叙利亚巴勒斯坦

叙利亚巴勒斯坦又稱罗马巴勒斯坦， 是公元2世纪初至4世纪初羅馬帝國在巴勒斯坦地区設置的一個罗马行省。該省省会位於濱海凱撒利亞。 一世纪和二世纪時期，巴勒斯坦地區爆發犹太－罗马战争以及巴爾科赫巴起義。 巴爾科赫巴起義失败后，巴勒斯坦地區的犹太人數量急劇減少。 132年，羅馬帝國在原來的猶大行省基礎上重新設立了叙利亚巴勒斯坦省。省會所在地依然不變。犹太人被禁止在耶路撒冷及其附近定居。戴克里先執政時他将佩特拉阿拉伯的部分地區（即内盖夫和西奈半岛）劃入敘利亞巴勒斯坦省。他還下令第十海峡军团從耶路撒冷迁至阿依拉（今日的埃拉特/亚喀巴）。 在古代晚期，基督教逐漸取代犹太教成為當地的主流宗教。4世紀至5世紀期間，該省被劃分成數個小省。 Roman Palestine. Britnannica. [2023-10-18]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30）.  Trevor Bryce, 2009, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia Roland de Vaux, 1978, The Early History of Israel, Page 2: "After the revolt of Bar Cochba in 135, the Roman province of Judaea was renamed Palestinian Syria." Westwood, Ursula. A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74. Journal of Jewish Studies. 2017-04-01, 68 (1): 189–193 [2023-10-18]. ISSN 0022-2097. doi:10.18647/3311/jjs-2017. （原始内容存档于2023-03-26）.  Taylor, J. E. The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea. Oxford University Press. 15 November 2012 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-19-955448-5. （原始内容存档于2023-10-30）. These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 AD, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction  Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen," Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21 Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim. Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 2021, 34 (2): 585–607. ISSN 1047-7594. S2CID 245512193. doi:10.1017/S1047759421000271  （英语）. Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.  Mor, Menahem. The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. 2016-04-18: 483–484 [2023-10-18]. ISBN 978-90-04-31463-4. doi:10.1163/9789004314634. （原始内容存档于2022-08-20）. Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.  Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0-674-39731-6, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." ISBN 978-0-89236-800-6 Notitia Dignitatum, Kap. 34. Yaron Dan: Palaestina Salutaris (Tertia) and its Capital. In: Israel Exploration Journal. Band 32, Nummer 2/3, 1982, S. 134–137.