鳐科

鳐科（學名：Rajidae、英語：Skates）是鳐形目的典型科，本科鱼身体扁平，胸鳍宽大，腹鳍有一个明显的缺刻，几乎将腹鳍分为两叶，两个背鳍非常小，紧靠尾部，尾细小，通常无尾鳍，如有也没有鳍条支持。 鳐科鱼生活在海底，以甲壳类动物和小鱼为食，是一种经济鱼类，但根據綠色和平，本科有數種魚類遭受過度捕撈的危險。 鳐通常长有扁平的身体，眼睛长在头部上方，便于观测水面上的变化；嘴和鳃裂长在身体正方，便于取食海底的带壳动物。有些鳐鱼长有特别宽大的胸鳍，能像飞机一样在水面上滑行。鳐鱼的鼻子下侧长有电子感应系统。这种系统连接着鳐鱼的感觉神经细胞。多数水生动物在游动时都会产生电子信号，鳐鱼就用自身的电子感应系统搜索食物的信号，并进行捕猎。 鰩為卵生軟骨魚類。 鳐科下分17個屬，如下： Amblyraja badia (Garman, 1899) Amblyraja doellojuradoi (Pozzi, 1935) Amblyraja frerichsi (G. Krefft, 1968) Amblyraja georgiana (Norman, 1938) 北極鈍頭鳐 Amblyraja hyperborea (Collett, 1879)：又稱北極鈍頭魟 Amblyraja jenseni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950) 鈍頭鳐 Amblyraja radiata (Donovan, 1808)：又稱鈍頭魟 Amblyraja reversa (Lloyd, 1906) Amblyraja robertsi (Hulley, 1970) Amblyraja taaf (E. E. Meisner, 1987) 雙斑鰩 Beringraja binoculata (Girard, 1855) 科特鰩 Beringraja cortezensis (McEachran & Miyake, 1988) 北美鰩 Beringraja inornata (D. S. Jordan & C. H. Gilbert, 1881) 长吻鳐 Beringraja rhina (Jordan and Gilbert, 1880) 美鰩 Beringraja pulchra (Liu, 1932) 小星鰩 Beringraja stellulata Jordan & Gilbert, 1880 耀斑短鰩 Breviraja claramaculata McEachran & Matheson, 1985 科氏短鰩 Breviraja colesi Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948 Breviraja marklei McEachran & Miyake, 1987 莫氏短鰩 Breviraja mouldi McEachran & Matheson, 1995 Breviraja nigriventralis McEachran & Matheson, 1985 小棘短鰩 Breviraja spinosa Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950 指鰩 Dactylobatus armatus B. A. Bean & A. C. Weed, 1909 克氏指鰩 Dactylobatus clarkii (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958) Dentiraja australis (Macleay, 1884) Dentiraja cerva (Whitley, 1939) Dentiraja confusa (Last, 2008) Dentiraja endeavouri (Last, 2008) Dentiraja falloarga (Last, 2008) Dentiraja flindersi Last & Gledhill, 2008 Dentiraja healdi (Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008) Dentiraja lemprieri (Richardson, 1845) Dentiraja oculus (Last, 2008) Dentiraja polyommata (Ogilby, 1910) Dipturus acrobelus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008 Dipturus amphispinus Last & Alava, 2013 Dipturus apricus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008 Dipturus batis (Linnaeus, 1758) Dipturus bullisi (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962) Dipturus campbelli (J. H. Wallace, 1967) Dipturus canutus Last, 2008 Dipturus chinensis (Basilewsky, 1855) Dipturus crosnieri (Séret, 1989) Dipturus doutrei (Cadenat, 1960) Dipturus ecuadoriensis (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1941) Dipturus flavirostris (Philippi {Krumweide}, 1892) Dipturus garricki (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958) 巨鰩 Dipturus gigas (Ishiyama, 1958) Dipturus grahami Last, 2008 Dipturus gudgeri (Whitley, 1940) Dipturus innominatus (Garrick & Paul, 1974) Dipturus intermedius (Parnell, 1837) Dipturus johannisdavisi (Alcock, 1899) 廣東鰩 Dipturus kwangtungensis (Y. T. Chu, 1960)：又稱廣東老板鯆。 Dipturus laevis (Mitchill, 1818) Dipturus lamillai (Concha, Caira, Ebert & Pompert, 2019) 尖嘴鰩 Dipturus lanceorostratus (J. H. Wallace, 1967) Dipturus leptocauda (G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1975) 大尾鰩 Dipturus macrocauda (Ishiyama, 1955)：又稱大尾老板鯆。 Dipturus melanospilus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008 Dipturus mennii U. L. Gomes & Paragó, 2001 Dipturus nidarosiensis (Storm, 1881) Dipturus olseni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951) Dipturus oregoni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1958) Dipturus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dipturus pullopunctatus (J. L. B. Smith, 1964) Dipturus queenslandicus Last, W. T. White & Pogonoski, 2008 Dipturus springeri (J. H. Wallace, 1967) Dipturus stenorhynchus (J. H. Wallace, 1967) Dipturus teevani (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951) 長鼻鰩 Dipturus tengu (D. S. Jordan & Fowler, 1903)：又稱天狗老板鯆。 Dipturus trachyderma (G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1975) Dipturus wengi Séret & Last, 2008 Dipturus wuhanlingi Jeong & Nakabo, 2008 朝鮮鰩 Hongeo koreana (Jeong & Nakabo, 1997) Leucoraja caribbaea (McEachran, 1977) Leucoraja circularis (Couch, 1838) Leucoraja compagnoi (Stehmann, 1995) 蝟鰩 Leucoraja erinacea (Mitchill, 1825) 白魟 Leucoraja fullonica (Linnaeus, 1758) 加氏鰩 Leucoraja garmani (Whitley, 1939) Leucoraja lentiginosa (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1951) Leucoraja leucosticta (Stehmann, 1971) 馬耳他鰩 Leucoraja melitensis (R. S. Clark, 1926) Leucoraja naevus (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) Leucoraja ocellata (Mitchill, 1815) Leucoraja pristispina Last, Stehmann & Séret, 2008 Leucoraja virginica (McEachran, 1977) Leucoraja wallacei (Hulley, 1970) Leucoraja yucatanensis (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1950) 克氏丑鳐 Malacoraja kreffti (Stehmann, 1978) Malacoraja obscura M. R. de Carvalho, U. L. Gomes & Gadig, 2005 Malacoraja senta (Garman, 1885) 粗皮丑鳐 Malacoraja spinacidermis (Barnard, 1923) 非洲新鰩 Neoraja africana (Stehmann & Séret, 1983) Neoraja caerulea (Stehmann, 1976) Neoraja carolinensis McEachran & Stehmann, 1984 Neoraja iberica Stehmann, Séret, M. E. Costa & Baro, 2008 斯氏新鰩 Neoraja stehmanni (Hulley, 1972) 耳棘鯆魮 Okamejei acutispina (Ishiyama, 1958)：又稱光棘鰩。 Okamejei arafurensis Last & Gledhill, 2008 鮑氏鯆魮 Okamejei boesemani (Ishihara, 1987)：又稱鮑氏鰩。 Okamejei cairae Last, Fahmi & Ishihara, 2010 希氏鰩 Okamejei heemstrai (McEachran & Fechhelm, 1982) 何氏鯆魮 Okamejei hollandi (D. S. Jordan & R. E. Richardson, 1909)：又稱何氏鰩。 平背鯆魮 Okamejei kenojei (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841)：又稱斑鰩。 Okamejei leptoura Last & Gledhill, 2008 麥氏鯆魮 Okamejei meerdervoortii (Bleeker, 1860)：又稱麥氏鰩。 Okamejei mengae Jeong, Nakabo & H. L. Wu, 2007 Okamejei ornata Weigmann, Stehmann & Thiel, 2015 褐斑鰩 Okamejei pita (R. Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995) Okamejei schmidti (Ishiyama, 1958) Okamejei panayensis Misawa, Babaran & Motomura, 2022 Orbiraja jensenae (Last & A. P. K. Lim, 2010) Orbiraja philipi (Lloyd, 1906) Orbiraja powelli (Alcock, 1898) 星斑鰩 Raja asterias Delaroche, 1809 短尾鰩 Raja brachyura Lafont, 1873 背棘鰩 Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758 晶吻鰩 Raja eglanteria L. A. G. Bosc, 1800 赫氏鰩 Raja herwigi G. Krefft, 1965 大吻鰩 Raja maderensis R. T. Lowe, 1838 Raja mauritaniensis White & Fricke, 2021 小睛斑鰩 Raja microocellata Montagu, 1818 鏡鰩 Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758 蒙鰩 Raja montagui Fowler, 1910 Raja ocellifera Regan, 1906 Raja parva Last & Séret, 2016 Raja pita Fricke & Al-Hassan, 1995 Raja polystigma Regan, 1923 粗背鰩 Raja radula Delaroche, 1809 斯氏鰩 Raja straeleni Poll, 1951 波鰩 Raja undulata Lacépède, 1802 Rajella annandalei M. C. W. Weber, 1913 Rajella barnardi Norman, 1935 Rajella bathyphila Holt & Byrne, 1908 Rajella bigelowi Stehmann, 1978 Rajella caudaspinosa von Bonde & Swart, 1923 Rajella challengeri Last & Stehmann, 2008 Rajella dissimilis Hulley, 1970 Rajella eisenhardti Long & McCosker, 1999 Rajella fuliginea Bigelow & Schroeder, 1954 細鰩 Rajella fyllae Lütken, 1887 Rajella kukujevi Dolganov, 1985 Rajella leopardus von Bonde & Swart, 1923 Rajella lintea Fries, 1838 Rajella nigerrima F. de Buen, 1960 Rajella paucispinosa Weigmann, Stehmann & Thiel, 2014 Rajella purpuriventralis Bigelow & Schroeder, 1962 Rajella ravidula Hulley, 1970 Rajella sadowskii G. Krefft & Stehmann, 1974 Rostroraja ackleyi (Garman, 1881) Rostroraja alba (Lacépède, 1803) Rostroraja bahamensis (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1965) Rostroraja cervigoni (Bigelow & Schroeder, 1964) Rostroraja eglanteria (L. A. G. Bosc, 1800) Rostroraja equatorialis (D. S. Jordan & Bollman, 1890) Rostroraja texana (A. C. Chandler, 1921) Rostroraja velezi (Chirichigno F., 1973) Spiniraja whitleyi (Iredale, 1938) Zearaja argentinensis (Díaz de Astarloa, Mabragaña, Hanner & Figueroa, 2008) Zearaja chilensis (Guichenot, 1848) Zearaja maugeana (Last & Gledhill, 2007) Zearaja nasuta (J. P. Müller & Henle, 1841) Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2009). Rajidae. FishBase. Version 2009-01. LAST, P.R. & SÉRET, B. & STEHMANN, M.F.W. & WEIGMANN, S. (2016) Skates, Family Rajidae. In: Last, P.R., White, W.T., Carvalho, M.R. de, Séret, B., Stehmann, M.F.W & Naylor, G.J.P (Eds.) Rays of the World. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne: 204–363 Last, P.R. & Alava, M. (2013): Dipturus amphispinus sp. nov., a new longsnout skate (Rajoidei: Rajidae) from the Philippines. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Pp. 214-227 in: de Carvalho, M.R., Ebert, D.A., Ho, H.-C. & White, W.T. (eds.) : Systematics and biodiversity of sharks, rays, and chimaeras (Chondrichthyes) of Taiwan. Zootaxa, 3752 (1): 1–386. Francisco Concha; Janine Caira; David Ebert; Joost Pompert. Redescription and taxonomic status of Dipturus chilensis (Guichenot, 1848), and description of Dipturus lamillai sp. nov. (Rajiformes: Rajidae), a new species of long-snout skate from the Falkland Islands. Zootaxa. 1 May 2019, 4590 (5): 501–524 [19 March 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-19）.  Weigmann, S., Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. (2015): Okamejei ornata n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the northwestern Indian Ocean off Socotra Islands. Deep-Sea Research Part II, 115: 18-29. Weigmann, S.; Stehmann, M.F.W. & Thiel, R. Rajella paucispinosa n. sp., a new deep-water skate (Elasmobranchii, Rajidae) from the western Indian Ocean off South Mozambique, and a revised generic diagnosis (PDF). Zootaxa. 2014, 3847 (3): 359–387 [2023-09-10]. PMID 25112345. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.3. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2023-08-02）.  維基物種上的相關信息：鳐科 查看维基词典中的词条「skate」。 維基教科書的食譜有以下内容：鳐科 ARKive – images and movies of the common skate (Dipturus batis) Kliman, Todd. "Skate Goes From Trash Fish to Treasure （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）", Washingtonian, May 1, 2006. 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源： Rajidae