单倍群Q-M242

单倍群Q-M242 （英語：Haplogroup Q-M242）是人类Y染色体DNA单倍群之一，Q是单倍群P下游P1的一个分支（另一个分支是单倍群R）。 美洲原住民、土庫曼人、叶尼塞人、楚科奇人、堪察加人、图瓦人、达雅人、阿卡人等是世界上拥有最高单倍群Q频率的族群。單倍群Q在其他北亞人、西亞人、中亞人、東亞人、欧洲人等中也有少量分佈。 单倍群Q-M242是单倍群P1-M45的分支之一（另一分支為R-M207）。目前的假說認為大约在17000至31700年前起源於西伯利亞中南部的阿尔泰地區。 下面是2015年ISOGG树。 Q-M242 M242 Q-P36.2 P36.2, L232, L273, L274 (Q1) Q-MEH2 MEH2 (Q1a) Q-F1096 F1096, F1215 (Q1a1) Q-NWT01 NWT01 (Q1a1a) Q-M120 M120, M265/N14 (Q1a1a1) Q-M25 M25，M143 (Q1a1b) Q-L712 L712 (Q1a1b1) Q-M346 L56, L57, M346, L528 (Q1a2) Q-L53 L53 (Q1a2a) Q-L54 L54 (Q1a2a1) Q-CTS11969 CTS11969, M930 (Q1a2a1a) Q-M3 M3 (Q1a2a1a1) Q-M19 M19 (Q1a2a1a1a) Q-L804 L804 (Q1a2a1a2) Q-CTS1780 CTS1780, M981, M971, Z780 (Q1a2a1b) Q-L330 L330 (Q1a2a1c) Q-F835 F835, L940 (Q1a2b) Q-F1161 F1161 Q-L527 L527 Q-L275 L275, L314 (Q1b) Q-M378 M378/Page100, L214, L215/Page82 (Q1b1) Q-FGC1774 FGC1774, Y2016 (Q1b1a) Q-245 L245 (Q1b1a1) Q-Y1150 Y1150 (Q1b2, Q1b-L68) Q (M242) Q* 印度和巴基斯坦；阿富汗、8例普什图男性 (3例喀布尔，4例拉格曼, 1例卡比萨省)； 拉帕努伊（复活节岛） Q-P36.2 (P36.2) 伊朗 Q-MEH2 (MEH2)：科里亚克族 (10.3%) Q-M120 (M120, M265/N14)：汉族, 东干人, 越南, 日本人, 卡尔梅克, 韩国, 蒙古, 藏族,，老挝苗族, 不丹, 哈扎拉人, 文莱的Murut人, 秘鲁 Q-M25 (M25, M143)：土库曼的30-45%、古列斯坦省 (伊朗), 朱兹詹 ( 阿富汗), 黎巴嫩, 蒙古, 土耳其 Q-M346 (L56, L57, M346)：巴基斯坦, 伊朗, 阿富汗, 吉尔吉斯斯坦, 沙特阿拉伯, 阿拉伯联合酋长国, 印度, 蒙古, 藏族, 巴厘岛（少数） Q-L53 (L53, L54, L55, L213) Q-M3 (M3)：美洲原住民（绝大多数） Q-M19 (M19)：南美洲, Ticuna, 瓦羽 Q-M194 (M194) 南美洲 Q-M199 (M199, P106, P292) 南美洲 Q-M323 (M323)：也门犹太人 Q-L275 (L275, L314) Q-M378 (M378)：广泛分布在欧洲、南亚、西亚和东亚： 哈扎拉人 和 信德人 、蒙古人、日本人、中国西边的维吾尔人； 欧洲犹太人；中美洲 (巴拿马)和南美洲 (安第斯地区) 前哥伦比亚时期的美洲土著人民拥有高频单倍群Q。这是因为遷徙新大陸模型：他们从远东穿过白令海峡移民到美洲。 納－德內語系：平均68% 纳瓦霍人：92.3% 阿帕契族：78.1% SC Apache：87% 爱斯基摩人 (因纽特人、阿留申人）80％ 北美46%的Q为Q-M3 格陵兰：53.7% (122/227: 70 Q-NWT01, 52 Q-M3)；而且考古家发现了一个4000年前的Saqqaq古人（Q1a-MEH2*）。他更接近远东的Koryak和楚科奇人。 瑟莫蘇克有最高的平均频率：82%。凯克卡塔有最低频率：30%。 2010年，3.1%的美国男性为Q-M242。 94%的中美洲和南美洲的原住民拥有单倍群Q。具有Q-M242单倍群的人群建立了许多古老的美洲文化和文明，例如： 蒂亞瓦納科 卡拉尔 小北文明 瑪雅文明 查文文化 印加 阿兹特克 由于欧洲的入侵以及大屠杀，很多现代美洲人是麥士蒂索人或者混血的。但是与北美相比，单倍群Q在南美和中美更普遍。 国家分布： 61％，玻利维亚 51％，危地马拉, 40.1% (159/397) 至50％，秘鲁 37.6%，厄瓜多尔 37.3% (181/485)，墨西哥；混血：30.8% (203/659) 31.2% (50/160)，萨尔瓦多 15.3% (37/242)，21.8% (89/408)，巴拿马 16.1%，哥伦比亚 15.2% (25/165)，尼加拉瓜 9.7% (20/206)，智利 5.3% (13/246)至23.4% (181/775)，阿根廷 5%，哥斯达黎加 3.95%，巴西 Q-M242起源于东亚。 很多民族拥有这个单倍群： Q-M242分布在许多俄罗斯、西伯利亚民族中 克季、 塞爾庫普人、西伯利亚尤皮克族人、尼夫赫人、楚科奇人 、尤卡吉尔人、图瓦人、 阿尔泰人、 科里亚克族等 蒙古国、 中国、 朝鲜、日本、印度尼西亚、 越南、 泰国 印度、巴基斯坦、阿富汗、伊朗 伊拉克、沙特阿拉伯、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦 西伯利亚、阿尔泰、贝加尔湖的民族Q-M242较多。 所有阿尔泰样本：24.3% (46/189: 45 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25)；Q-M242、Q-M346、Q-M3 切爾干人：60.0%(15/25：都是Q-M346)， 图巴拉尔人：41%(11/27: 1 Q-M25，10 Q-M346) Altaians-Kizhi：17% (20/120) 阿爾泰人：4.2%（南），32.0%（北），63.6％（Kurmach-Baigol)；13.7% (20/146 ) 或25.8%（全部） 图瓦：14-62.5% ；图瓦人、Tozhu Tuvans、新疆图佤人 西伯利亚鞑靼人、Ishtyako-Tokuz：38％ 克季人：93.8% (45/48)；现在只有1500至5000个克季人。在语言人类学中，克季人说叶尼塞语系，跟美国原住民的纳-得内语系以及匈人语有关。有学者认为他们来自阿尔泰山和萨彦岭。 塞爾庫普人 (北西伯利亚)：66.4% (87/131) Sojots (7.1%，Q-M346) Khakassians (6.3%，Q-M346) 卡尔梅克人 (3.4%，Q-M25，Q-M346) 汉特人 阿穆尔尼夫赫人 (Gilyaks)：35.3% 楚科奇人：33.3% 西伯利亚尤皮克族人：39.2%(楚科奇半岛) 尤卡吉尔人：30.8%（科雷马河、堪察加半岛） 科里亚克族：15% (Q1a*9%，Q-M3 6%) 中国 中国西北部 , 华北地区 , 华中地区 、华东地区 ：2-4% 中国东北：3-4% 中国南部：2% 2011年，复旦大学：3.3% (12/361)。 2011年，Hua Zhong et al.：3.99%（34/853，包括30/853 Q-M120、3/853 Q-M346、1/853 Q-M25）。 维吾尔人：15.38%(22/143，包括6/143 Q-M378、5/143 Q-P36.2*、4/143 Q-M120、4/143 Q-M346、1/143 Q-M25)；吐鲁番地区 7.9%；刀郎人；Horiqol、Awat 7.74%；和田 3.0% (2/67) Q-P36 1.6% (1/64) Q-M120 罗布人 0%：39个克里雅人未测出Q，居住在克里雅河、塔克拉玛干沙漠。 西藏：3.2% ; 1.23% (29/2354) ; 0% (n=105) 蒙古 Q1a2-M346：1.4~3.1%；4% 乌兰巴托：5.3% (4/75) 朝鲜人：1.9% 汉城、京畿道：2.7% (Kim 2010年) 日本：0.3％ (静冈、埼玉縣) 东南亚（或东盟）： 印度尼西亚：5.4% (2/37) 菲律宾：3.1% (2/64) 泰国：2.5% (1/40)；泰国的阿卡人：55.6%(15/27) 越南：7.1% 胡志明市的京族人：4.3％ 河内：0% 缅甸：2.8% (3/106） 伊洛瓦底省：18.8％ (2/11) 7.1%：勃固 (1/14) 哈萨克族：2％~6% (平均4%) （康里、康國聯盟） 吉尔吉斯斯坦族人：2% 塔吉克斯坦（塔吉克人）：5%~6%； 乌兹别克人：4/54=7.4% ；20/366=5.5% ；11/127=8.7%（包括薩爾普勒省、阿富汗的朱兹詹省） 土库曼斯坦（土库曼人）：10.0% (3/30)；50.0% (22/44)；土库曼人是烏古斯人的后裔，烏古斯人创建了很多突厥王朝（例如奥斯曼帝国、塞尔柱帝国，阿夫沙爾王朝） 伊朗的戈勒斯坦省：42.6% (29/68) 阿富汗的朱兹詹：31.1% (23/74) 伊朗：5.5% (52/938) 戈勒斯坦省的伊朗：42.6%（29/68） 伊斯法罕 (波斯人)：9.1% 呼罗珊省 (波斯人)：6.8% 洛雷斯坦省 (波斯人)：6％ 西亞塞拜然省：4.9%（5.1%的亚述人和4.8%的阿塞拜疆族） 法尔斯 (波斯人)：4.5% 其他研究结果得出的频率接近。 其他西亚国家： 伊拉克：1.9% (3/154，全部为Q-M378)；沼泽阿拉伯人：2.8% (4/143，1个Q-M25，3个Q-M378)；Marsh Arab是苏美尔人的后裔。 沙特阿拉伯：2.5%(4/157: 3个Q*，1个Q-M346)；阿拉伯联合酋长国：1.8% (3/164: 2个Q*，1个Q-M346)；阿曼：0.8% (1/121：Q*) 叙利亚人：1.1% (1/87，Q-P36) 黎巴嫩：2.0% (18/914, 14个Q*，4个Q-M25) 土耳其：2% (10/523: 9个Q*，1个Q-M25) 土耳其的喀布尔（乌古斯人）部落：13%。 高加索： 阿塞拜疆：4％-4.9％ 喬治亞人和亚美尼亚人：1.3% 阿富汗人：6.9%；普什图人：8.4% (9/49: 8个Q*，1个Q-M346) Cristofaro 2013年：8.9% (45/507)；朱兹詹省的土库曼：33.8% (25/74: 23个Q-M25，2个Q-M346)； 乌兹别克人：8.7%(11/144: 6个Q*，1个Q-M25，4个Q-M346) 总数：6.3%. 巴基斯坦、伊朗高原的东部：2.2% (14/638)~3.4% (6/176). 印度人：2.38% (15/630)，各阶层（印度种姓制度）；有罕见的Q-MEH2 古吉拉特邦 (印度西部)：12% (3/25) Chaudharis；总数2.8%(8/284) Chitwan的Tharus：2.6％ 新德里（印度首都）的印度教徒：6.1% (3/49) 孟加拉国：9.7% (23/237: 查克马 13/89, Marma 4/60, 特里普拉邦 6/88)；文章将Q-M242归为P*(x R1,R2). 尼泊尔的加德满都：1.2% Q-M242 斯里蘭卡：3.3% Q-M242 中欧、东欧、俄罗斯：1.7%男性为Q-M242 俄罗斯人：2％, 白俄罗斯人：1.5％, 乌克兰人：1.3% 波兰人：0.5 -1.3%, 捷克人：2%, 斯洛伐克：1.5%, 匈牙利人：2.2%, 罗马尼亚人：1.2%, 摩尔多瓦：0.8% 保加利亚：0.5% (4/808: 2 Q-M378, 1 Q-M346, 1 Q-M25) 塞凯伊人来自特兰西瓦尼亚，是阿提拉以及匈人的后裔；3.1%是P* (xR1-M173)/Q-M242；或4.3% 北欧：2.5%男性。 瑞典：4.1% (27/664，2016年)-4.7%男性属于Q-M242；位于約塔蘭（不是哥得蘭島（根据Swedish Haplogroup Database） 挪威：2.6%-4%；Q-L804比Q-F1161/L527更普遍 丹麦：1.6%；法罗群岛：3％；跟维京人的后裔有关 冰岛人（冰岛）：7.2% (13/181) 不是R1b，而是Q-M242 芬兰：0.2％, 拉脱维亚：4.6％ 立陶宛：1.1％, 爱沙尼亚：0.5％ 瑞士：2.1% 法国里昂 (罗讷-阿尔卑斯)：5.1%。 英国北部设得兰：4％-8%。 设得兰是维京人的殖民地，另外设得兰的Q-M242与中国、中亚、阿塞拜疆族的Q-M242相似。 克罗地亚大陆：1.9%； 赫瓦尔群岛：4.3% (13/91)；科尔丘拉岛：6.1% (8/132) 意大利：0.6%； 西西里：2.5% (6/236)； 馬扎拉-德爾瓦洛：16.7% (3/18)；拉古萨 (西西里)：7.1% (2/28)；夏卡 (阿格里真托省)：3.6％； 滨海贝尔韦代雷：3.7％ 阿什肯納茲猶太人：5.2% (23/441) Q-P36 塞法迪犹太人：2.3% (4/174)~5.6% (3/53) 也许由可萨人征服欧洲带来。 埃及人：0.7% (1/147), 阿尔及利亚：0.6% (1/156) 科摩罗、东非、马达加斯加：0.8% (3/381，都是Q-M346，也许因为南岛语系从中国移民到东非；或明朝的郑和) 世界上大约3.1%的男性为Q-M242。 南中西伯利亚（阿尔泰） Afontova-Gora 2、叶尼塞河、 克拉斯诺亚尔斯克 (南中西伯利亚)，17000年前：Q1a1-F1215 (mtDNA R) 北美 Anzick-1, 克洛维斯文化，西蒙大拿州；12600年前；Q1a2-L54*(xM3，mtdna D4h3a) 肯纳威克人，华盛顿州；8500年前：Q1a2-M3（mtdna X2a） 阿尔泰山脉（中国、蒙古） Tsagaan Asga和Takhilgat Uzuur-5，Kurgan；2900-4800年前：4个R1a1a1b2-Z93、3个Q1a2a1-L54、1个Q-M242、1个C-M130 格陵兰 Saqqaq (Qilakitsoq)，格陵兰；4000年前；Q1a-YP1500 (mtdna D2a1) 中国 Hengbei（倗国墓地；西周），江县，山西；2800-3000年前；9个Q1a1-M120、2个O2a-M95、1个N、4个O3a2-P201、2个O3、4个O*；其他文章中： 贵族：3个Q1a1、2个O3a、1个N 普通人：8个Q1a1、3个O3a、3个O* 倗伯，倗国的君主：Q-M120. 彭阳县, 宁夏；2500年前：全部4 Q1a1-M120 (有很多动物骨头、青铜刀和其他武器) 黑沟梁、新疆；2200年前；6个Q1a*，4个Q1b-M378，2个Q* Lihongjie 2012年的文章中：公元前2世纪的墓地；匈奴王；哈密；12名男性的Y-DNA是Q-MEH2 (Q1a)或者Q-M378 (Q1b) 匈奴墓地；Barkol、新疆：3例都是Q-M3 L. L. Kang et al. (2013年)、Li 2012年：支持匈奴人说叶尼塞语系语言，匈奴是匈人的祖先 700年前的蒙元贵族墓地，位於中国河北省最北部沽源縣梳妆楼，其中3例都是Q；高唐王=趙王 阔里吉思 Korguz；mtdna=D4m2，另外两个是mtdna=A) Korguz是忽必烈可汗（元世祖）的女儿的儿子。大约16个元朝公主嫁给了汪古部的王子。 Korguz属于汪古部部落。汪古部部落（汪古部）是沙陀族的后裔，沙陀属于突厥汗国 (西突厥汗国)，在五代十国时期创建了三个朝代。汪古部帮助成吉思汗创建了蒙古帝国。 1298年他死了，1311年他葬在梳妆楼。 他并不是闊里吉思（畏兀儿人）。 古印地安人 美洲原住民 克季人 塞爾庫普人 因纽特人 楚科奇人 阿卡人 土库曼 Q-M242 Q-NWT01 Q-M120 Q-M25 Q-M346 Q-L53 Q-L54 Q-M3 Q-M323 Q-P89.1 Q-Z780 Q-L275 Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A. Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions. BMC Genetics. 2009, 10 (1): 59. PMC 2759955 . PMID 19772609. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59.  Behar, Doron M.; Garrigan, Daniel; Kaplan, Matthew E.; Mobasher, Zahra; Rosengarten, Dror; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Ostrer, Harry; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. 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Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region  Di Cristofaro, J; Pennarun, E; Mazières, S; Myres, NM; Lin, AA; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLoS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995 . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748.  Gayden, Tenzin; et al. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. Am J Hum Genet. May 2007, 80 (5): 884–894. PMC 1852741 . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757.  Wang C-C, Wang L-X; Shrestha, R; Zhang, M; Huang, X-Y; et al. Genetic Structure of Qiangic Populations Residing in the Western Sichuan Corridor. PLoS ONE. 2014, 9 (8): e103772. PMC 4121179 . PMID 25090432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103772.  Cai, X; Qin, Z; Wen, B; Xu, S; Wang, Y; Lu, Yan; Wei, Lanhai; Wang, Chuanchao; Li, Shilin. Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes. 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Genome Research 25:1–8. Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org. Grugni, Viola; et al. Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e41252. PMC 3399854 . PMID 22815981. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252.  Zalloua, Pierre A.; Xue, Y; Khalife, J; Makhoul, N; Debiane, L; Platt, DE; Royyuru, AK; Herrera, RJ; et al. Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2008, 82 (4): 873–882. PMC 2427286 . PMID 18374297. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.01.020.  Excavating Y-chromosome haplotype strata in Anatolia. Hum. Genet. January 2004, 114 (2): 127–48. PMID 14586639. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1031-4.  Abu-Amero, Khaled K.; Hellani, Ali; Gonzalez, Ana M.; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A. Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions. BMC Genetics. 2009, 10 (1): 59. PMC 2759955 . PMID 19772609. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59.  Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. March 2008, 16 (3): 374–86. PMID 17928816. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934.  Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hallmark, Brian; Cox, Murray P.; et al. Major East–West Division Underlies Y Chromosome Stratification across Indonesia. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 27 (8): 1833–1844. PMID 20207712. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq063.  Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas (PDF). Am. J. Hum. Genet. September 2003, 73 (3): 524–39 [2006-12-20]. PMC 1180678 . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-04-28）.  [genebase Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q] 请检查|url=值 (帮助). Wendy Tymchuk - Senior Technical Editor. Genebase Systems. 2008 [2009-11-21].  Shen, Peidong; Lavi, Tal; Kivisild, Toomas; Chou, Vivian; Sengun, Deniz; Gefel, Dov; Shpirer, Issac; Woolf, Eilon; et al. Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-Chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence Variation. Human Mutation. 2004, 24 (3): 248–60. PMID 15300852. doi:10.1002/humu.20077.  Q-M323 in 3/20=15% of a sample of Yemenite Jews. Zhong, H.; Shi, H.; Qi, X.-B.; Duan, Z.-Y.; Tan, P.-P.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Ma, R. Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2010, 28 (1): 717–27. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247.  Behar, DM; et al. Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome variation in Ashkenazi Jewish and host non-Jewish European populations. Hum Genet. 2004-03, 114 (4): 354–65. PMID 14740294. doi:10.1007/s00439-003-1073-7.  Adams, S. M.; Bosch, E.; Balaresque, P. L.; Ballereau, S. J.; Lee, A. C.; Arroyo, E.; López-Parra, A. M.; Aler, M.; et al. The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. Am J Hum Genet. 2008, 83 (6): 725–736. PMC 2668061 . PMID 19061982. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007.  请检查|lay-date=中的日期值 (帮助) The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q Vincenza Battaglia, Viola Grugni, Ugo Alessandro Perego, Norman Angerhofer, J. Edgar Gomez-Palmieri, Scott Ray Woodward, Alessandro Achilli, Natalie Myres, Antonio Torroni, Ornella Semino Malhi, RS; Gonzalez-Oliver, A; Schroeder, KB; Kemp, BM; Greenberg, JA; Dobrowski, SZ; Smith, DG; Resendez, A; Karafet, T. Distribution of Y chromosomes among native North Americans: a study of Athapaskan population history. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 2008, 137 (4): 412–24. PMC 2584155 . PMID 18618732. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20883.  Frequency Distribution of Y-DNA Haplogroup Q M3. GeneTree. 2010 [2010-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-04）.  Rasmussen, M; Li, Y; Lindgreen, S; Pedersen, JS; Albrechtsen, A; Moltke, I; Metspalu, M; Metspalu, E; Kivisild, T. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010, 463 (7282): 463, 757–762. PMC 3951495 . PMID 20148029. doi:10.1038/nature08835.  请检查|lay-date=中的日期值 (帮助) Katharina Olofsson, Jill; et al. Peopling of the North Circumpolar Region – Insights from Y Chromosome STR and SNP Typing of Greenlanders. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (1): e0116573. PMC 4312058 . PMID 25635810. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116573.  Hammer; et al. Population structure of Y chromosome SNP haplogroups in the United States and forensic implications for constructing Y chromosome STR databases. Forensic Sci. Int. 2006-12, 164 (1): 45–55. PMID 16337103. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.013.  Population Estimates. [2020-02-16]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-18）.  Bortolini, M; Salzano, F; Thomas, M; Stuart, S; Nasanen, S; Bau, C; Hutz, M; Layrisse, Z; et al. Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003, 73 (3): 524–39. PMC 1180678 . PMID 12900798. doi:10.1086/377588.  请检查|lay-date=中的日期值 (帮助) Vullo, Carlos; et al. Association between Y haplogroups and autosomal AIMs reveals intra-population substructure in Bolivian populations. Int J Legal Med. 2014, 129 (4): 673–680. PMID 24878616. doi:10.1007/s00414-014-1025-x.  Söchtig, Jens; et al. Genomic insights on the ethno-history of the Maya and the 'Ladinos' from Guatemala. BMC Genomics. 2015, 16: 131. PMC 4422311 . PMID 25887241. doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1339-1.  => Guatemala population consists of about 40% Natives (Mayans)+60% Ladinos. According to this paper, 89% of Mayan and 25% of Ladinos belong to Y-DNA Q. Thus, 40*0.89+60*0.25=50.6% Gaviria, A.; et al. Characterization and Haplotype analysis of 11 Y-STR loci in Ecuadorian population. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 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American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010, 143 (1): 13–20. PMID 20734436. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. => (DANE, 2006) 86% of the whole Colombian population self-reported as of Mixed Ancestary, 3.4% as Native American, 10.5% as African-Columbian. In this paper, 12% (114/954) of MA, 95.7% (135/141) of NA, and 23.8% (5/21) of AC are turned out to be Y-DNA Q. Thus, 86*0.12+3.4*0.957+10.5*0.238=16.1% Núñez, Carolina; et al. Y chromosome haplogroup diversity in a Mestizo population of Nicaragua. Forensic Sci. Int. Genet. 2012, 6 (6): e192–e195. PMID 22770600. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.011.  The author revised his previous paper, genotyping 2 more samples as haplogroup Q by Y-SNP test. Corach, Daniel; et al. Inferring Continental Ancestry of Argentineans from Autosomal, Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010, 74 (1): 65–76. PMID 20059473. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00556.x.  Ramallo; et al. Comparison of Y-chromosome haplogroup frequencies in eight Provinces of Argentina. Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series. 2009-12, 2 (1): 431–432. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.047.  http://www.fsigeneticssup.com/article/S1875-1768[永久失效連結] (08)00138-8/fulltext(To read this document, allow cookies on your internet option), 5 out of 100 samples in the Y-STR table can be classified as haplogroup Q-M3. Palha, T.; et al. Disclosing the Genetic Structure of Brazil through Analysis of Male Lineages with Highly Discriminating Haplotypes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (7): e40007. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...740007P. PMC 3393733 . PMID 22808085. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040007. => about 80 out of 2,024 (3.95%) samples in the paper collected from all the regions of Brazil can be classified as Y-DNA Q. Jeffrey, T.; et al. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. Am J Hum Genet. 2002-01, 70 (1): 192–206. PMC 384887 . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457.  The SNPs used in the paper are P-M45, R1a1-M17, Q1a2-M3, and other xP-M45 SNPs. And the author mentions that, among ethnic groups in the paper, R1-M173 is harbored only in some eastern Siberian Udegeys and Koryaks and Native Americans. Also, R2 (distributed in India and its neighbours) cannot be found in far east Siberia. Thus, P-M45 except some samples mentioned above virtually means Q-M242 (xM3). In the paper, 35.3% of Nivkhs and 20.8% of Chukchi people and 18.2% of Siberian Eskimos are shown in P-M45, and 12.5% of Chukchis and 21.2% of Siberian Eskimos are in Q-M3. All of them can be estimated to be in haplogroup Q. Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Danilova, Al’Bina P.; Protod’Jakonov, Artur P.; Stoneking, Mark. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Human Genetics. 2006, 120 (3): 334–353. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2.  Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi. Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.  Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10.  Trejaut, J.A. Taiwan Y-chromosomal DNA variation and its relationship with Island Southeast Asia. BMC Genetics. 2014, 15: 77. PMC 4083334 . PMID 24965575. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-77.  Cristofaro; et al. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (10): e76748. PMC 3799995 . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748.  Dulik, M C. 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Vajda, Yeniseian Peoples and Languages: A History of Yeniseian Studies with an Annotated Bibliography and a Source Guide (2013, Oxford/New York, Routledge) pp.103-106, etc. Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?. Central Asiatic Journal. 2000, 44 (1): 87–104.  Y-Chromosome distribution within the geo-linguistic landscape of northwestern Russia. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. March 2009, 17 (10): 1260–73. PMC 2986641 . PMID 19259129. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.6.  Yan, Shi; Chuan-; Wang, Chao; Li, Hui; et al. An updated tree of Y-chromosome Haplogroup O and revised phylogenetic positions of mutations P164 and PK4. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2011, 19 (9): 1013–1015. PMC 3179364 . PMID 21505448. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.64.  Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Duan, Zi-Yuan; Tan, Ping-Ping; Jin, Li; Su, Bing; Ma, Runlin Z. Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011, 28 (1): 717–727. PMID 20837606. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247.  Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海：复旦大学，2011: 1-84.) Shan; et al. Genetic polymorphism of 17 Y chromosomal STRs in Kazakh and Uighur populations from Xinjiang, China. Int J Legal Med. 2014-09, 128 (5): 743–4. PMID 24398978. doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0948-y.  Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 51: 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0.  LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156. Qi, Xuebin; Cui, Chaoying; Peng, Yi; et al. Genetic Evidence of Paleolithic Colonization and Neolithic Expansion of Modern Humans on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol. Biol. Evol. 2013, 30 (8): 1761–1778. PMID 23682168. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst093.  Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, et al. (2018), "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic-speaking populations." Am J Hum Biol. 2018;e23194. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194. DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23194. Kim, Soon-Hee; et al. 'Y chromosome homogeneity in the Korean population. Int J Legal Med. 2010-11, 124 (6): 653–7. PMID 20714743. doi:10.1007/s00414-010-0501-1.  Jin Park, Myung; et al. Understanding the Y chromosome variation in Korea-relevance of combined haplogroup and haplotype analyses. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2012, 126 (4): 589–599. PMID 22569803. doi:10.1007/s00414-012-0703-9.  The frequencies of Q-M242 shown in both studies (Kim2010, Park2012) are 1.4% (7/506, Kim) and 1.8% (13/706, Park) respectively. But, if recalculated by regional population weights, the adjusted frequencies reach 1.87% (Kim) and 1.91% (Park) respectively, converging to 1.9%. Peter A. Underhill, Peidong Shen, Alice A. Lin, et al. (2000), "Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations." Nature Genetics, Volume 26, November 2000. Yali Xue, Tatiana Zerjal, Weidong Bao, et al. (2006), "Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times." Genetics 172: 2431–2439 (April 2006). Karafet, TM; et al. Balinese Y-chromosome perspective on the peopling of Indonesia: genetic contributions from pre-neolithic hunter-gatherers, Austronesian farmers, and Indian traders. Hum. Biol. 2005-02, 77 (1): 93–114. PMID 16114819. doi:10.1353/hub.2005.0030.  He, J-D; Peng, M-S; Quang, HH; Dang, KP; Trieu, AV; et al. Patrilineal Perspective on the Austronesian Diffusion in Mainland Southeast Asia. PLoS ONE. 2012, 7 (5): e36437. PMC 3346718 . PMID 22586471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0036437.  Peng, Min-Sheng; et al. Retrieving Y chromosomal haplogroup trees using GWAS data. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014-08, 22 (8): 1046–1050. PMC 4350590 . PMID 24281365. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2013.272.  Turspekov; et al. The Kazakhstan DNA project hits first hundred Y-profiles for ethnic Kazakhs. The Russian Journal of Genetic Genealogy. 2012, 2: 1.  Seielstad, Mark; et al. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. Am J Hum Genet. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705. PMC 1180698 . PMID 12929085. doi:10.1086/377589.  E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, and N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95. Seielstad, Mark; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Singh, Nadia; Underhill, Peter; Oefner, Peter; Shen, Peidong; Wells, R. Spencer. A Novel Y-Chromosome Variant Puts an Upper Limit on the Timing of First Entry into the Americas. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-09, 73 (3): 700–705 [2020-02-16]. doi:10.1086/377589. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16） （英语）.  Wells, R. S.; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; Pitchappan, R. The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2001-08-28, 98 (18): 10244–10249. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098 （英语）.  Malyarchuk, B; et al. Y-chromosome variation in Tajiks and Iranians. Ann. Hum. Biol. 2013-01, 40 (1): 48–54. PMID 23198991. doi:10.3109/03014460.2012.747628.  Karafet; et al. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. Am J Hum Genet. 2001-09, 69 (3): 615–628. PMC 1235490 . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299.  Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. Hum. Hered. 2006, 61 (3): 132–43. PMID 16770078. doi:10.1159/000093774.  Bekada, Asmahan; et al. Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape. PLOS ONE. 2013, 8 (2): e56775. PMC 3576335 . PMID 23431392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775.  The frequency of Q is 4% (6/150, all Q-M25) in Regueiro 2006, in which it is 9.1% (3/33) in north Iran and 2.6% (3/117) in south Iran. But, since more people live in the northern regions, if recalculated by population weights, the frequency will reach about 6%. It is also 6.2% (35/566) in Bekada 2013 with a large-scale sampling. Al-Zahery, Nadia; et al. 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