有限承认国家

有限承認國家是指世界上许多已经宣布自身是主權國家的獨立政治實體，正尋求国际社会将其作为法律上的主权国家予以外交承认，但却并未因此得到普遍承认。这些实体通常在事实上拥有其领土的控制权。过去已经存在很多这样的实体。国际上有两种传统理论可以在法律上作为一个主权国家成立的标准。根据宣告说的理论，只要一个政体符合下列条件则构成国际法上的主权国家： 固定的领土 永久的居民 政府 与其他国家建立外交关系的能力 根据宣告说的理论，一个实体的国家地位独立于其他主权国家对其承认。而构成说则认为一个实体成为一个国际法人必须得到已是国际社会成员的其他主权国的承认。 準國家经常引用这两种学说中的一种或两种，以使它们的建国主张合法化。例如：有些国家符合宣告说的标准（在事实上对其声称的领土、政府及永久居民拥有全部或部分的控制权），但其国家地位并未得到其他主权国家的承认。不被承认的原因通常是这些实体所声称的领土往往是其他主权国家领土的一部分。其他的案例还有两个或多个得到部分主权国家承认的国家对同一领土提出相同的主张，而它们在实际上各自占有了一部分。例如：中华人民共和国与中华民国；朝鲜民主主义人民共和国与大韩民国等。在有限承认国家中，只有少数会引用构成说来使其建国主张合法化。 在许多情况下，国际上不受承认并存在争议的实体的领土上往往存在外国军事势力的影响，这使得该实体在其国际地位的描述上存在问题。国际社会可以以此认为外国军事势力的侵入性太强而导致该实体沦为傀儡政权，外国在实际上拥有主权。在第二次世界大战之前和期间，由大日本帝国领导的满洲国及由纳粹德国建立的斯洛伐克第一共和国和克罗地亚独立国就是相应的历史案例。在1996年的“洛尔兹多诉土耳其案（英语：Loizidou v. Turkey）”中，欧洲人权法院裁定土耳其在北塞浦路斯行使了主权。 也有一些实体并没有控制任何实际上的领土，或者明确不符合宣告说中的建国标准，但却在法律上得到了至少1个国家的承认为主权实体。从历史上看，1870年至1929年期间的圣座；苏联占领时期的爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛都属于这样的案例。而马耳他骑士团和伊奇克里亞車臣共和國目前仍然处于这样的状态。而那些无法控制其领土且未被承认的实体可以参看现存流亡政府列表。 收录进本列表的政治统一体（英语：Polity）必须拥有主权，且至少一个或以上的联合国会员不承认该政体，并符合下列条件之一： 符合宣告说的建国标准。 得到至少一个其他国家的承认。 擁有人口、領土、政府、邦交、國家象征。 目前联合国拥有193个会员国，而梵蒂冈与巴勒斯坦国则拥有观察员国地位。但是仍然有一些联合国成员国的国家也被列入本列表，这是由于这些国家因为领土或其他冲突而未得到其他另外一些国家的承认。 部分政治实体与未承认其主权国家地位的国家保持着一些非正式的关系。例如中华民国通过台北经济文化代表处在一些国家可以提供定期的领事服务，而尽管它们之间并无正式的外交关系。除此之外，科索沃、北塞浦路斯、阿布哈茲、德涅斯特河沿岸、阿拉伯撒哈拉民主共和国、索马里兰、巴勒斯坦民族权力机构等政治实体也通过正式的外交使团或特别代表团及非正式使团与外国保持联系。 在1971年的聯合國2758號決議通過之前，國際上通称／簡稱「中國」，另称“自由中國”。 11个為聯合國會員國， 聖座（ 梵蒂冈）為聯合國觀察員國。另包括索馬利蘭。 因此而仅未獲得 巴基斯坦外交上的承认。 Thomas D. Grant. The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1999 [2020-10-03]. ISBN 9780275963507. （原始内容存档于2021-03-03）.  Hersch Lauterpacht. Recognition in International Law. Cambridge University Press. 2012: 64 [2020-10-03]. 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Permanent Observer Mission of the Order of Malta to the United Nations in New York "The admission of Order of Malta to the United Nations also further solidified its legally recognized sovereignty ..." Shaw, Malcolm Nathan International Law Fifth Edition Cambridge University Press 2003 ISBN 0-521-82473-7 p. 218 Searchable text 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期13 April 2023., "The Italian Court of Cassation in 1935 recognised the international personality of the Order, noting that 'the modern theory of the subjects of international law recognises a number of collective units whose composition is independent of the nationality of their constituent members and whose scope transcends by virtue of their universal character the territorial confines of any single state.' (Nanni v. Pace and the Sovereign Order of Malta 8 AD, p. 2.)" Reconócese a la Soberana Orden Militar de Malta como Entidad Internacionál Independiente. 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