江蓠属

江蓠属（學名：Gracilaria），其物種又名龍鬚菜、海髮或海麵條，是紅藻門江蓠科之下的一個属，因其作為一種瓊脂植物的經濟重要性以及用作人類和各種貝類的食物而著稱。該屬內的各種物種在亚洲、南美洲、非洲和大洋洲均有栽培。 本屬物種分佈於世界各地的溫暖水域，但也季節性地出現在溫帶的水域。這些紅藻不能承受低於10 °C（50 °F）的海水溫度；除了北極以外，江蘺屬物種在其餘所有海洋中均有發現。它的多樣性中心是西太平洋，在那裡它傳統上被用作瓊脂（亦作琼胶或洋菜）的來源而被養殖。而養殖水域的鹽度，對瓊脂的生產量亦有所影響。 江蘺屬物種在菲律賓、夏威夷（英语：Cuisine of Hawaii）、日本及韓國等多國料理中均有使用。在緬甸若開邦北部對出海域設有江蘺屬物種（可食龍鬚菜；Gracilaria edulis）的養殖場，有近90年歷史。 日本料理将其称为ogonori或ogo。In the 菲律宾, it is called gulaman（英语：gulaman） and used to make 果凍. In 牙买加, it is known as Irish moss.。在韓國，江蘺屬物種有「海麵條」（꼬시래기）的外號。 無論是在體外（in vitro）或體内（in vivo）的实验中，通过琼脂酶（英语：agarase）（agarase）消化从含琼脂的江蘺屬物種多糖中制备、聚合度为6的江蘺寡糖已被证明是针对日本脑炎病毒感染的一种有效预防剂。來自江籬屬物種的硫化寡糖似乎是进一步发展为抗病毒剂的有希望候选物。 江蘺屬物種常以大型藻類的形式在水產市場發售。對於刺尾鯛科及不少其他植食性的魚類，它是一種高適口性藻類，而且其營養吸收能力使它成為一個合適的避難所（refugium）選擇。 江蘺屬物種有可能會被卵菌綱的水黴Pythium porphyrae（英语：Pythium porphyrae）寄生感染。 截至2021年6月26日 (2021-06-26)[update]，WoRMS紀錄本屬包括下列各物種： Gracilaria abbottiana M.D.Hoyle, 1978 Gracilaria abyssalis Gurgel & Yoneshigue-Valentin, 2008 Gracilaria aculeata (Hering) Papenfuss, 1967 Gracilaria aggregata J.D.Hooker & Harvey, 1845 Gracilaria ambigua Greville, 1935 Gracilaria apiculata P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865 Gracilaria apiculifera J.Agardh, 1901 弓龍鬚菜 Gracilaria arcuata Zanardini, 1858 Gracilaria armata (C.Agardh) Greville, 1830 Gracilaria articulata C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976 Gracilaria ascidiicola E.Y.Dawson, 1961 Gracilaria attenuata (M.Umamaheswara Rao) V.Krishnamurthy 小共生龍鬚菜 Gracilaria babae (H.Yamamoto) P.-K. Ng, P.-E. Lim & S.-M. Phang, 2014 Gracilaria baiana Lyra, Gurgel, M.C.Oliveira & Nunes, 2016 繁枝江蓠 Graiclaria bangmeiana Gracilaria beckeri (J.Agardh) Papenfuss, 1952 芋根江蘺 Gracilaria blodgettii Harvey, 1853 Gracilaria brasiliensis Gurgel & Yoneshigue-Valentin, 2008 Gracilaria brevis W.R.Taylor, 1945 Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva, 1952：模式種。 喀麦隆龙须菜 Gracilaria camerunensis Pilger, 1911 粗管龍鬚菜 Gracilaria canaliculata Sonder, 1871 Gracilaria capensis F.Schmitz ex Mazza, 1907 Gracilaria cearensis (A.B.Joly & Pinheiro) A.B.Joly & Pinheiro, 1966 Gracilaria cerrosiana W.R.Taylor, 1945 Gracilaria cervicornis (Turner) J.Agardh, 1852 Gracilaria chondracantha (Kützing) Millar, 2005 Gracilaria chondroides (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878 脆江蘺 Gracilaria chouae Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1992 Gracilaria cliftonii Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994 Gracilaria comosa Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994 Gracilaria conferta (Schousboe ex Montagne) Montagne, 1846 Gracilaria coppejansii Muangmai, Lewmanomont, Prathep, Terada & Zuccarello, 2017 Gracilaria corallicola Zanardini, 1868 Gracilaria corniculata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852 傘房龍鬚菜 Gracilaria coronopifolia J.Agardh, 1852，异名：可食江籬 Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva, 1952 Gracilaria corticata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852 Gracilaria crispata Setchell & Gardner, 1924 Gracilaria crockeri E.Y.Dawson, 1949 Gracilaria cuneata J.E. Areschoug, 1854 Gracilaria cuneifolia (Okamura) I.K.Lee & Kurogi, 1977 Gracilaria curtissiae J.Agardh, 1885 Gracilaria cylindrica Børgesen, 1920 Gracilaria damicornis J.Agardh, 1852 Gracilaria dawsonii Hoyle, 1994 Gracilaria debilis (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932 Gracilaria dendroides Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi, 1985 Gracilaria denticulata F.Schmitz ex Mazza, 1907 Gracilaria disticha (J.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1852 Gracilaria divaricata Harvey, 1853 Gracilaria divergens (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1847 Gracilaria domingensis (Kützing) Sonder ex Dickie, 1874 Gracilaria dotyi Hoyle, 1977 Gracilaria dumosa Harvey & J.W.Bailey, 1862 Gracilaria dura (C.Agardh) J.Agardh, 1842 厄瓜多尔江蓠 Gracilaria ecuadoreanus (W.R.Taylor) E.Y.Dawson, 1949 Gracilaria ephemera Skelton, South & Millar, 2004 Gracilaria epihippisora Hoyle, 1977 Gracilaria fanii B.M.Xia & Pan, 1995 粗龍鬚菜 Gracilaria firma Chang & Xia, 1976 Gracilaria flabelliformis (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) Fredericq & Gurgel, 2004 Gracilaria flagelliformis (Sonder) Womersley, 1996 Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen, 1932 Gracilaria fruticosa Harvey, 1855 Gracilaria galetensis C.F.D.Gurgel, S.Fredericq, & J.N.Norris, 2004 Gracilaria gardneri (Setchell) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018 Gracilaria gigartinoides (P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1866 Gracilaria gigas Harvey, 1860 Gracilaria glomerata Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1994 Gracilaria gracilis (Stackhouse) M.Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & W.F.Farnham, 1995 海南江蘺 Gracilaria hainanensis C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976 Gracilaria halogenea A.J.K.Millar, 1990 Gracilaria hancockii E.Y.Dawson, 1944 Gracilaria hauckii P.C.Silva, 1996 Gracilaria hayi Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004 Gracilaria hermonii Millar, 2004 Gracilaria heteroclada (Montagne) Feldmann & G.Feldmann, 1943 Gracilaria hikkaduwensis Durairatnam, 1962 Gracilaria howensis Lucas, 1935 Gracilaria incrustata J.Agardh, 1901 Gracilaria incurvata Okamura, 1931 印度江蓠 Gracilaria indica Umamaheswara Rao, 1974 Gracilaria intermedia J.Agardh, 1901 Gracilaria irregularis I.A.Abbott, 1988 Gracilaria isabellana Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004 Gracilaria kanyakumariensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974 Gracilaria khanjanapajiae Saengkaew, Muangmai, Bulan & Zuccarello, 2022 Gracilaria kilakkaraiensis V.Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1987 Gracilaria lacerata Setchell & Gardner, 1924 Gracilaria lantaensis Muangmai, Zuccarello, Noiraksa & Lewmanomont Gracilaria latifronds P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865 Gracilaria longa Gargiulo, De Masi & Tripodi, 1987 长喙江蓠 Gracilaria longirostris Zhang & Wang, 1995 Gracilaria longissima (S.G.Gmelin) Steentoft, L.M.Irvine & Farnham, 1995 Gracilaria mamillaris (Montagne) Howe Gracilaria mammillaris (Montagne) M.A.Howe, 1918 Gracilaria manilaensis Yamamoto & Trono, 1994 Gracilaria mannarensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974 Gracilaria mannariensis Umamaheswara Rao, 1974 Gracilaria maramae G.R.South, 1995 Gracilaria marcialana E.Y.Dawson, 1949 Gracilaria mayae A.J.K.Millar, 1997 Gracilaria megaspora (E.Y.Dawson) Papenfuss, 1967 墨西哥江蓠 Gracilaria mexicana (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878 Gracilaria microdendron J.Agardh, 1901 Gracilaria millardetii (Montagne) J.Agardh, 1885 小江蓠 Gracilaria minor (Sonder) Durairatnam, 1961 Gracilaria minuta Lewmanomont, 1994 Gracilaria mixta I.A.Abbott, J.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991 Gracilaria multipartita (Clemente) Harvey, 1846 Gracilaria occidentalis (Børgesen) M.Bodard, 1965 Gracilaria oliveirarum Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004 Gracilaria opuntia Durairatnam, 1962 Gracilaria ornata Areschoug, 1854 Gracilaria pachydermatica Setchell & Gardner, 1924 Gracilaria pacifica I.A.Abbott, 1985 Gracilaria palmettoides P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865 Gracilaria papenfussii I.A.Abbott, 1983 Gracilaria parvispora I.A.Abbott, 1985 Gracilaria patens P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1865 Gracilaria pauciramosa (N.Rodríguez de Ríos) A.M.Bellorin, M.C.Oliveira, & E.C.Oliveira Gracilaria percurrens (I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, 1991 Gracilaria perplexa Byrne, K., Zuccarello, G.C., West, J., Liao, M.-L.& Kraft, G.T., 2002 Gracilaria peruana Piccone & Grunow, 1886 Gracilaria pinnata Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1924 Gracilaria prolifica (Kützing) P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan, 1878 Gracilaria protea J.Agardh, 1901 Gracilaria pudumadamensis V.Krishnamurthy & N.R.Rajendran, 1987 Gracilaria pulvinata Skottsberg, 1923 斑點龍鬚菜 Gracilaria punctata (Okamura) Yamada, 1941：又名斑江籠 Gracilaria pygmaea Børgesen, 1937 Gracilaria pygmaea V.J.Chapman, 1979 Gracilaria ramisecunda E.Y.Dawson, 1949 Gracilaria reptans (Weber-van Bosse) P.C.Silva, 1996 Gracilaria rhodocaudata Yamamoto & Kudo, 1995 Gracilaria rhodymenioides A.J.K.Millar, 1997 Gracilaria robusta Setchell, 1899 红江蓠 Gracilaria rubra (C.Agardh) J.Agardh Gracilaria rubra C.F.Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976 Gracilaria rubrimembra E.Y.Dawson, 1949 縊龍鬚菜 Gracilaria salicornia (C.Agardh) E.Y.Dawson, 1954 Gracilaria salzmannii Bornet ex Möbius, 1889 Gracilaria secunda (C.Agardh) Zanardini, 1840 Gracilaria secundata Harvey, 1863 下田龙须菜 Gracilaria shimodensis Terada, R.& Yamamoto, H., 2000 Gracilaria silviae Lyra, Gurgel, M.C.Oliveira & J.M.C.Nunes, 2015 Gracilaria skottsbergii W.R.Taylor, 1945 Gracilaria smithsoniensis Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004 Gracilaria spinigera E.Y.Dawson, 1949 Gracilaria spinuligera Børgesen, 1952 刺邊江籬 Gracilaria spinulosa (Okamura) Chang & B.M.Xia, 1976 Gracilaria srilankia (Chang & B.Xia) Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994 Gracilaria stellata I.A.Abbott, Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991 Gracilaria stipitata A.F.Withell, A.J.K.Millar & Kraft, 1994 Gracilaria sublittoralis Yamada & Segawa ex H.Yamamoto, 1994 Gracilaria subsecundata Setchell & N.L.Gardner, 1924 Gracilaria subtilis (B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott, 1991 Gracilaria sullivanii Yamamoto & Trono, 1994 Gracilaria suzannae Gracilaria symmetrica E.Y.Dawson, 1949 台灣龍鬚菜 Gracilaria taiwanensis S.-M.Lin, L.-C.Liu & Payri, 2012：原作Gracilaria vieillardii Gracilaria tepocensis (E.Y.Dawson) E.Y.Dawson, 1961 Gracilaria textorii (Suringar) De Toni, 1895 Gracilaria tikvahiae McLachlan, 1979 Gracilaria truncata Kraft, 1977 Gracilaria turgida E.Y.Dawson, 1949 Gracilaria tuticorinensis V.Krishnamurthy & Rajendran, 1987 Gracilaria vanbosseae (I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, 1991 Gracilaria veloroae E.Y.Dawson, 1944 委内瑞拉龙须菜 Gracilaria venezuelensis W.R.Taylor, 1942 真江籬 Gracilaria vermiculata P.J.L.Dangeard, 1949 Gracilaria vieillardii P.C.Silva, 1987 Gracilaria vieirae M.P.Reis, 1977 绿龙须菜 Gracilaria viridis A.Sfriso, M.A.Wolf, K.Sciuto, M.Morabito, C.Andreoli & I.Moro, 2013 Gracilaria yamamotoi Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1994 莺歌海龙须菜 Gracilaria yinggehaiensis Xia & Wang, 2002 異名： Gracilaria andersonii Gracilaria asiatica 異枝江蘺 Gracilaria bailinae Chang et Xia Gracilaria birdiae Palastino & E.C.Oliveira, 2002 Gracilaria cacalia 張氏龍鬚菜 Gracilaria changii (B.M.Xia & I.A.Abbott) I.A.Abbott, J.Zhang & B.M.Xia, 1991 Gracilaria chilensis C.J.Bird, McLachlan & E.C.Oliveira, 1986 Gracilaria confervoides Gracilaria cornea 细基江蓠 Gracilaria tenuistipitata C. F. Chang et B. M. Xia，1976：今作 Agarophyton tenuistipitatum (C.F.Chang & B.-M.Xia) Gurgel, J.N.Norris & Fredericq, 2018 Gracilaria urvilleii Gracilaria usneoides 江蘺 Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss, 1967,オゴノリ（日语：オゴノリ） Gracilaria yoneshigueana Gurgel, Fredericq & J.N.Norris, 2004 Guiry MD. Guiry MD, Guiry GM , 编. Gracilaria Greville, 1830. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. 2018-11-16 [2021-08-19] –通过WoRMS.  龍鬚菜屬;江籬屬(紅) Gracilaria. [2021-06-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-30）.  木村修次; 黒澤弘光 (编). 大修館現代漢和辞典. 大修館出版. 1996-12-10: 687 （日语）.  꼬시래기 효능, 먹는법, 꼬시래기 부작용 알라보아요 [海麵條的效能、食用方法及副作用一覽]. [2021-07-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-26） （韩语）.  賀麗虹; 吳汪黔生; 沈頌東; 王得利. 盐度对细基江蓠繁枝变型的生长、琼胶产量和组成的影响. 《海洋通報》. 2002-12, 2002 (3): 39–43 [2021-07-01] （中文（简体））.  McLachlan, J.; Bird, C.J. Geographical and experimental assessment of the distribution of Gracilaria species (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) in relation to temperature (PDF). Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 1984, 38: 319–334 [2021-06-25]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-02-10）.  Oliveira, E.C., de; Plastino, E.M. Gracilariaceae. Akatsuka, Isamu (编). Biology of Economic Algae. SPB Academic Publishing. 1994. ISBN 9789051030938.  Kyaw, Aye. The Production of Gracilaria eduli in Burma. Report of the Training Course on Gracilaria Algae, Manila, Philippines. 1–30 April 1981 [27 April 2013]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-05） （英语）.  Davidson, Alan. Seafood of South-East Asia: A Comprehensive Guide with Recipes. Ten Speed Press（英语：Ten Speed Press）. 2004: 197. ISBN 978-1-58008-452-9.  Thomas J. Goreau; Robert Kent Trench. Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration. CRC Press. 2013: 193– [30 June 2013]. ISBN 978-1-4665-5773-4. （原始内容存档于2021-07-07）.  Kazłowski B, Chiu YH, Kazłowska K, Pan CL, Wu CJ. Prevention of Japanese encephalitis virus infections by low-degree-polymerisation sulfated saccharides from Gracilaria sp. and Monostroma nitidum. Food Chem. 2012-08, 133 (3): 866–74. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.106 （英语）.  Volynkin, Alex. Growing Gracilaria Parvispora. Salt Water Reefing. 2013-09-28 [2016-12-18]. （原始内容存档于2021-06-29） （英语）. This brings me back to Achilles’s diet. The guy apparently really likes Gracilaria macro algae. No wonder, especially considering that the grass is indigenous to Hawaii as well, and is considered the favorite food for tangs.  Spencer, M. A. Pythium porphyrae. (Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria). IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria. 2004, 162 (Sheet 1617) [2017-10-10] （英语）. A description is provided for Pythium porphyrae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASES: Red-rot disease, red-wasting disease. HOSTS: Bangia atropurpurea, Callophyllis adhaerens, Polyopes affinis (syn  『學名』 開頭 『Gracilaria』 的資料 14 筆(含同種異名). 臺灣物種名錄（TaiBNET）. [2023-03-05]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06） （中文（繁體））.  Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel, Suzanne Fredericq, James N. Norris & Yocie Yoneshigue-Valentin (2008) Two new flat species of Gracilaria (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from Brazil: G. abyssalis sp. nov. and G. brasiliensis sp. nov., Phycologia, 47:3, 249-264, DOI: 10.2216/PH06-59.1 Ng, P.-K.; Lim, P.-E.; Phang, S.-M. Radiation of the red algal parasite Congracilaria babae onto a secondary host species, Hydropuntia sp. (Gracilariaceae, Rhodophyta). PLoS One. 2014, 9 ({5, e97450}): 1–11, 4 fig, 3 tables （英语）.  丁兰平; 谭华强; 孙国栋. 粤东地区江蓠属 Gracilaria &#124 (江蓠科,红藻门)的形态分类学. CNKI. [2021-07-01]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-11） （中文（简体））.  藻類：粗龍鬚菜 Gracilaria firma &#124 Chang & Xia, 1976. 臺灣常見經濟性水產：動植物圖鑑. 行政院農業委員會漁業署. : 52 [2021-08-19]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-30） （中文（繁體））.  Jantana Saengkaew, Narongrit Muangmai, Jakaphan Bulan and Giuseppe C. Zuccarello. 2022. Gracilaria khanjanapajiae sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the Andaman Coast of Thailand. Phycologia. DOI: 10.1080/00318884.2022.2062189 Narongrit Muangmai, Giuseppe C. Zuccarello, Thidarat Noiraksa and Khanjanapaj Lewmanomont. 2014. A New Flat Gracilaria: Gracilaria lantaensis sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) from the Andaman Coast of Thailand. Phycologia. 53(2); 137-145. DOI: 10.2216/13-215.1 Luanda Pereira Soares, Carlos Frederico D. Gurgel & Mutue Toyota Fujii (2018) Gracilaria suzannae sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta), a new flattened species from northeast Brazil based on morphological and molecular evidence, Phycologia, 57:3, 345-353, DOI: 10.2216/17-102.1 Lin, S.-M.; Liu, L.-C. Liu; Payri, C. Characterization of Gracilaria vieillardii and molecular phylogeny of foliose species from the western Pacific Ocean, including a description of G. taiwanensis. Phycologia. 2012, 51 (4): 421–431 （英语）.  刘若愚. 中国近海重要生态建群红藻真江蓠(Gracilaria vermiculophylla)的居群遗传多样性研究. [2023-03-06]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-06） （中文（简体））.  Adriano Sfriso, Marion Adelheid Wolf, Katia Sciuto, Marina Morabito, Carlo Andreoli & Isabella Moro (2013) Gracilaria viridis sp. nov. (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta): a new red algal species from the Mediterranean Sea, Phycologia, 52:1, 65-73, DOI: 10.2216/12-007.1 引用错误：在<references>标签中name属性为“Wang et al 2015”的参考文献没有在文中使用 维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：江蓠属 Gracilaria and its Cultivation. Internet Archive. （原始内容存档于2016-03-04） （英语）.  Gracilaria in the Suria Link Sea Plants Handbook (archived at the Internet Archive)