半裸蓋菇

半裸蓋菇（學名：Psilocybe semilanceata）是裸盖菇属的一種真菌，在英文中俗稱「自由之帽」（英語：liberty cap），因其外形與弗里吉亚无边便帽相似而得名，廣泛分布於歐洲與北美洲，並已被引入南半球的澳洲、紐西蘭與智利等地。本種最早於1838年由埃利亚斯·芒努斯·弗里斯發表描述，當時被歸入傘菌屬中，後被保羅·庫默爾移入裸盖菇属。半裸蓋菇的蕈傘直徑為5—25毫米，高6—22毫米，形狀為圓錐形至鐘形，含水時為赭色至深棕色，乾燥時顏色則會變淺；蕈柄細長（基部通常稍粗），呈黃棕色，高45—140毫米，粗1—3.5毫米。擔孢子為橢球形，呈紅棕色，長10.5—15微米，寬6.5—8.5微米。同屬物種Psilocybe pelliculosa（英语：Psilocybe pelliculosa）與本種外形非常相似。 半裸蓋菇常生長在草原上，可能形成菌核（英语：Sclerotium）以抵抗環境逆境。有研究顯示半裸蓋菇可抑制土壤中造成根腐病的病原水黴菌樟疫霉（英语：Phytophthora cinnamomi）生長。此外半裸蓋菇還可抑制多重抗藥金黃色葡萄球菌生長，但抗生素的性質仍不明。 半裸蓋菇屬於迷幻蘑菇，可合成裸蓋菇素、脫磷酸裸蓋菇素與甲基裸蓋菇素（英语：Baeocystin）等精神活性物質。持有或販售半裸蓋菇在許多國家為非法行為。 真菌主题 Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871. MycoBank. International Mycological Association. [15 November 2010]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-16）.  Bas C, Kuyper Th W, Noordeloos ME, Vellinga EC, van Os J. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica 3. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 1995: 45. ISBN 978-90-5410-616-6.  Weil A. The Marriage of the Sun and Moon: Dispatches from the Frontiers of Consciousness. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 77. ISBN 978-0-618-47905-4.  Guzmán G, Allen JW, Gartz J. A worldwide geographical distribution of the neurotropic fungi, an analysis and discussion (PDF). Annali del Museo Civico di Rovereto. 1998, 14: 198–280 [12 January 2010]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于26 June 2010）.  Watling R, Martin MP. A sequestrate Psilocybe from Scotland. Botanical Journal of Scotland. 2003, 55 (2): 245–57. ISSN 1359-4869. S2CID 84039900. doi:10.1080/03746600308685009.  Johnston PR, Buchanan PK. The genus Psilocybe (Agaricales) in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 1995, 33 (3): 379–88. Bibcode:1995NZJB...33..379J. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1995.10412964.  Guzmán G, Ott J, Boydston J, Pollock SH. Psychotropic mycoflora of Washington, Idaho, Oregon, California and British Columbia. Mycologia. 1976, 68 (6): 1267–72 [6 January 2011]. JSTOR 3758763. PMID 1034879. doi:10.2307/3758763. （原始内容存档于1 November 2018）.  Stamets P. Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World: An Identification Guide. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 1996: 24. ISBN 978-0-89815-839-7.  Gartz J. Magic Mushrooms Around the World. Los Angeles, California: LIS Publications. 1997: 18. ISBN 978-0-9653399-0-2.  Finlay AR, McCracken AR. Microbial suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Lucas, John (编). Phytophthora: Symposium of the British Mycological Society, the British Society for Plant Pathology, and the Society of Irish Plant Pathologists held at Trinity College, Dublin, September 1989. Cambridge, England: Published for the British Mycological Society by Cambridge University Press. 1991: 387. ISBN 978-0-521-40080-0.  Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Díez MT, García JB, González del Val A, Gorrochategui J, Hernández P, Peláez F, Vicente MF. Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 2000, 78 (2): 129–39. PMID 11204765. S2CID 23654559. doi:10.1023/A:1026552024021.  Hofmann A, Heim R, Tscherter H. Phytochimie – présence de la psilocybine dans une espèce européenne d'agaric, le Psilocybe semilanceata Fr. [Phytochemistry – presence of psilocybin in a European agaric species, Psilocybe semilanceata Fr.]. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences. 1963, 257 (1): 10–12 （法语）.  Stijve T, Kuyper TW. Occurrence of psilocybin in various higher fungi from several European countries. Planta Medica. 1985, 51 (5): 385–87. PMID 17342589. S2CID 260281057. doi:10.1055/s-2007-969526.  List of psychotropic substances under international control (PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. August 2003. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于5 December 2005）.  Marley G. Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. 2010: 178. ISBN 978-1-60358-214-8.