整合层次

整合层次（Integrative level）或组织层次（level of organization）是由较低层次的预先存在现象涌现产生的现象。层次的概念是将现实结构化的智识框架（intellectual framework），一般按组织复杂度将宇宙中或某领域中的所有实体、结构和过程安排为一定层次。排列中的每个实体同时处于三种状态：由低层次的组分组成；本身表现为一个整体；是高层次的整体的组分。典型例子如生命涌现自非生命物质，意识涌现自神经系统。 通常认为存在的主要层次有物质、生命、意识和社会，在哲学家尼古拉·哈特曼的本体论中称其为strata （层）。它们可以进一步分析为更具体的阶（layer），如形成物质层的粒子、原子、分子和岩石，或形成生命层的细胞、机体、种群和生态系统。 层次一般认为对应系统的复杂度，越复杂层次越高，但也有例外，比如寄生现象是机体的涌现，但寄生体通常比原形简单（复杂度更低）。 在唯物主义和唯心主义著作中，都可以找到与整合层次相近的概念。一些哲学家和科学家则认为整合层次不存在。 反还原论 大历史 生物组织 等级理论 分析层次 分体论 (逻辑学) 分体拓扑学 层次复杂性模型 可塑性面积单元问题 尼古拉·哈特曼 空间尺度 结构主义 (生物学) 中心科学 知识系统树 科学统一论 活力论 Comte, Auguste. Stanislav, Andreski , 编. The essential Comte: selected from Cours de philosophie positive. 由Clarke, Margaret翻译. London: Croom Helm; New York: Barnes & Noble. 1974 [1830–1842]. ISBN 0064901815. OCLC 1032574.  Spencer, Herbert. Super-organic evolution. The principles of sociology. A system of synthetic philosophy 6–8. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1877: 3. OCLC 2083641.  Alexander, Samuel. 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