內陸太攀蛇

內陸太攀蛇（學名：Oxyuranns microlepidotus），又名細鱗太攀蛇、西陸太攀蛇、內陸盾尖吻蛇，屬眼镜蛇科太攀蛇属，是澳大利亞中東部半乾旱地區的特有蛇種。居住在這些地區的土著澳大利亞人稱其為“Dandarabilla”。內陸太攀蛇率先於1879年由弗雷德里克·麥科伊（Frederick McCoy）發現並描述，之後又於1882年由威廉·約翰·麥克萊（William John Macleay）發現並描述，但在接下來的90年中，內陸太攀蛇對科學界來說是一個神秘的物種。由於找不到更多的標本，對於該物種的認知直到1972年被重新發現之前基本停滯。 內陸太攀蛇是世界毒性最強的陸棲蛇類。基於小鼠的半數致死量值，它的毒液毒性是迄今為止所有毒蛇中最強的，甚至比海蛇還要強。人體心臟細胞培養測試表明，內陸太攀蛇具有爬行動物中毒性最大的毒液。與大多數蛇類不同，內陸太攀蛇的毒液特別適合殺死恆溫動物，所以也是專業的哺乳動物獵手。據估計，被內陸太攀蛇一次咬傷便具有足夠的殺傷力，可以殺死至少100名成年男子，並且根據咬傷的性質，如果不進行治療，其有可能在30至45分鐘內殺死人類。 內陸太攀蛇是一種速度極快且敏捷的蛇，能夠以極高的準確度立即攻擊任何物種，經常會在同一次攻擊幅度中發出多次攻擊，並且幾乎每次攻擊都能向被攻擊物種植入毒液。 雖然內陸太攀蛇極具毒性且善於攻擊。但與更加激進的海岸太攀蛇相比，內陸太攀蛇通常非常害羞，喜於隱居，性格平靜且更偏向擺脫威脅。 然而如果被激怒、處理不當或在逃跑時被干擾，會進行自衛並攻擊。 此外由於內陸太攀蛇生活在偏遠的地方，很少與人接觸，因此根據其性格與年致人死亡數方面，內陸太攀蛇並不被認為是世界上最致命的蛇。 Wilson, S.; Dickman, C.; Hobson, R.; Sanderson, C. Oxyuranus Scutellatus also known as the inland taipan. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T42493150A42493160 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T42493150A42493160.en .  Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Queensland Snakes . History & Discovery. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013. Pearn, John; Winkel, Kenneth D. Toxinology in Australia's colonial era: A chronology and perspective of human envenomation in 19th century Australia. Toxicon. December 2006, 48 (7): 726–737. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.027.  Rediscovery. The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013. * The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Venom Immunochemistry, Pharmacology and Emergency Response (VIPER) Institute. Frequently Asked Questions -What is the most venomous snake? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Many experts answer that it is the Inland Taipan of Australia, because its drop-by-drop concentration of venom has great potency when measured by its ability to kill rodents" . University of Arizona. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation. Frequently Asked Questions About Venomous Snakes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "A comparative study found that the snake venom that is most toxic to mice (of the species tested) is that of the Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), found in Australia". University of Florida. Retrieved November 5, 2013. Hodgson WC, Dal Belo CA, Rowan EG. The neuromuscular activity of paradoxin: a presynaptic neurotoxin from the venom of the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus). Neuropharmacology. 2007, 52 (5): 1229–36. PMID 17313963. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.002. The inland taipan is the world's most venomous snake  Bell, Karen L; Sutherland, Struan K; Hodgson, Wayne C. Some pharmacological studies of venom from the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus). Toxicon. 1998, 36 (1): 63–74. PMID 9604283. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00060-3. The Inland Taipan is believed to have the most toxic venom in the world (Sutherland, 1994)  Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013. * LISTS . Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - Oxyuranus microlepidotus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013. BBC Nature Wildlife. Inland Taipan page （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Australia's inland taipan is considered to be the most venomous snake in the world". BBC. Retrieved October 15, 2013. Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Steve Irwin presentation .Australia Zoo Tour with Steve Irwin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (1m54s) "..the number 1 most venomous snake in the entire world, the fierce snake". Australia Zoo (official Youtube Channel). Retrieved October 14, 2013. Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake) Oakley, Cecily (2011). Interview with Associate Professor Bryan Fry Biochemist and molecular biologist （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "...For my PhD, I worked on the inland taipan, which is the world’s most venomous snake..." . Australian Academy of Science. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Fry, Brian site admin (April 10, 2005) Most Venomous （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Question: " ...I was talking to another herpatolagist and he said the hook nosed sea snake was the most venomous of all" Fry Answers: "The hook nosed myth was due to a fundamental error in a book called 'Snakes in question'. In there, all the toxicity testing results were lumped in together, regardless of the mode of testing (e.g. subcutaneous vs. intramuscular vs intravenous vs intraperitoneal). As the mode can influence the relative number, venoms can only be compared within a mode. Otherwise, its apples and rocks." Venomdoc forums, Retrieved February 25, 2015 kingsnake.com September Guest Chatter (September 16, 2006).Q&A with Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry, Deputy Director, Australian Venom Research Unit, University of Melbourne （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Q: In retrospect to the LD50 charts, what do you personally feel is the hottest snake, in regards to potency, defensiveness, means of injection, etc.? A: It is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus). Not, as is popularised, any of the sea snakes." connectedbypets.com. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Garden of Eden Exotics (May 2, 2012) Dr. Bryan Grieg Fry – Interview （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "...The inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus') is far and away the most toxic, much more so than even sea snakes." nyexotics.blogspot.com Retrieved October 14, 2013 Fry, Bryan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (February 08, 2005) Most Venomous （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）,"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014 Seymour, Jamie, World's Worst Venom （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, (Min 44.33) "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes" National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17, 2014 Seymour, Jamie, Venom Death Match （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "They have the most toxic venom towards humans then any other snake in the world" (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014 * Shorter, Damon. Great Australian bites – Three of the worst （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 16, 2013. Inland Taipan Oxyuranus microlepidotus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. venomsupplies.com. Retrieved October 18, 2013. * Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013. "REPTILES – FIERCE SNAKE" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） . Australia Zoo. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Martin, Stella (January 2004). Newsletter No. 80 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "It has been calculated that there is enough venom in just one bite of an Inland taipan to kill more than 100 men of average size." Environmental Protection Agency (Queensland). Retrieved October 18, 2013. News (September 28, 2012) Meet the world's deadliest snake in safety （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Taronga Conservation Society Retrieved September 23, 2014 Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013. * Hoy, Tiffany, (July 25, 2012) Gallery: Australia's 10 most dangerous snakes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Australian Geographic retrieved April 02.,2014 White, Julian (November 1991). Oxyuranus microlepidotus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） . "Neurotoxic paralysis usually takes 2-4 hours to become clinically detectable. Coagulopathy however may become well established within 30 minutes of a bite" International Programme on Chemical Safety. Retrieved November 8, 2013. Division of Medical Toxicology. "Summary for Human Bite by Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of California, San Diego. Retrieved October 15, 2013. Welton, Ronelle Ellen (2005) PhD thesis. Proteomic and genomic characterisation of venom proteins from Oxyuranus species （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "studies have shown that inland taipan venom has a higher hyaluronidase activity compared to coastal taipan venom" . James Cook University. Retrieved November 15, 2013. Gardiner, Stephanie (September 27, 2012). "Mystery over boy bitten by world's most venomous snake " （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Quoting Julie Mendezona, Head keeper of Reptiles and Spiders, Australian Reptile Park) The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved October 14, 2013. News from Australia (September 27, 2012). Deadly Taipan snake may have been a pet: catcher Archive.is的存檔，存档日期2013-10-18. (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Barry Martin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) australiantimes.co.uk. Retrieved October 18, 2013. * (November 29, 2011). Snake Bite （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014 Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013. News (October 10, 2013).Street's Corner: Houdini Heir Tries To Escape World's Deadliest Snake （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. KABB . (KABB "Fox San Antonio" official YouTube Channel). Retrieved November 11, 2013. Clinical Toxinology Resources. Snakebite Protocols – Oxyuranus microlepidotus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Signs and Symptoms of Envenomation: E. Fang Marks: The snake strikes with extraordinary speed and accuracy, often snapping its jaws fiercely several times which can result in multiple punctures in the same attack.", "Special Considerations: A. Multiple Bites: The Inland Taipan is an extremely fast and agile snake which can strike instantly with extreme accuracy. It is possible for a Taipan to deliver more than one bite in a single attack." University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 18, 2013 * Seymour, Jamie, Venom deathmatch （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The snake demonstrates striking multiple times (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014 Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. Clinical Toxinology Resources. Snakebite Protocols – Oxyuranus microlepidotus （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. "Signs and Symptoms of Envenomation: E. Fang Marks: The snake strikes with extraordinary speed and accuracy, often snapping its jaws fiercely several times which can result in multiple punctures in the same attack.", "Special Considerations: A. Multiple Bites: The Inland Taipan is an extremely fast and agile snake which can strike instantly with extreme accuracy. It is possible for a Taipan to deliver more than one bite in a single attack." University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 18, 2013. ABC News 24 (September 27, 2012) . Teen hospitalised after bite from deadly Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Quoting Toxicologist, Dr Geoff Isbister （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013. * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. South Australia arid lands natural resources management board. Biodiversity studies, Student fact sheet （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Government of South Australia. Retrieved October 15, 2013. Clinical Toxinology Resources. "Oxyuranus microlepidotus -General Details, Taxonomy and Biology, Venom, Clinical Effects, Treatment, First Aid, Antivenoms" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. University of Adelaide. Retrieved October 14, 2013. ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . 'Placid' taipan in safe hands （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Judith {Judy} Martin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013. * Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013. Threatened species October 10, 2012. Fierce Snake – profile （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Office of Environment and Heritage (New South Wales). Retrieved October 15, 2013. * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013. News (October 10, 2013).Street's Corner: Houdini Heir Tries To Escape World's Deadliest Snake （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. KABB . (KABB "Fox San Antonio" official YouTube Channel). Retrieved November 11, 2013. Steve Backshall (May 19, 2013) film clip. The most venomous snake on earth! - Deadly 60 - BBC （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. BBC Earth (official YouTube channel). Retrieved November 14, 2013. * ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . 'Placid' taipan in safe hands （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Judith {Judy} Martin （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013. (November 29, 2011). Snake Bite （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014 Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 時代雜誌. Retrieved October 15, 2013. Aussie Animals.Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Billabong Sanctuary. Retrieved October 18, 2013. * Venomous Snakes. World's Deadliest Snakes – Ranking scale （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Reptile Gardens. Retrieved October 18, 2013. Walls, Jerry G. . Deadly Snakes: What are the world's most deadly venomous snakes? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Reptiles (magazine). Retrieved November 5, 2013. National Geographic Channel, (Dangerous Encounters with Brady Barr), video clip. Deadliest Snakes / Inland Taipan （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） "in Deadliest Snakes, Brady approaches seven of the world's most dangerous and venomous snakes to determine which snake is the deadliest. He will scientifically investigate each species of snake by grading them on five basic criteria: size, volume and toxicity of venom, personality, and number of human deaths." Reptile Gardens (video host). Retrieved November 6, 2013.