砂拉越王国

砂拉越王國（英語：Raj of Sarawak；馬來語：Kerajaan Sarawak），是19至20世纪位於婆羅洲島西北部的君主制國家，原本是汶萊的属地，後來成為英國的保護國。砂拉越王國於1850年被美國承認，1864年被英國承認。 創建於1841年，王朝地點位於東南亞婆羅洲砂拉越地區。該王朝創建者為白人拉者詹姆士·布魯克。因支持文莱苏丹平定叛乱，逐渐获得原属文莱的大量土地。在統治期間，詹姆士建立並鞏固砂拉越的統治支配權，並重整行政架構、制定法律並與海盜抗爭。1888年，砂拉越王國獲得了英國的保護，成為了婆羅洲的三個保護國之一，因而避免了被其他國家吞併。 1941年12月，布洛克王朝屬地逐漸遭到日軍侵占，直至1945年8月日軍於太平洋戰場宣布投降和撤離為止。1946年，該王朝最後一位拉者查爾斯·維納·溫特·布洛克（英语：Charles Vyner Brooke）決定放棄头衔，並將主權交予英國。1963年7月22日砂拉越自治，並在1963年9月16日砂拉越以邦之地位與馬來亞、沙巴及新加坡共組馬來西亞聯邦。 布洛克王朝由英國探險家詹姆斯·布洛克建立。他在1839年來到砂拉越河处並停泊在此。在第一次英緬戰爭中在戰爭服役的詹姆斯受了重傷，於是在1825年返回英國，並逐漸從傷中恢復。由于他逾期休假，其軍職被沒收，但因為是在服役过程中受傷所以得到了英国政府的撫卹金。因此，在傷勢尚未痊愈的情況下，詹姆斯就試圖再返印度。之後，詹姆斯從印度前往中國養傷。 1830年，在詹姆斯揚帆前往中國時，他發現了馬來群島，此時的歐洲人並未來到這裡。在他的父親還未離世之前的1835年，詹姆斯回到英國並在芬德利進行了一次失敗的貿易之旅。由於受到他父親生前服務的公司東印度公司和斯坦福·萊佛士的冒險旅途及故事啟發，詹姆斯用他的生父留給他的3萬英鎊購買了一艘多桅縱帆船，詹姆斯為它取名為“保皇號”。在1838年10月27日正式揚帆前往遠東之前的1836年，他招募了幾位船員，並在地中海上訓練他們。1839年7月，詹姆斯來到了新加坡地區。在那裡，他遇到了文萊蘇丹奧馬爾·阿里·塞夫丁二世（英语：Omar Ali Saifuddin II）（Omar Ali Saifuddin II）的叔叔彭堅然·拉惹·穆達·哈欣（Pengeran Raja Muda Hashim），並在哈欣的幫助下找到了一名遇難的英國水手。 詹姆斯原本計劃航行至婆羅洲西北部的馬魯杜灣（Marudu Bay），但是英國駐新加坡總督要求他到婆羅洲西南部去為他們感謝哈欣。接下來的一個月，詹姆斯到達了目的地婆羅洲西南部，並在1839年8月14日將他的帆船停泊在砂拉越河畔，會見到了哈欣，並傳達了謝意。哈欣告訴他，他来這裡是为了控制因皇室近親彭堅然·印德拉·馬哥達（Pengiran Indera Mahkota）所頒布的壓迫政策而反叛的民眾。馬哥達早前被蘇丹派去壟斷該地區的銻，但這直接影響了當地馬來人的收入。土著達雅族和比達友人被壓迫得更甚，他們往往在礦山中被迫工作十餘年。據稱，文萊的叛亂得到了鄰國桑巴斯王朝（英语：Sultanate of Sambas）和荷屬東印度政府的幫助，他們希望能得到開採銻礦的經濟利益。儘管哈欣盡力阻止這場叛亂，卻都無濟於事，這導致了哈欣向詹姆斯求助。 詹姆斯響應了哈欣的請求，并領導當地土著軍隊設法暫且阻止了叛亂。作为奖赏，文萊當局把砂拉越河畔的礦山中出產的銻礦赠与詹姆斯。在那之後，詹姆斯回到新加坡。他在蘇拉威西群島的海岸間航行了約6個月，最后在1840年8月29日返回砂拉越。 在詹姆斯走後，反文萊統治的叛亂死灰復燃。詹姆斯重返砂拉越後，他再次設法平息叛亂，並赦免那些叛亂的人民，讓他們加入自己的陣營，提供他們一些權力，但同時也限制一些人的權力。儘管哈欣不曾想過赦免叛軍，但在詹姆斯的說服下，哈欣最終決定原諒他們，這次事件在鎮壓叛軍中發揮了極大的作用。為了換取詹姆斯對文萊的幫助，哈欣三思後，決定將古晉地區租給詹姆斯，而詹姆斯則每年進貢500英鎊給文萊。後來，詹姆斯還成為了砂拉越的一位拉惹。但是，這一度讓馬哥達發怒，因為哈欣把他原属于他的土地剝奪，而且還租借給了一個白人。馬哥達與哈欣因此发生爭執，導致哈欣延遲將已承諾的租界給予詹姆斯，而這反过来激怒了詹姆斯。詹姆斯帶著保皇號，全副武裝，攻打文萊，並呼籲哈欣展開談判。 1841年9月14日，哈欣別無選擇，只好將砂拉越全境地區授予詹姆斯。詹姆斯得到砂拉越後，立即废止了砂拉越地區的奴隸制、獵頭及海盜，並頒布新法律。1842年7月，他在砂拉越的統治權得到了文萊蘇丹奧馬爾·阿里·塞夫丁二世（英语：Omar Ali Saifuddin II）的確認。 Barley, Nigel (2013). 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