非国家暴力行为者

在國際關係學中，非国家暴力行为者是完全或部分独立于政府的个人或组织，而且他們通常通過威脅或暴力手段达到自己的目的。这些非国家暴力行为者可能是贩毒集团、宗教和意识形态组织、公司（如私人軍事服務公司）、民兵自卫组织以及由一国政府创建的準軍事組織。一些非国家暴力行为者持反政府立场，也有些会与政府合作。 Hofmann & Schneckener 2011，第2-3頁. Bahiss, Ibraheem; Jackson, Ashley; Mayhew, Leigh; Weigand, Florian. Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework (PDF). ODI / Centre on Armed Groups. 2022.  Bartolomei, Jason; Casebeer, William; Thomas, Troy. Modeling Violent Non-State Actors: A Summary of Concepts and Methods (PDF). IITA Research Publication, Information Series (Colorado: Institute for Information Technology Applications, United States Air Force Academy). November 2004, (4). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于October 18, 2011）.  Casebeer, William, (USAF, USAF Academy); Thomas, Maj. Troy (USAF 1st Fighter Wing IN.). Deterring Violent Non-State Actors in the New Millenium. Strategic Insights. December 2002, I (10): [页码请求]. （原始内容存档于March 6, 2008）.  Child Soldiers International. Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers. 2012 [19 January 2018].  Child Soldiers International. A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups. 2016a [19 January 2018].  Child Soldiers International. Des Milliers de vies à réparer (in French). 2016b [18 January 2018]. Humanitarian Engagement with Non-state Armed Groups. Chatham House. [6 July 2017].  Coll, S. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin. 2004: 4. ISBN 978-0141020808.  Daugaard, C A. Blackwater and Private Military Contractors. August 2012 [18 January 2018].  Drake, C J M. The role of ideology in terrorists' target selection. Terrorism and Political Violence. 21 Dec 2007, 10 (2): 53–85. doi:10.1080/09546559808427457.  Emmerson, B. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism (PDF). www.un.org. 2016 [2018-01-24].  European Parliament. Understanding definitions of terrorism (PDF). www.europa.eu. 2015 [2018-01-24].  India's Naxalites: A spectre haunting India. The Economist. 2006-04-12 [2009-07-13].  Halibozek, Edward P.; Jones, Andy; Kovacich, Gerald L. The corporate security professional's handbook on terrorism illustrated. Elsevier (Butterworth-Heinemann). 2008: 4–5 [17 December 2016]. ISBN 978-0-7506-8257-2.  Hofmann, Claudia; Schneckener, Ulrich. Engaging non-state armed actors in state and peace-building: options and strategies (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. September 2011, 93 (883): 603–621. S2CID 56050385. doi:10.1017/S1816383112000148.  Holtom, P; Chapsos, I. Floating armouries in the Indian Ocean and the risk of diversion involving private maritime security companies (PDF). 2015 [24 January 2018].  Human Rights Watch. Afghanistan: Taliban Child Soldier Recruitment Surges. 17 February 2016 [25 January 2018].  Jackson, A. Briefing Paper: Talking to the other side: Humanitarian engagement with armed non-state actors. Overseas Development Institute. 2012.  Jackson, Ashley; Weigand, Florian; Tindall, Theo. Understanding agency in civilian-armed group interactions (PDF). ODI / Centre on Armed Groups. 2022.  Jackson, Ashley; Weigand, Florian; Tindall, Theo. Crime and communities: Life under criminal group control (PDF). ODI / Centre on Armed Groups. 2023.  Thomas, Troy S.; Casebeer, William D. Violent Non-State Actors: Countering Dynamic Systems (PDF). Strategic Insights. March 2004, III (3). （原始内容 (PDF)存档于March 1, 2009）.  Shultz, Richard H.; Farah, Douglas; Lochard, Itamara V. Armed Groups: A Tier-One Security Priority (PDF). INSS Occasional Paper (USAF Institute for National Security Studies, USAF Academy). September 2004, (57).  Sinclair, Samuel Justin; Antonius, Daniel. The Psychology of Terrorism Fears. Oxford University Press, USA. 7 May 2012. ISBN 978-0-19-538811-4.  Thomas, Troy S.; Kiser, Stephen D.; Casebeer, William D. Warlords Rising: Confronting Violent Non-state Actors. Lexington Books. August 2005. ISBN 978-0-7391-1190-1.  UNICEF. UN Officials congratulate MILF for completion of disengagement of children from its ranks. 4 December 2017 [25 January 2018].  United Nations General Assembly. Draft comprehensive convention against international terrorism (PDF). www.un.org. 2005 [2018-01-24].  United Nations Secretary-General. Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017. www.un.org. 2017 [2018-01-24].  Weigand, Florian. Conflict and Transnational Crime: Borders, Bullets & Business in Southeast Asia. Edward Elgar. 2020. ISBN 978 1 78990 519 9.  Williams, Phil. Violent Non-State Actors (PDF). Zurich: International Relations and Security Network. 28 November 2008.  Williamson, Myra. Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001. Ashgate Publishing. 2009. ISBN 978-0-7546-7403-0.