伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党

伊朗庫德斯坦民主黨（簡稱PDKI或KDPI，庫爾德語：حیزبی دێموکراتی کوردستانی ئێران‎，羅馬化：Hîzbî Dêmukratî Kurdistanî Êran, HDKA; 波斯語：حزب دموکرات کردستان ایران‎，羅馬化：Ḥezb-e Demokrāt-e Kordestān-e Īrān）是伊朗庫德人（英语：Kurds in Iran）的武裝左翼政黨，因在伊朗被查禁而流亡於伊拉克北部。此組織主張庫德人民族自決，推動庫德分離主義（英语：Kurdish separatism in Iran）或追求聯邦制下的自治權。 自1979年起伊朗庫德斯坦民主黨即以游擊戰的形式持續對抗伊朗伊斯蘭共和國政府，包括1979年伊朗庫德起義（英语：1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran）、1989年－1996年間的伊朗庫德斯坦民主黨動亂（英语：KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)）與2016年至今的伊朗西部動亂（英语：Western Iran clashes (2016–present)）等，伊朗伊斯蘭革命衛隊將其視為恐怖組織。 伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党於1945年8月16日由庫德民族主義者卡齊·穆罕默德（英语：Qazi Muhammad）在伊朗马哈巴德建立，穆罕穆德等領導人均被逮捕處決。 隨後伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党與伊朗人民黨合作，在穆罕默德·摩萨台統治時期（1951年至1953年）短暫復甦，但巴勒維國王重新掌權後再度失勢。1958年伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党一度打算與庫德斯坦民主黨（KDP）合併，但在合併完成前即被伊朗秘密警察薩瓦克查禁，殘餘成員原本支持KDP，不過巴勒維政權隨後開始資助KDP對抗伊拉克政權，作為交換條件KDP也停止支持伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党。伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党被迫重組，其中親KDP的領導人艾哈邁德·陶菲克（Ahmad Tawfiq）漸被邊緣化，同時許多共產主義者與民族主義者加入，組成革命委員會以繼續對抗巴勒維政權，委員會於1967年發動起義（英语：1967 Kurdish revolt in Iran），但於一年後宣告失敗。 在新任領導人阿布都·拉曼·卡西姆盧（英语：Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou）領導下，伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党與伊斯蘭主義者、共產主義者合作以對抗巴勒維政權，於1979年伊朗伊斯蘭革命中將其推翻，然而何梅尼的新政權拒絕了庫德人的訴求，反而開始鎮壓伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党等庫德組織，伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党繼續在海外流亡，推動伊朗民主化、聯邦化與庫德人自治。 1981年，伊拉克開始資助伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党，向其提供武器，在諾德沙（英语：Nowdeshah）、席林堡等邊界城市從事游擊活動，企圖阻止伊朗使用通往巴格達的高速公路，但伊朗多次鎮壓其活動，在兩伊戰爭期間伊朗库尔德斯坦民主党始終未能扮演重要角色。1997年該黨呼籲伊朗庫德人杯葛1997年伊朗總統選舉（英语：1997 Iranian presidential election），但成效不彰。2016年馬哈巴德示威（英语：Mahabad riots）爆發後，該黨宣布恢復武裝活動。 Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. 1982: 453. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.  Andreas Wenger, Alex Wilner. Deterring Terrorism: Theory and Practice. Stanford University Press. 2012: 240. ISBN 9780804783477.  Iran Defence and Security Report, Including 5-Year Industry Forecasts, BMI Research（英语：BMI Research）, 2008 [Q1] [2017-02-27], （原始内容存档于2017-02-28）  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link) Neuberger, Benyamin. Bengio, Ofra , 编. Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland. University Of Texas Press. 2014: 268. ISBN 978-0292758131.  Monshipouri, Mahmood. Iran Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Islamic Republic 1. Greenwood Press. 2008: 223. ISBN 978-0313341632.  David McDowall. The Kurds: A Nation Denied. Minority Rights Group. 1992: 70. ISBN 9781873194300. The KDPI (which had moved to the left in the meantime) adopted an anti-imperialist position, declaring their opposition to the Shah's regime...  Abbas Valli. Kurds and the State in Iran: The Making of Kurdish Identity. I.B.Tauris. 2014: 28. ISBN 9781780768236.  Abdulla Hawez. Iranian Kurds Are Rising Up Against the Mullahs. 每日野獸. 7 July 2016 [29 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-12）.  Rodolfo Stavenhagen. Ethnic Conflicts and the Nation-State. Springer. 2016: 98. ISBN 9781349250141.  Mark Edmond Clark, An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq, David Gold (编), Terrornomics, Routledge: 67–68, 2016, ISBN 978-1317045908  Abrahamian, Ervand. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. 1982: 301. ISBN 978-0-691-10134-7.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Martin Van Bruinessen. Major Kurdish Organizations in Iran. Middle East Research and Information Project（英语：Middle East Research and Information Project）. 20 July 1986 [29 January 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-02）.  Michael G. Lortz. The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga. Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces - the Peshmerga - from the Ottoman Empire to Present-day Iraq (学位论文). Florida State University Libraries: 27. 2005 [2022-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2021-04-16）.  Hiro, Dilip. Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran". A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Middle East. Interlink Publishing. 2013. ISBN 9781623710330.  Jeffrey S. Dixon; Meredith Reid Sarkees. INTRA-STATE WAR #816: Anti-Khomeini Coalition War of 1979 to 1983. A Guide to Intra-state Wars: An Examination of Civil, Regional, and Intercommunal Wars, 1816-2014. SAGE Publications. 2015: 384–386. ISBN 978-1-5063-1798-4.  Razoux, Pierre. The Iran-Iraq War. Harvard University Press. 2015. Appendix E: Armed Opposition. ISBN 9780674915718.  Alex Peter Schmid; A. J. Jongman. Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, authors, concepts, data bases, theories, & literature. Transaction Publishers. 2005: 579. ISBN 978-1-4128-0469-1.  Belgin San-Akca. States in Disguise: Causes of State Support for Rebel. Oxford University Press. 2016: 95. ISBN 9780190250904. For example, the Soviet Union supported the Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI), first against the shah's regime in Iran and then against the religious revolutionary regime. Throughout the Cold War period, the Soviet funds were regularly channeled to the KDPI.  Entessar, Nader. Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. Lanham: Lexington Books（英语：Lexington Books）. 2010: 48. ISBN 9780739140390. OCLC 430736528. Throughout much of the 1980s, the KDPI received aid from the Ba'thi regime of Saddam Hussein, but Ghassemlou broke with Baghdad in 1988 after Iraq used chemical weapons against Kurds in Halabja and then forced Kurdish villagers to...  David Romano. The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Opportunity, Mobilization and Identity. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 251. ISBN 9780521684262. The Iraqi PUK and Iranian KDPI have often assisted each other, and roughly 5,000 Kurdish volunteers from Turkey went to Iran to fight Khomeini's government forces in 1979.  Andrew Duncan. Iran. Trouble Spots: The World Atlas of Strategic Information. Sutton. 2000. ISBN 9780750921718. The KDPI and Komala agreed to cooperate in late 1982 and enjoyed two years of military success, but when they split...  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. Encyclopedia of Modern Ethnic Conflicts, 2nd Edition [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. 2015: 490. ISBN 9781610695534. Moreover, in August 2012, the KDPI and the Komala, now led by Abdullah Mohtadi, reached a strategic agreement calling for federalism in Iran to undo the national oppression suffered by the Kurds.  Zabir, Sepehr. Iran Since the Revolution (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. 2012: 108–110. ISBN 978-1136833007.  Michael M. Gunter. Historical Dictionary of the Kurds. Scarecrow Press. 2010: 133. ISBN 9780810875074. During the late 1940s and the early 1950s, the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI) cooperated closely with the Tudeh, or Iranian Communist Party.  Hussein Tahiri. The Structure of Kurdish Society and the Struggle for a Kurdish State. Bibliotheca Iranica: Kurdish studies series 8. Mazda Publications. 2007: 144. ISBN 9781568591933. Between 1984 and 1991, the KDPI and Komala fought each other vigorously.  It is banned in Iran and thus not able to operate openly.PKK- PDKI clash exposes decades of cold war. www.rudaw.net. [2022-04-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-11-21）.  Iran: Kurds and Kurdish political groups. United Kingdom: Home Office, Country Information and Guidance. 2016-07 [2022-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-23）.  Buchta, Wilfried, Who rules Iran?: the structure of power in the Islamic Republic, Washington DC: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, The Konrad Adenauer Stiftung: 102, 104, 2000, ISBN 978-0-944029-39-8  Iranian Kurds Return to Arms. 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A Modern History of the Kurds: Third Edition 3rd. I.B.Tauris. 2004: 249–254. ISBN 978-1-85043-416-0.  Ghassemlou, A.R. Kurdistan in Iran. Gérard Chaliand (编). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. London: Zed Books. 1993: 106–118. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.  Praguer Ghassemlou. Yekta Uzunoglu. [2018-07-04]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05） （美国英语）.  Entessar, Nader. The Kurdish Factor in Iran-Iraq Relations. The Middle East Institute. [17 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-21）.  Roger Howard. Iran in Crisis?: The Future of the Revolutionary Regime and the US Response. Indiana Series in Middle East Studies. Zed Books. 2004: 185. ISBN 9781842774755.  Return to Arms: Hadaka. Al Jazeera. 2017-04-26 [2022-11-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-14）.