卡羅蘭城堡

卡羅蘭城堡（英語：Carolands Chateau）是一棟位於美國加州希爾斯堡的豪宅，居住面積46,050平方英尺（4,278平方米），高4.5層樓，有98個房間，佔地5.83英畝（2.36公頃）。該建築是美國文藝復興（英语：American Renaissance）和美術學院派建築的典範，也是加州歷史地標（英语：California Historical Landmark），並被列入美國國家史蹟名錄。鍍金時代建築的豪宅包括范德比爾特家族的大理石屋、比特摩爾莊園和聽濤山莊，以及加州的費羅麗莊園和漢庭頓家族的豪宅，此建築是該時代最後建造的豪宅之一。 此豪宅由哈莉特·普爾曼·卡羅蘭（Harriett Pullman Carolan，1869-1956年）出資建造，她是工業家喬治·普爾曼的女兒。喬治是普爾曼公司（英语：Pullman Company）的創始人，該公司以出產豪華的鐵路車廂而聞名。1892年，哈莉特·普爾曼在芝加哥與來自舊金山的弗朗西斯·卡羅蘭（Francis Carolan）結婚，隨他遷居加州。1912年，她在希爾斯堡選擇了當地最高處，購買了554英畝（224公頃）的土地，可以俯瞰舊金山灣和周圍山脈的景色。她計畫在這片土地上建造一座花園住宅，能引起“美國的驚奇和欽佩”，且展現她精緻高雅的品味。結果是受路易十四宮廷風（英语：Louis XIV style）啟發的美術學院派建築傑作。 哈莉特委託當時法國最著名的住宅設計師歐奈斯特·桑森設計這座豪宅。桑森是一位古典主義者，他對城堡外觀的設計靈感來自於17世紀弗朗索瓦·芒薩爾的設計。桑森當時已經七十六歲，從未到過加州工地。哈莉特聘請了舊金山著名建築師威利斯·波爾克（英语：Willis Polk）擔任結構設計師和施工經理，指示他忠實地執行桑森的設計。 花園由法國著名景觀設計師阿希爾·杜捨納（英语：Achille Duchêne）設計。杜捨納的作品靈感源自17世紀的景觀設計大師安德烈·勒諾特爾的作品，其成名作包括凡爾賽宮、沃子爵城堡和杜樂麗花園的花園。杜捨納最初的設計雄心勃勃，規劃了數英里長的道路，穿過廣闊的土地，種植數千棵灌木和樹木，間以噴泉和雕像。結果該設計只有一小部分建成。 該莊園於1926年建了大門，守衛通往城堡的道路，1929年建成1000平方呎的門廳。該門廳於2010年在捐款者的支持下修復，供該市警局使用。 該豪宅是一起姦殺案的現場。該豪宅於1985年並不對外開放，但守衛大衛·艾倫·雷利（英语：David Allen Raley）有時偷偷帶人參觀。1985年2月5日，兩位高中生想要參觀該豪宅，雷利讓她們進門後強姦了兩人，再砍了她們數十刀。Jeanine Grinsell因此死亡，而Laurie McKenna倖存。 城堡北側；右方可見城堡西側的圓頂（2013年） 從花園看城堡西側（2013年） 城堡南側可見門廊（2013年） 從玫瑰園露台看城堡（2013年） 門廊內部 Carolands Chateau- South Front Garden view -2013 Carolands Chateau- Garden view West from Bordeaux Salon 2013 Carolands Chateau- West Garden and fountains from Harriett's Bedroom balcony 2013 Carolands Chateau- Duchêne Border Parterre 2013 Carolands Chateau- Entry Courtyard view across Gardens 2013 西露台和獅身人面像 修復後的大樓梯 上層畫廊和主樓梯 1982年時，該豪宅被用來偷拍成人電影All American Girls，這是該豪宅內部現存最早的影片。該片於1984年獲得成人影帶新聞獎三項提名，並獲得最佳攝影獎。 In 2006 a feature-length documentary, Three Women and a Chateau, which tells the nearly 100-year history of Carolands, premiered at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival and was featured in seven other film festivals, winning Best Documentary (Grand Jury Award) at the Rhode Island International Film Festival.[來源請求] The Heiress and Her Chateau: Carolands of California, a one-hour documentary about the chateau, first premiered January 19, 2014 on KQED-TV, and the following year was broadcast nationally on PBS. It was nominated for two Emmy Awards: Outstanding Achievement – Cultural/Historical Documentary and Outstanding Achievement - Writer. Both documentaries were made by Luna Productions. Lacy-Thompson, Tony. A visit to the Downton Abbey of the San Francisco Peninsula. Regarding Arts. 19 January 2014 [19 March 2015].  Skurman, Andrew. American Landmark — Book Review: Carolands. Period Homes. July 2007, 8 (4) [19 March 2015].  引用错误：没有为名为NRHP的参考文献提供内容 Silver and Gold Fittings Offered. Spokane Daily Chronicle. AP. 24 January 1950 [19 March 2015].  There is a doctor in the 110 room house. The Milwaukee Journal. 27 January 1976 [19 March 2015].  Chateau Option Dropped (PDF). The Times (San Mateo). 6 February 1976: 10 [20 March 2015].  Hillsborough's Carolands Sold To Woman Investor. Santa Cruz Sentinel. 9 April 1976 [20 March 2015].  引用错误：没有为名为HouseHill的参考文献提供内容 A California developer has offered $47.2 million for properties .... UPI. 29 December 1983 [20 March 2015].  Pasta heir defends self in tax case. The Bend Bulletin. 18 September 1991 [19 March 2015].  Lew, Julie. A Mansion Is Restored And Opens As Exhibit. the New York Times. 19 September 1991 [19 March 2015].  Carolands chateau rescued by scion of chocolate fortune. Preservation News. December 1986 [19 March 2015].  Wilson, Marshall. Preserving A Landmark Mansion. San Francisco Chronicle. 28 February 1997 [19 March 2015].  Newsletter. California Heritage Council. May 2009 [19 March 2015].  Developer to Buy Carolands Chateau. San Francisco Chronicle. 25 January 1997 [19 March 2015].  King, Dale; Hebert, Julia. America's Downton Abbey: Chateau Carolands. South Florida Opulence. Summer 2014 [20 March 2015]. （原始内容存档于17 August 2014）.  Michelson, Alan. PCAD id 9688. Pacific Coast Architecture Database. 2015 [19 March 2015].  National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2006-03-15.  Carolands. Office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. [2012-10-14].  History. Carolands Foundation.  https://www.hillsborough.net/341/Carolands-Gatehouse People v. Raley, 830 P. 2d 712 - Cal: Supreme Court 1992 –通过Google Scholar.  https://www.sfgate.com/sfhistory/article/california-gilded-age-mansion-carolands-17441886.php YouTube上的Carolands Featured in 1982 Film All American Girls (1982) - Awards –通过IMDb.  The Heiress and Her Chateau, a PBS documentary. lunaproductions.com. [2019-09-06].  California Department of Parks and Recreation, California Historical Landmarks (1981) California State Historic Building Code, California Senate Bill no. 2321, September, 1984 C. Michael Hogan, Steven Wanat et al., Environmental Impact Report for the Proposed Nine Unit Subdivision at 565 Remillard Drive (Carolands Chateau Site), Hillsborough, prepared for the town of Hillsborough by Earth Metrics Inc, Burlingame, California, January 15, 1986 Chet Rhodes, The Doomed Chateau, San Francisco Chronicle, July, 1985 John Horgan, Carolands Chateau may be Razed, Peninsula Times, June, 1985 Dwyer, Michael Middleton; Hales, Mick (Photographer). Carolands: Ernest Sanson, Achille Duchêne, Willis Polk. Redwood City: San Mateo County Historical Association and Institute of Classical Architecture & Art. 2006 [19 March 2015]. ISBN 978-0-9785259-0-3. OCLC 77238885.  Masson, Kathryn; Glomb, David (Photographer). California Splendor. New York: Rizzoli. 2013 [19 March 2015]. ISBN 978-0-8478-3965-0. OCLC 823046128.  Buatta, Mario; Eerdmans, Emily; Rense, Paige. Mario Buatta: Fifty Years of American Interior Decoration. New York: Rizzoli. 2013 [19 March 2015]. ISBN 978-0-8478-4072-4. OCLC 832278609.  Seymour, Ann; Hutcheson, Jack (Photographer). Deck the Halls. Gentry (Menlo Park: 18 Media). December 2008: 112–123 [20 March 2015]. ISSN 1545-7664. （原始内容 (Requires Adobe Flash Player)存档于March 4, 2016）.  D'Oench, Nancy; Martin, Bonny; Hales, Mick (Photographer). Gardens private & personal: A Garden Club of America Book. New York: Abrams. 2008. ISBN 978-0810972803. OCLC 183162315.  Bissell, Therese; Hales, Mick (Photographer). Romancing History. Architectural Digest. 20 December 2006 [20 March 2015].  Kho, Nancy Davis. Hillsborough's Downton Abbey. San Francisco Chronicle. 18 January 2014 [19 March 2015].  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：卡羅蘭城堡 官方网站 The Carolands at the National Register of Historic Places Library of Congress Historical American Buildings Survey San Mateo County – Property Summary Web page for Emmy nominated PBS documentary on Chateau Carolands, "The Heiress and Her Chateau"