礦物質

礦物質（英語：Mineral），又稱為無機鹽、膳食礦物質，是生物體維持正常生理功能和生化代謝等生命活動所必需的化學元素，但通常不包括碳、氫、氮和氧等四大構成生物體的基礎元素（約佔人體體重的96%）。礦物質約佔人體體重的4.4%，可依生物體所需求的量分為巨量礦物質（需求量較大）和微量礦物質（需求較小）。人體內主要的礦物質包括鈣、磷、鉀、鈉和鎂等，其他具有特定生化功能的礦物質還有鐵、氯、鈷、銅、鋅、錳、鉬、碘、硒等。 礦物質和維生素、必需脂肪酸以及必需胺基酸同為生物體必須的營養素。由於礦物質是元素，不能由生物體以生物化學方式合成，因此須從環境中攝取。植物主要從土壤中獲取礦物質。人類飲食中的大部分礦物質來自食用動植物及飲用水。大多數礦物質在陸地上相當普遍，鈉和碘等也大量存在於海洋中。 適當攝取一定程度的膳食礦物質對維持身體健康是必須的，否則可能導致各種礦物質缺乏症。然而攝取過量亦可能引致許多病症，其中部分歸因於身體內不同礦物質的競爭性。例如過量的攝取鋅會抑制人體對銅和鐵的吸收。 有媒體報導稱，物體接觸礦物質含量過高的井水後，會在物體表面形成薄膜，經長時間暴曬，薄膜會變成堅硬的外殼，即「石化」。 並非每種化學元素在生物圈中都能發揮生物作用，只有在大多數生物（尤其是哺乳動物）體內具有生物功能的元素才會被視為膳食礦物質。大多數已受認定的膳食礦物質都是原子量相對較低的元素。 作為細胞、組織的成分 作為功能蛋白質的成分 維持身體內的渗透平衡 作為酶的激活物 參與神經脈衝的傳遞 維持體內酸鹼值平衡 除了CHON外，已知至少有16種化學元素在人體中具有明確生理功能，是人體必需的膳食礦物質。 對於人類，維持生理所需的巨量礦物質（每日營養素建議攝取量，RDA > 200 mg/每日）包括： 最重要的微量礦物質（RDA < 200 mg/每日）包括： 除了上述元素被普遍認可為人體必需的膳食礦物質外，很多其他元素也被建議列入人類必須的營養素，但這些元素的確切生理功能或對於人體之必要性大多缺乏決定性證據支持。以下礦物質的認可與否根據不同的標準而有所差異。 除了上述元素外，人類的日常飲食中也含有其他各種各樣的元素，這些元素可能在人體中不發揮作用，但也幾乎完全無害（例如金、鋯、鈮、鉭等）；也可能會干擾身體系統的正常運行，具有相當的毒性（例如汞、鉈、銻、鈹等）。 饮食主题 生命元素 宏量元素 微量元素 超微量元素 鐵質 銅質 植物營養學 礦物 Rebecca J. 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