阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区

阿拉伯复兴社会党—叙利亚地区（阿拉伯语：حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي – قطر سوريا‎，羅馬化：Ḥizb al-Ba'th al-'Arabī al-Ishtirākī – Quṭr Sūriyā），简称敘利亞复兴党，叙利亚執政黨，於1963年發動軍事政變取得政權。1970年，阿薩德家族發動“纠正运动”，夺取叙利亚政权和复兴党领导权，統治至今。 該黨的背景主要是由阿拉維派的軍方和民兵組成，並由阿薩德家族直接操縱和控制。該黨自1980年一直獲苏联（及其继承者俄罗斯）、伊朗、朝鲜、中华人民共和国，以及黎巴嫩真主党的支持及军事援助。該黨強烈反對美國、英国和法國，不承認以色列为主权国家，並要求以色列歸還自1967年被其軍事佔領的戈蘭高地，作為和平談判相互承認的基礎。 該黨的前身可追溯自1940年代興於敘利亞小資產階級知識分子中的阿拉伯復興黨 (Arab Ba'th Party)。阿拉伯復興黨的創始人米歇爾·阿弗拉克和薩拉赫丁·比塔爾分別為希臘東正教教徒及遜尼派穆斯林，但因兩者均希望統一阿拉伯國家而開始以「阿拉伯復興運動」的名義進行具有政黨性質的政治活動。1943年7月，阿弗拉克提出黨的口號為「統一的阿拉伯民族，具有不朽的使命」。1947年4月，在大馬士革聯合召開第一屆民族代表大會，大會選舉阿弗拉克為黨主席，比塔爾為黨總書記，黨綱強調「阿拉伯祖國是政治經濟不可分割的整體」，復興黨正在領導「一個爭取阿拉伯統一、自由和社會主義的人民民族革命運動。」該黨的主要支持者是大馬士革的伊斯蘭教遜尼派和基督教知識分子，也受大量遜尼派穆斯林主體外的少數族群支持，並在敘利亞北部阿拉維派和南部德魯茲人聚居地區設有分支。1952年，與倡導革新封建土地所有制並反對外來侵略的阿拉伯社會黨合併。1954年，復興黨成為敘利亞議會第二大黨，並且有兩個成員成為外交部長及經濟部長。1955年，復興黨一位高級成員阿德南·马尔基（英语：Adnan al-Malki）被敘利亞民族社會黨成員暗殺，復興黨便對敘利亞社會民族黨進行清洗。1958年2月1日，敘利亞與埃及兩國合併成立阿拉伯聯合共和國，解散復興黨等的所有敘利亞政黨。1962年，在黎巴嫩召開會議，決定在敘利亞重建復興黨，並且建立臨時地區領導機構。 1963年3月8日，下級軍官發動軍事政變，成功奪取國家政權，對復興黨政權的權力結構演變具有決定性的意義，標誌著年輕且激進的下級軍官成員在黨內的興起。1966年，薩拉赫·賈迪德及哈菲茲·阿薩德發動政變，奪取復興黨民族領導機構和地區領導機構領導權。1967年第三次中東戰爭後，新復興黨人逐漸產生了以賈迪德為首的激進派和以阿薩德為首的務實軍人派的兩個派別，並且在對內對外政策主張等方面發生嚴重分歧，甚至出現了以民族領導機構和以地區領導機構為背景的兩個權力中心。1970年11月13日，阿薩德發動不流血軍事政變，並被其描述成「響應我國人民的要求和願望」而發動的「糾正運動」。從此開啓了敘利亞阿薩德時代，直至2000年6月阿薩德去世。 受到阿拉伯之春的影响，叙利亚反对派于2011年1月26日开始，组织民众和平示威，要求叙利亚政府实行政治改革、恢復公民权利，以及结束自1963年以来实行的国家紧急状态。巴沙尔·阿萨德于2011年1月31日接受《华尔街日报》采访时，表示自己需要作出改变以适应民众不断崛起的政治诉求和经济需要。根据巴沙尔的改革承诺，当局于4月21日废除了紧急状态法，并在8月4日由巴沙尔签署了允许各派别建立合法政党的政党法法令。 與此同時，受西方支持的叙利亚国外反对派以及变节的政府军士兵分别组建了自由叙利亚军以及叙利亚全国委员会，同时基地组织也潜入叙利亚，并与反政府武装建立了联系，叙利亚由此正式进入内战。 从大体上讲，叙利亚政府主要受到来自俄罗斯、伊朗、朝鲜及中国的军事援助，而叙利亚反对派则受到大部分西方国家、海湾六国以及由穆斯林兄弟会掌权的逊尼派阿拉伯国家的武器和资金援助。分析認為，一旦阿薩德家族為首的復興黨政權倒台，激進遜尼派掌權，伊朗必然會首當其衝，成為其他逊尼派阿拉伯国家和西方的重要打擊對象。 阿拉伯复兴社会党 阿拉伯复兴社会党－伊拉克地区 阿拉伯复兴社会党 (叙利亚主导派)（英语：Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)） Korany, Baghat; Dessouki, Ali (2010). The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 423–424. ISBN 978-977-416-360-9. Viorst, Milton (1995). Sandcastles: The Arabs in Search of the Modern World. Syracuse University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0224033237. Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9.  Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 259–262, 382. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5. doi:10.1017/9781316872017.  Atassi, Karim. Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. 2018: 262, 344. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5. doi:10.1017/9781316872017.  C. Tucker, Spencer. Baath party. U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century 1. California, USA: ABC-CLIO. 2015: 135, 136. ISBN 978-1-4408-3878-1.  The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.  Syrian nationalism is all about masculinity. The Conversation. 13 December 2017 [19 July 2023]. And just as these ideas are at the forefront of the Syrian conflict, they will be very familiar to any ordinary Syrian. Assad’s invigorated nationalism is a highly amplified and intensified version of the same nationalist ideology that we have all experienced over the last four decades.  Nisan, Mordechai. 5: Syria: The Occupation of Lebanon. Politics and War in Lebanon: Unraveling the Enigma. 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. 2017: 93–116. ISBN 978-1-4128-5667-6.  Baʿath Party. Britannica. 2020. The Baʿath Party espoused nonalignment and opposition to imperialism and colonialism...  Wieland, Carsten. SYRIA'S CHALLENGES AFTER THE ELECTION YEAR IS BASHAR AL-ASAD PART OF THE PROBLEM OR PART OF THE SOLUTION IN THE MIDDLE EAST?. Papel Politico. June 2007, 12 (1): 209–236.  Walt, Stephen. 3:From the Baghdad Pact to the Six Day War. The Origins of Alliances. Cornell University Press. 1987: 87–88. ISBN 978-0-8014-9418-5. yet another coup d'etat in Syria in February 1966 ousted the old guard of the Ba'th Party... and gave a radical faction (subsequently dubbed the neo-Ba'th) undisputed power. Abandoning the traditional goal of Arab unity, the new leaders proclaimed a radical socialist platform at home and a commitment to violent revolutionary activity abroad..  El-attrache, Mohammed. The Political Philosophy of Michel Aflaq and the Ba'th Party in Syria. Norman, Oklahoma, USA: University of Oklahoma. 1973: 160–177. hdl:11244/3545.  Roberts, David. 7: Ba'athist Doctrine. 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Syria, headed by the radical leftist Baath Party overtly challenged Nasser's leadership credentials by highlighting his diminished revolutionary spirit.  I. Dawisha, Adeed. 3: External and Internal Setting. Syria and the Lebanese Crisis. London, UK: Macmillan Press Ltd. 1980: 45. ISBN 978-1-349-05373-5. The change has been particularly marked under Asad. He has created a fairly popular Presidential regime: radical left, the most advanced socialist regime in the Arab world, it is progressively widening the frame to include more peasants and labourers.  The Israel Economist 26–27. University of Minnesota: Kollek & Son, Limited. 1970: 61. The ideology propounded by the Ba'ath changed completely. The accent on Arab nationalism was discarded as was moderate socialism. Their place was taken by Syrian nationalism and extreme left-wing ideas verging on communism.  Abadi, Jacob. Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. London, UK: Frank Class Publishers. 2004: 22. ISBN 0-7146-5576-7. radical left-wing Ba'ath party in Syria.  S. Abu Jaber, Kamel. The Arab Ba'th Socialist Party: History, Ideology and Organization. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press. 1966: xii–xiii, 33–47, 75–97. LCCN 66-25181. The leadership now in control of Syria does not represent the gamut of the Ba'th party. It is composed mainly of extreme leftists vesting almost exclusive authority in the military wing of the party.  Hopwood, Derek. Syria 1945-1986: Politics and Society. Routledge. 2013: 45–46, 73–75, 90. ISBN 9781317818427. doi:10.4324/9781315818955. The period 1963 to 1970 when Asad finally succeeded was marked ideologically by uncertainty and even turbulence. It was a period of transition from the old nationalist politicians to the radical socialist Baathis.. struggle between ‘moderates’ and radicals was centred on the dispute whether to impose a radical left wing government and a social revolution on Syria or to follow a more moderate Arab unionist course which would possibly appease opponents of the Baath. The radicals largely held the upper hand and worked to strengthen the control of the party over the state.  Phillips, Christopher. The Battle for Syria: International Rivalry in the New Middle East. London, UK: Yale University Press. 2020: 11 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0-300-21717-9. （原始内容存档于2023-04-21）. In 1963.. the socialist Ba’ath Party, seized power. The radical left wing of the party then launched an internal coup in 1966, initiating accelerated land reform  Mikhaĭlovich Vasilʹev, Alekseĭ. Russian Policy in the Middle East: From Messianism to Pragmatism. University of Michigan, USA: Ithaca Press. 1993: 63, 76 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0863721687. （原始内容存档于2023-01-22）. Syrian Baathist version of Arab nationalism and socialism offered plenty of points of contact with Soviet policy.. when the left-wing Baathist faction led by Nureddin Atasi came to power, accelerated Syria’s rapprochement with the Soviet Union.. for the USSR Syria remained an uneasy ally whose actions were beyond control, often unpredictable and the cause of complications. The ultra-leftist slogans originating from Damascus (such as a "people’s war") were not received enthusiastically in Moscow. Mustafa Tlas, the new Syrian chief of staff, was a theoretician of guerrilla warfare and had even translated works by Che Guevara who was not particularly popular among the Soviet leaders."  Climent, James. World Terrorism: An Encyclopedia of Political Violence from Ancient Times to the Post-9/11 Era 2nd. New York: Routledge. 2015: 383 [2023-09-27]. ISBN 978-0-7656-8284-0. （原始内容存档于2023-01-06）. influence of different views, came from the more radical left-wing nationalist groups. These groups included.. Syria's Ba'ath party which seized power in Damascus in 1963  Tejel, Jordi (2009). Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-89211-4. 趙娜、馬帥.敘利亞復興黨的演變及其對敘利亞內戰的影響.阿拉伯世界研究.2018.第6期：P31-43，116-117 王新剛、張文濤.敘利亞政黨制度與政治穩定研究.外國問題研究.2018.第2期：P51-66，119 Alan George, Syria: Neither Bread nor Freedom, London: Zed Books, 2003, p. 66. Elie Podeh, The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic, New York: Sussex Academic Press, 1999, p. 219. Avraham Ben-Tzur, “The Neo-Ba‘th Party,” Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 1968, p. 163. 王新剛.阿拉伯復興社會黨及其理論與實踐.西北大學學報 (哲學社會科學版) .2002年.第4期 Interview With Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. wsj.com. [2011-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-31）.  Syria Strongman: Time for 'Reform'. wsj.com. [2011-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-01-31）.