瑟古德·马歇尔

瑟古德·马歇尔（英語：Thurgood Marshall，1908年7月2日—1993年1月24日），美国民权律师和法学家，1967年至1991年间担任美国最高法院大法官，他是第一位担任此职的非裔美國人。 在担任大法官前，马歇尔曾在布朗訴托皮卡教育局案中担任原告律师，主张南方各州实施的种族隔离政策违反美国宪法第十四修正案，在最高法院获得胜诉。布朗案因宣告种族隔离政策违宪而成为美国历史上一个里程碑式的判决，美国前总统小布什称其为“一個使美國永遠更好的判決”。 1965年，馬歇爾獲林登·約翰遜總統提名出任訟務次長。 1967年，因湯姆·克拉克大法官退休，馬歇爾被約翰遜總統提名接替克拉克席位，約翰遜表示「這是一個正確的決定、在正確的時間、將最適合的人安排到最適合的地方。」在參議院以69比11票通過。 1991年，馬歇爾因病辭去大法官之職，而馬歇爾並不希望在共和黨總統老布什執政時辭職，囑咐法官助理如果仍是共和黨總統執政，即使他死了，也要將他撐起來，繼續投票。」。布什總統後來提名保守派的克拉倫斯·托馬斯繼任馬歇爾席位。 Members of the Supreme Court of the United States. Supreme Court of the United States. [2010-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2010-04-29）.  Lee Epstein, Jeffrey Allan Segal. Advice and consent: the politics of judicial appointments. Oxford University Press US. 2005 [2009-08-13]. ISBN 9780195300215.  Abraham, Henry J. Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court 3rd. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.  Bland, Randall W. (1993). Private Pressure on Public Law: The Legal Career of Justice Thurgood Marshall 1934–1991. New York: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-8736-4 Cushman, Clare. The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 2nd. (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). 2001. ISBN 1-56802-126-7.  Frank, John P. Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. , 编. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. 1995. ISBN 978-0-7910-1377-9.  Hall, Kermit L. (编). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 1992. ISBN 978-0-19-505835-2.  Hodges, Ruth A., Reference Librarian. Justice Thurgood Marshall: A Selected Bibliography, (Moorland-Spingarn Research Center, Washington, DC, February 1993). James Jr, Rawn. Root and Branch: Charles Hamilton Houston, Thurgood Marshall, and the Struggle to End Segregation. Bloomsbury Press. 2010 [2021-01-21]. （原始内容存档于2012-03-01）.  Kallen, Stuart A. (编). Thurgood Marshall: A Dream of Justice for All. Abdo and Daughters. 1993. ISBN 1-56239-258-1.  Mack, Kenneth W., (2012). Representing the Race: The Creation of the Civil Rights Lawyer （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-04687-0. Marshall, Thurgood (1950). "Mr. Justice Murphy and Civil Rights." 48 Michigan Law Review 745. Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. 1990. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.  Tushnet, Mark V. (1994). Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1936–1961. London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510468-4; Tushnet, Mark V. (1997). Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court, 1961–1991. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509314-3 pp., 256. Urofsky, Melvin I. The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. 1994: 590. ISBN 978-0-8153-1176-8.  Vile, John R. (编). Great American Judges: An Encyclopedia 1. Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO. 2003. ISBN 978-1-57607-989-8. . Watson, Bradley C. S. The Jurisprudence of William Joseph Brennan, Jr., and Thurgood Marshall. Frost, Bryan-Paul; Sikkenga, Jeffrey (编). History of American Political Thought. Lexington: Lexington Books. 2003. ISBN 0-7391-0623-6.  White, G. Edward (2007), The American Judicial Tradition: Profiles of Leading American Judges (3rd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513962-4. Williams, Juan, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (New York: New York Times, 1998). Promotional site for book ISBN 0-8129-3299-4; ISBN 978-0-8129-3299-7. Woodward, Robert; Armstrong, Scott. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court. New York. 1979. ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：瑟古德·马歇尔 维基语录上的瑟古德·马歇尔语录 C-SPAN內的頁面（英文）: Interview with Hunter Clark and Michael Davis on Thurgood Marshall: Warrior at the Bar, Rebel on the Bench （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Booknotes, January 3, 1993. Interview with Juan Williams on Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Booknotes, October 11, 1998. Fox, John, "Biographies of the Robes: Thurgood Marshall" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Expanding Civil Rights, Public Broadcasting Service. Oyez, "Thurgood Marshall" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, official Supreme Court media. Oral History Interview with Thurgood Marshall, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library FBI file on Thurgood Marshall （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Long, Michael G., "The Vetting of Thurgood Marshall — and a Lesson for Today" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Chicago Tribune, July 15, 2018, via Portside. Image of Thurgood Marshall, Hyman Rickover and Newton Minow at convocation "Prospects for Democracy" at Beverly Hilton, California, 1963. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.