駭客行動主義

駭客行動主義（英語：hacktivism），或譯作「駭客激進主義」、「駭客主義」、「激進駭客」，是駭客（英語：hacking）與行動主義（英語：activism）的合成词，指一種網路行動主義；其採取資訊技术、駭客攻击展開公民不服從運動，以期達到推动政治议程或社会变革的目標。 駭客行動主義，根植於駭客文化和駭客倫理，其目的常為了言论自由、人权或資訊自由。 駭客行動主義活动涉及许多政治理念和議題。 自由網，是對抗审查的点对点通信平台，是将政治理念和言论自由主張转化为實際代码的典型例子。駭客攻击，作为行動主義手段，诸如匿名者和维基解密之类的激进分子在网络發起，也可以由單一激進分子活動，在不存在領導全體的權威下，为共同目标而相互合作。 “駭客行動主義”，是歧義術語。这个合成词的诞生，是为了描述电子直接行动，即通过结合程式設計技術和批判性思维来努力实现社会变革。然而，正如駭客，有时也意味着网络犯罪，駭客行動主義，也可能指帶恶意的、破坏性的、破坏網路安全的行动主义。 相较於以往的行动主义形式，駭客行動主義取得了前所未有的成功，而吸引了更多参与者，更多工具的投入，取得更大影响力，能够改变选举结果、引发冲突，甚至摧毁企业。 根据美国《2020-2022年反情报战略》，除了国家对手和跨国犯罪组织外，“駭客行動主義者、泄密行动主义者和公开披露组织等受意识形态驱动的实体构成了重大威胁”。 1995年，Jason Sack首次使用了“駭客行動主義”一词，去評論新媒体艺术家鄭淑麗的电影《Fresh Kill》 。 然而，死牛崇拜(cDc) 成员“Omega”多視為首個以現代意義发明該術語的人。1996年，Omega发给组织成員的电子邮件中使用了“駭客行動主義”一词。 Omega主張，言論自由乃人的基本權利；為保障言論自由，需保護所有人自由且平等的近用權，而駭客行動主義（英語：hacktivism）便是達成此目標的手段。 由於該術語的歧義性，有些定义涵蓋网络恐怖主义行動；其他定义則重申使用駭客技术改變社会。 2006年，媒体和出版商维基解密成立。维基解密是非营利性组织，资金来自捐款和媒体合作。维基解密发表了匿名消息来源提供的机密文件和其他媒体。 维基解密创辦人是澳大利亚编辑、出版商和運動家朱利安·阿桑奇。目前，阿桑奇正因与维基解密的合作，而遭要求引渡到美国。 2018年9月起， 克里斯汀‧拉芬森出任主编。 从2022年11月开始，维基解密网站上的许多文件无法访问。 2003年，匿名者起源於4chan的貼圖區。4chan允許使用者在無政府狀態中相互交流。匿名者通常習慣帶上福克斯面具隱藏身份。在早期，成員們通常會在線上社群約定一些無強制力目標，主要是娛樂方面，或一些惡作劇。然而，2008年，匿名者發起「Project Chanology」行動，抗議、惡作劇和駭客攻擊對抗山達基教會，從此聲名大噪。自此，匿名者參與更多與國際問題有關的駭客行動。 2003年3月，法国激進駭客DkD[||遭中央打击网络犯罪办公室（OCLCTIC）逮捕。 DkD[|| 破壞超过2千個页面，其中许多是政府和美国军事网站。里尔地区司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 稱這名駭客为“法国头号激進駭客”。 出於其政治观点，DkD[|| 在地下世界里是位出名的涂鸦者。對於他的逮捕，Ghost Boys 在许多navy.mil网站塗鴉了“釋放 DkD[||!!” 口号。 2011年5月，5名匿名者成員組成駭客團LulzSec，因在成立2個月內發起的「反安全小組行動」（英語：Operation AntiSec）而聲名大噪。名稱來自「笑」（英語：lulz）與安全（英語：security）的混生語。 5名成員為"Sabu"、"Kayla"、"T-Flow"、"Topiary"、"AVUnit"與"Pwnsauce"。 加密無政府主義 網路恐怖主義 網路自警行為 數位民主 開源治理（英语：Open-source governance） 電馭叛客 混沌電腦俱乐部 公民实验室 蟬3301 網路之子 駭客軍團 THE “ANONYMOUS” MOVEMENT: HACKTIVISM AS AN EMERGING FORM OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION (PDF). [2017-07-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-19）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Hackers take down thousands of 'dark web' sites, post private data. NBC News. [2017-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-27） （英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Milone, Mark. Hactivism: Securing the National Infrastructure. The Business Lawyer. 2002, 58 (1): 383–413. JSTOR 40688127.  Peter Krapp, "Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture", University of Minnesota Press 2011. ISBN 978-0-8166-7625-5. 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-05-23.. George, Jordana J.; Leidner, Dorothy E. From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 2019-09-01, 29 (3): 100249. ISSN 1471-7727. doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001.  Menn, Joseph. New wave of 'hacktivism' adds twist to cybersecurity woes. Reuters. March 25, 2021. （原始内容存档于Jul 9, 2023）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States of America 2020-2022 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Director of National Intelligence. Logan, Jason. Take the Skinheads Bowling. InfoNation (Minneapolis). November 1995 [3 June 2019]. （原始内容存档于7 February 1997）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Webber, Craig; Yip, Michael. The Rise of Chinese Cyber Warriors: Towards a Theoretical Model of Online Hacktivism (PDF). International Journal of Cyber Criminology. June 2018, 12 (1): 230 [2020-07-13]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-06-21）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Shantz, Jeff; Tomblin, Jordon. Cyber Disobedience: Re://Presenting Online Anarchy. John Hunt Publishing. 2014-11-28. ISBN 9781782795551. （原始内容存档于2015-11-16）.  Mills, Elinor. Old-time hacktivists: Anonymous, you've crossed the line. CNet. 30 March 2012 [3 June 2019].  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Hacktivismo FAQ v1.0(CDC) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Peter Ludlow "What is a 'Hacktivist'?" 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2013-05-21. The New York Times. January 2013. Jordon, Tomblin. The Rehearsal and Performance of Lawful Access. curve.carleton.ca. 2015-01-01 [2016-01-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-03）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Cardoso, Gustavo; Jacobetty, Pedro. Surfing the Crisis: Cultures of Belonging and Networked Social Change. Castells, Manuel; Caraça, João; Cardoso, Gustavo (编). Aftermath: The Cultures of the Economic Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012: 177–209. ISBN 9780199658411. WikiLeaks is also based on an openness culture, as it is a crowd-sourced, crowd-funded non-profit organization operating internationally.  Pogrebna, Ganna; Skilton, Mark. Navigating New Cyber Risks: How Businesses Can Plan, Build and Manage Safe Spaces in the Digital Age. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave MacMillan. 2019: 2. ISBN 9783030135270. S2CID 197966404. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-13527-0. WikiLeaks is an international non profit organization that receives and subsequently shares on its website confidential documents from large organizations or governments.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Braccini, Alessio Maria; Federici, Tommaso. New Internet-Based Relationships Between Citizens. Baskerville, Richard; De Marco, Marco; Spagnoletti, Paolo (编). Designing Organizational Systems: An Interdisciplinary Discourse. Berlin: Springer Nature. 2013: 157–179. ISBN 978-3-642-33370-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33371-2. Julian Assange had introduced a new term into the lexicon of several generations. This term was 'WikiLeaks' and described an international non-profit organisation, committed to publishing secret information, news leaks, and classified media provided by anonymous sources.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Hindman, Elizabeth Blanks; Thomas, Ryan J. When Old and New Media Collide: The Case of WikiLeaks. New Media & Society (SAGE Publishing). June 2014, 16 (4): 541–558. S2CID 30711318. doi:10.1177/1461444813489504. WikiLeaks was founded in 2006 as an international non-profit organization specializing in the publication of 'classified, censored or otherwise restricted material of political, diplomatic or ethical significance' obtained via anonymous sources  Dodds, Klaus J. The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables. Polar Record (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 2012, 48 (2): 199–201. Bibcode:2012PoRec..48..199D. S2CID 129682201. doi:10.1017/S003224741100043X. With a keen sense of timing, given the Greenlandic and Danish governments' hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting, seven 'sensitive' US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers  Benkler, Yochai. A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate. Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review (Cambridge: Harvard Law School). 2011, 46 (2): 311–397 –通过Harvard Library. Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation. A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system... Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency-focused organizations, Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct, documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others, professional and otherwise, can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Fuchs, Christian. WikiLeaks: Can We Make Power Transparent?. Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. 2014: 210–233. ISBN 978-1-4462-5730-2. WikiLeaks (www.wikileaks.org) is a non-commercial and non-profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006. Julian Assange founded it. It is funded by online donations.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Beckett, Charlie. Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era. Cambridge: Wiley. 2012: 26. ISBN 978-0-745-65975-6. WikiLeaks is independent of commercial, corporate, government or lobbygroup control or ownership. It is a non-membership, non-profit organisation funded by donations  Flesher Fominaya, Cristina. Social Movements in a Globalized World Second. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020: 177. ISBN 9781352009347. As a non-profit organization, Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations, which were subsequently blocked by PayPal, Mastercard, a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity, a troubling example of 'the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality, and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra-legal public-private partnership for censorship'.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Daly, Angela. The Privatization of the Internet, WikiLeaks and Free Expression. International Journal of Communication (Los Angeles: USC Annenberg Press). 2014, 8: 2693–2703. SSRN 2496707  –通过European University Institute. In late 2010, the online nonprofit media organization WikiLeaks published classified documents detailing correspondence between the U.S. State Department and its diplomatic missions around the world, numbering around 250,000 cables.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） WikiLeaks. The New York Times. [17 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于30 January 2016）.  Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2012-09-16 McGreal, Chris. Wikileaks reveals video showing US air crew shooting down Iraqi civilians. The Guardian (London). 5 April 2010 [15 December 2010]. （原始内容存档于26 June 2011）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） WikiLeaks names one-time spokesman as editor-in-chief. Associated Press. [26 September 2018] （美国英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Bridge, Mark. Loss of internet forces Assange to step down from Wikileaks editor role. The Times. 27 September 2018 [11 April 2019].  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） WikiLeaks' Website Is Falling Apart. Gizmodo. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] （英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Thalen, Mikael. Millions of documents disappear from WikiLeaks as site completely breaks down. The Daily Dot. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] （美国英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Burgess, Matt. Apple Tracks You More Than You Think. Wired. [24 December 2022]. ISSN 1059-1028 （美国英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） HDblog.it. WikiLeaks è in grave difficoltà: sito a malapena online, leak ormai assenti. HDblog.it. 22 November 2022 [24 December 2022] （it-it）.  引文格式1维护：未识别语文类型 (link) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 存档副本. [2016-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-14）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Landers, Chris. Serious Business: Anonymous Takes On Scientology (and Doesn't Afraid of Anything). Baltimore City Paper. April 2, 2008 [July 3, 2008]. （原始内容存档于2008年6月8日）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Oltsik, Jon. Edward Snowden Beyond Data Security. Network World. December 3, 2013 [December 4, 2013]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-07）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Waites, Rosie. V for Vendetta masks: Who. BBC News. October 20, 2011 [October 20, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2012-01-21）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） John S. Forrester, Dozens of masked protesters blast Scientology church. Web-based foes guard IDs, assert risk of retribution, The Boston Globe, 11 February 2008 [2016-02-19], （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Kwek, Glenda. V for vague: Occupy Sydney's faceless leaders. The Sydney Morning Herald Times. October 14, 2011 [2012-07-20]. （原始内容存档于2012-06-22）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Antson, Franck. Arrestation du " hacker " le plus recherché de France. leparisien.fr. 2003-07-09 [2021-05-05] （法语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） DKD[|| Officially stopped. www.zone-h.org. [2019-03-10].  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Arrestation du " hacker " le plus recherché de France.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Arthur, Charles. LulzSec: what they did, who they were and how they were caught. The Guardian. 2013-05-16 [2016-10-20]. ISSN 0261-3077. （原始内容存档于2016-10-14） （英国英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Gilbert, David. LulzSec Reunited: Anonymous Hackers Meet for the First Time in Real Life. International Business Times UK. 2014-09-30 [2016-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-24）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Menn, Joseph. They're watching. And they can bring you down. Financial Times. September 23, 2011 [2012-09-01]. （原始内容存档于2022-12-10）.  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link) 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期[日期錯誤] (2)[日期不符]，. Olson, Parmy. (05-14-2013). We Are Anonymous: Inside the Hacker World of LulzSec, Anonymous, and the Global Cyber Insurgency. ISBN 0316213527ISBN 0316213527. Coleman, Gabriella. (2014-11-4). Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous. Verso Books. ISBN 1781685835ISBN 1781685835. Shantz, Jeff; Tomblin, Jordon (2014-11-28). Cyber Disobedience: Re://Presenting Online Anarchy. John Hunt Publishing. ISBN 9781782795551ISBN 9781782795551. Firer-Blaess, Sylvain. The Collective Identity of Anonymous: Web of Meanings in a Digitally Enabled Movement (PDF). Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. 2016: 220 [October 5, 2016]. ISBN 978-91-554-9602-9.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Deseriis, Marco (2017). Hacktivism: On the Use of Botnets in Cyberattacks （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Theory, Culture & Society 34(4): 131–152. Hacktivism and Politically Motivated Computer Crime History, types of activity and cases studies YouTube上的The Hacktivist, Award Winning Short Film Documentary