幾內亞比索獨立戰爭

幾內亞比索獨立戰爭 (葡萄牙語：Guerra de Independência da Guiné-Bissau), 是一場在1963年至1974年期間，在葡屬幾內亞發生的一場武裝獨立衝突。衝突主要方是幾內亞和佛得角非洲獨立黨（葡萄牙語：Partido Africano da Independência da Guiné e Cabo Verde，PAIGC）及葡萄牙。幾內亞和佛得角非洲獨立黨得到古巴、蘇聯和南斯拉夫社會主義聯邦共和國支持，向葡萄牙當局開展長期遊擊戰，謀求脫離葡萄牙獨立，建立獨立的幾內亞比索及佛得角國家。這場曠日持久的遊擊戰爭對葡萄牙影響深遠，人員和物資成本極高，對葡萄牙造成了嚴重的內部政治動盪，因此這場戰爭通常被稱為“葡萄牙的越南戰爭”。 1973年1月獨立黨領導人阿米爾卡·卡布拉爾遇刺後，軍事衝突隨即陷入僵局。葡萄牙軍隊被局限於主要城市和各種設防基地，顯然無法將幾佛獨立黨逐出其控制的解放區。1973年9月，幾佛獨立黨主導的人民國民議會單方面宣布獨立，成立幾內亞比索共和國，並且得到了一國家的承認。1974年葡萄牙爆發康乃馨革命，葡萄牙新政府最終同意給予幾內亞比索獨立，一年後給予佛得角獨立。 猶此幾佛獨立黨成為第一個透過武裝鬥爭實現獨立的撒哈拉以南非洲解放運動。 葡屬幾內亞，包含附近的葡屬佛得角群島，自1446年起就被葡萄牙殖民，而自18世紀起成為葡萄牙的商品和非洲奴隸的主要貿易站。 幾內亞是葡萄牙殖民地最小、最落後的，部分原因是氣候惡劣，自然和礦產資源明顯匱乏。因此幾內亞的歐洲定居者很少，甚至連葡萄牙政府的存在感也不太強。雖然葡屬幾內亞仍然由總督領導，但葡萄牙在該殖民地的投資很少，在促進其經濟和社會發展方面也只做出了一些微小的姿態。 References: Cuba: Havana's Military Machine （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, the Atlantic, August 1988. "In Guinea-Bissau, Cuban combat units saw action, fighting with Amilcar Cabral's rebel army against Portuguese colonial rule." The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale, 2005. Page 354. Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study, 1976. Page 362. Revolution and Chinese Foreign Policy: Peking's Support for Wars of National Liberation Peter van Ness, 1971. Page 143. Cuba in the World, 1979. Page 95-96. Amilcar Cabral: Revolutionary Leadership and People's War, 2002. Page 86. Guerrilla Strategies: An Historical Anthology from the Long March to Afghanistan, 1982. Page 208. Qaddafi: his ideology in theory and practice, 1986. Page 140. Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya 1969–1982, 1988. Page 70. Modern African Wars: Angola and Moçambique 1961-1974, 1988. Page 12. Wars in the Third World since 1945, 1995. Page 35. Gleijeses, Piero. Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976. The University of North Carolina Press. 2002: 243.  Milorad Lazic. Arsenal of the Global South: Yugoslavia’s Military Aid to Nonaligned Countries and Liberation Movements. Nationalities Papers. 2021, 49 (3): 428–445.  Ion Rațiu, Foreign Affairs Publishing Company, 1975, Contemporary Romania: Her Place in World Affairs, p. 90. [2022-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-04）.  RFE/RL, 1979. Radio Free Europe Research, Volume 4, Issues 15-27. [2022-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-04）.  Selcher, Wayne A. Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 1976, 18 (1): 25–58. JSTOR 174815. doi:10.2307/174815.  Escobar Bethancourt, Rómulo. Torrijos: ¡colonia americana no! [Torrijos: No American colony!]. Valencia Editores, Bogotá, Colombia. 1981: 237 （西班牙语）.  A Guerra - Colonial - do Ultramar - da Libertação, 2nd Season (Portugal 2007, director Joaquim Furtado, RTP) Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls. [2022-06-02]. （原始内容存档于2018-10-11）.  引用错误：没有为名为Lloyd-Jones, Stewart p. 22的参考文献提供内容 PAIGC, Jornal Nô Pintcha, 29 November 1980: In a statement in the party newspaper Nô Pintcha (In the Vanguard), a spokesman for the PAIGC revealed that many of the ex-Portuguese indigenous African soldiers that were executed after cessation of hostilities were buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá. Munslow, Barry, The 1980 Coup in Guinea-Bissau, Review of African Political Economy, No. 21 (May - Sep., 1981), pp. 109-113 Elizabeth Buettner. Europe after Empire: Decolonization, Society, and Culture. Cambridge University Press. 24 March 2016: 204– [2022-06-02]. ISBN 978-0-521-11386-1. （原始内容存档于2020-06-02）.  Chabal, Patrick. National Liberation in Portuguese Guinea, 1956-1974. African Affairs. 1981, 80 (318): 75–99 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 721431. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097302. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.  Chabal, Patrick. National Liberation in Portuguese Guinea, 1956-1974. African Affairs. 1981, 80 (318): 75–99 [2023-10-31]. ISSN 0001-9909. JSTOR 721431. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097302. （原始内容存档于2022-10-30）.