第三党 (美国)

第三党（英語：Third party）是一个政治术语，在现今的美国指除共和党、民主党两大政党外的其它所有政党。这些政党也参加各种公职选举，但在美国现行的两党制体制下，胜选几率极其微小。目前，美国主要的第三党有自由意志黨、美国绿党和宪法党。但是「第三黨」在其他類似選制的國家，勝選相對容易。 自由意志黨 美國綠黨 非洲人民社会党 全非人民革命党 美国党（英语：American Party (1969)） 美国自由党 美国劳工党 美国团结党 黑人骑士解放党 美国公民党（英语：Citizens Party of the United States） 美國共產黨 宪法党 美国民主社会主义者 自由道路社会主义组织 自由社会党 人道党 独立美国党 公正党 现在合法大麻党 美国大麻党 现代辉格党 国家社会主义运动 新非洲黑豹党 新黑豹党 美国海盗党 进步劳工党 禁酒党 美国改革党 革命黑豹党 美国革命共产党 争取社会主义和解放党 美国社会党 社会主义行动 社会主义替代 社会主义平等党 社会主义工人党 美国团结党 (2004年) 工作家庭党 工人世界党 美国世界社会党 前進党 美国选举人团 無黨籍 政党 比例代表制 第三勢力 选举权 Epstein, David A. (2012). Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. ISBN 978-0-578-10654-0 Gillespie, J. David. Challengers to Duopoly: Why Third Parties Matter in American Two-Party Politics (University of South Carolina Press, 2012) Green, Donald J. Third-Party Matters: Politics, Presidents, and Third Parties in American History (Praeger, 2010) Herrnson, Paul S. and John C. Green, eds. Multiparty Politics in America (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997) Hesseltine, William B. Third-Party Movements in the United States (1962), Brief survey Hicks, John D. "The Third Party Tradition in American Politics." Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20 (1933): 3–28. in JSTOR Kruschke, Earl R. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in the United States (ABC-CLIO, 1991) Ness, Immanuel and James Ciment, eds. Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America (4 vol. 2006) Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Party Politics from the Nation's Founding to the Rise and Fall of the Greenback-Labor Party. Vol. 1. iUniverse, 2004. Rosenstone, Steven J., Roy L. Behr, and Edward H. Lazarus. Third Parties in America: Citizen Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed. Princeton University Press, 1996) Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. ed. History of U.S. Political Parties (1973) multivolume compilation includes essays by experts on the more important third parties, plus some primary sources Sifry, Micah L. 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On George Wallace in 1968 Jelen, Ted G. ed. Ross for Boss: The Perot Phenomenon and Beyond (State University of New York Press, 2001) Koch, Jeffrey. "The Perot Candidacy and Attitudes Toward Government and Politics." Political Research Quarterly 51 (1998): 141–53. Koch, Jeffrey. "Political Cynicism and Third Party Support in American Presidential Elections," American Politics Research 31 (2003): 48–65. Lee, Michael J. "The Populist Chameleon: The People's Party, Huey Long, George Wallace, and the Populist Argumentative Frame." Quarterly Journal of Speech (2006): 355–78. Mowry, George E. Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement (1946), on 1912 Rapoport, Ronald B., and Walter J. Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence (University of Michigan Press, 2005) Richardson, Darcy G. Others: Third Parties During the Populist Period (2007) 506 pp Richardson, Darcy G. A Toast to Glory: The Prohibition Party Flirts With Greatness 59 pp Rohler, Lloyd. "Conservative Appeals to the People: George Wallace's Populist Rhetoric." Southern Communication Journal 64 (1999): 316–22. Rohler, Lloyd. George Wallace: Conservative Populist (Praeger, 2004) Rosenfeld, Lawrence W. "George Wallace Plays Rosemary's Baby." Quarterly Journal of Speech 55 (1969): 36–44. Ross, Jack. The Socialist Party of America: A Complete History (2015) 824 pp Shepard, Ryan Michael. "Deeds done in different words: a genre-based approach to third party presidential campaign discourse." (PhD Dissertation, University of Kansas 2011) online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Importance of Ballot Access, essay by Richard Winger Ballot Access News – Ballot Access news on all parties Free and Equal （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Election Reform to end partisan duopoly Independent Political Report （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） – Frequently updated source for third party news