孟塞尔颜色系统

孟塞尔颜色系统（Munsell Color System）是色度（或比色法）裡透過明度（value）、色相（hue）及彩度（chroma）三個維度來描述顏色的方法。這個颜色描述系统是由美国艺术家阿尔伯特·孟塞尔（英语：Albert Henry Munsell）（Albert H. Munsell，1858－1918）在1898年创制的，在1930年代為USDA採納為泥土研究的官方顏色描述系統。至今仍是比较色法的标准。 早期的幾個色彩體系將顏色放在各種不同的三維色立體，但孟塞尔是第一個把色調、明度和彩度分離成為感知均勻和獨立的尺度，並且是第一個系統地在三維空間中表達顏色的關係。孟塞尔的系統，尤其是其後的再标记法，是基於嚴格的人類受試者測量的視覺反應，使之具有堅實的實驗科學依據。基於人類的視覺感知，孟塞尔的系統熬過了其他現代色彩模式的挑戰，儘管在某些領域其地位已被某些特殊用途的模型取代了，如CIELAB（L*a*b*）和CIECAM02（英语：CIECAM02）。孟塞尔的系統目前仍然是最廣泛使用的系統。 孟塞尔颜色系统的空间大致成一个圆柱形： 经度=色相（hue）。把一周均分成五5種主色互相调和成五種中间色，相邻的两个位置之间再均分10份，共100份。 红（R）、红黄（YR）、黄（Y）、黄绿（GY）、绿（G）、绿蓝（BG）、蓝（B）、蓝紫（PB）、紫（P）、紫红（RP） 南北上下轴=明度（value）的深淺，從全黑（N0）至全灰（N5）到全白（N10）。 距轴的距离=彩度（chroma），表示顏色的纯度。其数值从中间（0）向外随着顏色的纯度增加，没有理论上的上限（普通的颜色实际上限为10左右，反光、荧光等材料可高达30）。由于人眼对各种颜色的敏感度不同，彩度不一定与每个顏色和明度组合相匹配。 具体颜色的标识形式为：色相 明度/彩度。例如5B 5/10是中等明度（5），高彩度（10）的正蓝色（5B）。 5P 5/10(#9966B6) 5P 5/10 Kuehni (2002), p 21 Landa (2005), pp 437–438 Cleland, Thomas M. A practical description of the Munsell color system, with suggestions for its use. Boston: Munsell Color Company. 1921.  One of the first books about the Munsell color system, explaining the intuition behind its three dimensions, and suggesting possible uses of the system in picking color combinations. An edited version can be found at http://www.applepainter.com/（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Kuehni, Rolf G. The early development of the Munsell system. Color Research and Application. February 2002, 27 (1): 20–27. doi:10.1002/col.10002.  A description of color systems leading up to Munsell’s, and a biographical explanation of Munsell’s changing ideas about color and development of his color solid, leading up to the publication of A Color Notation in 1905. Landa, Edward R.; Mark D. Fairchild. Charting Color from the Eye of the Beholder (PDF). American Scientist. September–October 2005, 93 (5): 436–443 [2013-03-18]. doi:10.1511/2005.5.436. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-09-16）.  引文使用过时参数coauthors (帮助) 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (link) An introductory explanation of the development and influence of the Munsell system. MacEvoy, Bruce. Modern Color Models – Munsell Color System. Color Vision. 2005-08-01 [2007-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-27）.  A concise introduction to the Munsell color system, on a web page which also discusses several other color systems, putting the Munsell system in its historical context. Munsell, Albert H. A Color Notation. Boston: G. H. Ellis Co. 1905.  Munsell’s original description of his system. A Color Notation was published before he had established the irregular shape of a perceptual color solid, so it describes colors positioned in a sphere. Munsell, Albert H. A Pigment Color System and Notation. The American Journal of Psychology (University of Illinois Press). January 1912, 23 (2): 236–244. JSTOR 1412843. doi:10.2307/1412843.  Munsell’s description of his color system, from a lecture to the American Psychological Association. Nickerson, Dorothy. History of the Munsell color system, company, and foundation. Color Research and Application. 1976, 1 (1): 7–10. [永久失效連結] Munsell.com（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, the homepage of Munsell Color, a subdivision of X-Rite, current owners of the Munsell Color Company. Munsell page at the X-Rite website. Munsell to L*a*b* Conversion Freeware, a Windows application for converting Munsell renotations to CIELAB coordinates. Munsell Color Science Laboratory（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） at the Rochester Institute of Technology, an academic laboratory dedicated to color science, endowed by the Munsell Foundation. Munsell renotation data（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in plain text format (from the 1940s Optical Society of America renotations). ApplePainter.com（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, a site explaining the Munsell color chart, including an edited version of Cleland’s book, A practical description of the Munsell color system. An explanation of the Munsell system at Adobe.com. Retrieved 13 August 2003 A brief explanation at the site of the Japanese company Dainichiseika Color & Chemicals, including a nice diagram of the Munsell color solid. A flash-based Munsell Palette color-picker from web-design firm Triplecode (based on a version originally created at the MIT Media Lab). ToyPalette from Loo & Cox, a web application for generating color palettes from images. Munsell color analysis of digital image.