鯡魚

鯡魚 (Herring) 鯡魚是大部分鯡科魚的通稱。牠們多在暗沙或岸邊聯群游弋。其中，最常見，而且具高商業價值的鯡魚有3種，皆屬於鯡屬，其捕獲量佔了鯡魚總捕獲量約90%。其中，三種鯡屬魚中捕獲量最多的為大西洋鯡，佔比過半。這三種魚一般在北太平洋、北大西洋、波羅的海和南美洲西岸的淺水溫帶區出沒。此外，也有一些被稱作鯡魚的魚類在阿拉伯海、印度洋和孟加拉灣一帶出沒。 歷史上，鯡魚在歐洲漁業扮演了舉足輕重的角色，對此魚的研究在二十世紀早期為漁業學提供了長足進步的基礎。此外，牠們曾長年為重要的食用魚，常以燻、醃處理保存。 不少物種皆被歸類為鯡魚，其中大部份皆屬於鯡科。鯡魚的英文名稱herring的詞源並不明確，可能源於古高地德語的heri，有衆多、大群體之意。 鯡科的模式屬為鯡屬。鯡屬共有三種，包括在北太平洋出沒的模式種大西洋鯡、在北太平洋出沒的太平洋鯡以及智利沿岸出沒的貝氏智利鯡。 除此之外，也有不少魚類被國際自然保護聯盟視爲鯡魚，收錄於世界魚類數據庫，現表列如下： Based on data sourced from the relevant FAO Species Fact Sheets （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cushing, David H (1975) Marine ecology and fisheries （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-09911-0. Went, AEJ (1972) "The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biology, 73: 351–360.doi:10.1017/S0080455X0000240X Herring （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Online Etymology Dictionary, Retrieved 10 April 2012. Pauly, Daniel (2004) Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Page 109, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82777-5. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea bentincki. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Clupea bentincki (Norman, 1936) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. Clupea bentincki. ITIS. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupea harengus. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Clupea harengus (Linnaeus, 1758) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. Clupea harengus. ITIS. [April 2012].  Herdson D & Priede I. Clupea harengus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [6 April 2012].  Clupea pallasii (Valenciennes, 1847) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. Clupea pallasii. ITIS. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Clupeoides papuensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Clupeoides papuensis. ITIS. 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[April 2012].  Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Jenkinsia parvula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema berlangai. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Opisthonema libertate. ITIS. [April 2012].  Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Opisthonema berlangai. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema medirastre. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Opisthonema medirastre. ITIS. [April 2012].  Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema medirastre. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema libertate. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Opisthonema libertate (Günther, 1867) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2012. Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema libertate. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Opisthonema bulleri. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Opisthonema bulleri. ITIS. [April 2012].  Cotto A, Medina E & Bernal O. Opisthonema bulleri. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile nigrofasciata. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Lile nigrofasciata. ITIS. [April 2012].  Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile nigrofasciata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Denticeps clupeoides. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Denticeps clupeoides. ITIS. [April 2012].  Lalèyè P, Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Denticeps clupeoides. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. ITIS. [April 2012].  Chirocentrodon bleekerianus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Lile gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012].  Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Lile gracilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Harengula thrissina. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Harengula thrissina. ITIS. [April 2012].  Iwamoto T, Eschmeyer W & Smith-Vaniz B. Harengula thrissina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Thrattidion noctivagus. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Thrattidion noctivagus. ITIS. [April 2012].  Thrattidion noctivagus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Spratelloides gracilis. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Spratelloides gracilis. ITIS. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Lile stolifera. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Lile stolifera. ITIS. [April 2012].  Iwamoto T & Eschmeyer W. Lile stolifera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Sierrathrissa leonensis. FishBase. Version 2012-04. Sierrathrissa leonensis. ITIS. [April 2012].  Moelants T & Olaosebikan BD. Sierrathrissa leonensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. [April 2012].  維基教科書的食譜有以下内容：鯡魚 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：鯡魚 Herring "communicate" by flatulence （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from National Geographic (2003) Atlantic Herring （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from the Gulf of Maine Research Institute Nutrition Facts for Herring （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Prospecting herring waste – from ScienceNordic （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） PNAS Population-scale sequencing reveals genetic differentiation due to local adaptation in Atlantic herring. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Template:herrings（英语：Template:herrings）