蒂奥得螺属

蒂奥得螺属（學名：Theodoxus）是腹足綱蜑螺科軟體動物的一個属，體型細小，有螺厴，棲息於淡水或半咸水環境中。 本屬物種分佈於歐洲及北非，並往東延伸至伊朗南部（英语：List of non-marine molluscs of Iran）。除本屬以外，蜑螺科並沒有其他屬與本屬具同域分佈（英语：sympatric）。這在蜑螺科相當例外，因為其他蜑螺科物種只分佈於南半球的熱帶。本屬物種均為蜑螺科僅有棲息於温带的物種。 Bunje 和 Lindberg (2007) 提出了Theodoxus分支的第一个系统发育假说。 Theodoxus属的进化受到中新世地中海与副特提斯海分离的影响。 本屬物種的螺殼呈半卵形，具有平坦的殼口。沒有螺臍（英语：umbilicus (mollusc)）。螺柱（英语：columella (gastropod)）及內螺層（英语：whorl (mollusc)）溶解。 蒂奥得螺属物種間的差異，無論是大小、外殼膜上的顏色與花紋變化、螺厣及齒舌的細節都有很大差異，這使得本屬物種的辨認比較困難。 These animals live on stones, and often also under stones, in up to 5–6 m depth or deeper, feeding on algal covers. Theodoxus needs rough surfaces in order to be able to digest its food, so a stony 基质 (生物生活环境) is necessary. Green algae [需要解释] are not consumed; Theodoxus has no 纤维素酶s. These snails lay egg capsules containing 30-70 eggs each, usually on the shells of other Theodoxus animals; only one juvenile grows, the other eggs serve as food. 截至2007年，還未有對蒂奥得螺属作系統評價的研究。Bunje (2004) 的研究指出本屬至少有34個現害種；而在2015年度的國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄列出了本屬包括有至少23個物種。 本屬包括下列各物種： Subgenus Brusinaella Andrusov, 1912 † Theodoxus petasatus (Seninski, 1905) Subgenus Calvertia Bourguignat, 1880 † Theodoxus acuticarinatus (Fuchs, 1870) † Theodoxus amblygonioides Wenz, 1930 † Theodoxus amethystinus (Brusina, 1874) † Theodoxus anconae (Capellini, 1880) † Theodoxus angularis Gozhik, 2002 † Theodoxus anonymus Anistratenko & Gozhik, 1995 † Theodoxus atticus Kühn, 1963 † Theodoxus barakovici (Brusina, 1902) † Theodoxus bessarabicus (Sinzov, 1896) † Theodoxus brusinai (Pavlović, 1931) † Theodoxus capellinii (Pantanelli, 1876) † Theodoxus capillaceus (Brusina, 1874) † Theodoxus crescens (Fuchs, 1870) † Theodoxus doderleini (d'Ancona, 1869) † Theodoxus dumortieri (Fontannes, 1878) † Theodoxus fasciatus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 † Theodoxus gnezdai (Brusina, 1884) † Theodoxus grateloupianus (Férussac, 1823) † Theodoxus hoernesanus (Semper, 1867) † Theodoxus ingulenzis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 † Theodoxus kalodictya (Andrusov, 1909) † Theodoxus koslinskyi (Porumbaru, 1881) † Theodoxus lamellatus (Brusina, 1892) † Theodoxus lineatus (Sinzov, 1896) † Theodoxus lorkovici (Brusina, 1878) † Theodoxus macedonicus Wenz, 1943 † Theodoxus maculosus Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 † Theodoxus mayeri (Semper, 1867) † Theodoxus militaris (Neumayr, 1869) † Theodoxus miljkovici (Brusina, 1902) † Theodoxus millepunctatus (Brusina, 1902) † Theodoxus moeschi Locard, 1893 † Theodoxus morulus Kühn, 1963 † Theodoxus mutinensis (d'Ancona, 1869) † Theodoxus neumayri (Burgerstein, 1877) † Theodoxus nitens Gozhik, 2002 † Theodoxus nivosus (Brusina, 1874) † Theodoxus novorossicus (Sinzov, 1896) † Theodoxus obtusangulaeformis Gozhik, 2002 † Theodoxus oxytropida (Andrusov, 1909) † Theodoxus pavlovici Milošević, 1983 † Theodoxus philippianus Locard, 1883 † Theodoxus pilari (Brusina, 1884) † Theodoxus platystoma (Brusina, 1874) † Theodoxus pseudodanubialis (Sinzov, 1896) † Theodoxus pseudofluviatilis Locard, 1893 † Theodoxus pseudograteloupanus (Sinzov, 1884) † Theodoxus radmanesti (Fuchs, 1870) † Theodoxus radovanovici (Brusina, 1893) † Theodoxus reiseri (Brusina, 1902) † Theodoxus rugosus (Pavlović, 1931) † Theodoxus sagittiferus (Brusina, 1874) † Theodoxus schachmaticus (Andrusov, 1909) † Theodoxus scoliogramma (Brusina, 1884) † Theodoxus semidentatus (Sandberger, 1875) † Theodoxus serrulatus (Brusina, 1892) † Theodoxus slavonicus (Brusina, 1878) † Theodoxus sophievkaensis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 † Theodoxus stanae (Brusina, 1893) † Theodoxus stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887) † Theodoxus stefanescuiformis Gozhik in Gozhik & Datsenko, 2007 † Theodoxus subquadrofasciatus Gozhik, 2002 † Theodoxus subslavonicus Gozhik, 2002 † Theodoxus sundicus (Andrusov, 1909) † Theodoxus suskalovici (Pavlović, 1903) † Theodoxus sycophantus (Brusina, 1878) † Theodoxus tropidophorus (Brusina, 1884) † Theodoxus turbinatus (Fuchs, 1870) † Theodoxus veljetinensis (Pavlović, 1903) † Theodoxus venustus (Brusina, 1897) † Theodoxus xanthozona (Brusina, 1884) † Theodoxus zagradovkaensis Gozhik, 2002 † Theodoxus zivkovici (Pavlović, 1903) Subgenus Neritonyx Andrusov, 1912 † Theodoxus unguiculatus (Seninski, 1905) Subgenus Ninniopsis Tomlin, 1930 † Theodoxus colchicus (Andrusov, 1912) Subgenus Neritaea Roth, 1855 Theodoxus anatolicus（英语：Theodoxus anatolicus） (Récluz, 1841) † Theodoxus groyanus (Férussac, 1823) Theodoxus jordani（英语：Theodoxus jordani） (Sowerby) † Theodoxus micans (Gaudry & Fischer in Gaudry, 1867) Theodoxus niloticus（英语：Theodoxus niloticus） (Reeve, 1856) - synonym: Theodoxus africanus (Reeve, 1856) † Theodoxus subdoricus Schütt, 1976 Theodoxus subterrelictus Schütt, 1963 Theodoxus peloponensis (Récluz, 1841) Theodoxus varius (Menke, 1828) Subgenus Theodoxus Montfort, 1810 Theodoxus altenai（英语：Theodoxus altenai） Schütt, 1965 Theodoxus baeticus (Lamarck, 1822) † Theodoxus becenensis (Cobălcescu, 1883) † Theodoxus brenneri (Handmann, 1882) † Theodoxus carasiensis Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus constantiae Stefanescu, 1896 † Theodoxus culceri (Porumbaru, 1881) † Theodoxus cyrtocelis (Krauss, 1852) Theodoxus danubialis（英语：Theodoxus danubialis） (Pfeiffer, 1828) † Theodoxus denisluensis (Oppenheim, 1919) † Theodoxus deperditus (Almera, 1894) † Theodoxus elongatulus (Philippi, 1844) † Theodoxus eugenii Jekelius, 1944 Theodoxus euxinus（英语：Theodoxus euxinus） (Clessin, 1886) Theodoxus fluviatilis（英语：Theodoxus fluviatilis） (Linnaeus, 1758) - 模式種. synonyms: Theodoxus brauneri (Lindholm, 1908) (but as separate species per); Theodoxus brauneri f. lacrymans Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus brauneri f. alboguttata Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus brauneri f. pulherrima Lindholm, 1908; Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810. Bunje (2005) does not consider Theodoxus velox Anistratenko, 1999 to be a distinct species from Theodoxus fluviatilis. † Theodoxus gregarius (Thomä, 1845) Theodoxus heldreichi (Martens, 1879) † Theodoxus hisingeri (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841) Theodoxus hispalensis (Martens, 1879) † Theodoxus jekeliusi Jurišić-Polšak, 1979 † Theodoxus leobersdorfensis (Handmann, 1887) Theodoxus meridionalis（英语：Theodoxus meridionalis） (Philippi, 1836) † Theodoxus milessii Papp, 1979 † Theodoxus moosbrunnensis Papp, 1953 † Theodoxus morellii (Bellardi & Michelotti, 1841) Theodoxus pallasi（英语：Theodoxus pallasi） Lindholm, 1924 - synonym: Theodoxus lituratus (Eichwald, 1838) † Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouër, 1879) Theodoxus prevostianus（英语：Theodoxus prevostianus） (Pfeiffer, 1828) † Theodoxus punctatolineatus (Sinzov, 1896) Theodoxus saulcyi（英语：Theodoxus saulcyi） (Bourguignat, 1852) † Theodoxus scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880) † Theodoxus semiplicatus (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875) † Theodoxus simplex (Fuchs, 1877) † Theodoxus subglobosus (Eichwald, 1853) Theodoxus subthermalis（英语：Theodoxus subthermalis） (Bourguignat in Issel, 1865) or Theodoxus fluviatilis subthermalis Issel, 1865 Theodoxus transversalis（英语：Theodoxus transversalis） (Pfeiffer, 1828) † Theodoxus trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839) † Theodoxus turislavicus Jekelius, 1944 Theodoxus valentinus（英语：Theodoxus valentinus） (Graells, 1846) † Theodoxus zografi (Brusina, 1902) Subgenus ? † Theodoxus abnormis (Jenkins, 1864) † Theodoxus almelae (Revilla, 1958) Theodoxus astrachanicus Starobogatov, 1994 † Theodoxus banaticus Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus bohotinensis (Simionescu & Barbu, 1940) † Theodoxus bolivari (Royo Gómez, 1922) † Theodoxus bukowskii (Oppenheim, 1919) Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) Theodoxus coronatus（英语：Theodoxus coronatus） (Leach, 1815) † Theodoxus crenulatus (Klein, 1853) † Theodoxus cunici (Brusina, 1892) Theodoxus danasteri (Lindholm, 1908) † Theodoxus doricus (Neumayr, 1880) Theodoxus euxinus（英语：Theodoxus euxinus） (Clessin, 1886) Theodoxus gloeri Odabaşi & Arslan, 2015 Theodoxus gurur Sands & Glöer, 2020 † Theodoxus hellenicus (Bukowski, 1896) † Theodoxus imbricatus (Brusina, 1878) † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944 Theodoxus karasuna[來源請求] † Theodoxus licherdopoli (Stefanescu, 1896) Theodoxus luteofasciatus (Miller, 1879) Theodoxus macri (Sowerby, 1849)[來源請求] Theodoxus maresi（英语：Theodoxus maresi） (Bourguignat, 1864) Theodoxus marteli (Pallary, 1920) Theodoxus milachevitchi Golikov & Starobogatov, 1966 Theodoxus mutinensis[來源請求] Theodoxus numidicus（英语：Theodoxus numidicus） (Récluz, 1841) Theodoxus olivaceus[來源請求] Theodoxus pallasi（英语：Theodoxus pallasi） Lindholm, 1924 Theodoxus pallidus Dunker, 1861 † Theodoxus pappi Sauerzopf, 1952 † Theodoxus paradisii (Magrograssi, 1928) † Theodoxus patrae Esu & Girotti, 2015 † Theodoxus percarinatus (Oppenheim, 1919) Theodoxus pilidei (Tournouêr, 1879) † Theodoxus politioanei Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus politus Jekelius, 1944 Theodoxus poppei Ahuir, 2020 † Theodoxus postcrenulatus Papp, 1953 † Theodoxus prozlatarici Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus pseudodacicus Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 † † Theodoxus quadrifasciatus (Bielz, 1864) † Theodoxus reticularis Sowerby, 1838 IT IS A SYNONYM OF Clithon reticularis http://oldredlist.iucnredlist.org/details/166739/0[失效連結] --> † Theodoxus reticulatus Pană, 1990 Theodoxus retropictus UNREFERENCED - see probably Clithon retropictum --> † Theodoxus rhodiensis (Tournouër in Fischer, 1877) Theodoxus sarmaticus (Lindholm, 1901) Theodoxus schultzii (Grimm, 1877) † Theodoxus scriptus (Stefanescu, 1896) † Theodoxus serratiliniformis Geyer, 1914 † Theodoxus sinjanus (Brusina, 1876) † Theodoxus soceni Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus sphaeroidalis (Revilla, 1958) † Theodoxus spratti (Jenkins, 1864) † Theodoxus stoicai Neubauer, Harzhauser, Georgopoulou, Mandic & Kroh, 2014 Theodoxus subthermalis（英语：Theodoxus subthermalis） Bourguignat in Issel, 1865 † Theodoxus susuzianus Harzhauser, Neubauer & Hoşgör, 2018 † Theodoxus timisensis Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus trilophosensis Rust, 1997 Theodoxus velascoi (Graëlls, 1846) Theodoxus velox（英语：Theodoxus velox） V. Anistratenko in O. Anistratenko, Starobogatov & V. Anistratenko, 1999 Theodoxus vespertinus (Sowerby II, 1849) Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer, 2020 Theodoxus wilkei Sands & Glöer, 2020 † Theodoxus zlatarici Brusina, 1902) Synonyms † Theodoxus burdigalensis (d'Orbigny, 1852) : synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) trifasciatus (Grateloup, 1839) Theodoxus cariosus (Wood, 1828) and Theodoxus cariosa are synonyms of Neritina cariosa (Wood, 1828) † Theodoxus dacicus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) leobersdorfensis dacicus Jekelius, 1944 Theodoxus doriae Issel, 1865: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) Theodoxus euphraticus (Mousson, 1874) is a synonym of Neritina euphratica（英语：Neritina euphratica） Mousson, 1874 † Theodoxus intracarpatica Jekelius, 1944 : synonym of † Theodoxus intracarpaticus Jekelius, 1944 Theodoxus lutetianus Montfort, 1810: synonym of Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Theodoxus (Theodoxus) fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) † Theodoxus mariae (Handmann, 1887): synonym of † Neritina mariae Handmann, 1887 † Theodoxus martensi (Brusina, 1884): synonym of † Ninnia martensi (Brusina, 1884) Theodoxus neglectus is a synonym of Neritina neglecta (Pease, 1861) † Theodoxus oslavanensis Rzehak, 1893: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) cyrtocelis austriacus (Rzehak, 1893) Theodoxus oualaniense (Lesson, 1831): synonym of Checked: verified by a taxonomic editorClithon oualaniense (Lesson, 1831) † Theodoxus perlongus Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi perlongus Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus petralbensis Jekelius, 1944: synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) zografi petralbensis Jekelius, 1944 † Theodoxus pictus (Férussac, 1823): synonym of † Agapilia picta (Férussac, 1823) Theodoxus reclivatus Say, 1822: synonym of Neritina usnea（英语：Neritina usnea） (Röding, 1798) † Theodoxus rumanus (Stefanescu, 1896): synonym of † Theodoxus (Calvertia) stefanescui (Fontannes, 1887) † Theodoxus scamandri (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880): synonym of † Theodoxus (Theodoxus) scamandrius (Calvert & Neumayr, 1880) Theodoxus vespertinus : synonym of Neritina vespertinus (Sowerby, 1849) † Theodoxus vetranici (Brusina, 1902): synonym of † Neritina vetranici (Brusina, 1902) Theodoxus virginea (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Neritina virginea（英语：Neritina virginea） (Linnaeus, 1758) † Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) pictus bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839): synonym of † Agapilia picta bizonalis (Grateloup, 1839) 本條目包含源自公有领域的內容： Montfort D. de（英语：Pierre Denys de Montfort） (1810). 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The history of Theodoxus and Neritina connected with description and systematic evaluation of related Neritimorpha (Gastropoda). Mittelungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut Universitat Hamburg. 2001, 85: 65–164 [2022-10-21]. 原始内容存档于2011-07-26 （英语）.