國家地區代碼

國家地區代碼或稱國家地區編碼（英語：country codes），简稱國碼，是用來標誌國家的一組縮寫或符號，在國家地區代碼的標準化及實務上，有多種國際公認的國家和其領土代碼 。 國家地區代碼通常由字母或數字組成的短字串，是建立高素質的元資料、處理地理空間資訊及製圖、 網際網路域名通訊及治理、企業及國際貨物進出口数据管理的依據。 實務上，有多種國際公認的國家和其領土代碼 ，如國際標準化組織訂立的ISO 3166-1、美國國家地理空間情報局權威維護的FIPS國碼列表（英语：List_of_FIPS_country_codes）、頂級域中的國家或地區域名列表等等。 在电子档案管理基础及圖書館學及資訊科學方面，如機讀編目格式標準，亦有国码欄位，其值必須唯一且採用ISO 3166-1的「國名編碼表」。 在地理信息和地理信息系統（英語：GIS）領域，國家地區代碼為使用字母數字代碼來進行地理空間數據處理的例子之一。在國際地理信息標準中，國家地區代碼通常是2至3碼，為資料庫查表求找國家全名等資料的依據。自由软件的地理信息系统软件QGIS教程中有示範如何便用國家地區代碼來進行資料查找及整合。 國家和地區頂級域名又譯頂級國碼網域名稱用兩字母的國家或地區名縮寫代稱的頂級域，其域名的指定及分配，政治因素考量凌駕在技術和商業因素之上。 ICANN及其前身組織IANN一直試圖避免但本質上無法避免的「什麼是一個國家」問題，說明了政治如何隱含在網際網路域名例子，如2000年3月ICANN設立了.ps域名代表巴勒斯坦民族权力机构，2003年中國向ICANN及美國提問為什麼存有台灣域名（.tw），這有似有合理化台灣為獨立國家，而中國視其為一省。 在網際網路發展初展，約翰·普斯特爾及其同僚決定使用國際標準化組織訂立的二碼國碼，而其中許多國碼並非有主權政府或國家如香港。學者John Mathiason認為他們使用國際標準化組織訂立的標準這樣做造就了兩個政治錯誤，其一是使用的國際標準化組織列表是「政治不正確」（英語：not politically correct）的，在中國域名（.cn）及香港域名（.hk）之外，學者John Mathiason認為IANN早期做的第二個政治錯誤是，當IANA設立國家地區代碼時沒有任何程序來決定哪些組織具有域名提供註冊服務的官方權威，而一些域名因其在英語的意義有價值如可用做電視節目的.tv域名（圖瓦盧，英語：Tuvalu）等等，而因此許多國家沒有其國家的登記單位，讓私人獲取了分配國家地區代碼域名的權威。[來源請求] 美國中央情報局出版的調查報告《世界概況》附錄中有整合摘要國家數據代碼交叉引用表如下： 國際奧委會國家或地區編碼列表：國際奧林匹克委員會所使用的三位字母代碼 国际足联国家代码列表：國際足球協會所使用的三位字母代碼 主权国家列表 ISO 639語言代碼 国际标准书号 車輛國籍代碼 語言代碼 ISO 4217通貨代碼 编号 即GEOPOLITICAL ENTITIES and CODES，原FIPS PUB 10-4代码，现由美国国家地理空间情报局维护。 王萍; 宋雪雁. 电子档案管理基础. 清华大学出版社. 2006: 111, 164, 165, 235 [31 January 2014]. ISBN 978-7-302-12454-2. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （中文（中国大陆））. 國碼( countrycode)  R. R. K. Hartmann; Gregory James. Dictionary of Lexicography. Routledge. 4 January 2002: 31 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-134-76829-5. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. An abbreviation or symbol used to label the country associated with a particular word, phrase or term.  Cliff Wootton. Developing Quality Metadata: Building Innovative Tools and Workflow Solutions. Taylor & Francis. 2007: 139– [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-240-80869-7. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. geo-codes: Standardized country codes  Gwillim Law. Administrative subdivisions of countries: a comprehensive world reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub. 1999 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-7864-0729-3. （原始内容存档于2014-06-12） （英语）. See also Country Codes  Central Intelligence Agency. Appendix D: Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes. 国家数据代码交叉引用表. The CIA World Factbook 2012. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. 2011: 3291– [2014-01-29]. ISBN 978-1-61608-332-8. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）.  Peter Folger. Geospatial Information and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): Current Issues and Future Challenges. DIANE Publishing. November 2010: 3– [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-4379-1947-9. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. Geocoding: assignment of alphanumeric codes or coordinates to geographically referenced data. Examples include the two-letter country codes, or the coordinates of a residence computed from its address. (Geospatial and GIS Terminology)  Kelly Chan. DIGEST A Primer for the International GIS Standard. CRC Press. 25 June 1998: 34 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-56670-241-6. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. For example, a column of country codes might refer to a country code lookup table for an explanation or the compete country name based on a 2- or 3-charcter code.  United Nations ICT Task Force. Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration : an Edited Collection of Papers Contributed to the United Nations ICT Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance, New York, March 25-26, 2004. United Nations Publications. 2004: 275 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-92-1-104534-5. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. National sovereignty over information infrastructure ccTLDs: Who is a country? ICANN and its predecessor organization have always sought to avoid the issue of what is a state, yet is inherently unable to skirt it. For instance, in 2003 Chinese authorities raised the issue with US and ICANN officials of why .tw existed since it seemed to legitimize the island as an independent nation, which China regards as a province. Though China stopped short of asking its removal (there are a number of non-national territories in the ISO 3166 list, including .hk for Hong Kong), the incident is indicative of the offline politics that can easily enter domain name policy discussions. Secondly, in March 2000, ICANN established .ps to represent the Palestinian Authority, another example of how politics is implicit in Internet addressing.  Yu-Che Chen; Pin-Yu Chu. Electronic Governance and Cross-Boundary Collaboration: Innovations and Advancing Tools. Idea Group Inc (IGI). 30 April 2011: 31– [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-60960-753-1. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. Naming- This category covers basic primitives for defining consistent names for resrouces, like URI, URL, XML Namespaces, ISO 3166 (country codes), and ISO 8601 (date and time representations)  Jeff Voivoda. Data Analysis and Harmonization: A Simple Guide. iUniverse. 24 March 2011: 58 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-4502-9825-4. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）.  James Bean. Engineering Global E-Commerce Sites: A Guide to Data Capture, Content, and Transactions. Morgan Kaufmann. 22 May 2003: 190 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-08-050567-1. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）.  後設資料工作組 譯，檔案編碼描述格式 Encoded Archival Description, EAD （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Performing Table Joins. [2014-01-29]. （原始内容存档于2014-02-02）.  兰少华; 杨余旺; 吕建勇. TCP/IP网络与协议. 清华大学出版社. 2006: 148 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-7-302-11840-4. （原始内容存档于2014-09-20） （中文（中国大陆））.  見TWNIC新聞稿譯名ICANN正式通過「.台灣」及「.台湾」頂級國碼網域名稱申請案 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英語：ccTLD） Milton Mueller. Ruling the Root: Internet Governance and the Taming of Cyberspace. MIT Press. 2004: 244 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-0-262-26379-5. （原始内容存档于2014-09-20） （英语）. But political factors have overridden technical and business facts in this case. The GAC has lobbied to make sure that ccTLD delegations are exclusive by warning ICANN not to delegate any new TLDs with the names of countries or that use the three-letter country codes. The director-general of the European Commission, Robert Verrue, expressed support for the idea of giving governments the opportunity to register or assign in advance the two-letter and three-letter ISO country codes in the new TLDs. In its second process WIPO proposed to exclude all two-letter country codes from the second level of all new generic TLDs.  John Mathiason. Chapter 6 The ICANN experiment. Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions. Routledge. 18 August 2008: 88–89 [29 January 2014]. ISBN 978-1-135-97666-8. （原始内容存档于2014-06-27） （英语）. In the early, innocent days of the Internet, Jon Postel and his colleagues determined to use the ISO two-letter designation of countries. Many of the country-code names were not sovereign governments. In doing so, they made two political errors. First, the list was not politically correct since it included, in addition to China (.cn) and Hong Kong (.hk), Taiwan Province of China (.tw). Since the status of Taiwan (especially whether it sould be considered independent) has yet to be resovled internationally, once ICANN took over the IANA functions, this had the effect of allowing Taiwan to participate in ICANN. And Taiwan does participate in GAC meetings, as did China, one of the few places where both would be represented. The GAC by-laws allow for this by permitting membership of "distinct economies as recognised in international fora." This avoids a judgement about the status of Taiwan. ... Second, when IANA set up the country-level codes there was no procedure for determining, on the basis of government authority who was qualified to provide registry services for the domain. Some of the two-letter domains had a value because of their meaning in English. For example, .tv (Tuvalu) could be used by television programs ... and .fm (Federation of Micronesia) could be used by radio stations. Many countries did not have national registries so private individuals were given the authority to allocate domain names to some country-code domains.  ISO 3166-1列表. [2014-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-10）.  Delegation Record for .中國. [2014-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-27）.  Delegation Record for .香港. [2014-01-31]. （原始内容存档于2011-05-25）.  CIA World Factbook,APPENDIX D: CROSS-REFERENCE LIST OF COUNTRY DATA CODES （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）。