霍米·巴巴

霍米·K·巴巴（英語：Homi Kharshedji Bhabha；1949年11月1日—）是印度裔英国学者和批判理论家。他是哈佛大学Anne F. Rothenberg人文学科教授，是当代后殖民研究代表人物之一，在该领域提出了许多关键术语和概念，例如混杂性（hybridity）、模拟（mimicry）、差异（difference）和矛盾状态（ambivalence）。在巴巴的理论中，这些术语描述了被殖民者反抗殖民者权力的方式。2012年，他获得印度政府颁发的文学和教育领域的莲花装勋章奖。他与律师兼哈佛大学讲师杰奎琳·巴巴（英语：Jacqueline Bhabha）结婚，育有三个孩子。 “混杂性”（hybridity）是巴巴的核心思想之一，其借鉴了爱德华·萨义德的著作，用于描述多元文化主义中新文化形式的出现。巴巴并不将殖民主义视为过去的事，而是展示了殖民历史和文化如何不断侵入现在，从而要求我们转变对跨文化关系的理解。他对殖民文本应用了後結構主義方法论，改变了对殖民主义的研究。 矛盾状态（ambivalence）这一概念认为文化由对立的观念和维度组成。巴巴称，这种矛盾状态——被殖民的他者的身份分裂的二元性——使得固有文化身份和殖民者文化身份的混杂体成为可能。矛盾状态是殖民权力出现迟滞特征的原因之一。权威的殖民能指只有在“殖民地差异、文化或种族的创伤性场景，使权力之眼回归到一些先前的古老形象或身份”之后，才获得它们的意义。“然而，矛盾的是，这样的图像既不能是‘原始的’——因为构建它的重复行为——也不能是相同的——因为定义其自身的差异。”因此，殖民的在场仍然是处于矛盾状态的，在其原始和权威的外观与重复和差异的表达之间产生分裂。这打开了殖民话语的两个维度：以发明和掌握为特征的维度，以及以取代和幻想为特征的维度。 巴巴将文化差异（cultural difference）视为文化多样性（cultural diversity）的替代方案。在文化多样性中，文化是“经验知识的对象”，先于认识者而存在，而文化差异则将文化视为两种或多种文化相遇的地方，也是大多数问题发生的地方，是推论建构的，而不是预先存在的，给定一个“将文化阐释为‘知识渊博’的过程”。阐释（enunciation）是发生在第三空间（见下文）中的一种文化的表述、表达行为。由于文化从来不是预先给定的，所以它必须被说出来。文化差异是通过表达来发现和认识的。阐释过程通过在政治当下的新文化、意义、战略的表达，作为统治或抵抗的实践，在稳定参考系中的传统与对文化信念的否定之间产生了鸿沟。 因此，文化差异是一个认同的过程，而文化多样性是一个比较和分类的过程。此外，正是这种差异和表达的可能性，可以将皮肤/文化的能指从种族类型学的禁锢中解放出来；然而，刻板印象（stereotype）阻碍了“种族”能指的流通和表达。殖民和后殖民话语的一个重要方面，是它们在建构他者时对“固定性”概念的依赖。固定意味着重复、僵硬和不变的秩序以及无序。刻板印象依赖于这种固定性概念。刻板印象创造了一种“身份”，这种身份既源于支配者的焦虑和捍卫，也源于支配者的掌控和愉悦，“因为它是一种多重、矛盾的信念，它承认差异又否认差异。” 和巴巴的混杂性的概念类似，模拟是对在场的转喻。殖民社会的成员模仿并接受殖民者的文化时，就会出现模拟。雅各·拉岡称：“模拟的效果是伪装……这不是与背景协调的问题，而是在斑驳的背景下。”殖民模拟来自殖民者对经过改革的、可辨识的、作为差异的主体的他者的渴望，正如巴巴所写：“几乎相同却不完全等同”（almost the same, but not quite）。因此，模拟是双重发声（double articulation）的标志，一种将权力可见化的同时挪用他者的策略。此外，模拟是不适合（inappropriate）的标志，是“一种差异或顽固，它凝聚了殖民权力的主导战略功能，加强了监视，并对‘标准化’知识和纪律权力都构成了迫在眉睫的威胁。” 这样一来，模拟赋予了殖民主体一种部分的在场，仿佛“殖民地”依赖于权威话语本身中自己的表征。讽刺的是，殖民者希望在模拟中——通过书写和重复的过程——在这种部分表征（partial representation）中将自己作为“原真”。另一方面，巴巴没有将模拟解释为对殖民者的自恋认同，即认为被殖民者不再是像殖民者一样有行动能力的人。他认为模拟是一种“双重视野，它在揭示殖民话语的矛盾状态的同时，也打破了其权威。而这种双重视角是由于[他]所说的殖民客体的部分表征/辨识而产生的……它们也是加倍的形象，殖民欲望转喻的部分客体，疏远了那些主导话语的模式和常态，它们在这些话语中作为‘不适合’的殖民主体出现。” 被殖民者的愿望被颠倒了，因为殖民挪用如今产生了殖民者在场的部分视野；来自他者的凝视与来自殖民者的凝视相呼应，它分享了继承的凝视的洞察力，这种凝视解放了边缘化的个体，打破了人的存在的统一，而人本来是借此扩展其主权的。因此，“观察者变成了被观察者，而‘部分’表征重新表达了身份的整个概念，并将其与本质疏远了。” 第三空间（Third Space）是一种模糊的区域，当两个或更多的个人、两种或更多的文化相互作用时，就会发展出这种空间（对比城市学家爱德华·索亚的第三空间概念）。它“挑战了我们对文化的历史认同感，即认为它是一种同质化、统一的力量，由原始的过去认证，在人民的民族传统中保持活力。”这个矛盾的话语领域，作为阐释的话语条件的场所，“取代了在同质、连续的时间内书写的西方叙事”。它通过“破坏性的时间性阐释”来实现这一点。巴巴声称“文化陈述和体系是在这种对立和矛盾的阐释空间中建构的”。因此，对文化的内在原始性或纯洁性的等级主张是无效的。阐释意味着文化没有固定性，甚至相同的符号也可以被挪用、翻译、再历史化和重新阅读。 巴巴在后殖民理论方面的工作在很大程度上归功于後結構主義。巴巴所影响的重要人物和理论包括雅克·德里达和解構主義、雅各·拉岡和拉康精神分析学、米歇尔·福柯的话语性概念。此外，在1995年接受W. J. T. Mitchell采访时，巴巴表示爱德华·萨义德是对他影响最大的作家。在社会科学领域，爱德华·W·索亚（英语：Edward W. Soja）在巴巴的方法基础上，改变了理解空间、行动和表征的概念。 包括编辑的书 Nation and Narration, Routledge (1990; ISBN 0415014824) "A Good Judge of Character: Men, Metaphors, and the Common Culture" in Race-ing Justice, En-gendering Power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the Construction of Social Reality, ed. Toni Morrison, Pantheon Books (1992; ISBN 9780679741459). "In a Spirit of Calm Violence," in After Colonialism: Imperial Histories and Postcolonial Displacements, ed. Gyan Prakash, Princeton University Press (1994; ISBN 9781400821440). The Location of Culture, Routledge (1994; ISBN 0415336392) Negotiating Rapture: The Power of Art to Transform Lives, Museum of Contemporary Art (1996; ISBN 9780933856400) Forward to Modernity, Culture, and The Jew, eds. Laura Marcus and Bryan Cheyette, Wiley (1998; ISBN 9780745620411). "Conversational Art" in Conversations at the Castle: Changing Audiences and Contemporary Art, eds. Mary Jane Jacob and Michael Brenson, The MIT Press (1998; ISBN 9780262100724). "Cosmopolitanisms" in Cosmopolitanism, co-ed. with Sheldon I. Pollock, Carol Breckenridge, Arjun Appadurai, and Dipesh Chakrabarty, (originally an issue of Public Culture), Duke University Press (2002; ISBN 9780822328995). "On Cultural Choice," 2000. "V.S. Naipaul," 2001 "Democracy De-Realized," 2002. "On Writing Rights," 2003. "Making Difference: The Legacy of the Culture Wars," Artforum 2003 (4). "Adagio," 2004. "Still Life," 2004. Foreword to The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, transl. Richard Philcox, 2004. Edward Said Continuing the Conversation, co-ed. with W. J. T. Mitchell (originally an issue of Critical Inquiry), University of Chicago Press (2004; ISBN 0226532038). "Framing Fanon," 2005. Without Boundary: Seventeen Ways of Looking, with Fereshteh Daftari and Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Modern Art (2006; ISBN 9780870700859). "The Black Savant and the Dark Princess," 2006. Our Neighbours, Ourselves: Contemporary Reflections on Survival, Walter de Gruyter (2011; ISBN 9783110262445) Anish Kapoor, Flammarion (2011; ISBN 9782080200839) Midnight to the Boom: Painting in India After Independence, Peabody Essex Museum (2013; ISBN 9780500238936) Matthew Barney: River of Fundament, Okwui Enwezor, Hilton Als, Diedrich Diederichsen, David Walsh, Skira (2014; ISBN 9780847842582) Bhabha, Homi K. "Apologies for Poetry: A Study in the Method of Mill and Richards." Journal of the School of Languages [New Delhi] 3.1 (1975): 71–88. Bhabha, Homi K. "Parthasarathy, R. "Indo-Anglican attitudes." TLS, Times literary supplement 3 (1978): 136. Bhabha, Homi K. "The Other Question…." Screen (November—December 1983), 24(6), 18–36. Bhabha, Homi K. "Representation and the colonial text: a critical exploration of some forms of mimeticism." The Theory of reading. Ed. Frank Gloversmith. Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press, 1984. Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon. Introduction to the English edition of Black skin white mask." Black skin white mask. London: Pluto Press, 1986. Bhabha, Homi K. "'What does the Black man want?'." New Formations 1 (1987): 118–130. Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche, and the colonial condition." Remaking history. Ed. Barbara Kruger and Phil Mariani. Seattle: Bay Press, 1989. Bhabha, Homi K. "Hybridité, identité et culture contemporaine." Magiciens de la terre. Ed. Jean Hubert Martin. Paris: Editions du Centre Pompidou, 1989. Bhabha, Homi K. "At the limits." Artforum 27.9 (1989): 11–12. Bhabha, Homi K. "Imaginings." New statesman & society 2.70 (1989): 45–47. Bhabha, Homi K. "Articulating the archaic: notes on colonial nonsense." Literary theory today. Ed. Peter Collier and Helga Geyer-Ryan. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990. Bhabha, Homi K. "The other question: difference, discrimination and the discourse of colonialism." Out there: marginalization and contemporary cultures. Ed. Russell. New York: New Museum of Contemporary Art, 1990. Bhabha, Homi K. "Interrogating identity: the postcolonial prerogative." Anatomy of racism. Ed. David Theo Goldberg. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990. Bhabha, Homi K. "DissemiNation: time, narrative, and the margins of the modern nation." Nation and narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London; New York: Routledge, 1990. Bhabha, Homi K. "Novel metropolis." New statesman society 3.88 (1990): 16. Bhabha, Homi K. "A question of survival: nations and psychic states." Psychoanalysis and cultural theory: thresholds. Ed. James Donald. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Bhabha, Homi K. "Art and National Identity: A Critics' Symposium." Art in America 79.9 (1991): 80-. Bhabha, Homi K. "'Race', time and the revision of modernity." The Oxford Literary Review 13.1-2 (1991): 193–219. Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial criticism." Redrawing the boundaries: the transformation of English and American literary studies. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt and Giles B. Gunn. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1992. Bhabha, Homi K. "Of mimicry and man: the ambivalence of colonial discourse." Modern literary theory: a reader. Ed. Philip; Waugh Rice, Patricia. 2nd ed. ed. London; New York: E. Arnold, 1992. Bhabha, Homi K. "A good judge of character: men, metaphors, and the common culture." Race-ing justice, en-gendering power: Essays on Anita Hill, Clarence Thomas, and the construction of social reality. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992. Bhabha, Homi K. "Postcolonial authority and postmodern guilt." Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler. New York: Routledge, 1992. Bhabha, Homi K. "Double visions." Artforum 30.5 (1992): 85–59. Bhabha, Homi K. "Freedom's basis in the indeterminate." October 61 (1992): 46–57. Bhabha, Homi K. "The world and the home." Social text 10.2-3 (1992): 141–153. Bhabha, Homi K. "Beyond the pale: art in the age of multicultural translation." Cultural diversity in the arts: art, art policies and the facelift of Europe. Ed. Ria Lavrijsen. Amsterdam: Royal Tropical Institute, 1993. Bhabha, Homi K. "Culture's in between." Artforum 32.1 (1993): 167–170. Bhabha, Homi K. "The commitment to theory." Questions of third cinema. Ed. Jim Pines and Paul Willemen. London: BFI Pub., 1994. Bhabha, Homi K. "Frontlines / borderposts." Displacements: cultural identities in question. Ed. Angelika Bammer. Bloomington: Indiana University Press: Indiana University Press, 1994. Bhabha, Homi K. "Remembering Fanon: self, psyche and the colonial condition." Colonial discourse and post-colonial theory: a reader. Ed. R. J. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994. Bhabha, Homi K. "The enchantment of art." The artist in society: rights, roles, and responsibilities. Ed. Kathy Becker, Carol Acker, and Ann Wiens. Chicago: Chicago New Art Association, New Art Examiner Press, 1995. Bhabha, Homi K. "Are you a man or a mouse?" Constructing masculinity. Ed. Maurice Berger, Brian Wallis, Simon Watson, and Carrie Weems. New York: Routledge, 1995. Bhabha, Homi K. "Homi Bhabha on the New Black Intellectual." Artforum international 34.2 (1995): 16–17. Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." Artforum 33.8 (1995): 19–20. Bhabha, Homi K. "[Dialogues with Homi Bhabha, et al.]." The fact of blackness: Frantz Fanon and visual representation. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996. Bhabha, Homi K. "Postmodernism/postcolonialism." Critical terms for art history. Ed. Robert S. Nelson and Richard Shiff. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. Bhabha, Homi K. "Unpacking my library ... again." The post-colonial question: common skies, divided horizons. Ed. Iain Chambers and Lidia Curti. London; New York: Routledge, 1996. Bhabha, Homi K. "Day by day . . . with Frantz Fanon." The fact of blackness. Ed. Alan Read. Seattle: Bay Press, 1996. Bhabha, Homi K. "Laughing stock." Artforum 35.2 (1996): 15–17. Bhabha, Homi K. "Unsatisfied: notes on vernacular cosmopolitanism." Text and Nation: Cross-Disciplinary Essays on Cultural and National Identities. Ed. Laura Garcia-Moreno and Peter C. Pfeiffer. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1996. 191–207. Bhabha, Homi K. "World and the home." Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives. Ed. Anne McClintock, Aamir Mufti, and Ella Shohat. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. Bhabha, Homi K. "Postscript: bombs away in front-line suburbia." Visions of suburbia. Ed. Roger Silverstone. London; New York: Routledge, 1997. Bhabha, Homi K. "Designer creations." Artforum 36.4 (1997): 11–14. Bhabha, Homi K. "[Reviews of: Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India; and Subaltern Studies, vol. 9, Writings on South Asian History and Society]." TLS. Times Literary Supplement. 4923 (1997): 14–15. Bhabha, Homi K. "Halfway house." Artforum 35.9 (1997): 11–13. Bhabha, Homi K. "Queen's English." Artforum 35.7 (1997): 25–27. Bhabha, Homi K. "Front lines / border posts." Critical inquiry 23.3 (1997). Bhabha, Homi K. "Dance this diss around." The crisis of criticism. Ed. Maurice Berger. New York: New Press, 1998. Bhabha, Homi K. "The white stuff." Artforum 36.9 (1998): 21–23. Bhabha, Homi K. "On the irremovable strangeness of being different [one of "Four views of ethnicity"]." PMLA 113.1 (1998): 34-39. Bhabha, Homi K. "Liberalism's sacred cow." Is multiculturalism bad for women? Ed. Susan Moller Okin and Joshua Cohen. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1999. Bhabha, Homi K. (interviewer). "Alter/Native Modernities - Miniaturizing Modernity: Shahzia Sikander in Conversation with Homi K Bhabha." Public culture: bulletin of the Project for Transnational Cultural Studies 11.1 (1999): 146–152. Bhabha, Homi K. "Afterword: an ironic act of courage." Milton and the imperial vision. Ed. Rajan Balachandra and Elizabeth Sauer. Pittsburgh, Pa: Duquesne University Press, 1999. Bhabha, Homi K.; Dudiker, Karsten (trans.). "'Angst' in kultureller Ubersetzung." Heterotopien der Identitat: Literatur in interamerikanischen Kontaktzonen. Ed. Hermann Herlinghaus; Utz Riese. Heidelberg, Germany: Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, 1999. 83–97. Koundoura, Maria; Rai, Amit. "Interview: Homi Bhabha." Stanford humanities review 3.1 (1993): 1–6. Bennett, David, and Collits, Terry. "Postcolonial critic: Homi Bhabha interviewed by David Bennett and Terry Collits." Literary India: comparative studies in aesthetics, colonialism, and culture. Ed. Patrick Colm Hogan; Lalita Pandit. SUNY series in Hindu studies. Albany: State Univ. of New York, 1995. Mitchell, W.J.T. "Translator translated (interview with cultural theorist Homi Bhabha)." Artforum 33.7 (1995): 80–84. Hall, Gary; Wortham, Simon. "Rethinking Authority: Interview with Homi K. Bhabha." Angelaki 2.2 (1996): 59–63. Thompson, Paul. “Between identities: Homi Bhabha interviewed by Paul Thompson.” Migration and identity. Ed. Rina Benmayor, Andor Skotnes. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 1984. Xie, Shaobo. “Writing on boundaries: Homi Bhabha's recent essays.” ARIEL: A review of International English literature 27.4 (1996): 155–166. Leonard, Philip. "Degenerescent Lections: Legal Fictions in Rushdie, Derrida, and Bhabha." New Formations: A Journal of Culture, Theory & Politics 32 (1997): 109–119. Easthope, Anthony. "Bhabha, hybridity, and identity." Textual practice 12.2 (1998): 341–348. Fludernik, Monika. "The constitution of hybridity: postcolonial interventions." Hybridity and postcolonialism: twentieth-century Indian literature. Ed. Monika Fludernik. Tübingen, Germany: Stauffenburg, 1998. 19–53. Phillips, Lawrence. "Lost in Space: Siting/Citing the In-Between of Homi Bhabha's The Location of Culture." Jouvert: A Journal of Postcolonial Studies 2.2 (1998). Perloff, Marjorie. 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