美第奇银行

美第奇银行（義大利語：Banco dei Medici，1397年－1494年）是15世纪欧洲最著名的银行之一。 据估计，在某一时期内美第奇家族甚至是全欧洲最富裕的家庭。通过这些惊人的财富，美第奇家族牢牢掌握了佛罗伦萨的权力，并进一步扩展到整个意大利以致全欧洲。 美第奇银行一个值得称道的贡献是通过复式簿记的方法促进了分类记账系统的发展。 乔凡尼·德·美第奇是家族中是第一个进入银行业务的人，随后他逐渐成为佛罗伦萨政府中有影响的人物。但直到1434年，他的儿子科西莫·德·美第奇时，美第奇家族才真正成为佛罗伦萨共和国的实际统治者。 The qualifier "during the 15th century" is important, as the Bardi and Peruzzi banks of the 14th century are considered to have been considerably larger in their prime; the smaller size of the Medici bank is attributed to poor business conditions, which are sometimes one of the proffered causes for the Medici bank's ultimate decline and failure. The Medici's relative lack of ambition can be seen in how they never truly challenged the 汉萨同盟, established no branches in the Middle East, and did not pursue the business in and around the 波罗的海. See pgs 5-6, 8 of de Roover 1966 "A surviving fragment of the ledger of the Bruges branch shows that the books were carefully kept and that the double-entry system was in use." pg 24, De Roover 1948. In an attached footnote, de Roover identifies the erroneous belief that the Medicis did not use double-entry as stemming from Otto Meltzing's mistake in Das Bankhaus der Medici und seine Vorläufer (Jena, 1906) and repeated in Gutkind's Cosimo. de Roover, Raymond Adrien, The Medici Bank: its organization, management, and decline, New York; London: 纽约大学出版社; 牛津大学出版社分别出版, 1948  -(Largely a reprint of three articles de Roover published in The Journal of Economic History.) de Roover, Raymond Adrien, The rise and decline of the Medici Bank: 1397-1494, 纽约; 伦敦: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.; George J. McLeod Limited (respectively), 1966, LCCN: 63-11417  -(the product of three years research in the Florentine archives, to improve the author's previous work; it was previously released in 1963, not by the Norton Library but by Harvard University Press) Goldthwaite, Richard A. 美第奇银行和佛罗伦萨的资本主义. Past & Present (Oxford University Press for the Past and Present Society). February 1987, 114: 3–31. ISSN 0031-2746.  使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) Goldthwaite, Richard A. "Local banking in Renaissance Florence". 欧洲经济史记. 1985, 14: 5–55. ISSN 0391-5115.  使用|accessdate=需要含有|url= (帮助) de Roover, Florence Edler. "Francesco Sassetti and the Downfall of the Medici Banking House". Bulletin of the Business Historical Society (The President and Fellows of Harvard College). October 1943, 17 (4): 65–80 [2006-09-21].  Parks, Tim, Medici money: banking, metaphysics, and art in fifteenth-century Florence, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2005, ISBN 0-393-05827-1  Grunzwig, Armand, Correspondance de la filiale de Bruges des Medici, Brussels, 1931, OCLC: 1973038  - (A compilation of correspondence between the Medici bank branch at Bruges and the home branch in Florence.) Sieveking, Heinrich Johann, Auswärtige handelspolitik, Leipzig, 1905, LCCN: 05-23618  von Reumont, Alfred; Harrison, Robert, Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent, London, 1876, OCLC: 576516  Holmes, George, How the Medici Became the Pope's Bankers, Rubinstein, Nicolai (编), Florentine Studies: Politics and Society in Renaissance Florence 1, London: Northwestern University Press: 357–380, 1968, OCLC: 929397 . Rubinstein, Nicolai, The Letters of Lorenzo de' Medici and of the Medici Bank: Problems of Authorship, Rinascimento xxii, 1982, xxii: 115–164 . Brown, Alison, Pierfrancesco de' Medici, 1430-1476: A Radical Alternative to Elder Medicean Supremacy?, Jl. Warburg and Courtauld Insts. xlii, 1979, xlii: 81–103 . www.pbs.org （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） economist.com