肺螺類

肺螺類（學名：Pulmonata），亦作有肺類，舊作有肺目、肺螺目或肺螺亚纲，是腹足綱異鰓類支序之下的一個非正式群組。這個群組包括有螺和蛞蝓，均可以透過其外套膜肺（pallial lung）而不是鰓來呼吸空氣。本群組除了包括有蝸牛和淡水螺，還包括多個海螺的科。 傳統定義的肺螺類分類單元的物種在Jörger et al. (2010)被發現原來是個多系群。肺螺類已知從石炭纪開始就已經開始出現，直到現在。 肺螺類物種有一個心室和一個腎臟，還有一個相互連接、左右對稱的神經系統。外套膜腔位於身體的右側，而且沒有鰓，而是演變成一個佈滿血管的肺。大多數物種都有殼，但沒有口蓋，而且本分類元還包括有幾種沒有外殼的蛞蝓。肺類類物種都雌雄間性，部份群組​還擁有用作交配的戀矢（love darts） 在原來的《旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類 (1997年)》，本支序是一個目級分類元，包括下列各個分類元： 收眼亞目 Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948   石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815 Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 拉索蛞蝓總科 Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889 基眼亞目 Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864：淡水螺及池塘的螺   Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931 两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840 Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986 椎實螺總科 Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 扁蜷總科 Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815 松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840 真有肺亞目 Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990 Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata) Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851 Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975 Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959 柄眼下目 Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 直尿道小目 Orthurethra Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873 Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900 Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900 Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831 弯尿道小目 Sigmurethra Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895 非洲大蝸牛總科 Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840 Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960 Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840 Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879 Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895 烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864 Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921 Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866 Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877 Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815 Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855 Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860 Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900 Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894 Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864 Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893 Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895 Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931 Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806 Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926 Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882 Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864 ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra 根據《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)》，Glacidorboidea被搬到異鰓類支序之下的下異鰓類群組，本分類餘下下列各個分類： 包括基眼類非正式群組及真有肺類支序。 基眼類（Basommatophora）非正式群組包括喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序和下列兩個總科： 两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840 两栖螺科 Amphibolidae 松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840 松螺科 Siphonariidae † Family Acroreiidae 喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序包括下列四個總科： 斜顶螺总科 Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931 斜顶螺科 Acroloxidae Thiele, 1931 Superfamily Chilinoidea Dall, 1870 Family Chilinidae Dall, 1870 Family Latiidae Hutton, 1882 椎实螺总科（Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815） 椎实螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815） 扁蜷總科（Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815） 扁蜷科（Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815） 扁蜷亞科（Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815） Tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815：從原來的Ancylidae科降格而成 膀胱螺科（Physidae Fitzinger, 1833，又名囊螺科） 真有肺類（Eupulmonata）支序包括the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora Superfamily Trimusculoidea Family Trimusculidae Superfamily Otinoidea Family Otinidae Family Smeagolidae 耳螺總科 Ellobioidea 耳螺科 Ellobiidae 收眼類支序（Systellommatophora = Gymnomorpha）之下有兩總科，分別為： 石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815 石磺科 Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815 皺足蛞蝓總科 Veronicelloidea Gray, 1840 皺足蛞蝓科 Veronicellidae Gray, 1840 拉索蛞蝓科 Rathouisiidae Heude, 1885 Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra Superfamily Succineoidea Family Succineidae Superfamily Athoracophoroidea Family Athoracophoridae 帕图螺超科（Partuloidea） 帕图螺科（Partulidae） Draparnaudiidae 小玛瑙螺超科（Achatinelloidea） 小玛瑙螺科（Achatinellidae） 槲果螺超科（Cochlicopoidea） 槲果螺科（Cochlicopidae） 同纹螺科（Amastridae） 蛹蜗牛超科（Pupilloidea） 虹蛹螺科（Pupillidae） Argnidae 粒蛹螺科（Chondrinidae） Cylindrellinidae（已灭绝） Lauriidae 蛹状螺科（Orculidae） Pleurodiscidae Pyramidulidae Spelaeoconchidae Spelaeodiscidae 球果螺科（Strobilopsidae） 瓦娄蜗牛科 Valloniidae（英语：Valloniidae） Morse, 1864 牙蛹蝸牛科 Vertiginidae Fitzinger, 1833 艾纳螺超科（Enoidea） 艾纳螺科（Enidae） 霜纳螺科（Cerastidae Wenz, 1923） Superfamily Clausilioidea Family Clausiliidae † Family Anadromidae † Family Filholiidae † Family Palaeostoidae Superfamily Orthalicoidea Family Orthalicidae Family Cerionidae Family Coelociontidae † Family Grangerellidae Family Megaspiridae Family Placostylidae Family Urocoptidae Superfamily Achatinoidea Family Achatinidae Family Ferussaciidae Family Micractaeonidae Family Subulinidae Superfamily Aillyoidea Family Aillyidae Superfamily Testacelloidea Family Testacellidae Family Oleacinidae Family Spiraxidae Superfamily Papillodermatoidea Family Papillodermatidae Superfamily Streptaxoidea Family Streptaxidae Superfamily Rhytidoidea Family Rhytididae Family Chlamydephoridae Family Haplotrematidae Family Scolodontidae Superfamily Acavoidea Family Acavidae Family Caryodidae Family Dorcasiidae Family Macrocyclidae Family Megomphicidae Family Strophocheilidae Superfamily Punctoidea Family Punctidae † Family Anastomopsidae Family Charopidae Family Cystopeltidae Family Discidae Family Endodontidae Family Helicodiscidae Family Oreohelicidae Family Thyrophorellidae Superfamily Sagdoidea Family Sagdidae Superfamily Staffordioidea Family Staffordiidae Superfamily Dyakioidea Family Dyakiidae Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Family Gastrodontidae Family Chronidae Family Euconulidae Family Oxychilidae Family Pristilomatidae Family Trochomorphidae Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae Subfamily † Grandipatulinae Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae Superfamily Parmacelloidea Family Parmacellidae Family Milacidae Family Trigonochlamydidae Superfamily Zonitoidea Family Zonitidae Superfamily Helicarionoidea Family Helicarionidae Family Ariophantidae Family Urocyclidae Superfamily Limacoidea Family Limacidae Family Agriolimacidae Family Boettgerillidae Family Vitrinidae Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade. Superfamily Arionoidea Family Arionidae Family Anadenidae Family Ariolimacidae Family Binneyidae Family Oopeltidae Family Philomycidae Superfamily Helicoidea Family Helicidae Family Bradybaenidae Family Camaenidae Family Cepolidae Family Cochlicellidae Family Elonidae Family Epiphragmophoridae Family Halolimnohelicidae Family Helicodontidae Family Helminthoglyptidae Family Humboldtianidae Family Hygromiidae Family Monadeniidae Family Pleurodontidae Family Polygyridae Family Sphincterochilidae Family Thysanophoridae Family Trissexodontidae Family Xanthonychidae Jörger et al. (2010) analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata. Jörger, Katharina M; Stöger, Isabella; Kano, Yasunori; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Knebelsberger, Thomas; Schrödl, Michael. On the origin of Acochlidia and other enigmatic euthyneuran gastropods, with implications for the systematics of Heterobranchia. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2010, 10 (1): 323 [2016-10-28]. PMC 3087543 . PMID 20973994. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-323. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.  Pek, I.; Vašíček, Z.; Roček, Z.; Hajn., V.; Mikuláš, R. Základy zoopaleontologie. Olomouc. 1996: 264 pp. ISBN 80-7067-599-3 （捷克语）.  Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. 1982: 377. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.  Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.  Dayrat B. Review of the current knowledge of the systematics of Onchidiidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) with a checklist of nominal species (preview). Zootaxa. 2009, 2068: 1–26 [2016-10-28]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-07-24）.  吴岷 (编). 二、霜纳螺科 Pachnodidae Steenberg, 1925. 中国动物志. 无脊椎动物 第58卷 艾纳螺总科 第一版. 科学出版社. 2018-06-01: 229-234 [2018-12-27]. ISBN 9787030574831 （中文（简体））.  引用错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Wade2001”的参考文献没有在文中使用 引用错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Holznagel2010”的参考文献没有在文中使用 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：肺螺類 維基物種上的相關信息：肺螺類 Pulmonata. NCBI （英语）.  Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）