蓋爾人

蓋爾人（英語：The Gaels /ɡeɪlz/；愛爾蘭語：Na Gaeil [ɡeːl]；蘇格蘭蓋爾語：Na Gàidheil [ˈkɛː.el]；马恩岛語：Ny Gaeil [ge:l]）是一个民族语言集团，凱爾特人的一支，源自西北欧的爱尔兰、蘇格蘭和曼島。他們與蓋爾亞支語言關係緊密，它是凯尔特语族的一个分支，其中包括愛爾蘭語、曼島語和苏格兰盖尔语。歷史上，“Irish”（爱尔兰人）和“Scots”（蘇格蘭人）是對蓋爾人的統稱，但如今這些族群和國籍的範圍更加複雜。 蓋爾人的语言和文化起源于爱尔兰，并延伸至苏格兰西部的达尔里阿达王国。古代蓋爾人與羅馬帝國進行貿易，並突襲了羅馬時期的不列顛。在中世紀，蓋爾文化在整個蘇格蘭的其他地區和曼島佔據了主導地位。威尔士和康瓦爾郡也有一些蓋爾人定居點。在維京時代，一些維京人突襲並定居在蓋爾地區，成為诺斯-盖尔人（英语：Norse–Gaels）（即北歐蓋爾人）。在9世纪，达尔·里阿达（Dál Riata）和皮克特合併，組成了蓋爾人的阿尔巴王国（英语：Kingdom of Alba）。同時，蓋爾愛爾蘭由多個王國組成，高王（High King）要求這些王國忠於他。 12世纪，諾曼人（英语：Normans in Ireland）征服了爱尔兰的部分地区（导致数个世纪的冲突），而苏格兰的部分地区则被诺曼化。然而，盖尔文化在整个爱尔兰、蘇格蘭高地和加洛韦（英语：Galloway）仍然强势。17世纪初期，爱尔兰最后的盖尔王国落入英国的控制。詹姆斯一世试图征服盖尔族并消灭它们的文化。在爱尔兰，其方式是以说英语的英国定居者殖民盖尔人土地；在苏格兰高地则是通过诸如《爱奥那章程》（Statutes of Iona）等压制性法律。在接下来的几个世纪中，盖尔语受到压制，大部分被英语排挤。但是，它仍然是爱尔兰的爱尔兰语区和苏格兰的外赫布里底群岛的主要语言。盖尔人的现代后代遍布英国、美洲和大洋洲。 传统的盖尔社会组织成氏族，各自都有自己的领土和王，通过选长制（英语：Tanistry）产生。从基督教世界的视角看，爱尔兰人过去是异教徒，他们崇拜圖哈德達南，崇拜祖先并信仰异世界。他们的四个年度节日——夏末节、圣烛节、貝爾丹火焰節和Lughnasa——一直持续到近代。盖尔人有着丰富的口头传统，传统上由“Seanchaí”讲述。歐甘字母的碑刻始于公元4世纪。他们依基督教后，伴随着拉丁字母的引入，爱尔兰盖尔语拥有了西欧最古老的白话文学。愛爾蘭神話和Brehon法律尽管被基督教化，但仍保留了下来。盖尔修道院是著名的学习中心，并且在发展岛屿艺术（Insular art）方面起着关键作用，而盖尔传教士和学者在西欧具有很大的影响力。在中世纪，大多数盖尔人都住在roundhouse和ringfort中。盖尔人有自己的着装风格，在苏格兰演变成了格子花腰带和蘇格蘭裙。他们也有独特的音乐、舞蹈、节日和体育活动。盖尔文化至今仍是爱尔兰、苏格兰（英语：Culture of Scotland）和曼岛文化（英语：Culture of the Isle of Man）的重要组成部分。 几个世纪以来，盖尔人和盖尔语使用者以许多名字而闻名。其中维持最久的是盖尔人（Gael）、爱尔兰人（Irish）和蘇格蘭人（Scots）。由于包含了非盖尔人在内的民族国家的现代早期概念，后两者的含义变得模糊。其他称呼（例如米列希安 Milesians）并不常用。盖尔人的古諾斯語名字是“Vestmenn”（=Westmen，即“西人”）。非正式地，盖尔有时还被叫作Tadhg或Dòmhnall等早期称呼。 高地清洗 根据联合国的定义，盖尔人并没有被正式承认为土著人，也没有被正式承认为殖民的受害者，但著名的历史学家如迈克尔·牛顿（Michael Newton）、阿拉斯泰尔·麦金托什（Alastair MacIntosh）和伊恩·麦金农（ Iain Mackinnon）提出了这一观点。 Census 2011: 1.77m say they are able to speak Irish. 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These include those coding for lactase persistence, blue eye color, Y chromosome R1b haplotypes, and the hemochromatosis C282Y allele; to our knowledge, the first detection of a known Mendelian disease variant in prehistory. These findings together suggest the establishment of central attributes of the Irish genome 4,000 y ago." Did the Irish Come from Spain?. History Ireland. Autumn 2001 [2019-12-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-24）.  Woolf, Alex. From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070. Edinburgh University Press. 2007: 283.  O'Leary 2004. Bartlett, Robert. The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350. Penguin. 1994. ISBN 978-0140154092.  Bateman, Mary. Duanaire Na Sracaire: Songbook of the Pillagers, Anthology of Scottish Gaelic Verse to 1600. Birlinn. 2007. ISBN 978-1841581811.  Bradshaw, Brendan. Representing Ireland: Literature and the Origins of Conflict, 1534-1660. Cambridge University Press. 1993. ISBN 978-0521416344.  Bradshaw, Brendan. 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