蝾螺科

蝾螺科（學名：Turbinidae）是一個包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一個科。舊屬原始腹足目，現時蠑螺科是鐘螺目鐘螺總科之下的一個科。 本科在2005年的分類很龐大，包含多個亞科與物種，但這些亞科後來都從蠑螺科獨立出來，組成各自的科與總科，到現在又重聚到鐘螺總科之下。 本科物種的一大特徵，是其鈣質的口蓋，使之與非常近似但有着角質口蓋的鐘螺科物種分辨開來。蠑螺科物種堅固的口蓋成為了牠們的一種被動的防禦構造，得以抵擋捕食者嘗試從其殼口或殼唇進侵其柔軟的身體。 贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋，以热带水域为多，栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。 按照Williams et al. (2008)，蠑螺科物種由多個支序組成，而且無論在淺水區或深水區皆有其物種棲息。本科物種有很廣闊的分佈範圍，從熱帶到極帶均有分佈，但絕大多數物種都棲息於熱帶及亞熱帶的淺水區。 蠑螺科原為前鰓亞綱原始腹足目蠑螺總科的成員。現時蠑螺總科成為了鐘螺總科的異名。然而，這一個頗為古老的腹足綱群組很可能源於2.98億到2.50億年前的二疊紀。本科物種的型態仍然保有多種原始（英语：primitive (phylogenetics)）的特徵，例如：牠們的螺殼內的珠母層。 根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，蠑螺科是蠑螺總科的成員，由下列八個亞科組成： Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 海豚螺亞科 Angariinae Gray, 1857：又名棘冠螺亞科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亞科的異名。 縮口螺亞科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917 tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960 tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995 tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960 tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960 Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997 Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：異名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼寫錯誤。 篷螺亞科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亞科的異名。 Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 根據Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蠑螺科被重新定義，還被移到鐘螺總科。與此同時，原來蠑螺科之下的海豚螺亞科獲提至科級，成為了鐘螺總科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原來蠑螺科的縮口螺亞科在提升至科級成為縮口螺科（Colloniidae）之餘，再與蠑螺總科的雉螺科改為合組新的雉螺總科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae。這個時候的蠑螺科包括下列五個亞科： 蠑螺亞科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：異名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae) Margaritinae ：根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，這個亞科由以下三個族組成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.) tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990 tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993 Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：獲提升至科級成為Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971 Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 下列在2005年分類提及過的亞科都保留了： Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria這個屬的物種並未有包括在2010年的分子研究裡 † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997 亞倫氏螺屬（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到縮口螺科去。 以下為本科現時餘下的屬。 現時本科包括以下各屬： 不屬於任何亞科： Phanerolepida Dall, 1907 Tropidomarga Powell, 1951 蠑螺亞科（Turbininae） Astraea Röding, 1798 星螺屬 Astralium Link, 1807 Bellastraea Iredale, 1924 擬星螺屬 Bolma Risso, 1826 Cookia Lesson, 1832 刺螺屬 Guildfordia Gray, 1850 Lithopoma Gray, 1850 珠螺屬 Lunella Röding, 1798 Megastraea McLean, 1970 Modelia Gray, 1850 Pomaulax Gray, 1850 Sarmaturbo Powell, 1938 † 蠑螺屬 Turbo Linnaeus, 1758：模式屬 Uvanilla Gray, 1850 Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990 Prisogaster  Mörch, 1850 異名： Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798 Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832 Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850 Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798 Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810 Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865 Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798 † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847 Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758 Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847 Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924 Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867 Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826 † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850 Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810 Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810 Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807 Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915 Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877 Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880 † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826 Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847 Bouchet, P. Turbinidae Rafinesque, 1815. WoRMS.  Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. Revised Classification, Nomenclator and Typification of Gastropod and Monoplacophoran Families. Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.  Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.  Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英语）.  使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9. 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编；董正之编著 (编). 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物 第29卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 原始腹足目 马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03） （中文（简体））.  引用错误：没有为名为WoRMS_382202的参考文献提供内容 Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Prisogasterinae. WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –通过WoRMS.  引用错误：没有为名为Thiele, 1924的参考文献提供内容 Search for Moelleria. National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-06）.  Yaronia Mienis, 2011. WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].  Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. Turbininae. WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –通过WoRMS.  Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990. G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英语）.  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (link) Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004. Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp. Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. Molecular systematics of Vetigastropoda: Trochidae, Turbinidae and Trochoidea redefined. Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英语）.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蝾螺科 Seashells of New South Wales : Turbinidae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Seashells of New South Wales: Skeneinae （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）