失踪白人女性综合征

失踪白人女性综合征是社会科学家和媒体评论员使用的一个术语，指媒体（尤其是电视媒体）更倾向于对涉及年轻、有魅力、白人、中上阶层女性或女孩的失踪案件进行报道，而相较而言，非白人、较低社会阶层的女性以及男性或男孩的失踪案件则相对缺乏关注。该词虽然产生于人口失踪案件的背景之下，但有时也用于报道其他暴力犯罪。这一现象在美国、加拿大、英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等其他以白人为主的国家以及南非都较为突出。 广泛认为新闻主播格温·伊菲尔（英语：Gwen Ifill）是失踪白人女性综合征这一短语的发明人。查尔顿·麦基尔韦恩（英语：Charlton McIlwain）将失踪白人女性综合征定义为“白人女性作为暴力犯罪受害者在新闻媒体报道中扮演特权角色”，并将该综合征假定为美国文化意象中的一种种族阶层（英语：racial hierarchy）。爱德华多·博尼利亚-席尔瓦（英语：Eduardo Bonilla-Silva）将失踪白人女性综合征中的种族构成归类为“种族语法的一种形式，白人優越主義通过这种形式被内隐（英语：Implicit stereotype）的，甚至无形的标准正常化”。 这一现象导致了一系列严厉打击犯罪（英语：Law and order (politics)）措施的采取，主要针对人群为政治右派，这些措施以那些失踪后又被发现受到伤害的白人女性命名。除了种族和阶级之外，在确定失踪女性新闻的报道价值时，所谓的吸引力、体型和年轻程度等因素也被认为是不公平的标准。对失踪黑人女性的新闻报道更倾向于关注受害者的问题，如虐待男友、犯罪史或吸毒等要素，而对白人女性的报道往往侧重于她们作为母亲、女儿、学生和社区贡献者的角色。 Sommers, Zach. Missing White Woman Syndrome: An Empirical Analysis of Race and Gender Disparities in Online News Coverage of Missing Persons. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology. Spring 2016, 106 (2): 275–314 [2017-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2021-09-02）.  Liebler, Carol M. Me(di)a Culpa?: The "missing White Woman Syndrome" and Media Self-Critique. Communication, Culture & Critique (International Communication Association). 2010, 3 (4): 549–565. ISSN 1753-9129. doi:10.1111/j.1753-9137.2010.01085.x.  Lundman, R.J. The Newsworthiness and Selection Bias in News About Murder: Comparative and Relative Effects of Novelty and Race and Gender Typifications on Newspaper Coverage of Homicide. Sociological Forum. 2003, 18 (3): 357–386. S2CID 141625288. doi:10.1023/A:1025713518156.  Foreman, Tom. Diagnosing 'Missing White Woman Syndrome'. CNN. 2006-03-14 [2023-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-22）. There is no polite way to say it, and it is a fact of television news. Media and social critics call the wall-to-wall coverage that seems to swirl around these events, 'Missing White Woman Syndrome'. That was the phrase invoked by Sheri Parks, a professor of American studies at the University of Maryland, College Park, during our interview yesterday.  Robinson, Eugene. (White) Women We Love. The Washington Post. 2005-06-10. （原始内容存档于2008-05-17）.  含有連結內容需訂閱查看的頁面 (link) Cory L. Armstrong. Media Disparity: A Gender Battleground. Lexington Books. 2013: 21. ISBN 978-0-7391-8188-1.  Oscar Pistorius: The Verdict. SABC. 2014-09-12 [2014-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-22）.  Mau, Alison. We've all had the chance to mourn Grace Millane, but the court denies this other slain woman that humanity. Stuff.co.nz. 2018-12-16 [2023-11-10]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-16）.  Cleveland abductions: Do white victims get more attention?. BBC News. 2013-05-09 [2015-07-24]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-22）. Charlton McIlwain, professor New York University: White women occupy a privileged role as violent crime victims in news media reporting.  Stein, Sarah Land. The Cultural Complex of Innocence : an Examination of Media and Social Construction of Missing White Woman Syndrome (学位论文). University of Southern Mississippi. 2012 [2023-11-11]. ProQuest 1113331344. （原始内容存档于2021-09-22）.  Essig, Laurie. Racial Politics in the US and the Figure of the White Lady. One way to understand the senseless killings of Black men is through the 'lady'. Psychology Today. 2014 [2017-10-09].  Moody, M.; Dorries, B.; Blackwell, H. The Invisible Damsel: Differences in How National Media Outlets Framed the Coverage of Missing Black and White Women in the Mid-2000s. Conference Papers – International Communication Association: 1–23. 2008. （原始内容存档于2015-03-09）.  Cheryl L. Neely. African American Women as Victims of Violence – How do news stories affect our perception of crimes against women from different racial backgrounds?. Utne Reader. 2015 [2017-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-29）.