童年

童年是从出生跨越到青春期的年龄时间段。童年也可能包括青少年，但无论如何都是在成年之前。童年一般由两个阶段组成：前运算阶段（preoperational stage）和具体运算阶段（concrete operational stage）。在发展心理学中，童年被分为四个发展阶段，即婴儿期（学步期），儿童早期（玩耍期），儿童晚期（学龄期），以及青春期（青春期至后青春期）。各种各样的童年因素会影响一个人人生态度的形成。 童年是一个让孩子学习、玩耍的时间段，是一个让孩子在家庭的爱和鼓励、及许多成人关心下变得坚强与自信的时间段。这个年龄的孩子，生活没有恐惧，远离暴力、虐待和剥削。正因如此，童年绝非仅是出生与成为成人期间的间隔。它指的是儿童的生活状态和条件，及這些年的生活品質。 童年的具体时间并不明确，它可以指人类发展中的一段长时间。以发育和生物学而言，它指的是婴儿期与成年期之间的时期。一般而言，童年从出生开始。也有人认为，童年是玩耍和纯真的代名词。许多国家的法律中规定了着法定成人年龄，即一个人的童年正式结束，而在法律上成为成人的年龄。这一年龄各国有所不同，一般在15到20岁之间，其中以18岁最为普遍。 麦克米伦学生词典（Macmillan Dictionary for Students）Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981)，第173页。于2010-7-15检索。 Childhood definition and meaning. Collins Dictionary. [2019年2月2日]. （原始内容存档于2021年5月1日）.  Definition of Childhood. MedicineNet. [2020-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-06-28） （英语）.  联合国儿童基金会（UNICEF），世界儿童发展报告。于2005年检索。 Ariès, Philippe. Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962. Boas, George. The Cult of Childhood. London: Warburg, 1966. Brown, Marilyn R., ed. Picturing Children: Constructions of Childhood between Rousseau and Freud. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002. Buckingham, David. After the Death of Childhood: Growing Up in the Age of Electronic Media. Blackwell Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-7456-1933-9. Bunge, Marcia J., ed. The Child in Christian Thought. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2001. Calvert, Karin. Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992. Cleverley, John and D.C. Phillips. Visions of Childhood: Influential Models from Locke to Spock. New York: Teachers College, 1986. Cannella, Gaile and Joe L. Kincheloe. "Kidworld: Childhood Studies, Global Perspectives, and Education". New York: Peter Lang, 2002. Cunningham, Hugh. Children and Childhood in Western Society since 1500. London: Longman, 1995. Cunnington, Phillis and Anne Buck. Children’s Costume in England: 1300 to 1900. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1965. deMause, Lloyde, ed. The History of Childhood. London: Souvenir Press, 1976. Higonnet, Anne. Pictures of Innocence: The History and Crisis of Ideal Childhood. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 1998. Immel, Andrea and Michael Witmore, eds. Childhood and Children’s Books in Early Modern Europe, 1550-1800. New York: Routledge, 2006. Kincaid, James R. Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. New York: Routledge, 1992. Knörr, Jacqueline, ed. Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency. Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005. Müller, Anja, ed. Fashioning Childhood in the Eighteenth Century: Age and Identity. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2006. O’Malley, Andrew. The Making of the Modern Child: Children’s Literature and Childhood in the Late Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 2003. Pinchbeck, Ivy and Margaret Hewitt. Children in English Society. 2 vols. London: Routledge, 1969. Pollock, Linda A. Forgotten Children: Parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Postman, Neil. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage, 1994. Schultz, James. The Knowledge of Childhood in the German Middle Ages. Shorter, Edward. The Making of the Modern Family. Sommerville, C. John. The Discovery of Childhood in Puritan England. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992. Steinberg, Shirley R. and Joe L. Kincheloe. Kinderculture: The Corporate Construction of Childhood. Westview Press Inc., 2004. ISBN 081339157. Stone, Lawrence. The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. Zornado, Joseph L. Inventing the Child: Culture, Ideology, and the Story of Childhood. New York: Garland, 2001. 查看维基词典中的词条「童年」。 维基语录上的童年语录 Childhood，In Our Time (BBC Radio 4)（英语：BBC Radio 4）的《In Our Time》節目。(現在聆聽) 世界儿童基金会 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文） Meeting Early Childhood Needs（英文） 新条目《童年》高尔基