游说集团

游说集团（英語：Lobbying），又称院外集团或政治游说，是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。 美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链（旋轉門）。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。 维基文库中的相关原始文献：遊說法 戰國策《說難》韓非 智庫 行動主義 倡導 利益團體 賄賂 财阀 门阀 贵族 深层政府 政治献金 《攻敵必救》 2016年美國電影，劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭 P. L. Petrillo, Form of government and lobbying in UE and UK, in (march, 2013) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011 Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006 GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it) Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000. Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. February 2006 (PDF) Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 1/ 2010, S. 112-122 Lobbying. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 22 December 2005 [2007-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-01-03）.  Police loans inquiry is widenened. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 30 March 2006 [2007-01-30]. （原始内容存档于2007-03-15）.  [在维基数据编辑] 《欽定古今圖書集成·理學彙編·學行典·游說部》，出自陈梦雷《古今圖書集成》 查看维基词典中的词条「Lobby」。 《大英百科全书》中的条目：Lobbying (Politics)（英文） 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：游说集团 Lobbyists.info （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues. Top 25 Lobbying Groups. [2017-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2002-12-03）.  - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999. LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database. OpenSecrets.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds. The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials. Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of "lobbying" as infringement on "right to petition" guaranteed by the First Amendment. Public Affairs Links First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry US Senate Lobbying-Database Search （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Public Affairs Jobs HQ - news, jobs for lobbyists and policy professionals （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Lobby Ticker （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） PubAffairs - the public affairs network （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Public Affairs World （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） LobbyPlanet website Alliance for Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Regulation (ALTER-EU) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） EuroBrussels, the European Affairs Jobsite （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） euroXpress www.euroxpress.es （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Spinwatch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The New EU, European Affairs Jobs Community Alliance for Lobbying Transparency （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - UK based campaign OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007