry of Dark-Age Britain : an introduction to its dating, composition, and use as a historical source." Lanham, Md.: University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-0606-7 Greene, David. 1971. "Linguistic considerations in the dating of early Welsh verse". Studia Celtica VI, pp. 1–11 Huws, Daniel (ed.). 1989. Llyfr Aneurin: a facsimile. South Glamorgan County Council & The National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-33-1 Isaac, G.R. 1999. "Readings in the history and transmission of the Gododdin. Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 37 pp. 55-78 Jackson, Kenneth H. 1953. Language and history in early Britain: a chronological survey of the Brittonic languages first to twelfth century A.D. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Jackson, Kenneth H. 1969. "The Gododdin: The Oldest Scottish poem." Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-85224-049-X Jarman, A.O.H. (ed.) 1988. Y Gododdin. Britain's Oldest Heroic Poem. The Welsh Classics vol. 3. Gomer. ISBN 0-86383-354-3 Koch, John T. 1997. "The Gododdin of Aneurin: text and context from Dark-Age North Britain." Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1374-4 O'Hehir, Brendan. 1988. "What is the Gododdin" in Roberts, Brynley F. (ed) "Early Welsh poetry: studies in the Book of Aneirin." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-34-X Padel, Oliver. 1998. "A New Study of the Gododdin" in Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies 35. Short, Steve. 1994. Aneirin: The Gododdin, translated by Steve Short. Llanerch Publishers. ISBN 1-897853-27-0 Stephens, Thomas. 1876. The literature of the Kymry: being a critical essay on the history of the language and literature of Wales Second edition. Longmans, Green and Co.. Sweetser, Eve. 1988. "Line-structure and rhan-structure: the metrical units of the Gododdin corpus" in Roberts, Brynley F. (ed) "Early Welsh poetry: studies in the Book of Aneirin." Aberystwyth: National Library of Wales. ISBN 0-907158-34-X pp. 139–154 Turner, Sharon. 1803. A vindication of the genuiness of the ancient British poems of Aneurin, Taliesyn, Llywarch Hen and Merddin, with specimens of the poems. E. Williams. Williams, Ifor. 1938. "Canu Aneirin: gyda rhagymadrodd a nodiadau." Aberystwyth: Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru. Williams, Ifor. 1944. "Lectures on early Welsh poetry." Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1944. Williams, Ifor. 1980. "The beginnings of Welsh poetry: studies." Rachel Bromwich (ed.); Cardiff: University of Wales Press, second edition. ISBN 0-7083-0744-2 Wmffre, Iwan. 2002. "Mynydawc - ruler of Edinburgh?" Studi Celtici 1 pp. 83–105 威爾士語维基文库中相关的原始文献： Y Gododdin Colour facsimile of the Book of Aneirin from "Gathering the Jewels Y Gododin - 古腾堡计划 in Welsh and English translation by John Williams The Book of Aneurin, original text and English translation by Skene Edinburgh Castle, and comment on "Y Gododdin"