自我組織

自我組織（英語：self-organization），在社会科学中也称为自发秩序（spontaneous order），是指一种过程，这种过程中，最初的无序系统中各部分之间局部相互作用，形成了某种形式的整体秩序。当能量供给充足时，该过程无需任何外部主体控制即可自发进行。它通常由看似随机的波动触发，并经由正反馈放大。由此产生的组织是完全分散的，分布在系统的所有组成成分中。因此，这种组织往往是稳健的，能够经受重大干扰并自我修复。混沌理论根据大量混乱的不可预测性中的可预测性孤岛来讨论自组织。 自组织发生在许多物理、化学、生物、机器人和認知系统中。自组织的例子有结晶、流体的热對流、化学振荡器（英语：Chemical oscillator）、动物集群、神经回路和黑市。 自组织可在非平衡过程的物理现象，以及化学反应中实现，在反应中通常称作自組裝。这一概念在生物学中，从分子到生态系统水平也均有应用。许多其他学科的文献也给出了自组织行为的案例，包括自然科学和社会科学（如经济学或人类学）。元胞自动机等数学系统中也能观察到自组织现象。自组织是涌现这一概念的一个例子。 自组织依赖于四个基本要素： 强动态非线性，通常（但未必）涉及正反馈和负反馈 开发与探索的平衡 组分之间的多重相互作用 能量的输入（克服熵增的自然趋势，或自由能的损失） 控制论者威廉·罗斯·艾什比于1947年提出了自组织的最初的原理则。原理指出，任何确定性动力系统都会自发向平衡状态演化，这种平衡状态可以视为周围状态域中的吸引子。一旦到达那里，系统接下来的发展就被限制在吸引子中。这种约束意味着其构成组件或子系统之间存在一种相互依赖或协调的形式。用艾什比的话来说，每个子系统都适应了所有其他子系统构成的环境。 控制论者海因茨·冯·福斯特于1960年提出了“从噪声产生秩序”的原理。该原理指出，随机干扰（“噪声”）会促进自组织，使系统在其状态空间中探索各种状态。这增加了系统到达“强”或“深”吸引域的机会，然后从那里迅速进入吸引子本身。生物物理学家亨利·阿特兰（英语：Henri Atlan）提出“从噪声产生复杂性”原理（法語：le principe de complexité par le bruit），发展了这一概念， 他首先是在1972年出版的L'organisation biologique et la théorie de l'information一书中，然后是在1979年出版的Entre le cristal et la fumée一书中提出了“从噪声产生复杂性”。物理学家兼化学家伊利亚·普里高津提出了一个类似的原理，称为“来自波动的秩序”或“来自混沌的秩序”。它被应用于问题求解和机器学习的模拟退火方法中。 数学概念：分形 - 随机图 - 冪定律 - 六度分隔理论 - 細胞自動機 物理概念：热力学 - 非平衡態熱力學 - 建構理論 - 统计力学 - 相變 - 耗散結構 - 湍流 化學概念：反应-扩散系统（英语：Reaction–diffusion system） - 自催化反应 生物概念：演化論 - 形态发生 - 內環境穩態 - 協同動力學 社会概念：參與組織 系统科学概念：控制論 - 自生系統論 复杂系统概念：呈展現象 - 演化計算 - 人工生命 - 自組化臨界 - 混沌的边缘 - 自发秩序 - 介穩態 電腦科學概念：群体智能 哲學概念：組織形態學 - 互補對（complementary pairs） 自組織協同網絡 群體築巢行為 無為而治 Betzler, S. 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Young (2002), The Unfinished Universe[缺少ISBN] Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen PDF file on self-organized common law with references An entry on self-organization at the Principia Cybernetica site （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Science of Self-organization and Adaptivity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, a review paper by Francis Heylighen The Self-Organizing Systems (SOS) FAQ by Chris Lucas, from the USENET newsgroup comp.theory.self-org.sys David Griffeath, Primordial Soup Kitchen （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (graphics, papers) nlin.AO, nonlinear preprint archive （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, (electronic preprints in adaptation and self-organizing systems) Structure and Dynamics of Organic Nanostructures 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期April 21, 2016，. Metal organic coordination networks of oligopyridines and Cu on graphite 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期June 11, 2016，. 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Watch 32 discordant metronomes synch up all by themselves （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） theatlantic.com