伊斯兰极端主义

伊斯兰极端主义（Islamic extremism），或称激进伊斯兰（radical Islam），用于指与伊斯兰宗教相关的极端主义信仰和行为。这些是具有不同定义的有争议的术语。英国政府将伊斯兰极端主义理解为反对“民主、法治、个人自由和相互尊重和容忍不同信仰和宗教的任何形式的伊斯兰教”。2019年，美国和平研究所发布了一份关于脆弱国家极端主义的重要报告，该报告提出的建议侧重于采取共同理解、实施预防框架和团结国际社会。 伊斯兰极端主义不应等同于伊斯兰原教旨主义或伊斯兰主义，前者被定义为穆斯林认为穆斯林占多数的国家应该回归伊斯兰国家基本面的运动，后者被定义为政治伊斯兰教的一种形式，但一些专家认为伊斯兰原教旨主义和伊斯兰主义都是伊斯兰极端主义的形式。伊斯兰恐怖分子和圣战分子实施的暴力行为经常被归咎于伊斯兰极端主义，但伊斯兰极端主义并不是所有暴力行为的根源。 Cook, David. Understanding Jihad. University of California Press. 2015: 103. ISBN 9780520287327.  Casciani, Dominic. How do you define Islamist extremism?. BBC News. 10 June 2014 [27 January 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08）.  Preventing Extremism in Fragile States: A New Approach, Final Report of the Task Force on Extremism in Fragile States. February 2019 [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2022-08-05）.  Bill Roggio. How many al Qaeda operatives are now left in Afghanistan? – Threat Matrix. Longwarjournal.org. 26 April 2011 [10 April 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-06）.  Al Qaeda in Afghanistan Is Attempting A Comeback. HuffPost. 21 October 2012 [10 April 2014]. （原始内容存档于23 October 2012）.  Death toll of Al Qaeda attacks: more than 4,400 lives. npsglobal.org. [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-12）.  Kepel, Gilles. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. 2002. ISBN 9780674008779. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Bacon, Tricia; Warner, Jason. Cruickshank, Paul; Hummel, Kristina , 编. Twenty Years After 9/11: The Threat in Africa—The New Epicenter of Global Jihadi Terror (PDF). CTC Sentinel (West Point, New York: Combating Terrorism Center). 8 September 2021, 14 (7): 76–92 [10 November 2021]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于8 September 2021）.  Are Boko Haram Worse Than ISIS?. Conflict News. （原始内容存档于17 March 2015）.  Global Terrorism Index 2014 (PDF). Institute for Economics and Peace: 53. [23 February 2015]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于16 February 2015）.  Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia. 12 June 2014 [1 September 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-29）.  Taraki, Lisa. The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Palestinian Uprising. Middle East Report. No. 156 (Tacoma, Washington: MERIP). January–February 1989: 30–32 [1 February 2022]. ISSN 0899-2851. JSTOR 3012813. OCLC 615545050. doi:10.2307/3012813. （原始内容存档于1 February 2022）.  Pike, John. HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement). [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-09）.  Pike, John. Hizballah (Party of God). [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-11）.  Jamail, Dahr. Hezbollah's transformation. Asia Times. 20 July 2006 [23 October 2007]. 原始内容存档于20 July 2006.  Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Hizbullah. 11 April 1996 [17 August 2006]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-26）.  Prothero, Mitchell. ISIS Leader Killed in US Raid Was a SNITCH Who Orchestrated the Yazidi Genocide. VICE News (纽约市). 4 February 2022 [6 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于5 February 2022）.  Islamic state confirms death of its leader, names new chief. Reuters. 10 March 2022 [2022-08-10]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-10）.  Isis ranks dwindle to 15,000 amid 'retreat on all fronts', claims Pentagon. The Guardian. 11 August 2016 [13 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于2020-11-29）.  45,000 Islamic State fighters taken off battlefields. News.com.au. 11 August 2016 [13 August 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-15）.  Glum, Julia. How Many People Has ISIS Killed? Terrorist Attacks Linked To Islamic State Have Caused 33,000 Deaths: Report. International Business Times. 10 August 2016 [27 October 2016]. （原始内容存档于2021-01-25）.  Fouad al-Ibrahim. Why ISIS is a threat to Saudi Arabia: Wahhabism's deferred promise. Al Akhbar English. 22 August 2014. （原始内容存档于24 August 2014）.  Freeman, Colin. Al-Qaeda map: Isis, Boko Haram and other affiliates' strongholds across Africa and Asia. 12 June 2014 [29 August 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-29）.  Zalman, Amy. Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). About.com. [2008-08-01]. （原始内容存档于16 February 2012）.  Counter-Society to Counter-State: Jemaah Islamiah According to Pupji, p. 11., Elena Pavlova, The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, [1] （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Bennett-Jones, Owen. Pakistan army eyes Taliban talks with unease. BBC News. 25 April 2014 [4 July 2014]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-25）.  Field Listing :: Terrorist groups - foreign based – The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency. [2019-09-16]. （原始内容存档于11 January 2019）.