奧爾德姆

奧爾德姆（英語：Oldham）是英國的一座城鎮，位於英格蘭的大曼徹斯特地區。奧爾德姆和附近的數座都市共同組建奧爾德姆都市自治市，奧爾德姆則是自治市的行政中心都市。在歷史上奧爾德姆屬蘭開夏郡。奧爾德姆曾是國際紡織業中心，也是一座在工業革命期間興起的都市，在19世紀開始快速發展。奧爾德姆是首個工業化都市，并迅速發展為英格蘭最重要的棉織業中心都市之一。 今日的奧爾德姆是一座以住宅為主的都市，仍然保留有很多與棉織業有關的建築物。戲劇文化頗為發達，市內有眾多文化場所。教堂是頗為著名的古跡。每年舉行有狂歡節。 奧爾德姆在2001年發生大規模暴動，白人和亞裔社區之間發生了嚴重的暴力事件，這也促進了奧爾德姆實施大規模的再生計劃。 Greater Manchester Gazetteer, Greater Manchester County Record Office, Places names - O to R, [9 July 2007], （原始内容存档于2010年9月6日）  Oldham County Borough Council, Official Handbook of Oldham, 1973  Bygone Oldham, True North Publishing, 1996, ISBN 1-900463-25-3  Ballard, Elsie, A Chronicle of Crompton 2nd, Royton: Burnage Press Limited, 1986 [1967], ISBN 5-00-096678-3  Bateson, Hartley, A Centenary History of Oldham, Oldham County Borough Council, 1949, ISBN 5-00-095162-X  Brownbill, John; Farrer, William, A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5, Victoria County History, 1911, ISBN 978-0-7129-1055-2  Butterworth, Edwin, Historical Sketches of Oldham, E.J. Morten, 1981, ISBN 978-0-85972-048-9  Carter, James, Oldham Colosseum Theatre - The first hundred years, Oldham Leisure Services, 1986, ISBN 0-902809-15-6  Daly, J.D, Oldham From the XX Legion to the 20th Century, ISBN 5-00-091284-5  Crawford, Elizabeth, The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide, 1866-1928, Routledge, 23 November 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-23926-4  Drummond, Christine, Oldham Celebrates; Events in Oldham's History, Oldham Arts and Heritage, 2005, ISBN 0-902809-58-X  Eastham, Reginald H., Platts; Textile Machinery Makers, R.H Eastham, 1994  Fanning, Gerry, British Mining No. 68 - Oldham Coal, Keighley: Northern Mine Research Society, 2001, ISBN 0-901450-54-5  Foster, John, Class Struggle and the Industrial Revolution - Early industrial capitalism in three English towns, Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1974, ISBN 978-0-297-76681-0  Frangopulo, N.J., Tradition in Action: The Historical Evolution of the Greater Manchester County, EP Publishing, Wakefield, 1977, ISBN 0-7158-1203-3  Gibb, Robert, Greater Manchester: A panorama of people and places in Manchester and its surrounding towns, Myriad, 2005, ISBN 1-904736-86-6  Gurr, Duncan; Hunt, Julian, The Cotton Mills of Oldham, Oldham Education & Leisure, 1998, ISBN 0-902809-46-6  Kidd, Leonard, Oldham's natural history, Oldham Libraries, Art Galleries and Museums, 1977  Llewellin, Mark, They Started Here!: The Story of Oldham Coliseum Theatre, P & D Riley Publishers, 2000, ISBN 978-1-874712-47-3  Marlow, Joyce, The Peterloo Massacre, Rapp & Whiting, 1969, ISBN 0-85391-122-3  McNeil, R.; Nevell, M., A Guide to the Industrial Archaeology of Greater Manchester, Association for Industrial Archaeology, 2000, ISBN 0-9528930-3-7  McPhillips, K., Oldham: The Formative Years, Neil Richardson, 1977, ISBN 1-85216-119-1  Millett, Freda, Images of England; Oldham, Nonsuch, 1996, ISBN 1-84588-164-8  Nadin, Jack, The Oldham Coalfield, Tempus Publishing, 2006, ISBN 0-7524-2945-0  Oldham County Borough Council, Official Handbook of Oldham, 1973  Sellers, Gladys, Walking the South Pennines, Cicerone Press, 1991, ISBN 978-1-85284-041-9  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：奧爾德姆 www.oldham.gov.uk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Website of Oldham Council. www.genuki.org.uk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, GENUKI entry for Oldham, including genealogical data and historic descriptions. www.oldhamadvertiser.co.uk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Website for one of Oldham's weekly newspapers, the Oldham Advertiser. www.oldham-chronicle.co.uk （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Website for Oldham's daily newspaper, the Oldham Evening Chronicle. www.coliseum.org.uk/ （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Official website of Oldham Coliseum Theatre. www.oldhamcarnival.org.uk, Official website for the planning and reporting of the annual Oldham Carnival.