凝血酶

凝血酶（英語：Thrombin，EC 3.4.21.5）是一种“胰蛋白酶样”丝氨酸蛋白酶蛋白质，在人体中被F2基因所编码。在凝血作用第一级级联反应中，凝血酶原（凝血因子Ⅱ）被蛋白水解性切除以生成凝血酶，级联反应最终阻止了血液的继续流失。凝血酶转而作为一种丝氨酸蛋白酶以使可溶性的纖維蛋白原转变为不溶性的纖維蛋白，同时催化其他许多与凝血相关的反应。 蛋白质水解图 纤维蛋白胶 PDB 2C93; Howard N, Abell C, Blakemore W, Chessari G, Congreve M, Howard S, Jhoti H, Murray CW, Seavers LC, van Montfort RL. Application of fragment screening and fragment linking to the discovery of novel thrombin inhibitors. J. Med. Chem. February 2006, 49 (4): 1346–55. PMID 16480269. doi:10.1021/jm050850v.  Royle NJ, Irwin DM, Koschinsky ML, MacGillivray RT, Hamerton JL. Human genes encoding prothrombin and ceruloplasmin map to 11p11-q12 and 3q21-24, respectively. Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. May 1987, 13 (3): 285–92. PMID 3474786. doi:10.1007/BF01535211.  Degen SJ, Davie EW. Nucleotide sequence of the gene for human prothrombin. Biochemistry. September 1987, 26 (19): 6165–77. PMID 2825773. doi:10.1021/bi00393a033.  Esmon CT. Thrombomodulin as a model of molecular mechanisms that modulate protease specificity and function at the vessel surface. FASEB J. 1995, 9 (10): 946–55. PMID 7615164.  Lenting PJ, van Mourik JA, Mertens K. The life cycle of coagulation factor VIII in view of its structure and function. Blood. 1999, 92 (11): 3983–96. PMID 9834200.  Plow EF, Cierniewski CS, Xiao Z; et al. AlphaIIbbeta3 and its antagonism at the new millennium. Thromb. Haemost. 2002, 86 (1): 34–40. PMID 11487023.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) Maragoudakis ME, Tsopanoglou NE, Andriopoulou P. Mechanism of thrombin-induced angiogenesis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2002, 30 (2): 173–7. PMID 12023846. doi:10.1042/BST0300173.  Howell DC, Laurent GJ, Chambers RC. Role of thrombin and its major cellular receptor, protease-activated receptor-1, in pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2002, 30 (2): 211–6. PMID 12023853. doi:10.1042/BST0300211.  Firth SM, Baxter RC. Cellular actions of the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins. Endocr. Rev. 2003, 23 (6): 824–54. PMID 12466191. doi:10.1210/er.2001-0033.  Minami T, Sugiyama A, Wu SQ; et al. Thrombin and phenotypic modulation of the endothelium. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2004, 24 (1): 41–53. PMID 14551154. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000099880.09014.7D.  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (link) De Cristofaro R, De Candia E. Thrombin domains: structure, function and interaction with platelet receptors. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 2004, 15 (3): 151–63. PMID 14739624. doi:10.1023/B:THRO.0000011370.80989.7b.  Tsopanoglou NE, Maragoudakis ME. Role of thrombin in angiogenesis and tumor progression. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 2004, 30 (1): 63–9. PMID 15034798. doi:10.1055/s-2004-822971.  Bode W. Structure and interaction modes of thrombin. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 2007, 36 (2): 122–30. PMID 16480903. doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.12.027.  Wolberg AS. Thrombin generation and fibrin clot structure. Blood Rev. 2007, 21 (3): 131–42. PMID 17208341. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2006.11.001.  Degen S: Prothrombin. In: High K, Roberts H, eds. Molecular Basis of Thrombosis and Hemostasis. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1995:75. The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors: S01.217（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Prothrombin Thrombophilia（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） [3]（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Anti-coagulation & proteases by The Proteolysis Map-animation [4] PMAP: The Proteolysis Map/Thrombin Template:凝固作用