威拉米特河

威拉米特河（Willamette River），源出美國喀斯喀特山脈，由Coast河（Coast）和Middle河（Middle）等河匯合而成，流經俄勒岡州西南部。在波特蘭（Portland）西北注入哥倫比亞河。長約480公里，沿河是農牧業地區。威拉米特河長期飽受污染物質侵擾。 Bright, p. 567 Willamette River. Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. November 28, 1980 [June 25, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-04）.  Source and mouth elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source and mouth coordinates. Robbins, William G. Willamette River. The Oregon Encyclopedia. Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society. [May 19, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）.  Facts About the Willamette River. Willamette Riverkeeper. [November 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-31）.  — "Oregon Water Quality Index Summary Report, Water Years 1998–2007" (PDF), May 2008. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved April 10, 2011. Benke, Arthur C., ed., and Cushing, Colbert E., ed.; Stanford, Jack A.; Gregory, Stanley V.; Hauer, Richard F.; Snyder, Eric B. (2005). "Chapter 13: Columbia River Basin" in Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-088253-1. OCLC 59003378. Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X. OCLC 53019644. Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. OCLC 247389024. Deur, Douglas; Turner, Nancy J. (2005). Keeping it Living: Traditions of Plant Use and Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-7748-1267-2. OCLC 57316620. Edwards, G. Thomas; Schwantes, Carlos A. (1986). Experiences in a Promised Land: Essays in Pacific Northwest History. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96328-X. OCLC 12805717. Engeman, Richard H. (2009). The Oregon Companion: A Historical Gazetteer of the Useful, the Curious, and the Arcane. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-899-2. OCLC 236142647. Gulick, Bill (2004). Steamboats on Northwest Rivers. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press. ISBN 0-87004-438-9. OCLC 53000219. Holman, Frederick Van Voorhies (1907). Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon. Cleveland, Ohio: A. H. Clark Company. ISBN 1-131-13770-1. OCLC 365933029. Laenen, Antonius; Dunnette, David A. (1997). River Quality: Dynamics and Restoration. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-138-4. OCLC 34885999. Loy, Willam G.; Allan, Stuart Allan; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meecham, James E. (2001) [1976]. Atlas of Oregon (2nd ed.). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press. ISBN 0-87114-101-9. OCLC 228223337. Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: the British Fur Trade on the Pacific, 1793–1843. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3. OCLC 82135549. McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1. OCLC 53075956. Meinig, D.W. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 3: Transcontinental America, 1850–1915. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-300-08290-8. OCLC 60197763.  Orr, Elizabeth L.; Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon (5th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-6608-6. OCLC 42944922. Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia River. Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1976. ISBN 0-8061-2107-6. OCLC 1958350.  Samson, Karl (2010). Frommer's Oregon. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-470-53771-X. OCLC 671277501. Smith, Dwight A.; Norman, James B.（英语：James B. Norman）; Dykman, Pieter T. (1989) [1986]. Historic Highway Bridges of Oregon (2nd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-205-4. OCLC 20362124. Snipp, C. Matthew (1989). American Indians: The First of This Land. New York, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 0-87154-822-4. OCLC 19670797. Stenzel, Franz (1972). Cleveland Rockwell: Scientist and Artist, 1837–1907. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0-87595-037-X. OCLC 333762. Thornton, Russell. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1990. ISBN 0-8061-2220-X. OCLC 263150623.  Timmen, Fritz. Blow for the Landing. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. 1973. OCLC 38286714.  U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Report of the Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Showing the Progress of the Work during the Fiscal Year Ending with June 1886. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1887. OCLC 28937852.  Wilkes, Charles. Narrative of the United States' Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842: Condensed and abridged. London: Whittaker and Co. 1845. OCLC 602918838.  Williams, Travis. The Willamette River Field Guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 2009. ISBN 0-88192-866-6. OCLC 243601804.  Wortman, Sharon Wood; Wortman, Ed.; Norman, James B. (2006). The Portland Bridge Book (3rd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Urban Adventure Press. ISBN 0-9787365-1-6. OCLC 76928209. 维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：威拉米特河 City of Portland River Renaissance Strategy （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Guiding the Willamette [web archive], Think Out Loud radio program on Oregon Public Broadcasting（英语：Oregon Public Broadcasting）, April 1, 2009 Portland Harbor DEQ cleanup – Oregon State Department of Environmental Quality Willamette Riverkeeper （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Non-profit environmental organization