玉黍螺屬

玉黍螺屬（学名：Littoraria），又名濱螺屬，为玉黍螺科之下的一个屬，舊屬中腹足目，今已重新分類為玉黍螺目玉黍螺總科的成員。 本屬有超過50個物種，然而有廿多個品種現時認為其實只是變化多端的粗紋玉黍螺（Littorina scabra）的異名物種。 本屬的物種大多數都在印度洋－西太平洋海域及東太平洋的熱帶海域生活，通常於當地的熱帶紅樹林的樹幹、樹身或地表根（托根）之上，高達潮脹位數米以上。這些海螺以在紅樹林生長的海藻、附生植物、菌類、矽藻和葉子的表面為食。一般生活於較高位置的物種，其外殼也相對較薄，但色彩更豐富。 Littoraria aberrans是本屬唯一會發生囊內變態的卵胎生物種。 本屬常見的物種包括有： Littoraria aberrans Philippi, 1846 Littoraria ahenea Reid, 1986 白色玉黍螺 Littoraria albicans Metcalfe, 1852 Littoraria angulifera Lamarck, 1822 - mangrove periwinkle Littoraria angulifera hessei Boettger 1912 翻唇玉黍螺 Littoraria ardouiniana Heude, 1885 蔴花玉黍螺 Littoraria articulata Philippi（英语：Rodolfo Amando Philippi）, 1846 Littoraria bengalensis Reid, 2001 Littoraria carinifera Menke, 1830 Littoraria cingulata Philippi, 1846 Littoraria cingulifera Dunker, 1845 草莓玉黍螺 Littoraria coccinea (Gmelin, 1791) Littoraria conica Philippi, 1846 Littoraria delicatula Nevill, 1885 Littoraria filosa (G.B. Sowerby I, 1832) Littoraria fasciata Sowerby, 1832 † Littoraria flammea Philippi, 1847 Littoraria flava King & Broderip, 1832 Littoraria flavaosa King & Broderip, 1832 Littoraria ianthostoma Stuckey & D.G. Reid, 2002 居間玉黍螺 Littoraria intermedia Philippi（英语：Rodolfo Amando Philippi）, 1846 Littoraria irrorata Say, 1822 - marsh periwinkle Littoraria kraussi Rosewater, 1970 芝麻玉黍螺 Littoraria lutea Philippi（英语：Rodolfo Amando Philippi）, 1847 Littoraria luteola Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 毛里求斯玉黍螺 Littoraria mauritiana Lamarck, 1822 黑口玉黍螺 Littoraria melanostoma Gray, 1839 Littoraria miodelicatula Oyama, 1950 Littoraria nebulosa Lamarck, 1822 - cloudy periwinkle Littoraria obesa Gmelin, 1791 多彩玉黍螺 Littoraria pallescens Philippi（英语：Rodolfo Amando Philippi）, 1846 菲力玉黍螺 Littoraria philippiana Reeve, 1857 細點玉黍螺 Littoraria pintado Wood, 1820 Littoraria pintado pullata Carpenter, 1864 Littoraria planaxis Philippi, 1846 Littoraria punctata Philippi, 1846 Littoraria rosewateri Reid, 1999 粗紋玉黍螺 Littoraria scabra Philippi（英语：Rodolfo Amando Philippi）, 1847 中華玉黍螺 Littoraria sinensis Philippi（英语：Rodolfo Amando Philippi）, 1847 Littoraria Philippi, 1847 Littoraria strigata Philippi, 1846 Littoraria subvittata Reid, 1986 Littoraria sulculosa Philippi, 1846 Littoraria tessellata Philippi, 1847 波紋玉黍螺 Littoraria undulata Gray, 1839 Littoraria varia Sowerby, 1832 Littoraria variegata Souleyet, in Eydoux & Souleyet, 1852 Littoraria vespacea Reid, 1986 Littoraria zebra Donovan, 1825 - zebra periwinkle 下列物種被認為是其他物種的同種異名： Littoraria glabrata Philippi, 1846：是 Littoraria coccinea glabrata (Philippi, 1846)的同種異名。 Griffith & Pidgeon (1834). In: Griffith's Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., Moll., etc.: 578. 香港紅樹林的動物. 香港特別行政區漁農自然護理署. 2014-07-11 [2015-02-18]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02） （中文（繁體））.  Bouchet P, Reid DG, Martinez O, Vanden Berghe E. Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O , 编. Littoraria Gray, 1833. MolluscaBase. 2011-08-29 [2018-05-30] –通过WoRMS.  Reid, David G. The littorinid molluscs of mangrove forests in the Indo-Pacific region. London: British Museum (Natural History). 1986 （英语）.  Christensen, J. T. Diet in Littoraria. Hydrobiologia. 1998, 378 (1/3): 235–236. doi:10.1023/A:1003226713667.  REID David G. New data on the taxonomy and distribution of the genus Littoraria Griffith and Pidgeon, 1834 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in Indo-West Pacific mangroveforests. The Nautilus. 2001, 115 (4): 115–139.  REID, D G 1986. The Littorinid Molluscs of Mangrove Forests in the Indo-Pacific Region: the genus Littoraria. British Museum (Natural History), London. 228 pp. Reid D.G. The genus Littoraria. Veliger. 1999, 42: 21–53.  Reid D.G. & Mak, Y-M. Indirect evidence for ecophenotypic plasticity in radular dentition of Littoraria species (Gastropoda: Littorinidae). Journal of Molluscan Studies. 1999, 65 (3): 355–370. doi:10.1093/mollus/65.3.355.  Reid D.G. The phylogeny of Littoraria (Gastropoda: Littorinidae): an example of the practice and application of cladistic analysis. Phuket Marine Biological Center Special Publication. 1999, 19: 283–322.  维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：玉黍螺屬 維基物種上的相關信息：玉黍螺屬