痛觉过敏

痛觉过敏是一种对痛过度敏感的异常状态，原因可能是伤害感受器或末梢神经受损，其中起到关键作用的化学物质为前列腺素E和F。鸭嘴兽毒、长期服用鸦片类药物都会造成痛觉过敏。依照痛感发生部位的不同，它可分为原发性痛觉过敏和继发性痛觉过敏两种。 和神经性疼痛、触模痛等神经障碍引发的疼痛一样，痛觉过敏可以通过SSRI、三环抗抑郁药、非甾体类抗炎药、糖皮质激素、加巴喷丁、普瑞巴林、NMDA受体拮抗剂 来治疗。换用非典型鸦片类药物如曲马朵也有利于减缓病情。 Clinical Pharmacology. www.clinicalpharmacology-ip.com. [2017-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-10）.  de Plater GM, Milburn PJ, Martin RL. Venom from the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus, induces a calcium-dependent current in cultured dorsal root ganglion cells. J. Neurophysiol. March 2001, 85 (3): 1340–45 [2021-06-01]. PMID 11248005. doi:10.1152/jn.2001.85.3.1340. （原始内容存档于2021-07-21）.  Chu LF, Angst MS, Clark D. Opioid-induced hyperalgesia in humans: molecular mechanisms and clinical considerations. Clin J Pain. 2008, 24 (6): 479–96. PMID 18574358. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e31816b2f43.  Sindrup SH, Otto M, Finnerup NB, Jensen TS. Antidepressants in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. June 2005, 96 (6): 399–409. PMID 15910402. doi:10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto_96696601.x .  Matsuzawa-Yanagida K, Narita M, Nakajima M, et al. Usefulness of antidepressants for improving the neuropathic pain-like state and pain-induced anxiety through actions at different brain sites. Neuropsychopharmacology. July 2008, 33 (8): 1952–65. PMID 17957217. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301590.  Koppert W, Wehrfritz A, Körber N, et al. The cyclooxygenase isozyme inhibitors parecoxib and paracetamol reduce central hyperalgesia in humans. Pain. March 2004, 108 (1–2): 148–53. PMID 15109518. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2003.12.017.  Stubhaug A, Romundstad L, Kaasa T, Breivik H. Methylprednisolone and Ketorolac rapidly reduce hyperalgesia around a skin burn injury and increase pressure pain thresholds. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. October 2007, 51 (9): 1138–46. PMID 17714578. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01415.x.  Gottrup H, Juhl G, Kristensen AD, et al. Chronic oral Gabapentin reduces elements of central sensitization in human experimental Hyperalgesia.. Anesthesiology. December 2004, 101 (6): 1400–08. PMID 15564948. doi:10.1097/00000542-200412000-00021.  Chizh BA, Göhring M, Tröster A, Quartey GK, Schmelz M, Koppert W. Effects of oral pregabalin and aprepitant on pain and central sensitization in the electrical hyperalgesia model in human volunteers. Br J Anaesth. February 2007, 98 (2): 246–54. PMID 17251214. doi:10.1093/bja/ael344 .  Warncke T, Stubhaug A, Jørum E. Ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, suppresses spatial and temporal properties of burn-induced secondary Hyperalgesia in man: a double-blind, cross-over comparison with morphine and placebo.. Pain. August 1997, 72 (1–2): 99–106. PMID 9272793. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00006-7.  De Kock MF, Lavand'homme PM. The clinical role of NMDA receptor antagonists for the treatment of postoperative pain. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. March 2007, 21 (1): 85–98. PMID 17489221. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2006.12.006.  Klein T, Magerl W, Hanschmann A, Althaus M, Treede RD. Antihyperalgesic and analgesic properties of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist neramexane in a human surrogate model of neurogenic Hyperalgesia.. Eur J Pain. January 2008, 12 (1): 17–29. PMID 17449306. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2007.02.002.  Christoph T, Kögel B, Strassburger W, Schug SA. Tramadol has a better potency ratio relative to morphine in neuropathic than in nociceptive pain models. Drugs in R&D. 2007, 8 (1): 51–57. PMID 17249849. doi:10.2165/00126839-200708010-00005.