碳泄漏

碳泄漏（英語：carbon leakage）是指国家采用较严格的气候政策而减少排放量，导致另一个国家的温室气体排放量增加的情况。 可能发生碳泄漏的原因有很多： 如果一个国家的排放政策增加了当地成本，那么另一个政策较宽松的国家可能会具有贸易优势。在对生产的商品的需求保持不变的情况下，生产可能会转移到价格较低、标准较低的国家（境外生產（英语：Offshoring）），最终全球排放量并未减少。 如果一个国家的环境政策加收某些燃料或商品的附加费，则其需求可能会下降，进而使价格下降。不对这些商品征收附加费的国家就可能会从相同的卖家那里购买多出的供给，从而无法产生任何环境效益。 目前人们对长期的泄漏效应的大小尚无共识，但这对气候变化问题有着重要的影响。 碳泄漏是外溢效应（英语：spill-over effect）的一种。外溢效应可能是正面的，也可能是负面的；例如，减排政策可能会导致技术发展，从而有助于政策领域之外的减排。 碳泄漏值定义为采取国内减排政策的国家以外的二氧化碳排放增量国内排放量的减量，以百分比表示，可以大于或小于100％。 碳泄漏可能因贸易模式的变化而发生，有时可以用贸易中所含排放量平衡（balance of emissions embodied in trade，BEET）来衡量。 碳转移（英语：Carbon shifting） 碳税 隐含排放（英语：Embedded emissions） 排放权交易 生物燃料对土地利用的间接影响（英语：Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels） 经济漏损（英语：Leakage (economics)） Andrés Cala, Emissions Loophole Stays Open in E.U., The New York Times, 18 November 2014 [1 April 2015], （原始内容存档于2016-12-16）  Goldemberg, J.; et al. J.P. Bruce.; et al , 编. Introduction: scope of the assessment. In: Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. PDF version: IPCC website. 1996: 27–28. ISBN 978-0-521-56854-8.  IPCC, B. Metz , 编, Glossary A-D. In (section): Annex I. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: etal, 2007 [2010-04-18], （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2018-08-20）  Barker, T.; et al, B. Metz , 编, 11.7.2 Carbon leakage. In (book chapter): Mitigation from a cross-sectoral perspective. In (book): Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: IPCC website: etal, 2007 [2010-04-05], （原始内容存档于2010-05-03）  Jiahua Pan; Jonathan Phillips; Ying Chen, China’s balance of emissions embodied in trade: approaches to measurement and allocating international responsibility, Oxford Review of Economic Policy  Markandya, A.; et al. 7.4.3 Valuation of Spillover Costs and Benefits. In (book chapter): 7. Costing Methodologies. In: Climate Change 2001: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Metz et al. Eds.). Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., and New York, N.Y., U.S.A.. This version: GRID-Arendal website. 2001 [2010-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2009-08-05）.  Reinaud, J. Issues behind Competitiveness and Carbon Leakage- Focus on Heavy Industry. IEA information paper. International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Communication and Information Office, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France: 122. October 2008 [2010-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-15）.  Reinaud, J. Climate Policy and Carbon Leakage- Impacts of the European Emissions Trading Scheme on Aluminium. IEA information paper. International Energy Agency (IEA), Head of Communication and Information Office, 9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France: 45. October 2008 [2010-05-12]. （原始内容存档于2010-06-15）.