开放新拟钉螺

开放新拟钉螺（學名：Neotricula aperta）是新拟钉螺属的其中一個淡水螺物種，屬於盖螺科的淡水生腹足纲软体动物。 過往這個物種是本屬唯一的一個物種；但現時此屬已有至少兩個已描述的物種。 开放新拟钉螺已知是湄公血吸蟲（英语：Schistosoma mekongi）（Schistosoma mekongi（英语：Schistosoma mekongi））的唯一中間宿主，可引致湄公血吸蟲病（英语：Mekong schistosomiasis）。 本物種目前只見於中南半島上流經柬埔寨、老撾及泰國的九條河流流域的31個地點，已知的分佈範圍從柬埔寨湄公河流域的桔井市 南部至老撾中部凯山丰威汉市的Kong Lor（英语：Kong Lor）。 本物種見於下列地點： 柬埔寨（英语：List of non-marine molluscs of Cambodia）湄公河沿岸及東北部公河上游河谷 老撾（英语：List of non-marine molluscs of Laos） 泰國（英语：List of non-marine molluscs of Thailand）東北部 本物種的模式產地位於老撾Khong Island（英语：Khong Island）的Ban Na。 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與翻譯。 A detailed account of the anatomy of Neotricula aperta was given by Davis et al. in 1976. Three strains of Neotricula aperta have been recognized (called α, β and γ), on the basis of shell size and body pigmentation. Although all three strains are susceptible to Schistosoma mekongi（英语：Schistosoma mekongi） (γ> > β > α), only the γ-strain is epidemiologically significant. Neotricula aperta is exclusively 岩生植物 or epixylic (on rotting wood). Neotricula aperta is found only in shallow areas (typically 0.5 to 3 m deep) of the Mekong river and some of its tributaries. The snails are restricted to areas where the current is moderate (around 2 × 103 m3s−1), the water is clear and the bed rock forms (almost flat) platforms where agal aufwuchs is extensive. Such conditions exist only during the 旱季 in the lower Mekong (March to May) and so Neotricula aperta populations persist mostly by recruitment (from eggs laid on stones in the previous year) or re-colonization from other rivers, and transmission of Schistosoma mekongi（英语：Schistosoma mekongi） is seasonal. 人口密度 can reach up to 4734 snails per m². In addition, Neotricula aperta is not known from waters of low 電導率 or pH and is calciphilic; the pH of all Neotricula aperta habitats sampled to date is > 7.5 and the river systems in which the snails are found have always been those draining 喀斯特地形 areas. More recently, Neotricula aperta has been found in the primary streams emerging from karst springs, close to the origins of the streams. The snail Neotricula aperta requires hard water to provide the 钙 needed for rapid 手性 (腹足綱) growth as populations re-establish in the Mekong river each year following the annual flood. The ecological requirements of Neotricula aperta indicate that this snail will not become established in the reservoirs or downstream channels of dams in the region and that flooding of habitats by impoundment will eliminate all Neotricula aperta populations from the affected area. Neotricula aperta grazes the algal epilithon and therefore, unlike species such as Biomphalaria (African vector of other kind of schistosomiasis), cannot survive in areas where sediment is depositing and preventing the growth of the algae upon which it feeds. Indeed, ecological studies of Neotricula aperta have shown that this snail is found only on stones covered with fine sediments and that this species is highly sensitive to Siltation（英语：Siltation）. Temcharoen, P. New aquatic molluscs from Laos. Archiv für Molluskenkunde. 1971, 101: 91–109.  Attwood, S.W. John R. Baker; Ralph Muller; David Rollinson , 编. Schistosomiasis in the Mekong Region: Epidemiology and Phylogeography. Advances in Parasitology (Academic Press). 2001-12-03, 50: 87–144 [2019-04-29]. ISBN 0120317508. （原始内容存档于2020-09-22） （英语）.  Attwood, S. W.; Upatham, E. S.; Zhang, Y.-P.; Yang, Z.-Q.; Southgate, V. R. A DNA-sequence based phylogeny for triculine snails (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae: Triculinae), intermediate hosts for Schistosoma (Trematoda: Digenea): phylogeography and the origin of Neotricula. Journal of Zoology. 2004, 262 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1017/S0952836903004424 （英语）.  康在彬. 湖北拟钉螺属三新种. 《海洋与湖沼》. 1984, 15 (4): 299–309 [2018-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2018-06-23） （中文（简体）及英语）.  引用错误：没有为名为Kameda 2011的参考文献提供内容 Attwood S. W., Fatih F. A. & Upatham E. S. (2008). "DNA-Sequence Variation Among Schistosoma mekongi Populations and Related Taxa; Phylogeography and the Current Distribution of Asian Schistosomiasis". PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases（英语：PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases） 2(3): e200. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000200. Attwood, S. W.; Upatham, E. S. Observations on Neotricula aperta (Gastropoda: Pomatiopsidae) population densities in Thailand and central Laos: implications for the spread of Mekong schistosomiasis. Parasites & Vectors（英语：Parasites & Vectors）. 2012, 5: 126. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-5-126 （英语）.  Hebner, Rebecca. ParaSite: Schistosoma Mekongi. Parasites and Pestilence. [2018-09-08]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-21） （英语）.  Davis G. M., Kitikoon V. & Temcharoen P. (1976). "Monograph on “Lithoglyphopsis” aperta, the snail host of Mekong river schistosomiasis". Malacologia 15: 241-287. Attwood S. W. (1994). "Rates of recruitment among populations of the freshwater snail Neotricula aperta (Temcharoen) in North East Thailand". Journal of Molluscan Studies（英语：Journal of Molluscan Studies） 60(2): 197-200. doi:10.1093/mollus/60.2.197. Attwood S. W. (1995). "The effect of substratum grade on the distribution of the freshwater snail y-Neotricula aperta (Temcharoen), with notes on the sizes of particles ingested". Journal of Molluscan Studies（英语：Journal of Molluscan Studies） 61(1): 133-138. doi:10.1093/mollus/61.1.133. Attwood S. W., Upatham E. S. & Southgate V. R. (2001). "The detection of Schistosoma mekongi infections in a natural population of Neotricula aperta at Khong Island, Laos, and the control of Mekong schistosomiasis". Journal of Molluscan Studies（英语：Journal of Molluscan Studies） 67(3): 400-405. doi:10.1093/mollus/67.3.400.