血管活性腸肽

血管活性腸肽（Vasoactive intestinal peptide），常簡稱VIP，屬於一種可促進腸道血管活性（英语：vasoactive）的肽类激素，由28個氨基酸殘基組成。本蛋白屬於升糖素/胰泌素超家族（英语：protein superfamily），為第二型G蛋白偶联受体的配體。VIP在許多脊椎動物身上皆存在，包含腸（英语：Gut (zoology)）、胰脏，以及下視丘視上核（英语：suprachiasmatic nuclei）。VIP能刺激心臟收縮力（英语：contractility）、血管舒張、增加糖原分解、降低動脈血壓，以及促進氣管、胃、膽囊平滑肌舒張。在人類體內，該蛋白的編碼基因為「VIP」 VIP在血中的半衰期（t½）約兩分鐘。 血管活性腸肽受體（英语：Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor） VPAC1（英语：VIPR1） VPAC2（英语：VIPR2） GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000146469 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019772 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.  Mouse PubMed Reference:. National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.  Umetsu Y, Tenno T, Goda N, Shirakawa M, Ikegami T, Hiroaki H. Structural difference of vasoactive intestinal peptide in two distinct membrane-mimicking environments. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. May 2011, 1814 (5): 724–30. PMID 21439408. doi:10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.03.009.  Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Peptides. April 2015, 66: 51–7. PMID 25701761. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001.  Delgado M, Ganea D. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: a neuropeptide with pleiotropic immune functions. Amino Acids. July 2013, 45 (1): 25–39. PMC 3883350 . PMID 22139413. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1184-8.  Fahrenkrug J. VIP and PACAP. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. 2010-01-01, 50: 221–34. PMID 19859678. doi:10.1007/400_2009_24.  Hahm SH, Eiden LE. Cis-regulatory elements controlling basal and inducible VIP gene transcription. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. December 1998, 865: 10–26. PMID 9927992.  Henning RJ, Sawmiller DR. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects. Cardiovascular Research. January 2001, 49 (1): 27–37. PMID 11121793.  Watanabe J. Subchapter 18E - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide. Handbook of Hormones (Academic Press). 1 January 2016: 150–e18E–10. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801028-0.00146-x.  Fahrenkrug J. Gut/brain peptides in the genital tract: VIP and PACAP. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum. 2001, 234: 35–9. PMID 11713978.  Delgado M, Pozo D, Ganea D. The significance of vasoactive intestinal peptide in immunomodulation. Pharmacological Reviews. June 2004, 56 (2): 249–90. PMID 15169929. doi:10.1124/pr.56.2.7.  Conconi MT, Spinazzi R, Nussdorfer GG. Endogenous ligands of PACAP/VIP receptors in the autocrine-paracrine regulation of the adrenal gland. International Review of Cytology. 2006, 249: 1–51. ISBN 978-0-12-364653-8. PMID 16697281. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(06)49001-X.  Hill JM. Vasoactive intestinal peptide in neurodevelopmental disorders: therapeutic potential. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007, 13 (11): 1079–89. PMID 17430171. doi:10.2174/138161207780618975.  Gonzalez-Rey E, Varela N, Chorny A, Delgado M. Therapeutical approaches of vasoactive intestinal peptide as a pleiotropic immunomodulator. Current Pharmaceutical Design. 2007, 13 (11): 1113–39. PMID 17430175. doi:10.2174/138161207780618966.  Glowa JR, Panlilio LV, Brenneman DE, Gozes I, Fridkin M, Hill JM. Learning impairment following intracerebral administration of the HIV envelope protein gp120 or a VIP antagonist. Brain Research. January 1992, 570 (1-2): 49–53. PMID 1617429. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(92)90562-n.  Theriault Y, Boulanger Y, St-Pierre S. Structural determination of the vasoactive intestinal peptide by two-dimensional H-NMR spectroscopy. Biopolymers. March 1991, 31 (4): 459–64. PMID 1863695. doi:10.1002/bip.360310411.  Gozes I, Giladi E, Shani Y. Vasoactive intestinal peptide gene: putative mechanism of information storage at the RNA level. Journal of Neurochemistry. April 1987, 48 (4): 1136–41. PMID 2434617. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb05638.x.  Yamagami T, Ohsawa K, Nishizawa M, Inoue C, Gotoh E, Yanaihara N, Yamamoto H, Okamoto H. Complete nucleotide sequence of human vasoactive intestinal peptide/PHM-27 gene and its inducible promoter. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1988, 527: 87–102. PMID 2839091. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb26975.x.  DeLamarter JF, Buell GN, Kawashima E, Polak JM, Bloom SR. Vasoactive intestinal peptide: expression of the prohormone in bacterial cells. Peptides. 1985,. 6 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 95–102. PMID 2995945. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(85)90016-6.  Linder S, Barkhem T, Norberg A, Persson H, Schalling M, Hökfelt T, Magnusson G. Structure and expression of the gene encoding the vasoactive intestinal peptide precursor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. January 1987, 84 (2): 605–9. PMC 304259 . PMID 3025882. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.2.605.  Gozes I, Bodner M, Shani Y, Fridkin M. Structure and expression of the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene in a human tumor. Peptides. 1986,. 7 Suppl 1 (Suppl 1): 1–6. PMID 3748844. doi:10.1016/0196-9781(86)90156-7.  Tsukada T, Horovitch SJ, Montminy MR, Mandel G, Goodman RH. Structure of the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide gene. Dna. August 1985, 4 (4): 293–300. PMID 3899557. doi:10.1089/dna.1985.4.293.  Heinz-Erian P, Dey RD, Flux M, Said SI. Deficient vasoactive intestinal peptide innervation in the sweat glands of cystic fibrosis patients. Science. September 1985, 229 (4720): 1407–8. PMID 4035357. doi:10.1126/science.4035357.  Pathway at biocarta.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） MCG生理学 6/6ch2/s6ch2_34