竹節蟲科

竹節蟲科（學名：Phasmatidae）是竹節蟲目真䗛亚目下的一個科。竹節蟲研究組（英语：Phasmid Study Group）（PSG）認定本科包含10個亞科，但此定義應為複系群。 竹節蟲科的分類地位仍不穩定，不同學者對其包含類群的定義均有差異。過去竹節蟲科為一複系群，2001年有學者將竹節蟲亞科、幽靈竹節蟲亞科、短角棒䗛亞科、平头竹节虫亚科、Tropidoderinae與Xeroderinae等組成單系群的6個亞科合稱為「Lanceocercata」，即狹義（sensu stricto（英语：sensu stricto））的竹節蟲科類群，後續研究將平头竹节虫亚科多數的屬改歸入大頭竹節蟲亞科，該亞科餘下的類群被認為不屬於Lanceocercata。2008年有研究將長角棒䗛亞科從笛竹節蟲科移入本科，又把竹節蟲亞科進一步分拆出克䗛亞科（Clitumninae），並將Achriopterini與Stephanacridini兩個族自竹節蟲亞科移出，上述所有類群與另兩個亞科（Cladomorphinae、Eurycanthinae）共同組成廣義（sensu lato）的竹節蟲科。有些研究認為克䗛亞科為複系群，Stephanacridini與Cladomorphinae和Lanceocercata的關係較為接近，但2019年的分子種系發生學研究結果顯示克䗛亞科為Lanceocercata的姊妹群。 根據竹節蟲研究組定義，竹節蟲科包含以下亞科： Cladomorphinae（英语：Cladomorphinae）：分布於馬達加斯加、爪哇島、蘇拉威西與南美洲 克䗛亞科（英语：Clitumninae） Clitumninae：分布於亞洲 幽靈竹節蟲亞科（英语：Extatosomatinae） Extatosomatinae：分布於澳洲 長角棒䗛亞科（英语：Lonchodinae）（Lonchodinae） 大頭竹節蟲亞科 Megacraniinae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲 Monandropterinae：分布與亞洲與非洲 短角棒䗛亞科（英语：Pachymorphinae） Pachymorphinae：分布於亞洲、非洲與澳洲 竹節蟲亞科（英语：Phasmatinae） Phasmatinae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲 平头竹节虫亚科 Platycraninae：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲 Tropidoderinae（英语：Tropidoderinae）：分布於澳大拉西亞、亞洲與非洲 Xeroderinae（英语：Xeroderinae）：分布於澳大拉西亞與亞洲 此外還有若干屬的地位未定，包括Achrioptera（英语：Achrioptera）、Glawiana、Monoiognosis與Spathomorpha，皆分布於非洲（包含馬達加斯加）。除現生的10科外，緬甸琥珀（英语：Burmese amber）中發現的已滅絕屬Echinosomiscus也屬於竹節蟲科，被歸入另一亞科Echinosomiscinae。 本科包括以下属： Acanthoderus Gray, 1835 Acanthoderus spinosus (Gray, 1834) Acanthograeffea Günther, 1932 Acanthomima Kirby, 1904 Acanthoxyla Uvarov, 1944 Achrioptera Coquerel, 1861 Acrophylla Gray, 1835 Agamemnon Moxey, 1971 Anchiale Stål, 1875 Anchiole Anophelepis Westwood, 1859 Aploploides Rehn & Hebard, 1938 Aplopocranidium Zompro, 2004 Apterograeffea Cliquennois & Brock, 2002 Apteroplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016 Argosarchus Hutton, 1898 Arphax Stål, 1875 Baculomia Bresseel & Constant, 2019 Baculonistria Hennemann & Conle, 2008 Caledoniophasma Zompro, 2001 Cephaloplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016 Cigarrophasma Brock & Hasenpusch, 2001 Cladomorphus Gray, 1835 Cladoxerus Peletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828 Clitarchus Stål, 1875 Cnipsomorpha Hennemann, Conle, Zhang & Liu, 2008 Cnipsus Redtenbacher, 1908 Cotylosoma Wood-Mason, 1878 Cranidium Westwood, 1843 Ctenomorpha Gray, 1833 Cuniculina Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Davidrentzia Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007 Diagoras Stål, 1877 Diapherodes Gray, 1835 Didymuria Kirby, 1904 Dimorphodes Westwood, 1859 Dryococelus Gurney, 1947 Echetlus Stål, 1875 Ectentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Entoria Stål, 1875 Epicharmus Stål, 1875 Erastus Redtenbacher, 1908 Erringtonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Eucarcharus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Eurycnema Audinet-Serville, 1838 Extatosoma Gray, 1833 Gigantophasma Sharp, 1898 Glawiana Hennemann & Conle, 2004 Gongylopus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Graeffea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1868 Guamuhaya Yong, 2017 Haplopus Burmeister, 1838 Hermachus Stål, 1875 Hermarchus Stål, 1875 Hesperophasma Rehn, 1901 Heterophasma Redtenbacher, 1908 Hirtuleius Stål, 1875 Hypocyrtus Redtenbacher, 1908 Interphasma Chen & He, 2008 Jeremia Redtenbacher, 1908 Jeremiodes Hennemann & Conle, 2007 Lamponius Stål, 1875 Leosthenes Stål, 1875 Lobofemora Bresseel & Constant, 2015 Lysicles Stål, 1877 Macrophasma Hennemann & Conle, 2006 Malandania Sjöstedt, 1918 Mauritiophasma Cliquennois & Brock, 2004 Medaura Stål, 1875 Medauroidea Zompro, 2000 Medauromorpha Bresseel & Constant, 2017 Megacrania Kaup, 1871 Mesentoria Chen & He, 2008 Metentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Micropodacanthus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007 Monandroptera Audinet-Serville, 1838 Monogynacantha Cliquennois, 2021 Monoiognosis Cliquennois & Brock, 2004 Neomedaura Ho, 2020 Neosinophasma Ho, 2017 Neospiniphasma Ho, 2021 Nesiophasma Günther, 1934 Nisyrus Stål, 1877 Onchestus Stål, 1877 Ophicrania Kaup, 1871 Otocraniella Zompro, 2004 Parabactridium Redtenbacher, 1908 Parabaculum Brock, 1999 Paracranidium Brock, 1998 Paractenomorpha Hennemann & Conle, 2004 Paracyphocrania Redtenbacher, 1908 Paraentoria Chen & He, 1997 Paraleiophasma Chen & He, 2008 Parapachymorpha Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Parapodacanthus Brock, 2003 Paratropidoderus Brock & Hasenpusch, 2007 Parhaplopus Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016 Paronchestus Redtenbacher, 1908 Peloriana Uvarov, 1940 Pharnacia Stål, 1877 Phasma Lichtenstein, 1796 筒胸竹節蟲屬 Phasmotaenia Navas, 1907 Phobaeticus Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Phryganistria Stål, 1875 Phryganistria bachmaensis (Ta & Hoang, 2004) Phryganistria fruhstorferi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907) Phryganistria grandis Rehn, 1906 Phryganistria guangxiensis Chen & He, 2008 Phryganistria heusii (Hennemann & Conle, 1997) Phryganistria longzhouensis Chen & He, 2008 Phryganistria tamdaoensis Bresseel & Constant, 2014 Phryganistria virgea (Westwood, 1848) Platycrana Gray, 1835 Podacanthus Gray, 1833 Prosentoria Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Pseudoclitarchus Salmon, 1991 Pterinoxylus Audinet-Serville, 1838 Pterulina Bresseel & Constant, 2020 Ramulus Saussure, 1862 Rhamphophasma Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Rhaphiderus Audinet-Serville, 1838 Rhynchacris Redtenbacher, 1908 Sadyattes Stål, 1875 Sigaruphasma Hennemann, Conle, Perez-Gelabert & Valero, 2020 Sinoxenophasmina Ho, 2021 Spathomorpha Cliquennois, 2005 Stephanacris Redtenbacher, 1908 Tainophasma Conle, Hennemann & Perez-Gelabert, 2014 Taraxippus Moxey, 1971 Tepakiphasma Buckley & Bradler, 2010 Teruelphasma Yong, 2017 Tirachoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 Tropidoderus Gray, 1835 Vasilissa Kirby, 1896 Venupherodes Hennemann, Conle & Perez-Gelabert, 2016 Wattenwylia Piza, 1938 Woodmasonia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1907 Xenomaches Kirby, 1896 Xenophasmina Uvarov, 1940 Xeroderus Gray, 1835 Xylodus Saussure, 1859 已於2018年被移入一新科長角棒䗛科（英语：Lonchodinae）。 Phasmatidae. 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