博科聖地叛亂

博科聖地叛亂始於2009年，當時尼日利亞的博科聖地組織發動武裝叛亂對抗尼日利亞政府。其後該組織將襲擊範圍擴大至鄰國喀麥隆、乍得和尼日爾。 2015年2月，美国情报官员表示博科圣地武装大约有4,000至6,000名核心战士。截至2015年10月，博科聖地已殺害至少15,000人。2019年12月有聯合國官員表示博科聖地叛亂已造成超過36,000人喪生，當中約一半是平民。 在穆罕默德·優素福死後，博科聖地分裂成不同派系。雖然阿布巴卡爾·謝考後來成為博科聖地的主要頭目，他從來不曾控制全部所有派系。派系之間有鬆散的聯盟，但偶然會彼此發生衝突。 此情況到2015年謝考宣稱效忠伊斯蘭國時有了轉變。 伊斯蘭國的領導層最終決定由阿布·穆薩布·巴納維取代謝考擔任當地首領，導致博科聖地徹底分裂。謝考不再承認伊斯蘭國的權威，而效忠他的人開始公然與巴納維的追隨者開戰。不過謝考由始至終未曾正式取消他對伊斯蘭國的效忠誓言，因此他的團伙有時仍被視為伊斯蘭國西非省另一分支。總的來說，謝考和伊斯蘭國的關係仍不明朗。 起源不明，曾是博科聖地派系，2012年1月1日正式宣佈自立為獨立團體。 2015年以後在尼日利亞無已知的軍事活動，不過它的數名成員仍然活躍。 Faced with Boko Haram, Cameroon weighs death penalty for terrorism. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By Tansa Musa, Reuters. YAOUNDE Wed 3 December 2014 9:56am EST. Chad armoured column heads for Cameroon to fight Boko Haram. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） AFP for Yahoo! News, 16 January 2015 4:54 PM. West Africa leaders vow to wage 'total war' on Boko Haram （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By John Irish and Elizabeth Pineau. 17 May 2014 2:19 PM. African Troops Free Dozens of Boko Haram Victims （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Voice of America, Apr 10, 2021. Accessed April 11, 2021. Vigilantes Settle Local Scores With Boko Haram. Voice of America. 2015-02-15 [2015-02-15]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-15）.  ICG (2018)，第i, 4–8頁. ICG (2018)，第5, 6頁. ICG (2018)，第i, 3, 7頁. ICG (2018)，第3頁. Adama Nossiter. Mercenaries Join Nigeria's Military Campaign Against Boko Haram. The New York Times. 2015-03-12 [2015-03-16]. （原始内容存档于2015-03-15）.  Colin Freeman. South African mercenaries' secret war on Boko Haram. The Daily Telegraph. 2015-05-10 [2018-03-17]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-18）.  Union agrees to send 7,500 troops to fight Boko Haram in Nigeria [失效連結]. Mashable.com, 31 January 2015. The African Union Readies an Army to Fight Boko Haram （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Medium.com. Feeling the heat: West combats extremists' advance in Africa's deserts. CNN. 2015-02-27 [2016-02-13]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-06）.  Canada joins effort to free Nigerian schoolgirls. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 14 May 2014 3:23 pm Updated: 15 May 2014 7:01 pm. By Murray Brewster, The Canadian Press Kidnapped schoolgirls: British experts to fly to Nigeria 'as soon as possible'. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） theguardian.com, Wednesday 7 May 2014 17.33 BST. Iaccino, Ludovica. Nigeria turns east: Russia and Pakistan now selling warplanes to help in Boko Haram fight. 2016-12-05 [2018-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-14）.  Nigerian Special Forces battalion completes training course in Pakistan. quwa.org. 2017-06-08 [2018-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-11）.  Boko Haram: Obasanjo leads Colombian security experts to Buhari – Premium Times Nigeria. 2015-10-12 [2018-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-10）.  In Pictures: Lt. General Buratai visits Colombia. The NEWS. 2016-01-25 [2016-02-02]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-03）.  Egypt Pledges To Support Nigeria in Fight Against Boko Haram • Channels Television. 2015-05-30 [2018-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-22）.  Boko Haram: Egypt assures Nigeria of support – The Nation Nigeria. 2015-10-20 [2018-05-01]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-22）.  Israel sends experts to help hunt for Nigerian schoolgirls kidnapped by Islamists. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Jerusalem Post; 20 May 2014 18:03. Andrew McGregor. Nigeria Seeks Russian Military Aid in its War on Boko Haram. Aberfoyle International Security. 2019-05-08 [2019-04-28]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.  British troops to help fight against Boko Haram as SAS target Isil. the Telegraph. 2014-12-20 [2018-04-04]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-11）.  France-Presse, Agence. Obama to deploy 300 US troops to Cameroon to fight Boko Haram | World news. The Guardian. 2015-10-14 [2015-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-18）.  US troops deployed to Cameroon for Boko Haram fight. Al Jazeera English. 2015-10-14 [2015-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2015-10-18）.  Беларусь попала в ТОП-20 мировых лидеров по экспорту вооружений （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Военно-политическое обозрение, 1 марта 2017 TRADOC G-2 (2015)，第4, 19頁. ICG 2014，第ii, 22, 26, 27頁. 引用错误：没有为名为Province vs Shekau的参考文献提供内容 引用错误：没有为名为Boko Haram joins ISIL的参考文献提供内容 Warner & Hulme (2018)，第22頁. Shekau Resurfaces, Accuses New Boko Haram Leader al-Barnawi of Attempted Coup. 360nobs. 2016-08-04 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-17）.  Yinka Ibukun. Nigeria Turns to Dialogue to End 9-Year Islamist Insurgency. Bloomberg News. 2018-03-26 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-08）.  ICG 2014，第26頁. Sudarsan Raghavan. Nigerian Islamist militants return from Mali with weapons, skills. The Washington Post. 2013-05-31 [2014-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-29）.  Steve White. Nigerian hostage deaths: British hostage executed in error. Daily Mirror. 2013-03-13 [2014-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-17）.  Jacob Zenn. Electronic Jihad in Nigeria: How Boko Haram Is Using Social Media. Jamestown Foundation. 2017-12-09 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-16）.  ICG 2014，第22–24, 27頁. ICG 2014，第22, 26, 27頁. Al-Qaeda now has a united front in Africa's troubled Sahel region. Newsweek. 2017-03-03 [2017-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-04） （英语）.  Islamists Ansaru claim attack on Mali-bound Nigeria troops: paper. Reuters. 2013-01-20 [2021-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2013-02-02）.  ICG 2014，第22, 26頁. ICG 2014，第23頁. The Christian Science Monitor. Boko Haram escalates battle with bold move into Chad. The Christian Science Monitor. 2015-02-13 [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2015-02-13）.  Abubakar Shekau's Boko Haram Faction Confirms Death Of Leader, Issues Fresh Threats. Sahara Reporters. 2021-06-15 [2021-06-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-07）.  Nigeria: Boko Haram Resurrects, Declares Total Jihad. allAfrica. [2010-06-27]. （原始内容存档于2010-10-01）.  Warner et al. 2020，第22頁. Zenn (2020)，第6–7頁. AFP. ISIS-backed Boko Haram faction may have new chief. News24. 2019-03-06 [2019-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-06）.  ICG 2014，第26, 27頁. Khalid al-Barnawi: Nigeria Islamist group head 'arrested'. BBC News. 2016-04-03 [2018-06-21]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-22）.  Secret trials of thousands of Boko Haram suspects to start in Nigeria. The Guardian. 2017-10-09 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-07-16）.  Ansaru: A Profile of Nigeria's Newest Jihadist Movement. Jamestown Foundation. 2013-01-10 [2018-07-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-22）.  美军赴喀麦隆监控博科圣地. VOA. 2015-10-15 [2021-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.  ICG (2018)，第i, ii頁. ICG (2018)，第ii頁. Boko Haram 'fighters' surrender as alleged chief killed. BBC. 2014-09-25 [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-25）.  Nigerian military claims surrender of 200 Boko Haram fighters. Yahoo. 2015-09-25 [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-11）.  76 starving Boko Haram members surrender to Nigerian military. Fox News. 2016-03-02 [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-05-25）.  300 Boko Haram members surrender in Cameroon. Vanguard. 2014-09-28 [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-18）.  800 Boko Haram militants surrender to Nigeria, General claims. The Independent. 2016-04-07 [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-10-12）.  Nigerian troops 'rescue 157 captives as 77 Boko Haram members surrender'. Premium Times. 2016-06-01 [2016-06-20]. （原始内容存档于2016-06-07）.  Northeast Nigeria insurgency has killed almost 350,000 - UN. Reuters. 2021-06-24 [2021-08-08]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-15）.  5,000 Nigerians Displaced by Boko Haram Ready to Return, Cameroon Says. VOA. 2021-02-12 [2021-09-07]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-07）.  Who are Nigeria's Boko Haram Islamists?. BBC News. [2016-02-20]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-06）.  Adama Nossiter. Scores Die as Fighters Battle Nigerian Police. The New York Times. 2009-07-27 [2014-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-07）.  美国情报:博科圣地武装或达六千人. VOA. 2015-02-07 [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.  联合国严词谴责在喀麦隆和阿富汗发生的袭击事件. 聯合國新聞. 2015-10-12 [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.  UN chief urges action following execution, abduction of civilians in Nigeria. UN News. 2019-12-24 [2021-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-24）.  马里北部冲突 馬格里布叛亂 喀麥隆博科聖地叛亂 Warner, Jason; Hulme, Charlotte. The Islamic State in Africa: Estimating Fighter Numbers in Cells Across the Continent (PDF). CTC Sentinel (西點 (紐約州): Combating Terrorism Center). 2018, 11 (7): 21–28 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-08-08）.  TRADOC G-2. Threat Tactics Report: Boko Haram (PDF). Fort Eustis: United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. 2015 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-03-12）.  Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency (PDF). Africa Report (布鲁塞尔-首都大区: 國際危機組織). 3 April 2014, (216). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于17 January 2016）.  Watchmen of Lake Chad: Vigilante Groups Fighting Boko Haram (PDF). Africa Report (布鲁塞尔-首都大区: International Crisis Group). 23 February 2018, (244) [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-11）.  Warner, Jason; O'Farrell, Ryan; Nsaibia, Héni; Cummings, Ryan. Outlasting the Caliphate: The Evolution of the Islamic State Threat in Africa (PDF). CTC Sentinel (West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center). 2020, 13 (11): 18–33 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-02-07）.  Zenn, Jacob. Islamic State in West Africa Province and the Battle With Boko Haram (PDF). Terrorism Monitor (詹姆斯敦基金会). 20 March 2020, 18 (6): 6–8 [2021-09-06]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-15）.