梭菌屬

梭菌屬（学名：Clostridium），菌體呈梭狀，又稱梭狀芽孢桿菌屬或厭氧芽孢桿菌屬，芽孢常比菌體大，是一類能產生内生孢子的厭氧性革蘭氏陽性菌。 梭菌屬廣泛分佈於自然界，以土壤中最多，芽孢圓形或橢圓形。除了產氣莢膜梭菌無鞭毛外，大多有鞭毛。大部份的梭菌屬可以水解糖、蛋白质，又可产生外毒素，成為一些疾病的原因。 该属的模式种为丁酸梭菌（Clostridium butyricum）。 本属包括以下物种： 不同梭菌 Clostridium absonum Nakamura et al., 1973，为Clostridium sardiniense Prévot 1938的异名 醋酸梭菌 Clostridium aceticum (ex Wieringa 1940) Gottschalk and Braun, 1981，丙酮丁醇杆菌，丙酮丁醇梭菌，醋酪酸梭状芽孢杆菌，醋酪酸梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium acetireducens Örlygsson et al. 1996 丙酮丁醇梭杆菌 Clostridium acetobutylicum McCoy et al. 1926 Clostridium acidisoli Kuhner et al. 2000 Clostridium aciditolerans Lee et al. 2007 尿酸发酵梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium acidurici (Liebert 1909) Barker 1938，尿酸梭菌，也拼作Clostridium acidiurici 腐气梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium aerofoetidum ，臭气杆菌，臭气梭菌 产气梭菌 Clostridium aerogenes ，产气梭状芽孢杆菌 耐氧梭菌 Clostridium aerotolerans van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987，为Lacrimispora aerotolerans (van Gylswyk and van der Toorn 1987) Haas and Blanchard 2020的异名 Clostridium aestuarii Kim et al. 2007 Clostridium akagii Kuhner et al. 2000 Clostridium aldenense Warren et al. 2007 Clostridium aldrichii Yang et al. 1990 Clostridium algidicarnis Lawson et al. 1995 Clostridium algidixylanolyticum Broda et al. 2000 Clostridium algifaecis Wu et al. 2014 Clostridium algoriphilum Shcherbakova et al. 2010 碱性纤维素梭菌 Clostridium alkalicellulosi Zhilina et al. 2006，异名：Clostridium alkalicellum Zhilina et al. 2006 亚马逊梭菌 Clostridium amazonense O'Neal et al. 2015 Clostridium aminophilum Paster et al. 1993 Clostridium aminovalericum Hardman and Stadtman 1960 Clostridium amygdalinum Parshina et al. 2003 Clostridium amylolyticum Song and Dong 2008 黄水梭菌 Clostridium aquiflavi Sun et al. 2024 Clostridium arbusti Jung et al. 2010 Clostridium arcticum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988 阿根廷梭菌 Clostridium argentinense Suen et al. 1988 产香梭状芽孢杆菌 Clostridium aromativorans Luo et al. 2024，分离自五粮液元明古窖池窖泥 Clostridium articum (ex Jordan and McNicol 1979) Cato et al. 1988 Clostridium asparagiforme Mohan et al. 2007 Clostridium aurantibutyricum Hellinger 1944 产乙醇梭菌 Clostridium autoethanogenum Abrini et al. 1994 Clostridium barati (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970，异名：巴氏梭菌 Clostridium baratii (Prévot 1938) Holdeman and Moore 1970 Clostridium barkeri Stadtman et al. 1972 Clostridium bartlettii Song et al. 2004 北海梭菌 Clostridium beihaiense Dong et al. 2018 拜氏梭菌 Clostridium beijerinckii Donker 1926 双酶梭菌 Clostridium bifermentans (Weinberg and Séguin 1918) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium bolteae Song et al. 2003 Clostridium bornimense Hahnke et al. 2014 肉毒杆菌 Clostridium botulinum (van Ermengem 1896) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium bovifaecis Zhu et al. 2018 Clostridium bowmanii Spring et al. 2003 Clostridium bryantii Stieb and Schink 1985 Clostridium budayi (Le Blaye and Guggenheim 1914) Bernard et al. 2018 Clostridium butanoliproducens Rios-Galicia et al. 2024 丁酸梭菌 Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski 1880 尸毒梭菌 Clostridium cadaveris (Klein 1899) McClung and McCoy 1957 Clostridium caenicola Shiratori et al. 2009 温泉梭菌 Clostridium caldaquaticum Lv et al. 2023 Clostridium caminithermale Brisbarre et al. 2003 食一氧化碳梭菌 Clostridium carboxidivorans Liou et al. 2005 Clostridium carnis (Klein 1904) Spray 1939 Clostridium cavendishii Bowman et al. 2010 Clostridium celatum Hauschild and Holdeman 1974 Clostridium celerecrescens Palop et al. 1989 Clostridium cellobioparum Hungate 1944 Clostridium cellulofermentans He et al. 1991 Clostridium cellulolyticum Petitdemange et al. 1984 Clostridium cellulosi He et al. 1991 Clostridium cellulovorans Sleat et al. 1985 Clostridium chartatabidum Kelly et al. 1996，瘤胃纤维分解细菌 气肿疽梭菌 Clostridium chauvoei (Arloing et al. 1887) Scott 1928，鸣疽梭状芽孢杆菌，肖氏芽孢梭菌 Clostridium chromiireducens Inglett et al. 2011 Clostridium citroniae Warren et al. 2007 Clostridium clariflavum Shiratori et al. 2009 梭状梭菌 Clostridium clostridioforme (Burri and Ankersmit 1906) Kaneuchi et al. 1976，也拼作：Clostridium clostridiiforme Clostridium coccoides Kaneuchi et al. 1976 Clostridium cochlearium (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium cocleatum Kaneuchi et al. 1979 Clostridium colicanis Greetham et al. 2003 鹌鹑梭菌 Clostridium colinum (ex Berkhoff et al. 1974) Berkhoff 1985 Clostridium collagenovorans Jain and Zeikus 1988 Clostridium combesii (Prévot and Laplanche 1947) Bernard et al. 2018 Clostridium composti Shin et al. 2018 克萨氏梭菌 Clostridium coskatii Flüchter et al. 2019，一种新的产乙醇梭菌属物种 柱盤孢梭菌 Clostridium cylindrosporum (ex Barker and Beck 1942) Andreesen et al. 1985 艰难梭菌 Clostridium difficile (Hall and O'Toole 1935) Prévot 1938 Clostridium diolis Biebl and Spröer 2003 Clostridium disporicum Horn 1987 德可氏梭菌 Clostridium drakei Liou et al. 2005 Clostridium durum Smith and Cato 1974 Clostridium estertheticum Collins et al. 1993 谲诈梭菌 Clostridium fallax (Weinberg and Séguin 1915) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium felsineum (Carbone and Tombolato 1917) Bergey et al. 1939 Clostridium fermenticellae Xu et al. 2019 Clostridium fervidum Patel et al. 1987，也拼作：Clostridium fervidus Clostridium fessum Seo et al. 2020 Clostridium fimetarium Kotsyurbenko et al. 1997 Clostridium folliculivorans Tazawa et al. 2023 自养乙酸梭菌 Clostridium formicaceticum Andreesen et al. 1970，也拼作：Clostridium formicoaceticum Clostridium frigidicarnis Broda et al. 1999 Clostridium frigoris Spring et al. 2003 母鸡梭菌 Clostridium gallinarum Pallen 2024 江华梭菌 Clostridium ganghwense Kim et al. 2006 Clostridium gasigenes Broda et al. 2000 Clostridium gelidum Honma et al. 2022 Clostridium ghonii Prévot 1938，也拼作：Clostridium ghoni 乙二醇梭菌 Clostridium glycolicum Gaston and Stadtman 1963 Clostridium glycyrrhizinilyticum Sakuma et al. 2006 Clostridium grantii Mountfort et al. 1996 广西梭菌 Clostridium guangxiense Zhao et al. 2017 溶血梭菌 Clostridium haemolyticum (Hall 1929) Scott et al. 1935 Clostridium halophilium Fendrich et al. 1991 Clostridium halophilum corrig. Fendrich et al. 1991 矛形梭菌 Clostridium hastiforme MacLennan 1939，哈氏梭菌 Clostridium hathewayi Steer et al. 2002 Clostridium herbivorans Varel et al. 1995 Clostridium hiranonis Kitahara et al. 2001 溶组织梭菌 Clostridium histolyticum (Weinberg and Séguin 1916) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium homopropionicum Dörner and Schink 1991 Clostridium huakuii Ruan et al. 2014，以对中国土壤微生物学做出贡献的微生物学家陈华癸的名字命名 Clostridium hungatei Monserrate et al. 2001 Clostridium hydrogeniformans Bowman et al. 2010 Clostridium hydroxybenzoicum Zhang et al. 1994 Clostridium hylemonae Kitahara et al. 2000 印度梭菌 Clostridium indicum Gundawar et al. 2019 Clostridium indolis McClung and McCoy 1957 无害梭菌 Clostridium innocuum Smith and King 1962，无害芽胞梭菌 Clostridium intestinale corrig. Lee et al. 1989 Clostridium intestinalis Lee et al. 1989 Clostridium irregulare (Choukévitch 1911) Prévot 1938 ，也拼作：Clostridium irregularis Clostridium isatidis Padden et al. 1999 吉达梭菌 Clostridium jeddahense Lagier et al. 2016 济州梭菌 Clostridium jejuense Jeong et al. 2004 Clostridium josui Sukhumavasi et al. 1988 克氏梭菌 Clostridium kluyveri Barker and Taha 1942 Clostridium lactatifermentans van der Wielen et al. 2002 Clostridium lacusfryxellense Spring et al. 2003 Clostridium laramie Kalchayanand et al. 1993 Clostridium laramiense corrig. Kalchayanand et al. 1993 Clostridium lavalense Domingo et al. 2009 Clostridium lentocellum Murray et al. 1987 Clostridium lentoputrescens Hartsell and Rettger 1934 Clostridium leptum Moore et al. 1976 泥渣梭菌 Clostridium limosum André 1948 Clostridium liquoris Yin et al. 2016 Clostridium litorale Fendrich et al. 1991 Clostridium lituseburense (Laplanche and Saissac 1948) McClung and McCoy 1957 Clostridium ljungdahlii Tanner et al. 1993 Clostridium lortetii Oren 1984 Clostridium lundense Cirne et al. 2006 Clostridium luticellarii Wang et al. 2015 Clostridium magnum Schink 1984 Clostridium malenominatum (Weinberg et al. 1937) Spray 1948 Clostridium mangenotii (Prévot and Zimmès-Chaverou 1947) McClung and McCoy 1957 最大梭菌 Clostridium maximum (Lindner 1888) Lawson and Rainey 2016 Clostridium mayombei Kane et al. 1992 Clostridium merdae Ndongo et al. 2017 食甲氧基苯甲酸梭菌 Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999 Clostridium methylpentosum Himelbloom and Canale-Parola 1989 Clostridium moniliforme (Repaci 1910) Lawson and Rainey 2016 Clostridium neonatale Bernard et al. 2018 Clostridium neopropionicum Tholozan et al. 1995 Clostridium neuense Zhao et al. 2017 Clostridium nexile Holdeman and Moore 1974 Clostridium nitritogenes (Prévot 1940) Bernard et al. 2018 Clostridium nitrophenolicum Suresh et al. 2007 诺氏梭菌 Clostridium novyi (Migula 1900) Bergey et al. 1923，诺维氏梭菌，诺威氏梭状芽孢杆菌 Clostridium oceanicum Smith 1970 Clostridium omnivorum Ueki et al. 2024 Clostridium orbiscindens Winter et al. 1991 Clostridium oroticum (Wachsman and Barker 1954) Cato et al. 1968 Clostridium oryzae Horino et al. 2015 Clostridium oxalicum Dehning and Schink 1990 Clostridium pabulibutyricum Kobayashi et al. 2017 Clostridium papyrosolvens Madden et al. 1982 Clostridium paradoxum Li et al. 1993 Clostridium paraperfringens Nakamura et al. 1970 类腐败梭菌 Clostridium paraputrificum (Bienstock 1906) Snyder 1936，副胞梭菌 Clostridium pascui Wilde et al. 1997 巴氏梭菌 Clostridium pasteurianum Winogradsky 1895，巴氏芽孢梭菌 Clostridium peptidivorans Mechichi et al. 2000 Clostridium perenne (Prévot 1940) McClung and McCoy 1957 产气荚膜梭菌 Clostridium perfringens (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Hauduroy et al. 1937 Clostridium phytofermentans Warnick et al. 2002 毛状梭菌 Clostridium piliforme (ex Tyzzer 1917) Duncan et al. 1993 Clostridium polyendosporum (Duda et al. 1996) Rainey et al. 2016 法属波利尼西亚梭菌 Clostridium polynesiense Sankar et al. 2023 Clostridium polysaccharolyticum (van Gylswyk 1981) van Gylswyk et al. 1983 Clostridium populeti Sleat and Mah 1985 Clostridium prolinivorans Huang et al. 2020 Clostridium propionicum Cardon and Barker 1946 Clostridium proteoclasticum Attwood et al. 1996 Clostridium proteolyticum Jain and Zeikus 1988 Clostridium psychrophilum Spring et al. 2003 Clostridium punense Lanjekar et al. 2015 Clostridium puniceum Lund et al. 1981 Clostridium purinilyticum corrig. Dürre et al. 1981 Clostridium purinolyticum Dürre et al. 1981 Clostridium putrefaciens (McBryde 1911) Sturges and Drake 1927 Clostridium putrificum (Trevisan 1889) Reddish and Rettger 1922 Clostridium quercicolum Stankewich et al. 1971 Clostridium quinii Svensson et al. 1995 拉氏梭菌 Clostridium ragsdalei ，拉格斯代尔梭菌 多枝梭菌 Clostridium ramosum (Veillon and Zuber 1898) Holdeman et al. 1971 Clostridium rectum (Heller 1922) Holdeman and Moore 1972 Clostridium roseum (ex McCoy and McClung 1935) Cato et al. 1988 Clostridium saccharobutylicum Keis et al. 2001 Clostridium saccharogumia Clavel et al. 2007 Clostridium saccharolyticum Murray et al. 1982 Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum Keis et al. 2001 Clostridium sardiniense corrig. Prévot 1938 Clostridium sardiniensis Prévot 1938 Clostridium sartagoforme corrig. Partansky and Henry 1935 Clostridium sartagoformum Partansky and Henry 1935 Clostridium saudiense Angelakis et al. 2016，也拼作：Clostridium saudii Clostridium scatologenes (Weinberg and Ginsbourg 1927) Prévot 1948 Clostridium schirmacherense Alam et al. 2006 闪烁梭菌 Clostridium scindens Morris et al. 1985 塞内加尔梭菌 Clostridium senegalense Mishra et al. 2015 败毒梭菌 Clostridium septicum (Macé 1889) Ford 1927 索氏梭菌 Clostridium sordellii (Hall and Scott 1927) Prévot 1938 楔形梭菌 Clostridium sphenoides (Douglas et al. 1919) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium spiroforme Kaneuchi et al. 1979，为Thomasclavelia spiroformis (Kaneuchi et al. 1979) Lawson et al. 2023的异名 生孢梭菌 Clostridium sporogenes (Metchnikoff 1908) Bergey et al. 1923 Clostridium sporosphaeroides Soriano and Soriano 1948 Clostridium stercorarium Madden 1983 Clostridium sticklandii Stadtman and McClung 1957 Clostridium straminisolvens Kato et al. 2004 近端梭菌 Clostridium subterminale (Hall and Whitehead 1927) Spray 1948 Clostridium sufflavum Nishiyama et al. 2009 Clostridium sulfidigenes Sallam and Steinbüchel 2009 Clostridium swellfunianum Liu et al. 2015 Clostridium symbiosum (Stevens 1956) Kaneuchi et al. 1976 Clostridium tagluense Suetin et al. 2009 Clostridium tarantellae (Udey et al. 1977) Lawson and Rainey 2016 Clostridium tepidiprofundi Slobodkina et al. 2008 Clostridium tepidum Dobritsa et al. 2017 Clostridium termitidis Hethener et al. 1992 第三梭菌 Clostridium tertium (Henry 1917) Bergey et al. 1923 破伤风梭菌 Clostridium tetani (Flügge 1886) Bergey et al. 1923，破伤风芽孢梭菌 Clostridium tetanomorphum (ex Bulloch et al. 1919) Wilde et al. 1989 Clostridium thermaceticum corrig. Fontaine et al. 1942 Clostridium thermarum Liu et al. 2021 Clostridium thermautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982 热醋酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoaceticum Fontaine et al. 1942 热嗜酸梭菌 Clostridium thermoacidophilus 热产气梭菌 Clostridium thermoaerogenes 嗜热碱梭菌 Clostridium thermoalcaliphilum Li et al. 1994 Clostridium thermoautotrophicum Wiegel et al. 1982 热丁酸梭菌 Clostridium thermobutyricum Wiegel et al. 1989，丁酸梭菌 热介纤维素梭菌 Clostridium thermocellulaseum 热纤梭菌 Clostridium thermocellum Viljoen et al. 1926 Clostridium thermocopriae Jin et al. 1988 温水硫磺梭菌 Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum Klaushofer and Parkkinen 1965 嗜热乳酸梭菌 Clostridium thermolacticum Le Ruyet et al. 1988，热乳梭菌 热棕榈梭菌 Clostridium thermopalmarium Soh et al. 1991，帕姆酒耐热梭菌 Clostridium thermopapyrolyticum Méndez et al. 1991 嗜热梭菌 Clostridium thermophilum 热腐梭菌 Clostridium thermoputrificum 嗜热化糖梭状芽胞杆菌 Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum McClung 1935 Clostridium thermosuccinogenes Drent et al. 1995 Clostridium thermosulfurigenes corrig. Schink and Zeikus 1983 Clostridium thermosulfurogenes Schink and Zeikus 1983 Clostridium thiosulfatireducens Hernández-Eugenio et al. 2002 酪丁酸梭菌 Clostridium tyrobutyricum van Beynum and Pette 1935 Clostridium uliginosum Matthies et al. 2001 乌尔蒂纳梭菌 Clostridium ultunense Schnürer et al. 1996 Clostridium ventriculi (Goodsir 1842) Lawson and Rainey 2016 Clostridium villosum Love et al. 1979 Clostridium vincentii Mountfort et al. 1997 绿梭菌 Clostridium viride Buckel et al. 1995 Clostridium vulturis Paek et al. 2015 魏氏梭状芽孢杆菌 Clostridium welchii Clostridium xylanolyticum Rogers and Baecker 1991 Clostridium xylanovorans Mechichi et al. 2000 Clostridium Prazmowski, 1880. GBIF. [2022-04-17]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-04）.  Sun S, Feng H, Liu R, Cheng J, Mu S, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yao S, Zhai L. Clostridium aquiflavi sp. nov., isolated from yellow water of Nongxiangxing baijiu in the Yibin region of China. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6420. Luo Q, Zheng J, Zhao D, Liu D. Clostridium aromativorans sp. nov., isolated from pit mud used for producing Wuliangye baijiu. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:739-748. Rios-Galicia B, Saenz JS, Yergaliyev T, Roth C, Camarinha-Silva A, Seifert J. Novel taxonomic and functional diversity of eight bacteria from the upper digestive tract of chicken. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6210. Lv AP, Ming YZ, Liu ZT, Ouyang YT, Li MM, Lian ZH, Jiao JY, She TT, Liu L, Li WJ. Clostridium caldaquaticum sp. nov., a thermophilic bacterium isolated from a hot spring sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5684. Tazawa J, Kobayashi H, Tanizawa Y, Uchino A, Tanaka F, Urashima Y, Miura S, Sakamoto M, Ohkuma M, Tohno M. Clostridium folliculivorans sp. nov., isolated from soil samples of an organic paddy in Japan. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5876. Pallen MJ. Valid publication of names for bacterial species from the chicken gut. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6445. Honma S, Ueki A, Tonouchi A, Kaku N, Ueki K. Clostridium gelidum sp. nov., a psychrotrophic anaerobic bacterium isolated from rice field soil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2022; 72:5478. Ndongo S, Cadoret F, Dubourg G, Delerce J, Fournier PE, Raoult D, Lagier JC. 'Collinsella phocaeensis' sp. nov., 'Clostridium merdae' sp. nov., 'Sutterella massiliensis' sp. nov., 'Sutturella timonensis' sp. nov., 'Enorma phocaeensis' sp. nov., 'Mailhella massiliensis' gen. nov., sp. nov., 'Mordavella massiliensis' gen. nov., sp. nov. and 'Massiliprevotella massiliensis' gen. nov., sp. nov., 9 new species isolated from fresh stool samples of healthy French patients. New Microbes New Infect 2017; 17:89-95. Ueki A, Tonouchi A, Kaku N, Honma S, Ueki K. Clostridium omnivorum sp. nov., isolated from anoxic soil under the treatment of reductive soil disinfestation. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2024; 74:6412. Sankar SA, Rathored J, Metidji S, Lagier JC, Khelaifia S, Labas N, Musso D, Raoult D, Fournier PE. Clostridium polynesiense sp. nov., a new member of the human gut microbiota in French Polynesia. Anaerobe 2015; 36:79-87.