伊波拉出血熱暴發列表

此伊波拉出血熱暴發列表敘述了伊波拉出血熱的歷年出現記錄。此病於1976年首次現身，並常在非洲撒哈拉以南的地區造成間歇性流行。目前共有5種病毒被國際病毒分類委員會納入伊波拉病毒屬——本迪布焦病毒、雷斯頓病毒、蘇丹病毒、塔伊森林病毒及扎伊爾伊波拉病毒（模式種）。其中，雷斯頓種只於其他靈長動物身上誘發疾病。此病甚少直接在天然宿主與人類間傳播；每次暴發的首名患者一般是因為觸摸到大猩猩、黑猩猩或羚羊等其他已沾染病毒的野生動物而染病，病毒後透過體液接觸在人類間散播。高危地點通常為家庭、醫院及殮房，因人與人之間的近距離接觸較多。在沒有引發較大注意之前，防疫意識較弱之地區的伊波拉患者常被誤診為其他熱帶傳染病（如：瘧疾、傷寒、痢疾、流感、各種細菌感染等）。總結了過往暴發的經驗，人們制定出更有效的公共衛生措施，設立於高危地區的世衛組織全球疫症與應對網絡為其中一例。非洲亦設立了在地實驗室以便更有效地確診疑似個案，並無需像過往般通過航海取得海外實驗室的樣本及鑑定結果。美國疾病控制與預防中心（特殊病原體關注組）有密切留意疾病流行的情況。 以當時的主權為準。 截至2014年8月26日，利比里亞錄得的最高死亡率（死亡與總病例比例）為70% 。然而，由於疫症尚未結束，整體臨床致死率的估算（即70.8%）並非最後之總病例與死亡數字的商數，故不一定準確。數據可因專家只著眼於重症而有所偏頗。 美國疾病控制中心報告列作蘇丹種，但1977年的英國醫學文獻則顯示為“伊波拉病毒”。後者發表的年份為伊波拉病毒屬成員尚未被區分之時，有關文獻只記載道：“病人於扎伊爾接受血清注射，後又在康復期時於蘇丹接受血清注射。” 全部病人均沒有出現病徵。 有關的科特迪瓦病例被轉介至瑞士接受治療。 註：參考語言以英文為主（除特別指明）。 Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976 (PDF). World Health Organization. [2015-11-02]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-10-13）.  Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978, 56 (2): 271–293 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2395567 . PMID 307456. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  Netesov, SV; Feldmann, H; Jahrling, PB; Kiley, MP; Klenk, H-D; Sanchez, A. Filoviridae. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses（國際病毒分類委員會）. 2004-04-24 [2009-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2010-01-24）.  Jonathan S. Towner, Tara K. Sealy, Marina L. Khristova, César G. Albariño, Sean Conlan, Serena A. Reeder, Phenix-Lan Quan, W. Ian Lipkin, Robert Downing, Jordan W. Tappero, Samuel Okware, Julius Lutwama, Barnabas Bakamutumaho, John Kayiwa, James A. Comer, Pierre E. Rollin, Thomas G. Ksiazek, Stuart T. Nichol. Newly discovered ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda. PLoS pathogens. 2008-11, 4 (11): e1000212 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 2581435 . PMID 19023410. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  End of Ebola outbreak in Uganda (新闻稿). World Health Organization（世界衛生組織）. 2008-02-20 [2009-11-29]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-27）.  Peterson, AT; Bauer, JT; Mills, JN. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease.. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2004-01, 10 (1): 40–7 [2015-02-21]. PMC 3322747 . PMID 15078595. doi:10.3201/eid1001.030125. （原始内容存档于2022-04-10）.  Questions and Answers about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2009-03-25 [2009-05-31]. （原始内容存档于2009-05-06）.  Jonathan Cohen. Containing the Threat—Don't Forget Ebola. PLOS Medicine. 2004-12-28, 1 (3): e59 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 1549-1676. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0010059. （原始内容存档于2020-09-27） （英语）.  Mission Statement. National Center for Infectious Diseases & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2007-10-31 [2015-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2009-11-13）.  Known Cases and Outbreaks of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, in Chronological Order. National Center for Infectious Diseases & Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014-08-30 [2015-11-02]. （原始内容存档于2015-11-27）.  Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1978, 56 (2): 247–270 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2395561 . PMID 307455. （原始内容存档于2020-05-01）.  R. C. Baron, J. B. McCormick, O. A. Zubeir. Ebola virus disease in southern Sudan: hospital dissemination and intrafamilial spread. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1983, 61 (6): 997–1003 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0042-9686. PMC 2536233 . PMID 6370486. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  A. J. Georges, E. M. Leroy, A. A. Renaut, C. T. Benissan, R. J. Nabias, M. T. Ngoc, P. I. Obiang, J. P. Lepage, E. J. Bertherat, D. D. Bénoni, E. J. Wickings, J. P. Amblard, J. M. Lansoud-Soukate, J. M. Milleliri, S. Baize, M. C. Georges-Courbot. Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999-02,. 179 Suppl 1: S65–75 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988167. doi:10.1086/514290. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  A. S. Khan, F. K. Tshioko, D. L. Heymann, B. Le Guenno, P. Nabeth, B. Kerstiëns, Y. Fleerackers, P. H. Kilmarx, G. R. Rodier, O. Nkuku, P. E. Rollin, A. Sanchez, S. R. Zaki, R. Swanepoel, O. Tomori, S. T. Nichol, C. J. Peters, J. J. Muyembe-Tamfum, T. G. Ksiazek. The reemergence of Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. Commission de Lutte contre les Epidémies à Kikwit. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999-02,. 179 Suppl 1: S76–86 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988168. doi:10.1086/514306. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  T. H. Roels, A. S. Bloom, J. Buffington, G. L. Muhungu, Mac Kenzie, W. R, A. S. Khan, R. Ndambi, D. L. Noah, H. R. Rolka, C. J. Peters, T. G. Ksiazek. Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Risk Factors for Patients without a Reported Exposure. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999-02-01, 179 (Supplement_1): S92–S97 [2018-04-02]. ISSN 0022-1899. doi:10.1086/514286. （原始内容存档于2020-09-30） （英语）.  S. I. Okware, F. G. Omaswa, S. Zaramba, A. Opio, J. J. Lutwama, J. Kamugisha, E. B. Rwaguma, P. Kagwa, M. Lamunu. An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda. Tropical medicine & international health: TM & IH. 2002-12, 7 (12): 1068–1075 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 1360-2276. PMID 12460399. （原始内容存档于2018-11-06）.  Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2003-06-27, 78 (26): 223–228 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0049-8114. PMID 15571171. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  P. Formenty, F. Libama, A. Epelboin, Y. Allarangar, E. Leroy, H. Moudzeo, P. Tarangonia, A. Molamou, M. Lenzi, K. Ait-Ikhlef, B. Hewlett, C. Roth, T. Grein. [Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy?]. Medecine Tropicale: Revue Du Corps De Sante Colonial. 2003, 63 (3): 291–295 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0025-682X. PMID 14579469. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo - Update 6. World Health Organization. 2004-01-06 [2015-02-11]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-21）.  Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Yambio, south Sudan, April - June 2004. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2005-10-28, 80 (43): 370–375 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0049-8114. PMID 16285261. （原始内容存档于2020-04-05）.  Outbreak news. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo--update. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2007-10-05, 82 (40): 345–346 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0049-8114. PMID 17918654. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  Global Alert and Response. End of Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Disease Outbreak News. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2009-02-17 [2011-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-20）.  World Health Organization. End of Ebola outbreak in Uganda. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2012-10-04 [2014-03-25]. （原始内容存档于2020-10-21）.  Outbreak Postings. Centers for Disease Control（美國疾病控制與預防中心）. [2014-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2021-02-05）.  WHO - Latest Ebola outbreak over in Liberia; West Africa is at zero, but new flare-ups are likely to occur. World Health Organization. [2016-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-17）.  Mali ends last quarantines, could be Ebola-free next month (PDF). Reuters. 2014-12-16 [2014-12-26]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-12-20）.  World Health Organization. Ebola Response Roadmap Situation Report (PDF). 2014-10-22 [2014-10-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-24）.  WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014-09-23 [2014-09-23]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）. ...we estimate that the case fatality rate is 70.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 69 to 73) among persons with known clinical outcome of infection.  Case Fatality Rate for ebolavirus. Ebola data and statistics. 2015 [2015-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-29）.  Ebola response roadmap - Situation report – 31-12-2014 (PDF). World Health organization. 2014-12-31 [2015-01-01]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-12-31）. The reported case fatality rate in the three intensetransmission countries among all cases for whom a definitive outcome is known is 71%.  Ebola Situation report. Ebola data and statistics. World Health Organization. 2015-01-12 [2015-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2015-07-22）. ...is between 57% and 59% in the 3 intense-transmission countries, with no detectable improvement since the onset of the epidemic.  WHO Ebola Response Team. Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014-09-22, 371 (16): 1481–95 [2015-02-11]. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 25244186. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1411100. （原始内容存档于2020-06-09）. } EBOLA RESPONSE ROADMAP SITUATION REPORT UPDATE (PDF). World Health organization. 2014-10-29 [2014-11-03]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-10-30）.  Update on the Ebola virus disease in DRC, No. 5, 30 August 2014. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2014-08-30 [2014-09-02]. （原始内容存档于2019-05-15）.  Congo declares its Ebola outbreak over. reuters. 2014-11-15 [2014-11-15]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-29）.  Emond RT; Evans B; Bowen ET; et al. A case of Ebola virus infection. British Medical Journal. 1977, 2 (6086): 541–544. PMC 1631428 . PMID 890413. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.6086.541.  D. L. Heymann, J. S. Weisfeld, P. A. Webb, K. M. Johnson, T. Cairns, H. Berquist. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980-09, 142 (3): 372–376 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 7441008. doi:10.1093/infdis/142.3.372. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  Heymann DL; Weisfeld JS; Webb PA; et al. Ebola hemorrhagic fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1980.  C. G. Hayes, J. P. Burans, T. G. Ksiazek, R. A. Del Rosario, M. E. Miranda, C. R. Manaloto, A. B. Barrientos, C. G. Robles, M. M. Dayrit, C. J. Peters. Outbreak of fatal illness among captive macaques in the Philippines caused by an Ebola-related filovirus. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1992-06, 46 (6): 664–671 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 1621890. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1992.46.664. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  M. E. Miranda, M. E. White, M. M. Dayrit, C. G. Hayes, T. G. Ksiazek, J. P. Burans. Seroepidemiological study of filovirus related to Ebola in the Philippines. Lancet (London, England). 1991-02-16, 337 (8738): 425–426 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 1671441. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  P. B. Jahrling, T. W. Geisbert, D. W. Dalgard, E. D. Johnson, T. G. Ksiazek, W. C. Hall, C. J. Peters. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. Lancet (London, England). 1990-03-03, 335 (8688): 502–505 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 1968529. （原始内容存档于2020-05-01）.  Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Update: filovirus infection in animal handlers. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 1990-04-06, 39 (13): 221 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0149-2195. PMID 2107388. （原始内容存档于2020-05-13）.  Weekly Epidemiological Record (PDF). World Health Organization. 1992-06-12 [2015-02-12]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-05-02）.  B. Le Guenno, P. Formenty, P. Formentry, M. Wyers, P. Gounon, F. Walker, C. Boesch. Isolation and partial characterisation of a new strain of Ebola virus. Lancet (London, England). 1995-05-20, 345 (8960): 1271–1274 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 7746057. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  Ebola haemorrhagic fever - South Africa (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record (Geneva: World Health Organization). 22 November 1996, 71 (47): 353–360 [2015-02-11]. ISSN 0049-8114. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2007-03-20）.  P. E. Rollin, R. J. Williams, D. S. Bressler, S. Pearson, M. Cottingham, G. Pucak, A. Sanchez, S. G. Trappier, R. L. Peters, P. W. Greer, S. Zaki, T. Demarcus, K. Hendricks, M. Kelley, D. Simpson, T. W. Geisbert, P. B. Jahrling, C. J. Peters, T. G. Ksiazek. Ebola (subtype Reston) virus among quarantined nonhuman primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999-02,. 179 Suppl 1: S108–114 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988173. doi:10.1086/514303. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  M. E. Miranda, T. G. Ksiazek, T. J. Retuya, A. S. Khan, A. Sanchez, C. F. Fulhorst, P. E. Rollin, A. B. Calaor, D. L. Manalo, M. C. Roces, M. M. Dayrit, C. J. Peters. Epidemiology of Ebola (subtype Reston) virus in the Philippines, 1996. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1999-02,. 179 Suppl 1: S115–119 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988174. doi:10.1086/514314. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  I. V. Borisevich, V. A. Markin, I. V. Firsova, A. A. Evseev, R. A. Khamitov, V. A. Maksimov. [Hemorrhagic (Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and Bolivian) fevers: epidemiology, clinical pictures, and treatment]. Voprosy Virusologii. 2006-09, 51 (5): 8–16 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0507-4088. PMID 17087059. （原始内容存档于2020-05-01）.  Akinfeyeva LA; Aksyonova OI; Vasilyevich IV; et al. A case of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Moscow: Infektsionnye Bolezni. 2005 （俄语）.  Roger W. Barrette, Samia A. Metwally, Jessica M. Rowland, Lizhe Xu, Sherif R. Zaki, Stuart T. Nichol, Pierre E. Rollin, Jonathan S. Towner, Wun-Ju Shieh, Brigid Batten, Tara K. Sealy, Consuelo Carrillo, Karen E. Moran, Alexa J. Bracht, Gregory A. Mayr, Magdalena Sirios-Cruz, Davinio P. Catbagan, Elizabeth A. Lautner, Thomas G. Ksiazek, William R. White, Michael T. McIntosh. Discovery of swine as a host for the Reston ebolavirus. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2009-07-10, 325 (5937): 204–206 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 19590002. doi:10.1126/science.1172705. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.  Outbreak news. Ebola Reston in pigs and humans, Philippines. Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire. 2009-02-13, 84 (7): 49–50 [2019-05-25]. ISSN 0049-8114. PMID 19219963. （原始内容存档于2020-05-02）.