玛雅潘

玛雅潘（猶加敦馬雅語：Màayapáan；西班牙语：Mayapán），是中美洲古代玛雅文明后期中心之一，位于墨西哥尤卡坦半岛境内，奇琴伊察以西100公里，坐标：北纬20°37′46″，西经89°27′38″。 1221年左右，玛雅人发动起义，推翻了奇琴伊察的统治。不久，各个城邦首领召开会议，商议重新建立一个政治中心，将其命名为“玛雅潘”，意为“玛雅人的标准”。科科姆家族（Cocom）首领被选为玛雅之王，但是其他贵族家族亦派出成员参与政府。 1441年，希烏家族（英语：Tutul-Xiu）的首领舒潘（Ah Xiu Xupan）领导了反抗科科姆家族的起义，攻占玛雅潘。最終科科姆家族遭到滅族，只有一人因為貿易去了洪都拉斯而倖存下來，玛雅潘被洗劫、焚毀并废弃，其他區內大城市都走向衰落，而尤卡坦半島就陷入了多國混戰。 1950年代，卡内基基金会资助了一次对玛雅潘的大规模考察，发现了一系列遗迹，推断出其规模大约在1万至1万5千居民左右。 馬雅文明 馬雅遺址列表（英语：List of Maya sites） Barrera Rubio, Alfredo and Carlos Peraza Lope. (2001) "La Pintura Mural de Mayapán", In La Pintura Mural Prehispánica en México: Área Maya, edited by Leticia Staines Cicero, Beatriz de la Fuentes, project director, pp. 419–446. Instituto de Investigaciones Estéticas, Universidad Autónoma de México, México, D.F. Brown, Clifford T. (1999) Mayapán Society and Ancient Maya Social Organization. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Anthropology, Tulane University. Brown, Clifford T. (2006) "Water Sources at Mayapán, Yucatán, México," in Precolumbian Water Management: Ideology, Ritual, and Power, edited by Lisa Lucero and Barbara Fash, pp 171–188. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Brown, Clifford T. (2005) "Caves, Karst, and Settlement at Mayapán, Yucatán," in In the Maw of the Earth Monster: Mesoamerican Ritual Cave Use, edited by James E. Brady and Keith M. Prufer, pp. 373–402. Austin: University of Texas Press (Linda Schele Series in Maya and Pre-Columbian Studies). Bullard, William R., Jr. (1952) "Residential Property Walls at Mayapán", in Current Reports No. 3:36–44. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Department of Archaeology, Washington, D.C. Bullard, William R., Jr. (1954) Boundary Walls and House Lots at Mayapán. Current Reports No. 13:234–253. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Department of Archaeology, Washington, D.C. Delgado Kú, Miguel Angel, (2009) La Pintura Mural de Mayapán, Yucatán: Una Interpretación Iconográfica, Tesis profesional, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México. Delgado Kú, Pedro C. (2004) Estudio de la Arquitectura Pública del Núcleo Principal de Mayapán, Yucatán, Tesis profesional, Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autnoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México. Landa, Diego de. (1941) Relaciones de las Cosas de Yucatán, Translated by Alfred Tozzer. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 18, Harvard University Press, Cambridge. Lope, Carlos Peraza, Marilyn A. Masson, Timothy S. Hare, Pedro Candelario Delgado Kú (2006). "The chronology of Mayapán: new radiocarbon evidence", in Ancient Mesoamerica 17(2):153–175. Masson, Marilyn A. (2009) "Appendix: Inventory and Lot Descriptions" Carnegie Institution Current Reports on Mayapan. In The Carnegie Maya II: Carnegie Institution of Washington Current Reports, 1952–1957, edited by John Weeks, pp. 553–609. University of Colorado Press, Boulder. Marilyn A. Masson, Timothy S. Hare, and Carlos Peraza Lope (2006). "Postclassic Maya Society Regenerated at Mayapán", In After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, edited by Glenn M. Schwartz and John J. Nichols, pp. 188–207. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Masson, Marilyn A. and Carlos Peraza Lope 2007 Kukulkan/Quetzalcoat, Death God, and Creation Mythology of Burial Shaft Temples at Mayapan. Mexicon 29:77–85. Masson, Marilyn A. and Carlos Peraza Lope (2005). "Nuevas Investigaciones en Tres Unidades Residenciales Fuera del Area Monumental de Mayapán", In Investigadores de La Cultura Maya, Tomo II, pp. 411–424. Universidad Autónoma de Campeche. Campeche, Mexico. Masson, Marilyn A. and Carlos Peraza Lope (2008). "Animal Use at Mayapan", Quaternary International, 191:170–183. Masson, Marilyn A. and Carlos Peraza Lope (2010). "Evidence for Maya-Mexican Interaction in the Archaeological Record of Mayapan", In Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests: Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period, edited by Gabrielle Vail and Christine Hernandez, pp. 77–114. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. Milbrath, Susan and Carlos Peraza Lope (2003). "Revisting Mayapan: Mexico’s Last Maya Capital", Ancient Mesoamerica 14:1–47. Milbrath, Susan and Carlos Peraza Lope 2003b Mayapán’s Scribe: A Link with Classic Maya Artists. Mexicon XXV:120–123. Milbrath, Susan., Carlos Peraza Lope 2009 Survival and revival of Terminal Classic traditions at Postclassic Mayapán Latin American antiquity: a journal of the Society for American Archaeology 20(4):581–606. Milbrath, Susan, Carlos Peraza Lope, and Miguel Delgado Kú 2010 Religious Imagery in Mayapan’s Murals. The PARI Journal X:1–10. Morley, Sylvanus Griswold. The Ancient Maya (4th ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1983. Paris, Elizabeth H. 2008 Metallurgy, Mayapan and the Postclassic World System. Ancient Mesoamerica 19:43–66. Peraza Lope, Carlos 1998 Mayapán: Ciudad-capital del Postclasico. Arqueología Mexicana :48-53. Pollock, Ralph L. Roys, Tatiana Proskouriakoff and A. Ledyard Smith, pp. 165–320. Occasional Publication 619. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Proskouriakoff, Tatiana（英语：Tatiana Proskouriakoff） (1962) Civic and religious structures at Mayapán, In “Introduction,” in Mayapán, Yucatan, Mexico, by Harry E. D. Pollock, Ralph L. Roys, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, and A. L. Smith, pp. 87–164. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 619 Proskouriakoff, Tatiana（英语：Tatiana Proskouriakoff） and Charles Temple (1955) A Residential Quadrangle – Structures R-85 to R-90. Current Reports 29:289–362. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Department of Archaeology, Washington, D.C. Pugh, Timothy 2001 Flood Reptiles, Serpent Temples and the Quadripartite Universe: The Imajo Mundi of Late Postclassic Mayapán. Ancient Mesoamerica 12:247-258. Pugh, Timothy W. 2003 A cluster and spatial analysis of ceremonial architecture at Late Postclassic Mayapán Journal of Archaeological Science 30(8):941-953. Restall, Matthew 2001 The People of the Patio: Ethnohistoric Evidence of Yucatec Maya Royal Courts. In Royal Courts of the Maya, Volume II, edited by Takeshi Inomata y Stephen D. Houston, pp. 335–390. Westview Press, Boulder. Ring, Trudy, ed. “Mayapan” in International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume I: Americas. New York: Routledge, 1996. Ringle, William M. y George J. Bey III 2001 Post-Classic and Terminal Classic Courts of the Northern Maya Lowlands. En Royal Courts of the Maya, Volume Two: Data and Case Studies, edited by Takeshi Inomata and Stephen D. Houston, pp. 266–307. Westview Press, Boulder. Roys, Ralph L. (1962). "Literary Sources for the History of Mayapan", In Mayapan, Yucatán, Mexico. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication No. 619, by Harry E.D. Pollock, Ralph L. Roys, Tatiana Proskouriakoff, and A.L. Smith, pp. 25–86. Washington, D.C. Russell, Bradley W. and Bruce H. Dahlin (2007). "Traditional Burnt-Lime Production at Mayapán, Mexico", Journal of Field Archaeology 32:407-423. Russell, Bradley W. (2008) Postclassic Maya Settlement on the Rural Urban Fringe of Mayapán, Yucatán, Mexico, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University at Albany-SUNY. Serafin, Stanley. (2010) Bioarchaeological Investigation of Violence at Mayapan, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Tulane University. Smith, A. Ledyard（英语：A. Ledyard Smith） (1962) "Residential and Associated Structures at Mayapán", In Mayapán Yucatan Mexico, edited by H.E.D. Smith, Robert E. (1971) The Pottery of Mayapan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 66. Harvard University, Cambridge. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：玛雅潘 （英文）- Mayapan Archaeology Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-04-15 （英文）Mayapan Photo Essay （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）