柯福兰

柯福兰（英語：Virginius Frank Coe，1907年—1980年6月2日）是美国政府经济官员、经济学家。麦卡锡运动时被惠特克·钱伯斯指控为共产党员、苏联间谍。 1926年毕业于芝加哥大学。1928年至1930年时约翰·霍普金斯大学法学院教师。1930年至1933年在芝加哥大学攻读博士。1933年至1934年为布鲁金斯学会研究员。从1934年夏成为美国财政部咨询专家。1934年秋季至1939年春季，多伦多大学经济学教授。1939年开始为联邦安全署（英语：Federal Security Agency）（管理食品、药品、老年人福利）负责人保罗·麦克纳特（英语：Paul McNutt）工作。1940年成为物價管理局首長列昂·安德森（英语：Leon Henderson）的助理。1940年，回到财政部工作，成为货币政策研究助理。 1942年成为美国加拿大战时生产联合委员会（英语：Joint War Production Committee）执行秘书。不久成为经济战委员会（英语：Board of Economic Warfare）（后更名为外国经济管理局（英语：Foreign Economic Administration））执行主任助理。1944年至1945年间，担任美国财政部货币政策研究部主任。是1944年布雷顿森林会议技术秘书。1946年出任国际货币基金组织秘书。1952年12月辞职。 1949年至1953年，受到众议院非美活动调查委员会调查，但坚决否认自己是共产党员。1949年底，美国政府吊销了他的护照。 五十年代后期，应邀到中国作为经济专家。1979年被聘为中华人民共和国进出口管理委员会特约顾问。癌症手术八个月后，1980年在北京病逝 。 Harvey E. Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 21 His position as Secretary was often misunderstood by McCarthy and other Members of Congress to indicate that he had some say in policy. The Secretary's main duties, as Coe testified in 1953, are presiding over Board meetings, preparing the minutes, and distributing documents appropriately. See http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bl/rr03.htm （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. A Cast of Characters. 時代雜誌. November 23, 1953 [2008-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2008-12-22）. Virginius Frank Coe, 46, first cited by Chambers in 1939, was technical secretary of the Bretton Woods Monetary Conference in 1944, became secretary of Harry D. White's prize product, the International Monetary Fund, and was not dismissed from this $20,000-a-year job until December 1952 —shortly after he refused to answer congressional questions.  Belair, Jr., Felix. "WORLD FUND OUSTS AIDE WHO BALKED AT RED, SPY QUERIES; Coe Quits on Request -- House Unit Looks Into Jury's Charge U. N. Inquiry Was Hampered JUSTICE AGENCY ACCUSED Lie Orders Employes to Give Replies on Alleged Subversive Activities or Lose Jobs COE IS DISMISSED BY MONETARY FUND" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The New York Times, December 4, 1952. Accessed July 1, 2008. "The International Monetary Fund announced today the dismissal of its secretary, Frank Coe, who refused last Monday to tell Senate investigators in New York whether he was now or had ever been a Communist or subversive agent taking orders from Communists." Chambers, Whittaker. Witness. Random House. 1952: 468. ISBN 0-89526-571-0.  Gabrick, Robert, and Klehr, Harvey, Communism, Espionage, and the Cold War, Los Angeles: UCLA Press, p.15 "Man of Bretton Woods （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）," Time, December 15, 1952 United States Congress. Senate. Austrian incident. Hearings before the Permanent subcommittee on investigations of the Committee on government operations, United States Senate, 83d Cong., 1st sess., pursuant to S. Res. 40 a resolution authorizing the Committee on government operations to employ temporary additional personnel and increasing the limit of expenditures. May 29, June 5 and 8, 1953 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1953); J. Keith Horsefield, The International Monetary Fund, 1945-1965 (Washington: International Monetary Fund), vol. 1, pp. 339-40 Becker, Jasper, Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine, Macmillan (1998), ISBN 0-8050-5668-8, ISBN 978-0-8050-5668-6, pp. 290-299 Epoch Times Staff, Nine Commentaries on the Communist Party, The Epoch Group, Broad Book USA (2005), ISBN 1-932674-16-0, ISBN 978-1-932674-16-3, p. 47 Waggoner, Walter H. Frank Coe, in Peking; Former U.S. Official Took Asylum in 50's. New York Times. June 6, 1980 [2008-06-28]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-11）. Frank Coe, a former Treasury Department official who was ousted as Secretary of the International Monetary Fund in the early 1950s after he was accused of being a Communist spy, died June 2 in Peking. Mr. Coe, who had lived in China since 1958, was 73 years old.  New York Times, op. cit., June 6, 1980, D15:4. Haynes, John Earl; Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press. 2000. ISBN 0-300-08462-5.  Klehr, Harvey; John Earl Haynes; Alexander Vassiliev. Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America 1st. Yale University Press. 2009. ISBN 0-300-12390-6.  (hardcover)