水磨

水磨（英語：watermill）是水力驱动的磨。这种结构使用水車或水轮机来驱动研磨、滚动或槌打等机械过程，可用来生产穀粉、木材、纸、布、金属产品等。装有水磨的工厂称为水磨坊，这包括了麵粉廠、鋸木廠、造纸厂、纺织厂、 锤磨厂（英语：hammermill）、跳锤（英语：trip hammer）厂、轧制厂、拉丝（英语：wire drawing）厂等。祖冲之曾经设计制造过利用水力舂米（英语：Rice pounder）、磨面的水碓磨。 水碓 Burns, Robert I., Paper comes to the West, 800−1400, Lindgren, Uta (编), Europäische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation 4th, Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag: 413–422, 1996, ISBN 3-7861-1748-9  de Crespigny, Rafe, A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill, 2007, ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0  Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J., Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology, Anatolian Studies 52, 2002, 52: 1–17, JSTOR 3643076, S2CID 163811541, doi:10.2307/3643076  Gauldie, Enid (1981). The Scottish Miller 1700 - 1900. Pub. John Donald. ISBN 0-85976-067-7. Gimpel, Jean, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, London: Penguin (Non-Classics), 1977, ISBN 978-0-14-004514-7  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (link) Holt, Richard, The Mills of Medieval England, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1988, ISBN 978-0-631-15692-5  Langdon, John, Mills in the Medieval Economy: England, 1300-1540, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-926558-5  Lewis, M. J., Millstone and Hammer: the origins of water power, University of Hull Press 1997. ISBN 0-85958-657-X. McErlean, Thomas; Crothers, Norman, Harnessing the Tides: The Early Medieval Tide Mills at Nendrum Monastery, Strangford Lough, Belfast: Stationery Office Books, 2007, ISBN 978-0-337-08877-3  Munro, John H., Industrial energy from water-mills in the European economy, 5th to 18th Centuries: the limitations of power, Economia ed Energia, Seccoli XIII - XVIII, Atti delle 'Settimane di Studi' e Altrie Convegni, Istituto Internazionale di Storia Economica 34 (1) (F. Datini), 2003, 34 (1): 223–269  Murphy, Donald, Excavations of a Mill at Killoteran, Co. Waterford as Part of the N-25 Waterford By-Pass Project (PDF), Estuarine/ Alluvial Archaeology in Ireland. Towards Best Practice, University College Dublin and National Roads Authority, 2005, （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-11-18）  Needham, Joseph. (1986). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology; Part 2, Mechanical Engineering. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. ISBN 0-521-05803-1. Oleson, John Peter, Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology, University of Toronto Press, 1984, ISBN 90-277-1693-5  Oleson, John Peter, Water-Lifting, Wikander, Örjan (编), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2, Leiden: Brill: 217–302, 2000, ISBN 90-04-11123-9  Pacey, Arnold, Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-year History, The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 1, 1991). ISBN 0-262-66072-5. Reynolds, Terry S. Stronger Than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel. (Johns Hopkins University Press 1983). ISBN 0-8018-7248-0. Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul, A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications, Journal of Roman Archaeology 20, 2007, 20: 138–163  Rynne, Colin, Waterpower in Medieval Ireland, Squatriti, Paolo (编), Working with Water in Medieval Europe, Technology and Change in History 3, Leiden: Brill: 1–50, 2000, ISBN 90-04-10680-4  Spain, Rob: "A possible Roman Tide Mill" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Paper submitted to the Kent Archaeological Society Wikander, Örjan, Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report, History of Technology 10, 1985, 10: 151–179  Wikander, Örjan, The Water-Mill, Wikander, Örjan (编), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History 2, Leiden: Brill: 371–400, 2000, ISBN 90-04-11123-9  Wilson, Andrew, Water-Power in North Africa and the Development of the Horizontal Water-Wheel, Journal of Roman Archaeology 8, 1995, 8: 499–510  Wilson, Andrew, Machines, Power and the Ancient Economy, The Journal of Roman Studies 92 (The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 92), 2002, 92: 1–32, JSTOR 3184857, S2CID 154629776, doi:10.2307/3184857  维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：水磨 Mill database with over 10000 European mills （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The International Molinological Society (TIMS) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Society for the Preservation of Old Mills (SPOOM) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） U.S. mill pictures and information （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Watermills in Norfolk, England （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Mills in Hampshire, England （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Windmills and watermills of the East Grinstead area 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2016-12-27.