CD40

分化簇40（Cluster of differentiation 40，簡稱CD40），是一種分布於抗原呈递细胞（APC）的協同刺激因子暨蛋白受體。CD40與輔助型T細胞上的CD154（英语：CD154）（CD40L（英语：CD40L））結合後，抗原呈递细胞會活化，並產生一系列下游反應。 CD40缺失會造成第三型高IgM症候群（英语：Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3）（Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3）。 CD40屬於腫瘤壞死因子受體（英语：TNF-receptor）超家族（英语：TNF receptor superfamily）（TNF receptor superfamily）的一員。含有AT鉤（英语：AT-hook）構型的轉譯因子AKNA（英语：AKNA）可以協同調控CD40及其配體。 CD40在T細胞相關的免疫和發炎反應具有重要功能，諸如免疫球蛋白類型轉換、記憶B細胞發育，以及生發中心形成。 B細胞上也有CD40存在，並會與輔助T細胞上的CD40L結合。CD40和CD40L的橋接可以活化B細胞，降低B細胞接觸到抗原的反應閾值，使其更容易釋放抗體。另外也可以促進B細胞的增殖、同型粘連（homotypic adhesion）、抗體類型轉換。在表面蛋白的表達方面，可以刺激MHC class II（英语：MHC class II）、CD23（英语：CD23）、CD25（英语：CD25）（IL-12R）、CD69（英语：CD69）、CD44等分子的表達，也會使淋巴球功能性抗原1（LFA-1）的轉為高親合態。在細胞週期方面，則會從間期進入S期，開始進行DNA和RNA的複製及合成CD40L。 有研究也發現，要活化β澱粉樣蛋白的微膠細胞也需要CD40和CD40L的連結，因此可能也與阿茲海默症的病生理學相關。 CD40可以與TRAF2（英语：TRAF2）、TRAF3（英语：TRAF3）、TRAF6（英语：TRAF6）、TRAF5（英语：TRAF5）、TTRAP（英语：TTRAP）產生交互作用。TRAF4家族的蛋白質雖不會直接與CD40作用，但可以間接增加CD40的作用。 CD40為癌症免疫疗法的潛在標的，目前已經開發出針對該蛋白的刺激性单克隆抗体，以活化樹突細胞刺激抗癌T細胞的途徑，且已有相關論文發表。現有多項臨床研究正在進行。 與CD40相關的疾病；在維基數據上查看/編輯參考.  GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000101017 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000017652 - Ensembl, May 2017 Human PubMed Reference:. 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