田螺科

田螺泛指田螺科（學名：Viviparidae）的淡水腹足纲软体动物。平均只有拇指头大小，有角質口蓋（螺厣），殼口相對比較大。螺蛳是田螺科动物的通称。很多淡水魚類喜歡吃田螺。田螺體內很容易生長寄生蟲。 根據在2005年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科屬主扭舌目的成員。 This family occurs nearly worldwide in temperate and tropical regions, with the exception that they are absent from 南美洲. There are two genera of Viviparidae in Africa: Bellamya and Neothauma（英语：Neothauma）. 舊屬前鰓亞綱的中腹足目，田螺科目前是主扭舌類的成員，約有17屬百餘種。根據2005年的《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類》，田螺科物種大致可分為三個亞科： 田螺亞科 Viviparinae Gray, 1847 (1833) - synonyms: Paludinidae Fitzinger, 1833 (inv.); Kosoviinae Atanackovic, 1859 (n.a.) 环棱螺亚科 Bellamyinae Rohrbach, 1937 - synonym: Amuropaludinidae Starobogatov, Prozorova, Bogatov & Sayenko, 2004 (n.a.) 平圓螺亞科 Lioplacinae Gill, 1863 - synonym: Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929 田螺科包括下列各屬： Galizgia Mikhaylovskiy, 1903 † Kosovia（英语：Kosovia） Atanacković, 1959 河螺屬 Rivularia Heude, 1890 Trochopaludina Starobogatov, 1985 Tulotoma（英语：Tulotoma） Haldeman, 1840 田螺屬 Viviparus Montfort（英语：Pierre Denys de Montfort）, 1810：模式属，目前只餘下六個現生種。異名有：Vivipara（詞性錯誤，不採用）、Contectiana Bourguignat, 1880、Hazayipaludina Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、Kobeltipaludina Chernogorenko & Starobogatov, 1987、Paludina Férussac, 1812 Amuropaludina（英语：Amuropaludina） Moskvicheva, 1979 角螺屬 Angulyagra Rao, 1931 环螺蛳属 Anularya L.-J. Zhang & S.-C. Chen, 2015：只見於中國雲南，其物種舊屬螺蛳属 Anulotaia Brandt, 1968 环棱螺属 Bellamya Jousseaume, 1886：亞科的模式屬； Boganmargarya（英语：Boganmargarya） Thach, 2018 Genus Chlorostracia Mabille, 1889 圆田螺属 Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912 Eyriesia（英语：Eyriesia） P. Fischer, 1885 Filopaludina（英语：Filopaludina） Habe, 1964 Heterogen Annandale, 1921：就只有一個物種，就是Heterogen longispira（英语：Heterogen longispira） (E. A. Smith, 1886)； Idiopoma Pilsbry（英语：Henry Augustus Pilsbry）, 1901 Larina（英语：Larina） A. Adams, 1851 螺蛳属 Margarya G. Nevill, 1877：只見於中國雲南，和圆田螺属关系较近。 湄公螺屬 Mekongia Crosse & P. Fischer, 1876 Neclarina Iredale, 1943 Neothauma E. A. Smith, 1880 Notopala（英语：Notopala） Cotton, 1935 石田螺屬 Sinotaia F. Haas, 1939：和石田螺属关系较近。 Taia（英语：Taia (gastropod)） Annandale, 1918 玺螺蛳属 玺螺蛳属 He, 2013：只見於中國雲南，有兩個物種，均舊屬螺蛳属。 † Temnotaia Annandale, 1919 Torotaia F. Haas, 1939 拟小螺属 Trochotaia Brandt, 1974 Genus Centrapala Cotton, 1935 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855 Genus Dactylochlamys Rao, 1925 accepted as Angulyagra Rao, 1931 (invalid: junior homonym of Dactylochlamys Lauterborn, 1901; Angulyagra is a replacement name) Genus Eularina Iredale, 1943 accepted as Larina A. Adams, 1855 (unnecessary replacement name for Larina, by Iredale treated as a junior homonym of Larinus Germar, 1824) Genus Lecythoconcha Annandale, 1920 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912 Genus Notopalena Iredale, 1943 accepted as Notopala Cotton, 1935 Genus Robinsonia G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869 accepted as Neclarina Iredale, 1943 (Invalid: junior homonym of Robinsonia Grote, 1865 [Lepidoptera]; Neclarina is a replacement name) Genus Siamopaludina Brandt, 1968 accepted as Filopaludina (Siamopaludina) Brandt, 1968 represented as Filopaludina Habe, 1964 Genus Ussuripaludina Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina (Ussuripaludina) Zatravkin & Bogatov, 1987 accepted as Cipangopaludina Hannibal, 1912 異名有Campelomatinae Thiele, 1929 Campeloma（英语：Campeloma） Rafinesque, 1819 平圓螺屬（英语：Lioplax） Lioplax（英语：Lioplax） Troschel, 1856：異名有Haldemania Tryon, 1862（次異名） †Albianopalin Hamilton-Bruce, Smith & Gowlett-Holmes, 2002：得名於澳大利亞新南威爾士州的阿爾布（Albian）。 †Apameaus Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006 This Pliocene-Pleistocene genus contains only one species Apameaus apameae Sivan, Heller & van Damme, 2006 †Fretacaeles Hamilton-Bruce & Kear, 2006 †Kaya Van Damme & Pickford, 1999 †Lioplacodes Meek, 1864 †Macromargarya Ying, Fürsich & Schneider, 2013 †Metohia Popović, 1964 ：次異名，因為已有Metohia Absolon, 1927（一種介形綱動物）使用了本屬名。 †Popovicia Neubauer & Harzhauser in Neubauer et al., 2015 †Proviviparus †Proviviparus talbragarensis Life spans have been reported from 3 to 11 years in various species of Viviparidae. 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Records of the South Australian Museum. 2002, 35: 193–203 （英语）.  Sivan, N.; Heller, J.; van Damme, D. Fossil Viviparidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Levant. Journal of Conchology. 2006, 39 (2): 207–220 [2021-08-26]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-08）.  Michael Frese & Winston Ponder (2021) Proviviparus talbragarensis gen. et sp. nov., the first viviparid snail from the Late Jurassic of Australia, Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology, 45:3, 344-353, DOI: 10.1080/03115518.2021.1940276 Heller, J. Longevity in molluscs. Malacologia. 1990, 31 (2): 259–295.  Hirano T., Saito T. & Chiba S. (2015). "Phylogeny of freshwater viviparid snails in Japan". Journal of Molluscan Studies（英语：Journal of Molluscan Studies） 81(4): 435–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyv019. Qian Z.-X., Fang Y.-F. & He J. (2014). "A conchological review of Bellamyinae (Gastropoda: Viviparidae) of China". Shell Discoveries 1(3): 3-12. Ju-Guang Wang, Dong Zhang, Ivan Jakovlić, Wei-Min Wang, Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genomes of eight freshwater snail species exposes pervasive paraphyly within the Viviparidae family (Caenogastropoda); PLOS|One, July 25, 2017 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源：田螺科