蠟蘑屬

蠟蘑屬（學名：Laccaria）是軸腹菌科的一個屬，共有約75種物種，分布於世界各地溫帶與熱帶的區域，常與植物形成外菌根（英语：Ectomycorrhiza）。本屬的模式種為紅蠟蘑，另外紫蠟蘑與雙色蠟蘑（英语：Laccaria_bicolor）亦是本屬的常見物種。有些本屬物種可在實驗室的培養基上生長，還有些物種的擔孢子可在培養基上萌發，可作為研究外菌根的模式生物，其中雙色蠟蘑是第一種基因組被定序的外菌根真菌。本屬物種有四種交配型，任兩種不同交配型間均可交配。 蠟蘑屬物種的蕈褶通常較粗且間距較大，顏色為紫色至肉色，與蕈柄相連（adnate）或稍微沿蕈柄向下生長（decurrent）。多數物種的擔孢子為白色，且表面有飾物。 本屬約有75種物種，以下列出部分本屬物種。 棘孢蜡蘑 Laccaria acanthospora 白蜡蘑 Laccaria alba Zhu L. Yang & Lan Wang 椭孢紫蜡蘑 Laccaria amethysteo-occidentalis 紫蠟蘑 Laccaria amethystina Cooke 白蜡蘑 Laccaria alba 窄褶蜡蘑 Laccaria angustilamella Zhu L. Yang & Lan Wang 橙黄蜡蘑 Laccaria aurantia Popa, Rexer, Donges, Zhu L. Yang & G. Kost 2014 双色蜡蘑 Laccaria bicolor (Maire) P.D. Orton 泡状蜡蘑 Laccaria bullipellis A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell. 2013 刺孢蜡蘑 Laccaria echinospora (Speg.) Singer 1943 壳斗生蜡蘑 Laccaria fagacicola Y.Y. Cui et al. 橘红蜡蘑 Laccaria fraterna (Cooke & Massee) Pegler 黄灰蜡蘑 Laccaria fulvogrisea Popa, Rexer & G. Kost 2014 Laccaria gomezii Singer & G.M. Muell. 1988 喜马拉雅蜡蘑 Laccaria himalayensis A.W. Wilson & G.M. Muell. 2013 Laccaria indohimalayana K. Das, I. Bera & Vizzini, 2019 紅蠟蘑 Laccaria laccata (Scop.) Cooke，漆亮蜡蘑 长柄蜡蘑 Laccaria longipes Laccaria maritima 高山蜡蘑 Laccaria montana 棕黑蜡蘑 Laccaria negrimarginata Laccaria nobilis 粉紫蜡蘑 Laccaria ochropurpurea (Berk.) Peck, 1895，基异名：Agaricus ochropurpureus Berk. 俄亥俄蜡蘑 Laccaria ohiensis 淡红蜡蘑 Laccaria pallidorosea Yang-Yang Cui et al. Laccaria paraphysata (McNabb) J.A.Cooper。基异名：Laccaria ohiensis var. paraphysata McNabb 条柄蜡蘑 Laccaria proxima (Boud.) Pat. Laccaria pseudomontana Osmundson, C.L.Cripps & G.M.Muell., 2006 矮蜡蘑 Laccaria pumila Fayod (异名：Laccaria altaica Singer) 紫褐蜡蘑 Laccaria purpureobadia Fayod (异名：Laccaria altaica Singer) Laccaria rubroalba X. Luo, L. Ye, Mortimer & K.D. Hyde 鲑色蜡蘑 Laccaria salmonicolor 条缘蜡蘑 Laccaria striatula Laccaria tetraspora Singer 1947 二孢蜡蘑 Laccaria tortilis (Bolton) Cooke，刺孢蜡蘑 灰酒红蜡蘑 Laccaria vinaceobrunnea Hongo，酒色蜡蘑 云南蜡蘑 Laccaria yunnanensis Popa, Rexer, Donges, Zhu L. Yang & G. Kost 2014 紫蠟蘑 雙色蠟蘑 紅蠟蘑 条柄蜡蘑 真菌主题 Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th. Wallingford: CABI. 2008: 357. ISBN 0-85199-826-7.  Mueller GM. (1985). Numerical taxonomic analyses on Laccaria (Agaricales). Mycologia 77: 121-129. Podila GK, Zheng J, Balasubramanian S, Sundaram S, Hiremath S, Brand JH, Hymes MJ. (2002). Fungal gene expression in early symbiotic interactions between Laccaria bicolor and red pine. Plant and Soil 244: 117–128. Martin F, Selosse MA. The Laccaria genome: a symbiont blueprint decoded. New Phytologist. 2008, 180 (2): 296–310. PMID 19138220. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02613.x.  Orr, Dorothy B.; Orr, Robert Thomas. Mushrooms of Western North America (California Natural History Guides). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1980. ISBN 0-520-03660-3.  譯名參考：中国生物多样性红色名录—大型真菌卷 (PDF). 中国科学院 生态环境部: 220-221. 2018-05 [2018-09-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-09-12）.  Wang, Xiang-Hua,Das, Kanad,Bera, Ishika,et al. Fungal Biodiversity Profiles 81-90[J]. CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOLOGIE,2019,40(5):57-95. Xia Luo, Lei Ye, Jie Chen, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Jianchu Xu, Kevin D. Hyde and Peter E. Mortimer. 2016. Laccaria rubroalba sp. nov. (Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales) from Southwestern China. Phytotaxa. 284(1):41-50. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.284.1.4