中央元音

中央元音（mid central vowel (schwa)）是一個元音，常出現於口語。國際音標裡以⟨ə⟩表示，相當於X-SAMPA音標的⟨@⟩。此音的國際音標符號是倒轉了的小寫拉丁字母e。圓唇中央元音和不圓唇中央元音都是以此符號表示。 中央不圓唇元音時常以/ə/來表示。不過，/ə/這個符號不是明確地代表不圓唇元音，而且經常被用以表示任意的非重音「暗」母音。如果要表達得更精確，半閉央不圓唇元音的符號可能會被與開音符號合用而變成/ɘ̞/。 其元音高度為中，舌頭的位置約恰在閉元音與開元音之間。 其元音舌位是央，表示舌的位置是在央元音的地方，大約在前元音和後元音中間。 其圓唇度為不圓唇元音，嘴唇自然放鬆，不特別向前突起。 一個語言可能會有和半閉與半開的央元音不同的中央圓唇元音 (a rounded /ə/不過因為沒有已知的語言分辨半閉、中與半開的央元音，因此IPA沒有這個單獨給母音的符號，而代表半閉央圓唇元音的符號/ɵ/經常被用以表示這個元音。如果要表達的更精確，半閉央圓唇元音的符號可能會被與開音符號合用而變成：/ɵ̞/. 其元音高度為中，舌頭的位置約恰在閉元音與開元音之間。 其元音舌位是央，表示舌的位置是在央元音的地方，大約在前元音和後元音中間。 其圓唇度為圓唇元音，這表示嘴唇向前突起並圓形的開口，且唇內側並不露出。 Wissing (2016)，section "The rounded and unrounded mid-central vowels". Wissing (2012)，第711頁. Recasens (1996)，第59–60, 104–105頁. Recasens (1996)，第106頁. Recasens (1996)，第98頁. Lee & Zee (2003)，第110頁. Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2011)，第2頁. Basbøll (2005)，第57, 143頁. Basbøll (2005)，第143頁. Collins & Mees (2003)，第129頁. Wells (2008)，第XXV頁. Gimson (2014)，第138頁. Lass (2002)，第116頁. Lodge (2009)，第168頁. Roach (2004)，第242頁. Watt & Allen (2003)，第268頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFWattAllen2003 (help) Sailaja (2009)，第24–25頁. Wells (1982)，第380–381頁. Stoddart, Upton & Widdowson (1999)，第74, 76頁. Krech et al. (2009)，第69頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrech_et_al.2009 (help) Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015)，第40頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDudenredaktionKleinerKnöbl2015 (help) Bishop (1996)，第230頁. Gilles & Trouvain (2013)，第70頁. Vanvik (1979)，第13, 20頁. Vanvik (1979)，第21頁. Cox, Driedger & Tucker (2013)，第224頁. Battisti, Elisa; Gomes de Oliveira, Samuel; Battisti, Elisa; Gomes de Oliveira, Samuel. ELEVAÇÃO DA VOGAL /a/ EM CONTEXTO NASAL EM PORTUGUÊS BRASILEIRO: ESTUDO PRELIMINAR. Lingüística. 2019-06-01, 35 (1): 35–55 [2021-01-10]. ISSN 2079-312X. doi:10.5935/2079-312x.20190003 . （原始内容存档于2020-07-13）.  Chițoran (2001:7頁) harv error: no target: CITEREFChițoran2001 (help) Landau et al. (1999)，第67頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLandauLončarićHorgaŠkarić1999 (help) Riad (2014)，第22頁. Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131頁)。资料描述t标准荷兰语此音是前移央元音[ɵ̟]，但其他资料(如van Heuven & Genet (2002) harv error: no target: CITEREFvan_HeuvenGenet2002 (help)和Verhoeven (2005))没有说前移[ɵ]。低化变体已被关注，但柯林斯和Mees没有描述他们多加的后移度。 Fougeron & Smith (1993)，第73頁. Lodge (2009)，第84頁. english speech services | Le FOOT vowel. [20 October 2018]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-31）.  Khan & Weise (2013)，第236頁. Ó Sé (2000)，第?頁. Kristoffersen (2000)，第16-17頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKristoffersen2000 (help) Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005)，第2頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKvifteGude-Husken2005 (help) Cox, Driedger & Tucker (2013)，第224–225頁. Engstrand (1999)，第140頁. Rosenqvist (2007)，第9頁. Andersson (2002)，第272頁. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAndersson2002 (help) Allan, Robin; Holmes, Philip; Lundskær-Nielsen, Tom, Danish: An Essential Grammar 2nd, Abingdon: Routledge, 2011 [First published 2000], ISBN 978-0-203-87800-2  Árnason, Kristján, The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4  Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C., Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756  Basbøll, Hans, The Phonology of Danish, 2005, ISBN 0-203-97876-5  Bishop, Nancy, A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology (PDF), Mon–Khmer Studies Journal, 1996, 25 [2018-01-17], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2016-10-05）  Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos, Shanghai Chinese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2015, 45 (3): 321–327 [2018-01-17], doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043, （原始内容存档于2017-08-18）  Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) 5th, Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2003 [First published 1981] [2018-01-17], ISBN 9004103406, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-12-28）  Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M., Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students 3rd, Routledge, 2013 [First published 2003] [2018-01-17], ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2, （原始内容存档于2017-03-23）  Cox, Cristopher; Driedger, Jacob M.; Tucker, Benjamin V., Mennonite Plautdietsch (Canadian Old Colony), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 221–229, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000121  Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223  Engstrand, Olle, Swedish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 140–142, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1  Fortescue, Michael, Basic Structures and Processes in West Greenlandic, Collins, Dirmid R. F. (编), Arctic Languages: An Awakening (PDF), Paris: UNESCO: 309–332, 1990 [2018-01-17], ISBN 92-3-102661-5, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-07-21）  Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L, French, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1993, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874  Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen, Luxembourgish (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 67–74 [2018-01-17], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2019-12-16）  Gimson, Alfred Charles, Cruttenden, Alan , 编, Gimson's Pronunciation of English 8th, Routledge, 2014 [2018-01-17], ISBN 9781444183092, （原始内容存档于2019-06-02）  Gussenhoven, Carlos, Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1992, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X  Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor, The dialect of Maastricht (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association (University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies), 1999, 29: 155–166 [2018-01-17], doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2017-10-11）  International Phonetic Association, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7  Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze, Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect) (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (2): 231–241 [2018-01-17], doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145, （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2015-01-28）  Kohler, Klaus J., German, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 86–89, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7  Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo, Croatian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 66–69, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65236-7  Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (编), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052  Lee, Wai-Sum; Zee, Eric, Standard Chinese (Beijing), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 109–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001208  Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009 [2018-01-17], ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2, （原始内容存档于2019-06-08）  McGill, Stuart, Cicipu, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2014, 44 (3): 303–318, doi:10.1017/S002510031400022X  Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 （爱尔兰语）  Peters, Jörg, The dialect of Hasselt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2006, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428  Popperwell, Ronald G., Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, 2010 [First published 1963] [2018-01-17], ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1, （原始内容存档于2019-06-08）  Recasens, Daniel, Fonètica descriptiva del català, Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, 1996, ISBN 84-7283-312-7 （加泰罗尼亚语）  Riad, Tomas, The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1  Roach, Peter, British English: Received Pronunciation, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768  Romanian Academy, Dicționarul ortografic, ortoepic și morfologic al limbii române 2nd, Bucarest: Editura Univers Enciclopedic, 2005  Rosenqvist, Håkan, Uttalsboken: svenskt uttal i praktik och teori, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, 2007, ISBN 978-91-27-40645-2  Saborit, Josep, Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, 2009  Sailaja, Pingali, Indian English, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd: 17–38, 2009, ISBN 978 0 7486 2594 9  Stoddart, Jana; Upton, Clive; Widdowson, J.D.A., Sheffield dialect in the 1990s: revisiting the concept of NORMs, Urban Voices, London: Arnold: 72–89, 1999  Teo, Amos B., Sumi (Sema), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254  Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana, Bulgarian, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 55–57, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1  Tiersma, Peter Meijes, Frisian Reference Grammar 2nd, Ljouwert: Fryske Akademy, 1999 [First published 1985 in Dordrecht by Foris Publications], ISBN 90-6171-886-4  Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6  Verhoeven, Jo, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173  Wells, John C.（英语：John C. Wells） (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0 . Wells, J.C., Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd, Longman, 2008, ISBN 9781405881180  Wissing, Daan, Integrasie van artikulatoriese en akoestiese eienskappe van vokale: ’n beskrywingsraamwerk, LitNet Akademies (Stellenbosch: LitNet), 2012, 9 (2): 701–743 [16 April 2017], ISSN 1995-5928, （原始内容存档于2017-04-15） （南非荷兰语）  Wissing, Daan. Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory. Taalportaal. 2016 [16 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-15）.  Ə (字母) Schwa (Ə)（英语：Schwa） 在PHOIBLE上搜尋含有[ə]的語言