陸龜屬

陆龟属（Testudo）是陆龟科的一个属，其下生物分布于北非、西亚和欧洲等地中海附近地区。除去缘翘陆龟外，所有现存种都因栖息地丧失而处于易危甚至濒危状态。陆龟属的龟体型都不大。 陆龟属的分类一直存在巨大争议，其下的种也改变过很多次，大量命名甚至已经无效，因此通过学名进行文献检索时非常困难。 基因序列研究对陆龟科分类学的帮助很有限。mtDNA研究显示，陆龟属的生物进化非常缓慢。古生物地理学家发现一千多万年来，其线粒体12S rRNA基因的进化速度是每一百万年1.0-1.6% ，而ntDNA进化速度在很多种（甚至是赫曼陆龟的亚种）之间差异极大。 本属包括以下物种： Testudo amberiacensis Deperet, 1894 Testudo amiatae Pantanelli, 1893 Testudo angusticeps (Matthew, 1924) Testudo antiqua Bronn, 1831 Testudo atlas Falconer & Cautley, 1844 Testudo boettgeri Mojsisovics, 1889 Testudo bosporica Riabinin, 1946 Testudo brevitesta Vlachos & Tsoukala, 2015，已灭绝 Testudo brontops (Marsh, 1890) Testudo cautleyi Lydekker, 1889 Testudo cernovi Khosatzky, 1948 Testudo changshanensis Wei et al., 1975 Testudo chienfutungensis Yeh, 1963 Testudo coriacea Linnaeus, 1766 Testudo crassiscutata (Leidy, 1889) Testudo craverii Portis, 1879 Testudo denizoti Bergounioux, 1935 Testudo despotti Szalai, 1937 Testudo ducateli (Collins & Lynn, 1936) Testudo eocaenica Hummel, 1935 Testudo escheri Pictet & Humbert, 1856 Testudo eurysternum Gervais, 1848 Testudo gilbertii (Hay, 1899) Testudo globosa Portis, 1890 希臘陸龜 Testudo gracea Testudo graeca Linnaeus, 1758 Testudo hellenica Garcia et al., 2020 Testudo hercegovinensis Werner, 1899 赫曼陸龜 Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 Testudo hexagonata Cope, 1893 Testudo hipparionum Wiman, 1930 Testudo honanensis Wiman, 1930 四爪陸龜 Testudo horsfieldii Gray, 1844 Testudo houzei Dollo, 1909 Testudo hypercostata Wiman, 1930 Testudo kaiseni Gilmore, 1931 Testudo (Chersine) kalksburgensis Toula, 1896 Testudo kenitrensis Gmira, 1993 埃及陸龜 Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883 Testudo lamanonii Gray, 1831 Testudo larteti Pictet, 1853 Testudo lohanica Perez-Garcia et al., 2022 Testudo lunanensis (Yeh, 1963) Testudo margae Hooijer, 1948 Testudo marginata Schoepff, 1792 Testudo marmorum Gaudry, 1862 Testudo nanus (Gilmore, 1931) Testudo neraudii Gray, 1831 Testudo orthopygia (Cope, 1878) Testudo osborniana (Hay, 1904) Testudo oughlamensis Gmira et al., 2013 Testudo pecorinii Abbazzi et al., 2008 Testudo phosphoritarum (Rage, 1988) Testudo promarginata Reinach, 1900 Testudo pusilla Linnaeus, 1758 Testudo shansiensis Wiman, 1930 Testudo sharanensis (Yeh, 1965) Testudo shensiensis Wiman, 1930 Testudo shilouensis Hsu et al., 1973 Testudo sloanei Lydekker, 1889 Testudo sphaerica Wiman, 1930 Testudo steinheimensis Staesche, 1931 Testudo tarakliensis Riabinin, 1918 Testudo terrestris Fermin, 1765 Testudo tunhuanensis Yeh, 1963 Testudo turgida (Cope, 1892) Testudo ulanensis Gilmore, 1931 威尔逊陆龟 Testudo wilsoni (Milstead, 1956) 云南陆龟 Testudo yunnanensis (Yeh, 1963) Rhodin, Anders G.J.; Inverson, John B.; Roger, Bour; Fritz, Uwe; Georges, Arthur; Shaffer, H. Bradley; van Dijk, Peter Paul. Turtles of the world, 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status(8th Ed.) (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. August 3, 2017, 7 [October 4, 2019]. ISBN 978-1-5323-5026-9. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-02-25）.  Highfield, A.C. & Martin, J. (1989): A revision of the Testudines of North Africa, Asia, and Europe. Genus: Testudo. Journal of Chelonian Herpetology 1(1): 1–12. Mitochondrial DNA evolution at a turtle's pace: Evidence for low genetic variability and reduced microevolutionary rate in the Testudines. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 1992. PMID 1584014. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040735.  Van Der Kuyl, Antoinette C.; Ph. Ballasina, Donato L.; Dekker, John T.; Maas, Jolanda; Willemsen, Ronald E.; Goudsmit, Jaap. Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2002, 22 (2): 174–183. PMID 11820839. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052.  Fritz, Uwe; Auer, Markus; Bertolero, Albert; Cheylan, Marc; Fattizzo, Tiziano; Hundsdorfer, Anna K.; Martin Sampayo, Marcos; Pretus, Joan L.; Široky, Pavel; Wink, Michael. A rangewide phylogeography of Hermann's tortoise, Testudo hermanni (Reptilia: Testudines: Testudinidae): Implications for taxonomy. Zoologica Scripta. 2006, 35 (5): 531–543. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00242.x.  Vlachos, Evangelos; Tsoukala, Evangelia. The diverse fossil chelonians from Milia (Late Pliocene, Grevena, Greece) with a new species of Testudo Linnaeus, 1758 (Testudines: Testudinidae). Papers in Palaeontology. 2016, 2: 71–86. doi:10.1002/spp2.1031.  James F. Parham; J. Robert Macey; Theodore J. Papenfuss; Chris R. Feldman; Oguz Türkozan; Rosa Polymeni; JeVrey Boore. The phylogeny of Mediterranean tortoises and their close relatives based on complete mitochondrial genome sequences from museum specimens (PDF). 2005 [2020-05-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-10-23）.