約尼

約尼（梵語：योनि，IAST：yoni；又稱瑜尼、優尼、尤尼），是印度教女神夏克提的抽象或非偶像崇拜代表。 它通常被與林伽一起展示，它們一起象徵著微觀宇宙和宏觀宇宙的融合，創造和再生的神聖永恆過程，以及重建全部存在的女性和男性的結合。 約尼被概念化為自然中全部誕生的門戶，特別是在Kaula和Tantra實踐中，以及印度教的沙克提派和濕婆教傳統中。 約尼是一個梵語單詞，字面意思是“子宮”，“源頭”，以及女性的生殖器官。它也意味著女性性器官，例如“陰道”，“女陰”，和“子宮”，或在其他脈絡下任何事物的“起源，居所或來源”。 例如，吠檀多文本《梵天經》（Brahma Sutras）將形上學概念「梵」比喻為「宇宙的約尼」。 在印度次大陸和東南亞的濕婆神殿和考古遺址以及 Lajja Gauri 等雕塑中，都發現有約尼與林伽的圖像。 约尼按摩 Dasgupta, Rohit. Kimmel, Michael; Christine Milrod; Amanda Kennedy , 编. Cultural Encyclopedia of the Penis. Rowman & Littlefield. 26 September 2014: 107. ISBN 978-0-7591-2314-4.  Doniger, Wendy; Stefon, Matt. Yoni (Hinduism). Encyclopædia Britannica. Edinburgh: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 24 December 2014 [22 May 2021].  已忽略未知参数|orig-date= (帮助) Beltz, Johannes. The Dancing Shiva: South Indian Processional Bronze, Museum Artwork, and Universal Icon. Journal of Religion in Europe (Brill Academic Publishers). 2011-03-01, 4 (1): 204–222. S2CID 143631560. doi:10.1163/187489210x553566.  Lochtefeld, James G. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2001: 784. ISBN 978-0-8239-3180-4.  Jones, Constance A.; Ryan, James D. Yoni. Melton, J. Gordon (编). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Encyclopedia of World Religions 1st. New York: Facts On File: 260–261, 515–517. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. LCCN 2006044419. OCLC 255783694.  Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West. 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538. , Quote: "Nature is my yoni (womb), [...]" Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3067-7. Adams, Douglas Q. Studies in Tocharian Vocabulary IV: A Quartet of Words from a Tocharian B Magic Text. Journal of the American Oriental Society (JSTOR). 1986, 106 (2): 339–341. JSTOR 601599. doi:10.2307/601599. , Quote: "Yoni- 'womb, vulva', Yoni- "way, abode' is from a second PIE root [...]"; Indradeva, Shrirama. Correspondence between Woman and Nature in Indian Thought. Philosophy East and West (JSTOR). 1966, 16 (3/4): 161–168. JSTOR 1397538. doi:10.2307/1397538.  Abhinavagupta. A Trident of Wisdom: Translation of Paratrisika-vivarana. 由Jaideva Singh翻译. State University of New York Press. 1989: 122, 175. ISBN 978-0-7914-0180-4. , Quote: "yoni or womb [...]" p. 122, "[...] in the female aspect, it is known as yoni or female organ of generation [...], p. 175" Cheris Kramarae; Dale Spender. Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge. Routledge. 2004: 1840. ISBN 978-1-135-96315-6. , Quote: "The sculpted image of the lingam usually stands erect in a shallow, circular basin that represents the yoni." Medical literature from India, Sri Lanka, and Tibet. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1991. ISBN 90-04-09522-5. OCLC 24501435.  Louis Renou (1939), L'acception première du mot sanskrit yoni (chemin), Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, volume 40, number 2, pages 18-24 Gerd Carling. New look at the Tocharian B medical manuscript IOL Toch 306 (Stein Ch.00316. a2) of the British Library - Oriental and India Office Collections. Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 2003,. 116. Bd., 1. H. (1): 75–95. JSTOR 40849180. , Quote: "[...] diseases of the yoni (uterus and vagina) [...]"; Shivanandaiah, TM; Indudhar, TM. Lajjalu treatment of uterine prolapse. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 2010, 1 (2): 125–128. PMC 3151380 . PMID 21836800. doi:10.4103/0975-9476.65090 . , Quote: "[...] vaginal-uterine disorders (Yoni Vyapat) [...]"; Frueh, Joanna. Vaginal Aesthetics. Hypatia (Wiley). 2003, 18 (4): 137–158. S2CID 232180657. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb01416.x.  Monier-Williams, Monier. Yoni. Harvard University Archives: 858. （原始内容存档于3 March 2009）.  Klostermaier, Klaus K. A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Oneworld Publications. 1998: 214. ISBN 978-178074-6-722 （英语）.  Urban, Hugh B. The Power of Tantra: Religion, Sexuality and the Politics of South Asian Studies. I.B.Tauris. 2009: 2–11, 35–41. ISBN 978-0-85773-158-6.  Andrew Hardy; Mauro Cucarzi; Patrizia Zolese. Champa and the archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). Singapore: NUS Press. 2009. ISBN 978-9971-69-451-7. OCLC 246492836.  Lopez, Donald S. Religions of India in Practice. Princeton University Press. 1995: 304–307. ISBN 978-0-691-04324-1.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Bolon, Carol Radcliffe. Forms of the Goddess Lajja Gauri in Indian Art. Pennsylvania State University Press. 2010: 40–47, 54. ISBN 978-0-271-04369-2.