納-德內語系

納-德內語系（英语：Na-Dené languages），或作納-得內語系、納-達內語系或納-德內諸語言，都是指北美洲原住民的一個建議中的語系，主要分布於加拿大西南部（包括西北地區、育空地區及其鄰近地域）和美國西北部（阿拉斯加州，加上俄勒岡州西南部和加利福尼亞州北部）。納-德內語系包含了現時的阿薩巴斯卡語系諸語言、埃雅克語、特林吉特语。 納-德內語系的建議在最初提出時，還包括海達語，但有關海達語與其他語言的關聯有爭議。在2008年3月，有語言學家發表一個建議，把納-德內語系與在西伯利亞通行的葉尼塞語系合併成為德內-葉尼塞語系，並確認海達語跟這個新語系內的成員並沒有關連。這個建議，得到相當數量的語言學家支持。 “納”（特林吉特语）和“德內”（阿萨巴斯卡语支）都是该语系一些语言对“人”的称呼，“德內”的“內”与“納”同源。“德內”也是一种名为Dëne Sųłiné的阿萨巴斯卡语言。 德內語支 Dene-Yeniseic Symposium. [2008-07-30]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-26）.  Bengtson, J. D., Edward Sapir and the ‘Sino-Dene’ Hypothesis, Anthropological Science, 1994, 102 (3): 207–230, ISSN 0918-7960, doi:10.1537/ase.102.207, （原始内容存档于2006-11-14） . Dürr, Michael & Renner, Egon, The history of the Na-Dene controversy: A sketch., Renner, Egon & Dürr, Michael (编), Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2, Munich: Lincom Europa: 3–18, 1995, ISBN 3-89586-004-2 . 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Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Two problems of the historical phonology of Na-Dene languages, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1962, 28: 162–166 .[與來源不符] Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, On the historical position of Tlingit, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1964, 30 (2): 155–164, doi:10.1086/464770 . Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Grundzüge einer historischen Lautlehre des Tlingit, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966 （德语） . （德文） Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Genetic relationships versus borrowing in Na-Dene, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1968a, 34 (3): 194–203, doi:10.1086/465015 . Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Sprachhistorische Studien zur Verbstammvariation im Tlingit, Orbis, 1968b, 17: 509–531 （德语） . Template:De-icon Pinnow, Heinz-Jürgen, Notes on the classifiers in the Na-Dene languages, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1970, 36 (1): 63–67, doi:10.1086/465094 . 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H., Genetic Evidence for the phylogenetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian speakers, Human Biology, 2002, 74 (6): 743–761, doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0011 . Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue, New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1994a, ISBN 0-471-58426-6 . Ruhlen, Merritt, The Origin of the Na-Dene, PNAS, 1998, 95 (23): 13994–13996 [2015-08-09], PMC 25007 , PMID 9811914, doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994, （原始内容存档于2020-05-19） . Sapir, Edward, The Na-Dene languages: A preliminary report, American Anthropologist, 1915, 17 (3): 534–558, doi:10.2307/660504 . Thompson, Chad, The Na-Dene middle voice: An impersonal source of the D-element, International Journal of American Linguistics, 1996, 62 (4): 351–378, doi:10.1086/466304 . Vajda, Edward, Kari, James; Potter, Ben , 编, The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, 2010,, 5 (new series): 33–99  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助). 《民族語》：Language Family Trees - Na-Dene （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Table of contents and ordering information for The Dene–Yeniseian Connection. Alaska Native Language Center （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Athabaskan word comparison table （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Dené–Yeniseian / Na-Dené Swadesh lists （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (incomplete)