黄麻

黄麻（拉丁語：Corchorus）是一种长而柔软的、发出光泽的植物纤维，可以织成高强度的粗糙的细丝。它在植物分类上属于椴树亚科的黃麻屬。 黄麻是最廉价的天然纤维之一，种植量和用途的广泛都仅次于棉花。 它和洋麻、大麻、亚麻、苎麻等同样属于韧皮纤维（从植物内皮或外皮提取的纤维）。纤维的颜色从白色到褐色，长1–4 米。 適合種植黃麻的氣候為在盛行季風季節的季風氣候（溫暖，潮濕的氣候）。適宜的氣溫為20˚C至40˚C和相對濕度70％-80％。 ：黃麻在播種期間需要比其他時期多5-8厘米/週的降雨。 圓果黃麻（学名：Corchorus capsularis），在中國稱作白黃麻。在幾個歷史記錄中指出，貧窮的印度村民穿用黃麻製成的衣服。用簡單的手搖紡織機和手紡車進行織布，將黃麻當成紡棉紗使用。歷史上還指出，孟加拉人從更早的時代，就把家庭和其他用途的白黃麻製成的繩索和細繩。 長蒴黃麻（学名：Corchorus olitorius） ，在中國稱作紅麻，是非洲 - 阿拉伯的品種和錦葵科的成員（跟棉花同一科）。他也是很受歡迎的葉用蔬菜，阿拉伯人稱為“molokhiya”（[ملوخية]=“國王”的意思），其葉為成分跟秋葵黏滑的成分相似。 猶太人在約伯記提到長果黃麻也是一種稱作棣棠花（Jew's mallow）的蔬菜。 長果黃麻纖維比圓果黃麻更柔軟、柔滑。也發現很適合在恒河三角洲氣候栽種。19世紀時，隨著圓果黃麻栽種，長果黃麻也開始在孟加拉栽培。目前，孟加拉地區（巴基斯坦、印度和孟加拉）是長果黃麻的世界最大的生產地區。 黄麻是重要性仅次于棉花的植物纤维；拥有多种用途。首先是用于原棉打包的包装運輸袋，其次是制成袋子或粗布，还可以织成窗帘、椅套、地毯、粗麻布和油布的衬背，更可以當作造紙原料。黃麻桿也可當作燃料、活性碳、纖維版等，可以取代伐木工業的部分性質。 黄麻纤维可以100%进行生物分解和回收，对环境无害。 它是一种拥有黄金和丝绸光泽的天然纤维，因而被称为“金色纤维”。 它是最便宜的植物纤维，取自植物的茎的内皮或外皮。 它在使用、全球消费量、生产和实用方面的重要性仅次于棉花的植物纤维。 它的抗张强度很高，延展性低，防水性能较好。因此，黄麻非常适合于大批量农产品的包装。 Basu, G., A. K. Sinha, and S. N. Chattopadhyay. "Properties of Jute Based Ternary Blended Bulked Yarns". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 48, no. 9 (Sep. 2005): 350–353. (AN 18605324) Chattopadhyay, S. N., N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". Textile Industry of India. Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709) Doraiswamy, I., A. Basu, and K. P. Chellamani. "Development of Fine Quality Jute Fibres". Colourage. Nov. 6–8, 1998, 2p. (AN TDH0624047199903296) Kozlowski, R., and S. Manys. "Green Fibres". Textile Industry: Winning Strategies for the New Millennium—Papers Presented at the World Conference. Feb. 10–13, 1999: 29 (13p). (AN TDH0646343200106392) Madhu, T. "Bio-Composites—An Overview". Textile Magazine. Vol. 43, no. 8 (Jun. 2002): 49 (2 pp). (AN TDH0656367200206816) Maulik, S. R. "Chemical Modification of Jute". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 10, no. 7 (Jul. 2001): 99 (8 pp). (AN TDH0648424200108473) Moses, J. Jeyakodi, and M. Ramasamy. "Quality Improvement on Jute and Jute Cotton Materials Using Enzyme Treatment and Natural Dyeing". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 47, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 252–255. (AN 14075527) Pan, N. C., S. N. Chattopadhyay, and A. Day. "Dyeing of Jute Fabric with Natural Dye Extracted from Marigold Flower". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 13, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 80–82. (AN 15081016) Pan, N. C., A. Day, and K. K. Mahalanabis. "Properties of Jute". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 110, no. 5 (Feb. 2000): 16. (AN TDH0635236200004885) Roy, T. K. G., S. K. Chatterjee, and B. D. Gupta. "Comparative Studies on Bleaching and Dyeing of Jute after Processing with Mineral Oil in Water Emulsion vis-a-vis Self-Emulsifiable Castor Oil". Colourage. Vol. 49, no. 8 (Aug. 2002): 27 (5 pp). (AN TDH0657901200208350) Shenai, V. A. "Enzyme Treatment". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 114, no. 2 (Nov. 2003): 112–113. (AN 13153355) Srinivasan, J., A. Venkatachalam, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Small-Scale Jute Spinning: An Analysis". Textile Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 4 (Feb. 1999): 29. (ANTDH0624005199903254) Vijayakumar, K. A., and P. R. Raajendraa. "A New Method to Determine the Proportion of Jute in a Jute/Cotton Blend". Asian Textile Journal, Vol. 14, no. 5 (May 2005): 70-72. (AN 18137355) International Jute Study Group (IJSG) Resources about Jute, Kenaf and Roselle Plants. Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Some chemistry and medicinal information on Tossa Jute. International Jute Study Group (IJSG). A UN collaboration for learning various aspects of Jute and Kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Bangladeshi Ministry of Jute and Textile (Jute Division). The ministry in Bangladesh directly concerned with jute. Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI)（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. The Institute in Bangladesh dedicated for jute research. Institute of Jute Technology, Kolkata, India. An institute for advanced research on jute and allied fibres. The Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited (GFTCL) Commercial site used (with permission) as source and contributor for much of this article.