旋角牛

旋角牛（學名：Pseudonovibos spiralis）是柬埔寨及越南的一種牛科动物，也是旋角牛属的唯一已知物种，由於實証不足，其真實性至今存疑。 旋角牛最初被認為是像牛的動物，有著一對長約45厘米及扭曲的角，身上有斑點。 旋角牛的柬埔寨名字“kting voar”最初被西方譯為「叢林綿羊」，故被誤會是一種與羊有關的動物。這個柬埔寨名字事實上是「角像籐一般的野牛」。由於混淆，越南曾有报告稱牠們在当地的為名字“羚羊”，但其實那是當地人對鬣羚的稱呼。 旋角牛的學名“Pseudonovibos spiralis”並不有效，因為其完模標本其實是一隻家牛，而此學名的字面意思正好是「有旋角的偽家牛」。 最初支持旋角牛存在的證據是沃爾夫岡·皮特（Wolfgang Peter）在胡志明市市場購來的一些角。 皮特認為這些角屬於一個新的物種。 由於沒有解剖資料，旋角牛的種系發生學地位不明。皮特等人建議將旋角牛分類到羚羊族中，但從形態分析卻指牠們應屬於牛族，更有學者認為是羊族。遺傳學分析卻造成了更混淆的結果。 不過這些DNA明顯是受到了污染。 所有相信是屬於旋角牛及用來進行DNA測試的標本，其實都是人工製成的家牛牛角。 懷疑者都認為旋角牛只是傳說的動物，但也有學者認為傳說的本身可能代表著一種野生牛族的存在。 若後者是真的，旋角牛應是十分瀕危或甚至已經滅絕。 Peter, W.P., Feiler, A. Horns of an unknown bovid species from Vietnam (Mammalia: Ruminantia). Faun. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden. 1994a, 19: 247–53.  Peter, W.P., Feiler, A. A new bovid species from Vietnam and Cambodia (Mammalia: Ruminantia). Zool. Abh. Mus. Tierkd. Dresden. 1994b, 48: 169–76.  Dioli M. A clarification about the morphology of the horns of the female kouprey: a new unknown bovid species from Cambodia. Mammalia. 1995, 59: 663–7.  Dioli, M. Notes on the morphology of the horns of a new artiodactyl mammal from Cambodia: Pseudonovibos spiralis. J. Zool. (Lond.). 1997, 241: 527–31.  Timm, R.M. & Brandt, J.H. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): new information on this enigmatic South-east Asian ox. J. Zool., Lond. 2001, 253: 157–66.  Nadler, T. Was ist Pseudonovibos spiralis?. Zool. Garten N.F. 1997, 67: 290–2.  Hammer, S.E., Suchentrunk, F., Tiedemann, R., Hartl, G.B., Feiler, A. Mitochondrial DNA sequence relationships of the newly described enigmatic Vietnamese bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis. Naturwissenschaften. 1999, 86: 279–80.  Kuznetsov, G.V., Kulikov, E.E., Petrov, N.B., Ivanova, N.V., Lomov, A.A., Kholodova, M.V., Poltaraus, A.B. The "linh duong" Pseudonovibos spiralis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) is a new buffalo. Naturwissenschaften. 2001a, 88: 123–5.  Kuznetsov, G.V., Kulikov, E.E., Petrov, N.B., Ivanova, N.V., Lomov, A.A., Kholodova, M.V., Poltaraus, A.B. Taxonomic status and phylogenetic relations of the new genus and species Pseudonovibos spiralis W.P. Peter, A. Feiler, 1994 (Artiodactyla, Bovidae). Zoologičeskij Žurnal. 2001b, 80 (11): 1395–403.  Kuznetsov, G.V., Kulikov, E.E., Petrov, N.B., Ivanova, N.V., Lomov, A.A., Kholodova, M.V., Poltaraus, A.B. Mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequence relationships suggest that the enigmatic bovid "linh duong" Pseudonovibos spiralis is closely related to buffalo. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2002, 23 (1): 91–4.  Hassanin, A., Douzery, E. Is the newly described bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis, a chamois (genus Rupicapra)?. Naturwissenschaften. 2000, 87: 122–4.  Hassanin, A. Ancient specimens and DNA contamination: a case study from the 12S rRNA gene sequence of the "linh duong" bovid (Pseudonovibos spiralis). Naturwissenschaften. 2002, 89: 107–10.  Olson, L. E. and Hassanin A. Contamination and chimerism are perpetuating the legend of the snake-eating cow with twisted horns (Pseudonovibos spiralis): A case study of the pitfalls of ancient DNA. Mol. Phylogenetics. Evol. 2003, 27 (2): 545–8.  Hassanin, A., Seveau, A., Thomas, H., Bocherens, H., Billiou, D. and Nguyen, B.X. Evidence from DNA that the mysterious 'linh duong' (Pseudonovibos spiralis) is not a new bovid. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Série III Sciences de la Vie. 2001, 324: 71–80.  Brandt, J. H., Dioli, M., Hassanin, A., Melville, R. A., Olson, L. E., Seveau, A., and Timm, R. M. Debate on the authenticity of Pseudonovibos spiralis as a new species of wild bovid from Vietnam and Cambodia. Journal of Zoology. 2001, 255: 437–44.