阿布·贝克尔·拉齐

阿布·贝克尔·穆罕默德·扎卡里亚·拉齐（波斯語：ابوبكر محمّد زکرياى رازى‎，Abūbakr Mohammad-e Zakariā-ye Rāzī；865年—925年），波斯医师、炼金术师、化学家、哲学家。他博学多才，为早期医学、化学、音乐和哲学领域做出很大贡献。医学方面，他发现天花与麻疹是两种不同的疾病，并最早阐明了过敏和免疫的原理。化学上，他发现乙醇，并认为元素嬗变为金银是可能的。他创立了完善的蒸馏和提取方法，并通过蒸馏绿矾（油）和石油，分别发现硫酸和煤油。一生著有200部书籍和文章，记载了他在各领域的探索。 Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science (ISBN 978-1-84614-161-4) Iskandar, Albert. Al-Rāzī. Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures 2nd. Springer: 155–156. 2006.  Arberry, A.J. The Spiritual Physick of Rhazes (PDF). The Wisdom of the East Series. The Liberty Fund. 1950 [2014-10-19]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-01-28）.  See C. Brockelmann（英语：C. Brockelmann） for the manuscript of Razi's extant books in general, see Brockelmann, GAL, I, pp. 268–71 (second edition), Suppl., Vol. I, pp. 418–21. Paul Kraus, Abi Bakr Mohammadi Filii Zachariae Raghensis: Opera Philosophica, fragmentaque quae superssunt. Pars Prior. Cairo 1939. Note: this is the only edition of Al-Razi's philosophical books and fragments still extant. Only the first volume was published since Kraus's suicide prevented the publication of the second volume for which he already had gathered a great amount of material. This material was transferred, after his death, to the Institut Francais d'Archeologie Orientale, in Cairo; it still remains to be published. [來源請求] Abdul Latif Muhammad al-Abd. Al-ṭibb al-rūḥānī li Abū Bakr al-Rāzī. Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Miṣriyya. 1978.  Ibn Al-Nadim, Fihrist, (ed. Flugel), pp. 299 et sqq. Sa'id al-Andalusi（英语：Said Al-Andalusi）, Tabaqat al-Umam, p. 33 Ibn Juljul, Tabaqat al-Atibba w-al-Hukama, (ed. Fu'ad Sayyid), Cairo, 1355/1936, pp. 77–78 J. Ruska, Al-Biruni als Quelle fur das Leben und die Schriften al-Razi's, Isis, Vol. V, 1924, pp. 26–50. Al-Biruni, Epitre de Beruni, contenant le repertoire des ouvres de Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi, publiee par P. Kraus, Paris, 1936 Al-Baihaqi, Tatimmah Siwan al-Hikma, (ed. M. Ghafi), Lahore, 1351/1932 Al-Qifti,Tarikh al-Hukama, (ed. Lippert), pp. 27–177 Ibn Abi Usaibi'ah,Uyun al-Anba fi Tabaqat al-Atibba, Vol. I, pp. 309–21 Abu Al-Faraj ibn al-'Ibri (Bar-Hebraeus),Mukhtasar Tarikh al-Duwal, (ed. A. Salhani), p. 291 Ibn Khallikan（英语：Ibn Khallikan）, Wafayat al-A'yan, (ed. Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Hamid), Cairo, 1948, No. 678, pp. 244–47 Al-Safadi, Nakt al-Himyan, pp. 249–50 Ibn Al-'Imad, Shadharat al-Dhahab, Vol. II, p. 263 Al-'Umari, Masalik al-Absar, Vol. V, Part 2, ff. 301-03 (photostat copy in Dar al-Kutub al-Misriyyah). G. S. A. Ranking, The Life and Works of Rhazes, in Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Congress of Medicine, London, 1913, pp. 237–68. Al-Razi als Bahnbrecher einer neuer Chemie, Deutsche Literaturzeitung, 1923, pp. 118–24. Die Alchemie al-Razi's der Islam, Vol. XXII,pp. 283–319. Uber den gegenwartigen Stand der Razi-Forschung, Archivio di stori della scienza, 1924, Vol. V, pp. 335–47 H. H. Shader, ZDMG, 79, pp. 228–35 (see translation into Arabic by Abdurrahman Badawi（英语：Abdurrahman Badawi） in al-Insan al-Kamil,Islamica, Vol. XI, Cairo, 1950, pp. 37–44). E. O. von Lippmann, Entstehung und Ausbreitung der Alchemie, Vol. II, p. 181. S. Pines, Die Atomenlehre ar-Razi's in Beitrage zur islamischen Atomenlehre, Berlin, 1936, pp. 34–93. Dr. Mahmud al-Najmabadi, Shah Hal Muhammad ibn Zakariya, (1318/1900) Gamil Bek, Uqud al-Jauliar, Vol. I, pp. 118–27. Izmirli Haqqi, Ilahiyat, Fak. Macm., Vol. I, p. 151; Vol. II, p. 36, Vol. III, pp. 177 et seq. Abdurrahman Badawi（英语：Abdurrahman Badawi）, Min Tarlkh al-Ilhad fi al-Islam Islamica, Vol. II, Cairo, 1945, pp. 198–228. Hirschberg,Geschichte der Augenheilkunde, p. 101. E. G.Browne, Arabian Medicine, Cambridge, 1921, pp. 44–53. M. Meyerhof, Legacy of Islam, pp. 323 et seq. F. Wüstenfeld（英语：F. Wüstenfeld）, Geschichte der Arabischen Arzte und Naturforscher, ftn. 98. L. Leelerc, Histoire de la medicine arabe, Paris, 1876, Vol. I, pp. 337–54. H. P. J. Renaud, A propos du millenaire de Razes, in bulletin de la Societe Irancaise d'Histoire de la medicine, Mars-avril, 1931, pp. 203 et seq. A. Eisen, Kimiya al-Razi, RAAD, DIB, 62/4. Aldo Mieli, La science arabe, Leiden, 1938, pp. 8, 16. Nasr, Science and Civilization in Islam, see. Razes: The Secret of Secrets, p. 273, also pp. 197–200, and Anawati: L'Alchemie arabe in Rased. Browne, Edward Granville. Islamic Medicine. Goodword Books Pvt. Ltd. 2001. ISBN 81-87570-19-9.  M. M. Sharif（英语：M. M. Sharif）, A History of Muslim Philosophy Walker, P. "The Political Implications of al-Razi's Philosophy", in C. Butterworth (ed.) The Political Aspects of Islamic Philosophy, Cambridge, MA: 哈佛大学出版社, 61-94.(1992) Motazed, K. Mohammad Zakaria Razi Richter-Bernburg, Lutz. AL-ḤĀWI. Encyclopaedia Iranica 1. ISBN 0-933273-54-1. （原始内容存档于2021-01-13）.  Encyclopaedie des Islams, s. v. (by Ruska). 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：阿布·贝克尔·拉齐 al-Razi on Islamic Philosophy Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, encyclopedic article about al-Razi by the foremost academic expert Paul E. Walker. Levity.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Payvand.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Google Books Search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, "Doubt: A History" p. 229 "Lives of the Physicians" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, dating from 1882, features a biography, in Arabic, about Rhazes.