1857年經濟危機

1857年經濟危機是由于经济过度扩张而引起的金融恐慌，最初發源地是美国。由於19世纪50年代，世界经济的联系也更加紧密，这也使得1857年的經濟危機第一次成为世界性的经济危机。 1857年10月13日，俄亥俄人壽公司（英语：Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company）宣佈破產。僅當年美國就有近5000家企業破產。 Fulfer, Johnny. Panic of 1857: A Story of Speculative Finance. The Economic Historian. April 6, 2018 [April 28, 2020]. [失效連結] See the "Preface" contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Volume 28 (International Publishers: New York, 1986) p. XIII. 田战省；魏巍 长春：北方妇女儿童出版社 2012 第64页. 《世界通史经典故事 觉醒的时代 全彩图本》. （原始内容存档于2021-09-15）.  施树禄 哈尔滨：哈尔滨出版社 2018 第24页. 《战事传奇 战争中的隐秘事件与幕后谜团》. （原始内容存档于2021-09-15）.  Calomiris, Charles W.; Schweikart, Larry. The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment. Journal of Economic History. 1991, 51 (4): 807–834 [2020-08-29]. doi:10.1017/S0022050700040122. （原始内容存档于2015-09-23）.  Glasner, David, ed. Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia 1997. Huston, James L. The Panic of 1857 and The Coming of the Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 1987. ISBN 978-0807113684.  Huston, James L. Western Grains and the Panic of 1857. Agricultural History. 1983, 57 (1): 14–32. JSTOR 3742656.  Kelly, Morgan; Gráda, Cormac Ó. Market Contagion: Evidence from the Panics of 1854 and 1857 (PDF). American Economic Review. 2000, 90 (5): 1110–1124 [2020-08-29]. JSTOR 2677843. doi:10.1257/aer.90.5.1110. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-30）.  Klein, Philip Shriver. President James Buchanan (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962). Kynaston, David. Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2017: 161–164. ISBN 978-1408868560.  McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. New York: Oxford University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0195038637.  Long, Kathryn Teresa. The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting an American Religious Awakening Oxford University Press, 1998 online edition（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Rezneck, Samuel. Business Depressions and Financial Panics (Greenwood 1968). Ross, Michael A. Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War Era . Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. Sobel, Robert. The Panic of 57. New York: Crowell. 1973. ISBN 978-0690002669.  Spiegelman, Mortimer. [=0057&display[]=247&display[]=265 The Failure of Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company, 1857]. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 1948, 57: 247–65 [2020-08-29]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-14）.  Stampp, Kenneth. America in 1857: A Nation on the Brink. New York: Oxford University Press. 1990. ISBN 978-0195039023.  Twichell, G. Labor Relations in 1857. Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 1937, 11 (2): 28–29. JSTOR 3110999. doi:10.2307/3110999.  Van Vleck, George W. The Panic of 1857, an Analytical Study (New York: Columbia University Press, 1943) "Commercial Affairs" New York Daily Times, August 28, 1857 "A New Tariff" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） New York Daily Times, February 4, 1857 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：1857年經濟危機 Riddiough, Timothy J.; Thompson, Howard E. Déjà Vu All Over Again: Agency, Uncertainty, Leverage and the Panic of 1857. 2012. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2042316.  Mraz, Mark. Buchananomics: The Economic Policies of James Buchanan. 2011. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1880967.  Dickinson College. "House Divided."（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Accessed October 30, 2010 Visit to Dred Scott（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, 1857, Library of Congress