中东战场 (第一次世界大战)

中东战场是第一次世界大战期间自1914年10月29日至1918年10月30日发生的一系列军事行动的代称。参战方包括奥斯曼帝国以及部分同盟国，和协约国的大英帝国、俄罗斯帝国、法蘭西共和國和當地起義軍。主要有五场战役：西奈与巴勒斯坦战役、美索不达米亚战役、高加索战役、波斯战役和加里波利战役。另外还有相对小型的阿拉伯起義和南阿拉伯战役。除去正规军之外，双方在区域内采用了非對稱作戰。协约国方面有参与阿拉伯叛乱的阿拉伯人，和因亚美尼亚种族灭绝参与亚美尼亚抵抗运动的亚美尼亚游击队。亚美尼亚志愿军与亚美尼亚游击队在随后的1918年形成了亚美尼亚民主共和国的军队。此外，亞述人在亞述人種族大屠殺後也加入了協約國，被稱為亞述志願軍和我們最小的盟友。戰區覆蓋了戰爭中所有戰區中最大的領土。这一战场在一战中包含了最大的参战地域。 俄军的参战以与奥斯曼帝国达成埃尔津詹休战（1917年12月5日）和随后苏俄政府以布列斯特-立陶夫斯克條約（1918年3月3日）撤军为止。亚美尼亚人参加了1918年3月14日的特拉布宗和平会议，并最终在1918年6月4日以亚美尼亚民主共和国的身份与奥斯曼帝国签署了巴统条约。奥斯曼于1918年10月30日接受了协约国的穆德洛斯停战协定，并分别于1920年8月10日和1923年7月24日签署了色佛尔条约和洛桑条约。 Zardykhan, Zharmukhamed. Ottoman Kurds of the First World War Era: Reflections in Russian Sources. Middle Eastern Studies. 2006, 42 (1): 67–85 [2022-03-09]. ISSN 0026-3206. JSTOR 4284431. S2CID 145313196. doi:10.1080/00263200500399561. （原始内容存档于2021-11-08）. The Kurdish 'natural' opposition to the Hamidiye is mentioned by Kamal Madhar Ahmad among the reasons for the adherence of some Kurdish chieftains to Russia. [...] In addition, as General Korsun states, the Russian 'conquest' of Erzincan created an opportunity for Russia to establish contact with the Kurds of Dersim, 'who were rising up against the Turks'.  Armstrong, Mick. The Kurdish tragedy. redflag.org.au. 28 October 2019 [2020-05-04]. （原始内容存档于17 March 2020）. During World War One, the Western powers, in particular the British, promised the Kurds an independent state to encourage them to revolt against their Ottoman rulers.  Austro-Hungarian Army in the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期18 June 2008. Jung, Peter. Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I. Oxford: Osprey. 2003: 47. ISBN 1841765945.  Fleet, Kate; Faroqhi, Suraiya; Kasaba, Reşat. The Cambridge History of Turkey: Turkey in the Modern World. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 94 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0521620961. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.  Erickson, Edward J. Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: a comparative study. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 154. ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6.  Murphy, p. 26. Mehmet Bahadir Dördüncü, Mecca-Medina: the Yıldız albums of Sultan Abdülhamid II, Tughra Books, 2006, ISBN 1-59784-054-8, p. 29. Number refers only to those laying siege to Medina by the time it surrendered and does not account for Arab insurgents elsewhere. Paul Bartrop, Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses, ABC-CLIO, 2014 Broadberry, S. N.; Harrison, Mark. The Economics Of World War I. Cambridge University Press. 2005: 117 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0521852129. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.  Gerd Krumeich: Enzyklopädie Erster Weltkrieg, UTB, 2008, ISBN 3825283968, p. 761 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （德語）. A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, M. Sükrü Hanioglu, page 181, 2010 MK/QİO ilə işğalçı qoşunların say tərkibi, silah və hərbi texnikasına BAXIŞ (FOTOLAR) - I Yazı. [2022-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2019-08-23）.  Kostiner, Joseph. The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State. Oxford University Press. 1993: 28 [2022-03-09]. ISBN 0195360702. （原始内容存档于2022-01-02）.  Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War By Huseyin (FRW) Kivrikoglu, Edward J. Erickson, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 0313315167, p. 211 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Listed below are total Ottoman casualties; they include some 50,000 losses in eastern Europe of which 25,000 were in Galicia, 20,000 in Romania, and a few thousand in Macedonia (p. 142). Totten, Samuel, Paul Robert Bartrop, Steven L. Jacobs (eds.) Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-34642-2. Taner Akcam. A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Henry Holt and Company. 21 August 2007: 107. ISBN 978-1-4668-3212-1.  Yacoub, Joseph. La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow. ISBN 978-5-93165-107-1. pp. 61, 65, 73, 77, 78. Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds. BBC World Service. BBC. 26 November 2014 [12 July 2016]. （原始内容存档于2017-08-03）.  Schatkowski Schilcher, Linda: The famine of 1915–1918 in Greater Syria, in: Spagnolo, John P. (ed.): Problems of the modern Middle East in historical perspective, Ithaca 1993: Cornell University Press, pp. 229-258. Ward, Steven R. Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. 2014. ISBN 9781626160651. , p. 123: "As the Great War came to its close in the fall of 1918, Iran's plight was woeful. The war had created an economic catastrophe, invading armies had ruined farmland and irrigation works, crops and livestock were stolen or destroyed, and peasants had been taken from their fields and forced to serve as laborers in the various armies. Famine killed as many as two million Iranians out of a population of little more than ten million while an influenza pandemic killed additional tens of thousands." Wigram, William Ainger. Our Smallest Ally ; Wigram, W[illiam] A[inger] ; A Brief Account of the Assyrian Nation in the Great War. Introd. by General H.H. Austin. Soc. for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1920 [2022-03-09]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-14） （英语）.  Naayem, Shall This Nation Die?, p. 281