蝰科

蝰蛇科（学名：Viperidae）又名蝮蛇科，是一个分布于全世界的毒蛇科。蝰蛇（Viperinae）和蝮蛇（Crotalinae）是这一科的代表物种，牠们体粗尾细，长着三角形的头。毒液中含有血毒素，有些种类另含神经毒素。毒牙较长，能深深刺入猎物体内高效地注入毒液。毒牙与上腭之间有关节，可在口中放倒。蝮蛇有頰窩（红外线感应器官），用以从环境温度中识别猎物的体温。大部分蝰蛇均屬於夜行性动物。 蝰蛇和蝮蛇都不长，但不同各类之间体长的差异很大。納米比亞侏膨蝰（Bitis schneideri）至多28厘米，而南美巨蝮（Lachesis muta）卻可达到3.6米。 蝰蛇科包括四个亚科： 白頭蝰亞科 (Azemiopinae) 夜蝰亞科 (Causinae) 蝮蛇亞科 (Crotalinae) 蝰蛇亞科 (Viperinae) 本科包括以下属： Acridophaga Reuss, 1927 Agkishodon de Beauvois, 1799 蝮蛇屬 Agkistrodon de Beauvois, 1799 Allocrus Santos-Silva & Monné, 2023 樹蝰屬 Atheris Cope, 1862 跳蝮屬 Atropoides Werman, 1992 Atropophis Peters, 1872 Atropos Wagler, 1830 Azemiops Boulenger, 1888 噝蝰屬 Bitis Gray, 1842 棕櫚蝮屬 Bothriechis Peters, 1859 Bothrocophias Gutberlet & Campbell, 2001 Bothrophis Fitzinger, 1843 Bothropoides Fenwick, Gutberlet, Evans & Parkinson, 2009 矛頭蝮屬 Bothrops Wagler, 1824 Calloselasma Cope, 1860 Caudisona Laurenti, 1768 夜蝰属 Causus Wagler, 1830 Cenchris Daudin, 1803 角蝰屬 Cerastes Laurenti, 1768 山蝮屬 Cerrophidion Campbell & Lamar, 1992 Chersea Fleming, 1822 Craspedocephalus Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 Craspedocephalus anamallensis (Günther, 1864) Craspedocephalus andalasensis David, Vogel, Vijayakumar & Vidal, 2006 Craspedocephalus borneensis (Peters, 1872) Craspedocephalus brongersmai Hoge, 1969 Craspedocephalus gramineus (Shaw, 1802) Craspedocephalus macrolepis (Beddome, 1862) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 Craspedocephalus macrolepis Beddome, 1862 Craspedocephalus malabaricus (Jerdon, 1854) Craspedocephalus occidentalis (Pope & Pope, 1933) Craspedocephalus peltopelor Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021 Craspedocephalus puniceus (Boie, 1827) Craspedocephalus rubeus (Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini & Stuart, 2011) Craspedocephalus strigatus (Gray, 1842) Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822 Craspedocephalus strigatus Gray, 1842 Craspedocephalus travancoricus Mallik, Srikanthan, Ganesh, Vijayakumar, Campbell, Malhotra & Shanker, 2021 Craspedocephalus trigonocephalus (Donndorff, 1798) Craspedocephalus wiroti Trutnau, 1981 Crotalophorus Gray, 1825 Crotalurus Rafinesque, 1820 Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758 Cryptelytrops Cope, 1859 Daboia Gray, 1842 Deinagkistrodon Gloyd, 1979 Dinodipsas Peters, 1882 Distichurus Hallowell, 1842 鋸鱗蝰屬 Echis Merrem, 1820 Eristicophis Alcock & Finn, 1897 Garthius Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 亞洲蝮屬 Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981 Halys Gray, 1849 Heterophis Peters, 1862 瘤鼻蝮屬 Hypnale Fitzinger, 1843 巨蝮屬 Lachesis Daudin, 1803 Laophis Owen, 1857 鈍鼻蝰屬 Macrovipera Reuss, 1927 Megaera Wagler, 1830 Mesovipera Reuss, 1927 Metlapilcoatlus Mixcoatlus Jadin, H.M.Smith & Campbell, 2011 Montatheris Broadley, 1996 山丘蝰属 Montivipera Nilson, Tuniyev, Andrén, Orlov, Joger & Herrmann, 1999 墨西哥角蝮屬 Ophryacus Cope, 1887 烙鐵頭屬 Ovophis Burger, 1981 Parias Gray, 1849 Pelias Merrem, 1820 Peltopelor Günther, 1864 Poecilostolus Günther, 1863 Popeia Malhotra & Thorpe, 2004 豬鼻蝮屬 Porthidium Cope, 1871 Proatheris Broadley, 1996 原矛头蝮属 Protobothrops Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1983 拟角蝰属 Pseudocerastes Boulenger, 1896 Rhinocerophis Garman, 1881 Scytale Meuschen, 1778 华腹属 Sinovipera Guo & Wang, 2011 四川华蝮 Sinovipera sichuanensis 侏儒響尾蛇屬 Sistrurus Garman, 1884 Teleuraspis Cope, 1859 Thamnocenchris Salvin, 1860 Thanatophis Posada-Arango, 1889 Toxicoa Gray, 1849 Toxicophis Troost, 1836 Triceratolepidophis Ziegler, Herrmann, David, Orlov & Plauvels, 2000 竹叶青蛇属 Trimeresurus Lacepède, 1804 Trimesurus Gray, 1842 黑綠烙鐵頭屬 Tropidolaemus Wagler, 1830 Turanechis Cherlin, 1990 Urobelus Reinhardt, 1860 Uropsophus Wagler, 1830 蝰屬 Vipera Laurenti, 1768 Zhaoermia Gumprechtt & Tillack, 2004 Viperidae. GBIF. [2023-10-25]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-09）.  Ashok Kumar Mallik, Achyuthan Needamangalam Srikanthan, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh, Seenapuram Palaniswamy Vijayakumar, Patrick D. Campbell, Anita Malhotra and Kartik Shanker. 2021. Resolving Pitfalls in Pit Viper Systematics – A Multi-criteria Approach to Species Delimitation in Pit Vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals Cryptic Diversity. Vertebrate Zoology. 71: 577-619. DOI: 10.3897/vz.71.e66239 Peng Guo and Yuezhao Wang. 2011. A new genus and species of cryptic Asian green pitviper (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) from southwest China. Zootaxa, 2918: 1-14.: http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~bss166/Sinovipera.pdf 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蝰科