卡尔·格什曼

卡尔·格什曼（Carl Gershman，1943年7月20日—）是美国政治人物，自1984年以来一直担任美国国家民主基金会主席。里根擔任美國總統期間，格什曼曾担任美国驻联合国人权理事会大使（英语：United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council）。 2020年8月10日，為了報復美國財政部宣布制裁林鄭月娥等11名侵犯人權及損害香港自治的中港官員，中华人民共和国外交部发言人赵立坚宣布，对格什曼等11名支持香港民主運動的美國議員及民間人士實施制裁。 骑士级波兰共和国功绩勋章（英语：Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland） 修交勋章兴仁章（韩国，2011年12月30日批准） 大绶景星勋章（中华民国，2019年12月10日批准，同日于台北颁发） 国际声援西藏运动真相奖 喬治·華盛頓大學总统奖 Gershman, Carl, The foreign policy of American labor, SAGE policy papers 3, 战略与国际研究中心, 乔治城大学, Washington D.C. (Washington Papers 29), 賽吉出版公司: 1–82, December 1975, ISBN 978-0-8039-0572-6  Gershman, Carl, The foreign policy of American labor, SAGE policy papers 3, 战略与国际研究中心, 乔治城大学, Washington D.C. (Washington Papers 29), 賽吉出版公司: 1–82, December 1975, ISBN 978-0-8039-0572-6  Gershman, Carl, Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, SD Papers 1, discussions also by 悉尼·胡克, Bayard Rustin（英语：Bayard Rustin）, and Penn Kemble（英语：Penn Kemble）, New York: Social Democrats, USA: 7–9, 1978, Selected Reprints from Commentary (magazine)（英语：Commentary (magazine)） (April 1978) pp. 29–71  Gershman, Carl, Capitalism, socialism, and democracy, SD Papers 1, discussions also by 悉尼·胡克, Bayard Rustin（英语：Bayard Rustin）, and Penn Kemble（英语：Penn Kemble）, New York: Social Democrats, USA: 7–9, 1978, Selected Reprints from Commentary (magazine)（英语：Commentary (magazine)） (April 1978) pp. 29–71  Rustin, Bayard; Gershman, Carl. Africa, Soviet imperialism and the retreat of American power. SD papers 2. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 1978.  Gershman, Carl. After the dominoes fell. Commentary. SD papers (New York: Social Democrats, USA). May 1978, 3: 89–93.  Gershman, Carl. The world according to Andrew Young. SD papers 4. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 1978. Reprinted from Commentary (magazine)（英语：Commentary (magazine)） (August 1978).  Gershman, Carl. Selling them the rope: Business and the Soviets. SD papers 6. New York: Social Democrats, USA. 1979. Reprinted from Commentary (magazine)（英语：Commentary (magazine)） (April 1979).  Gershman, Carl. Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan). Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). November 3, 1980, 18 (1): 9–15. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02694835.  Gershman, Carl, The polity: Commentary, Freedman, Rita (编), Does America need a social democratic movement?, Following commentary by Jim Chapin（英语：Jim Chapin） (pp. 86–89) on panel presentations by 西摩·马丁·利普塞特 (pp. 71–75), Will Marshall（英语：Will Marshall） (pp. 76–81), and Fred Siegel（英语：Fred Siegel） (pp. 81–86), chaired by Ronald Radosh（英语：Ronald Radosh） (p. 85), Washington, DC: Social Democrats, USA: 89–93, 1993, Gershman discusses American social democracy as a form of radical-democratic Americanism (ideology)（英语：Americanism (ideology)）, which has been properly inspired more by 托马斯·杰斐逊, 詹姆斯·麦迪逊, and 伍德罗·威尔逊 than by 卡尔·马克思 and 爱德华·伯恩斯坦.  Gershman, Carl, A democracy strategy for the Middle East, National Endowment for Democracy, December 12, 2003 [2020-08-10], （原始内容存档于2014-07-06）  Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando. Ferment in civil society (Can Cuba change?) (PDF). 民主期刊. January 2009, 20 (1): 36–54 [August 13, 2011]. doi:10.1353/jod.0.0051. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-09-18）.  Gershman, Carl, Remarks by Carl Gershman at a photo exhibition commemorating the 30th anniversary of the founding of Solidarity (The phenomenon of Solidarity: Pictures from the history of Poland, 1980-1981; Woodrow Wilson Center), Washington D.C.: National Endowment for Democracy, August 29, 2011 [2020-08-10], （原始内容存档于2015-05-18）  Reed (1999) harvtxt error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFReed1999 (help): Meet Our President. 美国国家民主基金会. [2008-08-05]. （原始内容存档于2008-04-26）.  2020年8月10日外交部发言人赵立坚主持例行记者会 — 中华人民共和国外交部. www.fmprc.gov.cn. [2020-08-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-27）.  （韓文）상훈기록 공개 - 칼 거쉬만. 대한민국 상훈. [2022-06-08]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-19）.  總統出席「第14屆亞洲民主人權獎頒獎典禮暨授勳」及接受媒體相關時事提問. 中華民國總統府. 2019-12-10 [2022-07-23]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-18）.  Bernstein, Carl. The holy alliance: Ronald Reagan and John Paul II; How Reagan and the Pope conspired to assist Poland's Solidarity movement and hasten the demise of Communism (Cover story). 時代雜誌 U.S. February 24, 1992: 28–35 [2020-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2013-08-25）.  Domber, Gregory F., Supporting the revolution: America, democracy, and the end of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989 (Ph.D. dissertation (September 12, 2007), 喬治·華盛頓大學): 1–506, 2008 [2020-08-10], ISBN 978-0-549-38516-5, Winner of the "2009 Betty M. Unterberger Prize for Best Dissertation on United States Foreign Policy from the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations", （原始内容存档于2016-05-20）  Revised and incorporated in Domber, Gregory F. Empowering Revolution: America, Poland, and the End of the Cold War. The New Cold War History. University of North Carolina Press books. 2014 [2020-08-10]. ISBN 9781469618517. （原始内容存档于2020-08-19）.  Gershman, Carl. Totalitarian menace (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan). Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). November 3, 1980, 18 (1): 9–15. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02694835.  Harrington, Michael. Nuclear threat (Controversies: Detente and the left after Afghanistan). Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). November 3, 1980, 18 (1): 16–21. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02694836.  Lipset, Seymour Martin. Neoconservatism: Myth and reality. Society (New York: Transactions (purchased by Springer)). July 4, 1988, 25 (5): 29–37. ISSN 0147-2011. doi:10.1007/BF02695739.  Massing, Michael. Trotsky's orphans: From Bolshevism to Reaganism. The New Republic. 1987: 18–22.  Muravchik, Joshua. Comrades. Commentary (magazine)（英语：Commentary (magazine)）. January 2006 [June 15, 2007]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04）.  Nossiter, Bernard D. New team at U.N.: Common roots and philosophies. The New York Times Late City final. March 3, 1981. section A, p. 2, col. 3 [2020-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-08-15）.  Pear, Robert. U.S. supporting Solidarity fight. Albany Times Union (Albany, NY). 10 July 1988 [14 April 2012]. (subscription required). （原始内容存档于2013-01-25）.  Puddington, Arch. Surviving the underground: How American unions helped Solidarity win. American Educator (American Federation of Teachers). 2005, (Summer) [June 4, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2014-10-06）.  Puddington, Arch. Lane Kirkland: Champion of American labor. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons. 2005K. ISBN 0-471-41694-0.  Reed, Dale, Register of the Carl Gershman papers (PDF), Stanford, CA: 胡佛研究所 Archives, Stanford University, 1999 [2011-08-13], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-08-07）  Thiel, Rainer. Nested games of external democracy promotion: The United States and the Polish liberalization 1980-1989. VS Verlag. 2010: 179–235, especially 204 and 231 [2020-08-10]. ISBN 978-3-531-17769-4. （原始内容存档于2020-09-26）.  Anonymous, Meet our President, 美国国家民主基金会, [2011-08-13], （原始内容存档于2015-06-29）  McKew, Maxine, Carl Gershman: America's democrat, Sunday Profiles, Australia: 澳大利亚广播公司 (ABC), August 20, 2006 [2011-08-13], （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）  Reed, Dale, Register of the Carl Gershman Papers (PDF), Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, 1999 [2011-08-13], （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-08-07）