副球黴菌病

副球黴菌病（Paracoccidioidomycosis）又稱副球孢子菌病、南美芽生菌病與巴西芽生菌病，是副球孢子菌屬真菌（巴西副球孢子菌（英语：Paracoccidioides brasiliensis）與Paracoccidioides lutzii（英语：Paracoccidioides lutzii），皆為雙態性真菌）感染所致的疾病，由吸入孢子造成感染。此病症狀多樣，包括皮膚粘膜型（口腔潰瘍（英语：Mouth ulcer））、淋巴型與多重器官型，許多感染者無症狀，有症狀者包括口腔與皮膚潰瘍、發燒、體重下降、淋巴結腫大、肝脾腫大（英语：Hepatosplenomegaly）與敗血症等，症狀可能與結核病、淋巴瘤與白血病類似。 副球黴菌病的診斷可藉由病人血液與痰等樣本經組織學染色判斷。此病一般使用伊曲康唑治療，重症者可先施以兩性黴素B再使用伊曲康唑，或者使用複方新諾明治療。 副球黴菌病為一種被忽視熱帶病，流行於中南美洲的鄉村地區，有研究估計有多達75%的疫區人口（1000萬人）為無症狀感染者，約2%的人出現症狀，多數感染者為男性農民，抽菸、喝酒與免疫缺乏者的感染風險更高。有80%的病例來自巴西，該國每年有約200人因副球黴菌病感染而死亡，其餘病例則多來自哥倫比亞、委內瑞拉與阿根廷。美國、歐洲與日本也曾有病例出現，皆為自疫區旅遊歸來者。 James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac. 13. Diseases resulting from fungi and yeasts. Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology 13th. Elsevier. 2019: 313–314 [2024-04-04]. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. （原始内容存档于2023-01-11） （英语）.  Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L., Dermatology: 2-Volume Set, St. Louis: Mosby, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4160-2999-1  ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics. icd.who.int. [26 June 2021]. （原始内容存档于2023-10-15）.  Johnstone, Ronald B. 25. Mycoses and Algal infections. Weedon's Skin Pathology Essentials 2nd. Elsevier. 2017: 451 [2024-04-04]. ISBN 978-0-7020-6830-0. （原始内容存档于2023-01-10）.  Barlow, Gavin; Irving, Irving; moss, Peter J. 20. Infectious diseases. Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (编). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine 10th. Elsevier. 2020: 561 [2024-04-04]. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. （原始内容存档于2023-01-10） （英语）.  Proia, Laurie. 28. The dimorphic mycoses. Spec, Andrej; Escota, Gerome V.; Chrisler, Courtney; Davies, Bethany (编). Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases. Elsevier. 2020: 419–420 [2024-04-04]. ISBN 978-0-323-56866-1. （原始内容存档于2023-01-11） （英语）.  Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; Fahal, Ahmed Hassan; Falci, Diego R; Caceres, Diego H; Chiller, Tom; Pasqualotto, Alessandro C. Neglected endemic mycoses. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. November 2017, 17 (11): e367–e377. PMID 28774696. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30306-7.  Salgado-Salazar, Catalina; Jones, Leandro R.; Restrepo, Ángela; McEwen, Juan G. The human fungal pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Onygenales: Ajellomycetaceae) is a complex of two species: phylogenetic evidence from five mitochondrial markers. Cladistics. 2010-11-10, 26 (2010): 613–624. ISSN 1096-0031. PMID 34879597. S2CID 84410217. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00307.x . hdl:11336/84231 .  Queiroz-Telles, Flavio; Escuissato, Dante. Pulmonary Paracoccidioidomycosis. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. December 2011, 32 (6): 764–774. ISSN 1069-3424. PMID 22167404. S2CID 260319905. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1295724.  Marques, Silvio Alencar. Paracoccidioidomycosis: epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and treatment up-dating. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia. October 2013, 88 (5): 700–711. ISSN 0365-0596. PMC 3798345 . PMID 24173174. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132463.  Travassos, Luiz R; Taborda, Carlos P; Colombo, Arnaldo L. Treatment options for paracoccidioidomycosis and new strategies investigated. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. April 2008, 6 (2): 251–262. ISSN 1478-7210. PMID 18380607. S2CID 41184245. doi:10.1586/14787210.6.2.251.  Restrepo, Angela; Tobón, Angela M.; Agudelo, Carlos A., Paracoccidioidomycosis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Mycoses, Infectious Disease, Humana Press: 331–342, 2008, ISBN 9781588298225, doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-325-7_18  Martinez, Roberto. Epidemiology of Paracoccidioidomycosis. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. September 2015, 57 (suppl 19): 11–20. ISSN 0036-4665. PMC 4711199 . PMID 26465364. doi:10.1590/S0036-46652015000700004.  真菌主题 醫學主题