三元论 (神学)

在基督教神學中，三元论（Tripartite）认为人是三个不同部分组成的复合体：身体（body）、灵（spirit）和魂（soul）。另一种观点二元论（bipartite）则认为魂和灵只是同一实体（灵魂）的不同表达。 以下许多神学家都见于路易·伯克富（Louis Berkhof）的《系统神学》、 史特朗（Augustus H. Strong）的《系统神学》、 简·雅各布·范·奥斯特兹（Jan Jacob van Oosterzee）的《基督教教义》（Christian Dogmatics）、 约翰·比克福德·赫德（John Bickford Heard）的《人的三重性》(Tripartite Nature of Man),和亨利·德·吕巴克（Henri de Lubac）的《历史与精神》。。 二元论 人论 Christian psychology 一元论 Berkhof, Systematic Theology, p. 191-192. Strong, Systematic Theology, p. 484. Van Oosterzee, Christian Dogmatics, p. 366. Heard, The Tripartite Nature of Man, p. x. de Lubac, History and Spirit, p. 178-179. Justin, 'Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 1, p. 298. "For the body is the house of the soul; and the soul the house of the spirit." Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Tatian, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol 2, p. 70. "We recognize two varieties of spirit, one of which is called the soul, but the other is greater than the soul, an image and likeness of God: both existed in the first men, that in one sense they might be material, and in another superior to matter." Bercot, Dictionary of Early Christian Beliefs, p. 627. Origen, Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 4, p. 289. "It appears that the soul is something intermediate between the weak flesh and the willing spirit." Vol. 4, p. 359. "For as man is said to consist of body, and soul, and spirit, so also does sacred Scripture, which has been granted by the divine bounty for the salvation of man." de Lubac, History and Spirit, p.172-181. Lubac offers a lengthy analysis of the source of Origen's anthropological trichotomy. Irenaeus, Ante-Nicene Fathers, p. 532. "For that flesh which has been moulded is not a perfect man in itself, but the body of a man, and part of a man. Neither is the soul itself, considered apart by itself, the man; but it is the soul of a man, and part of a man. Neither is the spirit a man, for it is called the spirit, and not a man; but the commingling and union of all these constitutes the perfect man." p. 534. "There are three things out of which, as I have shown, the complete man is composed- flesh, soul, and spirit. One of these does indeed preserve and fashion [the man]- this is the spirit; while as to another it is united and formed- that is the flesh; then [comes] that which is between these two- that is the soul, which sometimes indeed, when it follows the spirit, is raised up by it, but sometimes it sympathizes with the flesh, and falls into carnal lusts." Patrologia Graeca 23:1267D. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Eccl.T. 124.19–28, 337.8–24 Patrologia Graeca 39:1256B, 1324A, 1400A, 1577C. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Layton, Didymus the Blind, p. 186, note 31 Basil, Homily 21, no. 5. (Patrologia Graeca 31:549A). Patrologia Graeca 37:452. On the Making of Man.Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Climacus, Ladder of Divine Ascent. "I called with my whole heart, says the Psalmist, that is, with body, soul, and spirit. For where the two last are gathered together, there God is in the midst of them" (28.61) Martin Luther, Luther's Works , ed., Jaroslar Pelikan (St. Louis: Concordia, 1956), 21:303–304. The Works of the Rev. P. Doddridge, Volume 9 (1805). "May the God of peace himself... sanctify you entirely, in all the parts of your nature; and [I pray God that] your whole constitution, or frame, your rational spirit, your animal soul, and your body, animated by it, may be so kept blameless....It is very evident, that the apostle, in the following words, refers to a notion which... prevailed among the rabbies as well as the philosophers, that the person of a man was constituted of three distinct substances, the rational spirit, the animal soul, and the visible body." p. 536. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Neander, History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church, p. 394-395. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Olshausen, Opuscula Theologica, p. 134. Usteri, Entwickelung Des Paulinischen Lehrbegriffes, p. 384. Berkouwer, Man: The Image of God, p. 210 Meyer, Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament, on 1 Thes 5:23. Beck, Outlines of Biblical Psychology, p. 31. Alford, New Testament for English Readers, Vol 2, p. 936-937. "Sensual- we have no English word for the quality here implied in the Greek word psychikos; and our biblical psychology is, by this defect, entirely at fault. The psyche is the center of the personal being, the 'I' of each individual. It is in each man bound to the spirit, man's higher part, and to the body, man's lower part; drawn upwards by the one, downwards by the other. He who gives himself up to the lower appetites, is fleshly; he who by communion of his spirit with God's Spirit is employed in the higher aims of his being, is spiritual. He who rests midway, thinking only of self and self's interests, is the psychikos, the selfish man, the man in whom the spirit is sunk and degraded into subordination to the subordinate psyche... Not having spirit- not directly the Holy Spirit of God, but the higher spiritual life of man's spirit in communion with the Holy Spirit. These men have not indeed ceased to have a spirit, as a part of their own tripartite nature: but they have ceased to possess it in any worthy sense: it is degraded beneath and under the power of the psyche, the personal life, so as to have no real vitality of its own. The Holy Bible According to the Authorized Version (A.D. 1611): With an Explanatory & Critical Commentary & a Revision of the Translation, by Bishops & Other Clergy of the Anglican Church. Vol. 3. New York: Scribner, Armstrong &, 1881. pp. 258, 330–331, 729–730. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The article on Resurrection is where the support lies. It is written by Rev. Daniel Raynes Goodwin, but as Smith is the general editor, he seems to condone this view. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible. Rev. and edited by H.B. Hackett & Ezra Abbot, Vol. 4. 1870, p. 2712 Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Ellicott, Destiny of the Creature, p. 106-125. Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, On 1 Thes. 5:23, Jude 19 Boardman, Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1,Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Murray, The Spirit of Christ, pp 159–160, 193. Heard, The Tripartite Nature of Man, p. 62-114. Laidlaw, The Biblical Doctrine of Man, p. 67 Cremer, Biblico-theological Lexicon of New Testament Greek, p. 503-510, 582–586. Scofield Reference Bible, Note on 1 Thes. 5:23. Online. Pember, Earth's Earliest Ages, p. 74-77. Stalker, Christian Psychology, p. 47-65. Larkin, Dispensational Truth or God's Plan and Purpose in the Ages, p. 97-98. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. McDonough, God's Plan of Redemption, p. 16-17. "The terms 'inner man' and 'outer man', or their equivalents, are employed in modern psychology, but the psychology of the Bible is more analytical inasmuch as it indicates a subdivision of the invisible part of man, thus teaching us that man is not dichotomous but is a trichotomous being. Chafer, Systematic Theology, p. 180-187 Online.. [2020-12-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-27）.  Lang, Firstfruits and Harvest, Ch 5. "This threefold composition of man is implied everywhere in the Word of God, and sometimes is distinctly stated." Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Roberts, War on The Saints, p. 209. "Christ wrought out for man upon Calvary's Cross salvation of spirit, soul, and body, from the dominion of sin and Satan; but that full salvation is wrought out in the believer through the central action of the will, as he deliberately chooses the will of God for each department of his tripartite nature." Laidlaw, The Biblical Doctrine of Man, p. 67. Pink, Regeneration, Ch 2. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Pink, Gleanings in Genesis, p. 107. "Is it not clear then that the ark divided into three stories more than hints at our threefold salvation in Christ? The salvation which we have in Christ is a threefold one, and that in a double sense. It is a salvation which embraces each part of our threefold constitution, making provision for the redemption of our spirit, and soul, and body (1 Thes. 5:23); and further, our salvation is a three tense salvation—we have been saved from the penalty of sin, are being saved from the power of sin, we shall yet be saved from the presence of sin." Lockyer, All the Doctrines of the Bible, p. 143-145. Paxson, Life on the Highest Plane, p. 24-28. On p. 26- "Man, then, is a trinity; spirit, soul, and body are the integral parts of his triune being." Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Hendry, The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology, Ch. 5. Cambron, Bible Doctrines, p. 20, 62–63, 120–134. Sumrall, Spirit, Soul and Body (Springdale: WhitakerHouse, 1995). Man and his Nature, part 1. Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, p. 260. "Quite clearly then, the spirit is distinct from the soul, or else these verses add up to tautological nonsense. We therefore conclude that man is not dichotomic (to use the technical theological term)but trichotomic." Fitzwater, Christian Theology A Systematic Presentation, p. 309. The Ante-Nicene Fathers. Ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson. Reprint. 10 Vols. Peabody: Hendrickson, 1994. Alford, Henry. The New Testament for English Readers. 2 Vols. London: Rivingtons, 1872. Augustine. Confessions: Books I-XIII. Trans. F. J. Sheed. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub., 1993. Berkhof, Louis. Systematic Theology. Eerdmans, 1996. Boardman, George D. "The Scriptural Anthropology." Baptist Quarterly Vol. 1 (1867): 177–190, 325–340, 428–444. Delitzsch, Franz. A System of Biblical Psychology. Trans. Robert E. Wallis. 2nd, English ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1885. Ellicott, C. J. The Destiny of the Creature. London: Longmans, Green, 1865. Good, Roger. "The Parts of Man in Translation." Affirmation and Critique II.4 (October 1997). Good, Roger. "The Progressive Revelation of Man." Affirmation and Critique III.1 (January 1998). Heard, John Bickford. The Tripartite Nature of Man. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1868. Hendry, George S. The Holy Spirit in Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1956. Hodge, Charles. Systematic Theology. Ed. Edward N. Gross. Abridged ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1992. "Is Man Tripartite or Bipartite?" Catholic Answers. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 May 2017. Kelley, John N. D. Early Christian Doctrines. 5th, revised ed. London: Continuum, 1977. Lang, G. H. Firstfruits and Harvest: A Study in Resurrection and Rapture. Miami Springs, FL: Conley & Schoettle Pub., 1985. Layton, Richard A. Didymus the Blind and His Circle in Late-antique Alexandria. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2004 Lee, Witness. The Spirit With Our Spirit. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1994. Lee, Witness. The Knowledge of Life. 2nd ed. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1988. Lubac, Henri De. History and Spirit: The Understanding of Scripture According to Origen. San Francisco: Ignatius, 2007. Marais, J. I. "Psychology." International Standard Bible Encyclopedia. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub., 1939. McDonough, Mary E. God's Plan of Redemption. Bournemouth: Overcomer Book Room, 1922. Nee, Watchman. The Spiritual Man. New York: Christian Fellowship, 1968. Oehler, Gust Fr. Theology of the Old Testament. Trans. George Edward Day. 2nd ed. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1884. Pelikan, Jaroslav. The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, Vol. 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition (100–600). Chicago: University of Chicago, 1971. Pember, G. H. Earth's Earliest Ages. London: Pickering & Inglis, 1900. Pester, John. "The Human Spirit in the Experience of the Triune God." Affirmation and Critique I.2 (April 1996). Pink, Arthur W. Gleanings in Genesis. Paperback ed. Chicago, IL: Moody, 1922. Scofield, C. I. The New Scofield Reference Bible. New York: Oxford UP, 1967. Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. Vol 3. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1979. Stalker, James. Christian Psychology. New York and London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1914. Strong, Augustus H. Systematic Theology. Valley Forge, PA: Judson, 1907. Van Oosterzee, Jan Jacob. Christian Dogmatics. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1874. Woodward, John B. Man as Spirit, Soul, and Body: A Study of Biblical Psychology. Pigeon Forge, TN.: Grace Fellowship International, 2007. The Tripartite Makeup of Man （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (wholereason.com) Tripartite Man （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (tripartiteman.org) The Collected Works of Watchman Nee （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）