托尔金和种族

J·R·R·托尔金中洲系列奇幻作品描述有众多幻想物种，其中有些概念历来受人指责，称其暗含过时的种族观念。然而，也有学者认为他受维多利亚式种族观念影响较深，对文学作品中“怪物”设计亦然，因此不论和平时期或者战时，托尔金实际都是反对种族主义（英语：anti-racism）的。 结合19世纪末优生学与惧怕道德沉沦的背景，批评家们相信《魔戒》所述的种族杂交是科学种族主义。另有观点认为，托尔金书中奥克的形态源自战时针对日本种族的丑化宣传。此外，有人认为全书具有“道德式”地理设计：良善种族安排在西方，而邪恶势力位于东方。 与这些猜测相反，托尔金实际上强烈反对纳粹种族理论，这可由1938年他写给出版商的一封信证实，二战期间他也强烈反对反德宣传。人们认为，他笔下中洲的文学设计具备绝对的文化与语言融合特征，学者也认为针对托尔金的攻击时常与文中依据相悖。 彼得·杰克逊电影中，奥克的形象常与战时针对日本人的丑化宣传对比。图为美国宣传（英语：American propaganda during World War II）海报。 《魔戒：力量之戒》片中，毛脚族霍比特人使用爱尔兰方言，这与讽喻漫画家约翰·里奇（英语：John Leech (caricaturist)）笔下爱尔兰农民形象相仿。 Carpenter 2023，#29 to Stanley Unwin, #30 to Rütten & Loening, both 25 July 1938 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCarpenter2023 (help) Yatt, John. Wraiths and Race. The Guardian. 2 December 2002 [25 May 2010]. （原始内容存档于26 August 2013）.  Bhatia, Shyam. The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism. Rediff India Abroad. 8 January 2003 [4 December 2010]. （原始内容存档于3 November 2010）.  Straubhaar 2004，第101–117頁. Fimi, Dimitra. Was Tolkien really racist?. The Conversation. [20 January 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-18）.  Fimi, Dimitra. Revisiting Race in Tolkien's Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World (lecture). Dimitra Fimi. 2012 [20 January 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-18）.  Rogers & Underwood 2000，第121–132頁. Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3 [2024-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.  Perry, David M. How Can We Untangle White Supremacy From Medieval Studies?. Pacific Standard. [10 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-18）.  Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3 [2024-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）.  Magoun, John F. G. South, The. Drout, Michael D. C. (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge: 622–623. 2006. ISBN 1-135-88034-4.  Rearick, Anderson. Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World. Modern Fiction Studies. 2004, 50 (4): 866–867. JSTOR 26286382. S2CID 162647975. doi:10.1353/mfs.2005.0008.  Curry 2004，第30–33頁 Chism, Christine. Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien's Works. Drout, Michael (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2013: 555–556 [2007].  Chism, Christine. Racism, Charges of. Michael Drout (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2007.  Heritage, Stuart. The backlash to rule them all? Every controversy about The Rings of Power so far. The Guardian. 5 September 2022 [5 September 2022].  Carpenter, Humphrey (编), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981, ISBN 0-395-31555-7  Curry, Patrick. Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity. Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 30–33. ISBN 0-312-17671-6.  Fimi, Dimitra. Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits. Palgrave Macmillan. 2010 [2008]. ISBN 978-0-230-21951-9. OCLC 222251097.  Lobdell, Jared. The World of the Rings. Open Court. 2004: 116. ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0.  Rogers, William N. II; Underwood, Michael R. Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon's Mines and The Hobbit. Sir George Clark (编). J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000: 121–132. ISBN 978-0-313-30845-1.  Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion Guide: Chronology. Houghton Mifflin. 2006. ISBN 978-0-618-39102-8.  Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth. Chance, Jane (编). Tolkien and the invention of myth: a reader. University Press of Kentucky. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8131-2301-1.  Stuart, Robert. Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 2022 [2024-06-15]. ISBN 978-3-030-97475-6. OCLC 1312274691. S2CID 248207455. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97475-6. （原始内容存档于2022-11-16）.  Template:ME-ref/TT Template:ME-ref/ROTK