薩利希語系

萨利希语系，若根據當地華民對原住民的稱呼，亦可作沙利殊語系。它是北美原住民的一个语系，一共包括23种语言，現時分為以下三個分支：貝拉庫拉語族、海岸薩利希語族及內陸薩利希語族。 萨利希语言分布在美国华盛顿州以及加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省環萨利希海一带。 这些语言最显著的特征之一是其极为复杂的辅音结构，例如努哈尔克语（Nuxálk）单词xłp̓x̣ʷłtłpłłskʷc̓ （国际音标：[xɬp'χʷɬtɬpɬːskʷʦ']）“他曾经有过一棵草茱萸”有连续13个辅音，中间没有元音。 薩利希語系總共有23種語言，下列為這個語系所包括的所有語言、方言及次方言。這個分類表純綷照語言學的角度來分類，不涉及政治分界上的考慮。若依照當地原住民社群的意願，不少方言都被認為應視作獨立的語言。 1. 努哈尔克语 (Nuxálk，又名 Bella Coola, Salmon River) Kimsquit 貝拉庫拉語 Kwatna Tallheo A. 中部海岸薩利希語 (a.k.a. Central Salish) 2. Comox Island Comox (a.k.a. Qʼómox̣ʷs) Sliammon (Homalco-Klahoose-Sliammon) (a.k.a. ʔayʔaǰúθəm) 3. 哈爾魁梅林語 Island (a.k.a. Hulʼq̱ʼumiʼnumʼ, həl̕q̓əmín̓əm̓) Cowichan Snuneymuxw/Nanaimo Downriver (a.k.a. Hunqʼumʔiʔnumʔ) Musqueam Upriver (a.k.a. Upper Sto:lo, Halqʼəméyləm) Katzie Kwantlen Chehalis (Canada) Chilliwack Tait Skway 4. Lushootseed (a.k.a. Puget Salish, Skagit-Nisqually, Dxʷləšúcid) Northern Skagit (a.k.a. Skaǰət) Snohomish (a.k.a. Sduhubš) Southern Duwamish-Suquamish (a.k.a. Dxʷduʔabš) Puyallup (a.k.a. Spuyaləpubš) Nisqually (a.k.a. Sqʷaliʔabš) 5. Nooksack (a.k.a. Nooksack ɬə́čələsəm, ɬə́čælosəm) (†) 6. Pentlatch (a.k.a. Pənƛ̕áč) (†) 7. Sháshíshálh (a.k.a. Sechelt, Seshelt, Shashishalhem, šášíšáɬəm) 8. Squamish (a.k.a. Sḵwx̱wú7mesh snichim, Sḵwx̱wú7mesh, Sqwxwu7mish, sqʷx̣ʷúʔməš) i. Straits Salish group (a.k.a. Straits) 9. Klallam (a.k.a. Clallam, Nəxʷsƛ̕áy̓emúcən) Becher Bay Eastern Western 10. 北方海峽薩利希語 (a.k.a. Straits) Lummi (a.k.a. Xwlemiʼchosen, xʷləmiʔčósən) (†) Saanich (a.k.a. SENĆOŦEN, sənčáθən, sénəčqən) Samish (a.k.a. Siʔneməš) Semiahmoo (a.k.a. Tah-tu-lo) (†) Sooke (a.k.a. Tʼsou-ke, c̓awk) (†) Songhees (a.k.a. Lək̓ʷəŋín̓əŋ) (†) 11. Twana (a.k.a. Skokomish, Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq, Tuwáduqutšad) (†) Quilcene Skokomish (a.k.a. Sqʷuqʷúʔbəšq) B. Tsamosan (a.k.a. Olympic) i. Inland 12. Cowlitz (a.k.a. Lower Cowlitz, Sƛ̕púlmš) (†) 13. Upper Chehalis (a.k.a. Q̉ʷay̓áyiɬq̉) (†) Oakville Chehalis Satsop Tenino Chehalis ii. Maritime 14. Lower Chehalis (a.k.a. ɬəw̓ál̕məš) (†) Humptulips Westport-Shoalwater Wynoochee 15. Quinault (a.k.a. Kʷínayɬ) Queets Quinault C. Tillamook 16. Tillamook (a.k.a. Hutyéyu) (†) Siletz Siletz Tillamook Garibaldi-Nestucca Nehalem A. 北部（Northern） 17. Shuswap（英语：Shuswap language） (在 Ubuntu 作 Secwepemctsín，səxwəpməxcín) 東部方言 Kinbasket Shuswap Lake 西部方言 Canim Lake Chu Chua Deadman's Creek–Kamloops Fraser River Pavilion-Bonaparte 18. Stʼatʼimcets (a.k.a. Lillooet, Lilloet, St'át'imcets) Lillooet-Fountain Mount Currie–Douglas 19. Thompson River Salish (a.k.a. Nlakaʼpamux, Ntlakapmuk, nɬeʔkepmxcín, Thompson River, Thompson Salish, Thompson, known in frontier times as the Hakamaugh, Klackarpun, Couteau or Knife Indians) Lytton Nicola Valley Spuzzum–Boston Bar Thompson Canyon B. 南部（Southern） 20. Coeur d’Alene (a.k.a. Snchitsuʼumshtsn, snčícuʔumšcn) 21. Columbia-Moses (a.k.a. Columbia, Nxaʔamxcín) Chelan Entiat Columbian Wenatchee (a.k.a. Pesquous) 22. Colville-Okanagan (a.k.a. Okanagan, Nsilxcín, Nsíylxcən, ta nukunaqínxcən) Northern Quilchena & Spaxomin Arrow Lakes Penticton Similkameen Vernon Southern Colville-Inchelium Methow San Poil–Nespelem Southern Okanogan 23. Spokane-Kalispel-Bitterroot Salish-Upper Pend d'Oreille Salish (a.k.a. Séliš, Bitterroot Salish, Flathead) Kalispel (a.k.a. Qalispé) Chewelah Kalispel (a.k.a. Qlispé, Lower Pend d'Oreille, Lower Kalispel) Upper Pend d’Oreile (a.k.a. Čłqetkʷmcin, Qlispé) Spokane (a.k.a. Npoqínišcn) Pentlatch, Nooksack, Twana, Lower Chehalis, Upper Chehalis, Cowlitz, 及 Tillamook 等多個語言現時均已消亡。此外，北方海峽的 Lummi, Semiahmoo, Songhees 及 Sooke 等方言亦同樣已消亡。 存档副本. [2020-09-18]. （原始内容存档于2001-10-22）.  Boas, Franz, et al. (1917). Folk-Tales of Salishan and Sahaptin Tribes. Memoirs of the American Folk-lore Society, 11. Lancaster, Pa: American Folk-Lore Society. Czaykowska-Higgins, Ewa; & Kinkade, M. Dale (Eds.). (1997). Salish languages and linguistics: Theoretical and descriptive perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-015492-7. Flathead Culture Committee. (1981). Common Names of the Flathead Language. St. Ignatius, Mont: The Committee. Kroeber, Paul D. (1999). The Salish language family: Reconstructing syntax. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington. Kuipers, Aert H. (2002).Salish Etymological Dictionary. Missoula, MT: Linguistics Laboratory, University of Montana. ISBN 1879763168 Liedtke, Stefan. (1995). Wakashan, Salishan and Penutian and Wider Connections Cognate Sets. Linguistic data on diskette series, no. 09. Munchen: Lincom Europa,z\v1995. Pilling, James Constantine. (1893). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Washington: G.P.O.. Pilling, James Constantine (2007). Bibliography of the Salishan Languages. Reprint by Gardners Books. ISBN 9781430469278 Thompson, Laurence C. (1973). The northwest. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.), Linguistics in North America (pp. 979–1045). Current trends in linguistics (Vol. 10). The Hague: Mouton. Thompson, Laurence C. (1979). Salishan and the northwest. In L. Campbell & M. Mithun (Eds.), The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment (pp. 692–765). Austin: University of Texas Press. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91083 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Bibliography of Materials on Salishan Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (YDLI) University of Montana Occasional Papers in Linguistics (UMOPL) (Native languages of the Northwest) Coast Salish Culture: an Outline Bibliography Coast Salish Collections International Conference on Salish and Neighboring Languages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Salishan Studies List (Linguist List) Okanagan language resources （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (includes sound files) Native Peoples, Plants & Animals: Halkomelem （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Saanich (Timothy Montler's site) Klallam (Timothy Montler's site) A Bibliography of Northwest Coast Linguistics Classification of the Salishan languages reflecting current scholarship （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Ethnologue classification for Salishan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Nkwusm Salish Language Institute