海蝶螺屬

海蝶螺屬（學名：Atlanta），又叫明螺屬，是玉黍螺目海蝶螺科之下一個全浮游（holoplanktonic（英语：holoplankton））海洋腹足綱軟體動物的屬，也是海蝶螺科的模式屬。 除Atlanta californiensis外，全部19种都生活在热带和亚热带水域。大多数物种（十种）是世界性的，其余的9种物种中，有5种在印度太平洋，有2种只限于太平洋，1种在印度-大西洋，1种只限于大西洋。 它们是在热带和亚热带海洋中漂浮或游泳的蜗牛。大多数都具有全球性的分布，但是A. brunnea，A. pulchella和A. quoyi仅在美国水域中发现。 A. fusca、A. pacifica和A. rosea只生活在日本周围的海洋中。 It has been recognized by several authors that identification of species in this genus is difficult and is dependent on their morphology of eyes, radula and operculum. Main diagnostic features include: the shell and keel are calcareous; larval shell becomes the spire in the adult shell. Snails of this genus are very small. Their coiled, calcareous shell has a diameter of less than 1 cm. The protoconch of the larval shell is retained after metamorphosis and becomes the spire of the adult shell. The number of spire whirls varies from 2½ (in the A. lesueuri- group) to 6 (A. gibbosa) and is thus also helpful in the identification of a species. The spire shape differs between the species groups, from very small (A. lesueuri- group), to inflated or flat (A. inflata- group ) to large (A.inclinata- group and A. gibbosa- group). They can retract into their shell and close it off with an operculum. This operculum is cartilaginous and flexible. In 1961 Richter distinguished three types of the operculum in which the larval gyre of the operculum is apical. This gyre can be relatively somewhat larger (macro-oligogyre), smaller (micro-oligogyre) or a single gyre (monogyre). The eye morphology also consists of three types with differences in pigmented region between the lens and the retina. The radula is typically taenioglossate with one central (rachidian) tooth, with on each side one lateral tooth and two marginal teeth. In 13 species the number of tooth rows increases during growth (Type I), while in 8 species the radula has a limited number of tooth rows (Type II). Many authors (e.g., Thiriot-Quiévreux, 1973, p. 240; Richter, 1974, p. 60; Seapy, 1990, p. 107) admit that identification of Atlanta species is difficult and including soft-part features (eyes, radula, operculum) or application of transmitted light to observe inner shell structures (Richter, 1987, p. 178) are very helpful in distinguishing species with similar shells. However, such methods are unavailable for fossil material. This makes identifying fossil species of Atlanta quite difficult and even well-preserved specimens occasionally can only be related to existing taxa with a query (e.g., Atlanta sp. in Janssen, 2004, p. 108; Atlanta cf. echinogyra in Jansen 2007). Advantageous in this study of fossil atlantids, however, is the fact that all specimens are preserved as opaque aragonitic shells as a result of recrystallisation, which facilitates assessing protoconch shape and ornament with a normal 25 or 50× binocular magnification, they are thus much easier studied than in the usually very transparent and shiny Recent specimens. Still, here, too, study of the larval shell shape and micro-ornamentation by SEM is highly desirable or even indispensable. Atlanta includes a large number of Recent species. Lalli & Gilmer (1989) listed 14 species, but Richter & Seapy (1999) recognised 21 extant species, provisionally subdivided into seven ‘species groups’ (and one species unassigned). A further Recent species was described since; Atlanta selvagensis de Vera & Seapy, 2006. 截至2018年4月15日 (2018-04-15)[update]，WoRMS紀錄本屬物種如下： Atlanta ariejansseni Wall-Palmer, Burridge & Peijnenburg, 2016 Atlanta brunnea J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta californiensis Seapy & Richter, 1993 Atlanta echinogyra Richter, 1972 Atlanta fragilis Richter, 1993 Atlanta frontieri Richter, 1993 Atlanta gaudichaudi Gray, 1850 Atlanta gibbosa Souleyet, 1852 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta lesueurii J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta meteori Richter, 1972 Atlanta oligogyra Tesch, 1906 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 Atlanta plana Richter, 1972 Atlanta rosea Gray, 1850 Atlanta selvagensis de Vera & Seapy, 2006 Atlanta tokiokai van der Spoel & Troost, 1972 Atlanta turriculata d'Orbigny, 1836 taxon inquirendum Species Atlanta peresi Frontier, 1966 Species Atlanta pulchella A. E. Verrill, 1884 異名 Subgenus Atlanta (Heliconoides) d'Orbigny, 1836 接受为 Heliconoides d'Orbigny, 1836 (original rank) Atlanta affinis Tesch, 1906 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta bivonae Mandralisca, 1840 接受为 Oxygyrus inflatus Benson, 1835 (异名) Atlanta bulimoides d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Limacina bulimoides (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination) Atlanta cordiformis Gabb, 1873 接受为 Atlanta selvagensis de Vera & Seapy, 2006 (doubtful synonym) Atlanta costae Mandralisca, 1840 接受为 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 (异名) Atlanta depressa Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta depressa Gray, 1850 接受为 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850 (doubtful synonym) Atlanta fossilis Tate, 1898 † 接受为 Leptonotis fossilis (Tate, 1898) † Atlanta fusca Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta brunnea J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta gaudichaudii Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta gaudichaudi Gray, 1850 Atlanta helicinoides Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta helicinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta inclinata Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta inflata Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta inflata d'Orbigny, 1835 接受为 Heliconoides inflatus (d'Orbigny, 1835) (original combination) Atlanta keraudrenii Lesueur, 1817 接受为 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 Atlanta lamanoni Gray, 1850 接受为 Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888) (Invalid: secondary junior homonym of Steira lamanoni Eschscholtz, 1825) Atlanta lamanonii Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888) (异名) Atlanta lesueurii Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta lesueurii J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta lesueurii d'Orbigny, 1835 接受为 Limacina lesueurii (d'Orbigny, 1835) (original combination) Atlanta macrocarinata Bonnevie, 1920 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta megalope Richter, 1961 接受为 Atlanta inclinata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta pacifica Tokioka, 1955 接受为 Atlanta gaudichaudi Gray, 1850 Atlanta primitia Smith E.A., 1888 接受为 Atlanta lesueurii J.E. Gray, 1850 (dubious synonym) Atlanta quoyana Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta quoyii J.E. Gray, 1850 接受为 Atlanta inflata J.E. Gray, 1850 Atlanta rangi d'Orbigny, 1836 接受为 Oxygyrus inflatus Benson, 1835 (synonym) Atlanta rangii d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Limacina rangii (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination) Atlanta reticulata d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Peracle reticulata (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination) Atlanta rosea Souleyet, 1852 接受为 Atlanta rosea Gray, 1850 Atlanta sculpta (Issel, 1911) 接受为 Protatlanta sculpta Issel, 1911 Atlanta souleyeti E. A. Smith, 1888 接受为 Protatlanta souleyeti (E. A. Smith, 1888) (original combination) Atlanta steindachneri Oberwimmer, 1898 接受为 Atlanta peronii Lesueur, 1817 (synonym) Atlanta trochiformis d'Orbigny, 1834 接受为 Limacina trochiformis (d'Orbigny, 1834) (original combination) Based on similar morphologies, these species have been placed in seven species groups: Tesch (1908) was the first to group together the species of Atlanta sharing similar morphologies. He recognized four species groups; the Atlanta peronii-, Atlanta inflata-, Atlanta turriculata-, and Atlanta inclinata-groups. In addition to these four, three additional ones are currently recognized; the Atlanta lesueurii-, Atlanta gaudichaudi- and Atlanta gibbosa groups. Except for Tesch's Atlanta turriculata-group, the composition of Tesch's species groups has changed by species invalidations, the addition of new species over time, and addition of three new species groups. The main changes in Tesch's species groups have occurred in the Atlanta peronii-group (with Atlanta gaudichaudi and Atlanta lesueurii now forming their own species groups) and the Atlanta inclinata-group (the Atlanta gibbosa now forming its own group). This article incorporates CC BY-3.0 text from references. Janssen A. W. Holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda: Pterotracheoidea, Janthinoidea, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata) from the Pliocene of Pangasinan (Luzon, Philippines). Scripta Geologica. 2007, 135 [2018-04-13]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-24）.  引用错误：没有为名为WoRMS的参考文献提供内容 引用错误：没有为名为WoRMS_137687的参考文献提供内容 Seapy R. R. (2010). Atlanta （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Version 17 July 2010. Tree of Life Web Project, accessed 19 August 2010. Richter G. Die Radula der Atlantiden (Heteropoda, Prosobranchia) und ihre Bedeutung für die Systematik und Evolution der Famiie. Morphol. Okol. Tiere. 1961, 50: 163–238. doi:10.1007/bf00408284.  Lalli C. M. & Gilmer R. W. (1989). Pelagic Snails. The Biology of Holoplanktonic Gastropod Mollusks. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California: viii + 259 pp. page 52. Richter G. & Seapy R. R. (1999). "Heteropoda". In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.) South Atlantic zooplankton, 1. Backhuys, Leiden: 621-647. page 631. Richter G. & Seapy R. R. (1999). Heteropoda. In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.). South Atlantic zooplankton, 1. Backhuys, Leiden; p. 621-647. Richter G. & Seapy R.R. 1999. Heteropoda, pp. 621–647. In: D. Boltovskoy (ed.), South Atlantic Zooplankton. Leiden: Backhuys Publ. Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213 Rolán E., 2005. Malacological Fauna From The Cape Verde Archipelago. Part 1, Polyplacophora and Gastropoda. Rosenberg, G., F. Moretzsohn, and E. F. García. 2009. Gastropoda (Mollusca) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 579–699 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. Spencer, H.; Marshall. B. (2009). All Mollusca except Opisthobranchia. In: Gordon, D. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand Inventory of Biodiversity. Volume One: Kingdom Animalia. 584 pp 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：海蝶螺屬 Marco Oliverio, Gastropoda Prosobranchia, Biol. Mar. Mediterr. (2008), 15 (suppl.): 235-278 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Oliverio, Marco (2006). Gastropoda Prosobranchia Caenogastropoda, in: Revisione della Checklist della fauna marina italiana （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）