語言威望

語言威望是社会语言学中的一個概念，指一種語言變體（方言或者語言）同其他變體比起來「更有威望」，而且更有威望的語言變體往往就是标准方言。例如20世紀時，許多人認為英式英文與美式英文是比較「正統」的英文，這些人覺得其他英文變體就是「不正統」、「古怪」、「錯」，加拿大英文會被美國人認為是英式英文，但同時又被一些歐洲人誤以為是美式英文，甚至誤以為有些用法根本就是用錯了，而北美原住民英文同樣被非原住民認為「格式寫錯」，非裔美國英文也被一些人認為是「低俗難登大雅之堂」。 Kroch 1978 Eckert & Rickford 2002 Abu-Haidar, Farida. Are Iraqi Women More Prestige Conscious than Men? Sex Differentiation in Baghdadi Arabic. Language in Society. December 1989, 18 (4): 471–481. JSTOR 4168077. S2CID 145776668. doi:10.1017/S0047404500013865.  Angle, John; Hesse-Biber, Sharlene. Gender and Prestige Preference in Language. Sex Roles. April 1981, 7 (4): 449–461. S2CID 143847747. doi:10.1007/BF00288072.  Bauer, Laurie. Myth 16: You Shouldn't Say 'It is Me' because 'Me' is Accusative. Laurie Bauer and Peter Trudgill (编). Language Myths. London: Penguin Books. 1998: 132–137. ISBN 978-0140260236.  Chambers, Jack K.; Trudgill, Peter. Dialectology. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-59646-6.  Eckert, Penelope; Rickford, John R., eds. Style and Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002 –通过ProQuest ebrary.  Fasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Language. Cambridge, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. 1990. ISBN 978-0-631-13825-9.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Fasold, Ralph W.; Connor-Linton, Jeff. An Introduction to Language and Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-84768-1.  Ferguson, Charles A. Diglossia. Word. 1959, 15 (2): 325–340. S2CID 239352211. doi:10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702 .  Fox, Margalit. The Way We Live Now: 9-12-99: On Language; Dialects. The New York Times. 1999-09-12 [2009-03-23]. （原始内容存档于2009-04-17）.  Gordon, Elizabeth. Sex, Speech, and Stereotypes: Why Women Use Prestige Speech Forms More than Men. Language in Society. March 1997, 26 (1): 47–63. JSTOR 4168749. S2CID 145780489. doi:10.1017/S0047404500019400.  Gumperz, John. Dialect Differences and Social Stratification in a North Indian Village (PDF). American Anthropologist. New Series. August 1958, 60 (4): 668–682 [2024-03-16]. JSTOR 665673. doi:10.1525/aa.1958.60.4.02a00050 . （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-05-22）.  Haeri, Niloofar, Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003, ISBN 978-0312238971  Haugen, Einar. Dialect, Language, Nation. American Anthropologist. August 1966a, 68 (4): 922–935. JSTOR 670407. doi:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040 .  Haugen, Einar. Semicommunication: The language gap in Scandinavia. Sociological Inquiry. 1966b, 36 (2): 280–297. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1966.tb00630.x.  Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph, Brian D. Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-014785-8.  Hymes, Dell. Sociolinguistics and the ethnography of speaking. Edwin Ardener (编). Social Anthropology and Language. London: Routledge. 1971: 47–92. ISBN 978-0422737005.  Ibrahim, Muhammad H. Standard and Prestige Language: A Problem in Arabic Sociolinguistics. Anthropological Linguistics. Spring 1986, 28 (1): 115–126. JSTOR 30027950.  Jenkins, Siona, Egyptian Arabic Phrasebook, Lonely Planet, 2001  Kahane, Henry. A Typology of the Prestige Language. Language. September 1986, 62 (3): 495–508. JSTOR 415474. doi:10.2307/415474.  Kiesling, Scott F. Men's Identities and Sociolinguistic Variation: The Case of Fraternity Men. Journal of Sociolinguistics. 1998, 2: 69–99. doi:10.1111/1467-9481.00031. （原始内容存档于2017-10-11）.  Kloss, Heinz. Types of Multilingual Communities: A Discussion of Ten Variables. Sociological Inquiry. 1966, 36 (2): 135–145. doi:10.1111/j.1475-682X.1966.tb00621.x.  Kordić, Snježana. Lengua y Nacionalismo [Language and Nationalism]. Madrid: Euphonía Ediciones. 2014: 416 [7 October 2019]. ISBN 978-84-936668-8-0. OL 16814702W. CROSBI 694545. （原始内容存档于3 November 2019） （西班牙语）.  Kroch, Anthony. Toward a Theory of Social Dialect Variation. Language in Society. April 1978, 7 (1): 17–36. JSTOR 4166972. S2CID 143516854. doi:10.1017/S0047404500005315.  Labov, William. The Social Stratification of English in New York. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-521-82122-3.  Leith, Dick. A Social History of English. London: Routledge. 1997. ISBN 978-0-415-16456-6.  McDavid, Raven. Dialect Geography and Social Science Problems. Social Forces. December 1946, 25 (2): 168–172. JSTOR 2571555. doi:10.2307/2571555.  Niedzielski, Nancy A.; Preston, Dennis Richard. Folk Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 2003. ISBN 978-3-11-017554-7.  O'Grady, William; Archibald, John; Aronoff, Mark; Rees-Miller, Janie. Contemporary Linguistics. Boston: Bedford St. Martin's. 2001. ISBN 9780312247386.  Preston, Dennis, R. Whaddayaknow? The modes of folk linguistic awareness. Language Awareness. 1996, 5: 40–74. doi:10.1080/09658416.1996.9959890.  Seabrook, David. The Academy: Talking the Tawk. The New Yorker. 2005-11-14 [2013-06-14]. （原始内容存档于2008-06-16）.  Trudgill, Peter. Ausbau sociolinguistics and the perception of language status in contemporary Europe. International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 1992, 2 (2): 167–177. doi:10.1111/j.1473-4192.1992.tb00031.x.  Trudgill, Peter. Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the Urban British English of Norwich. Language in Society. October 1972, 1 (2): 175–195. JSTOR 4166683. doi:10.1017/S0047404500000488 .  Wang, Limei; Ladegaard, Hans J. Language Attitudes and Gender in China: Perceptions and Reported Use of Putonghua and Cantonese in the Southern Province of Guangdong. Language Awareness. 2008, 17 (1): 57–77. S2CID 145146740. doi:10.2167/la425.0.  Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Blackwell Publishing. 2006. ISBN 978-1-4051-3559-7.  Winford, Donald. An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Wiley. 2003. ISBN 978-0-631-21251-5.