纤毛虫

纤毛虫是纤毛虫门（學名：Ciliophora）生物的通称，是一类较复杂的原生动物，主要特点是以纤毛作为运动器，细胞核一般分化出大核（营养）、小核（生殖）、摄食胞器等，无性生殖为横二分裂，有性生殖为接合生殖，生活在淡水或海水中，也有寄生的。代表生物有草履虫，小瓜虫等。 纤毛虫在分类上比较复杂，尚无统一的定论。按传统的分类，原生动物作为动物界中的一个门，纤毛虫为其中的“纤毛纲”（Ciliata），有时也将其列为原生动物门的纤毛亚门，或将原生动物看作动物界的一个亚界，纤毛虫划为一个门——纤毛门。按照汤玛斯·卡弗利尔-史密斯提出的分类系统则属于囊泡藻界的“纤毛虫门”（Ciliophora）。 与其他大部分真核生物不同，纤毛虫有两种大小不同的核：一种是二倍体的小核，负责基因重组；另一种是多倍体的大核，负责一般细胞调控。 食物通过胞吞作用，经过胞口胞咽进入食物泡，通过溶酶体分解使其颗粒变小，能通过膜扩散入细胞质中，残留在食物泡中的物质在胞肛处以胞吐作用排出。 大多数纤毛虫也具有一个或多个突出的收缩泡，收集和排出水以维持细胞内渗透压，以及维持离子平衡。在某些属中（如草履虫），收缩泡有着明显的星状造型，每个星芒都是一个收集管。 纤毛虫都可以进行无性繁殖和有性繁殖。无性繁殖二分裂方式进行，小核发生有丝分裂,大核伸长并分为两半，然后该细胞一分为二。两个新细胞各获得一个大核和一个小核。 与此相反，有性繁殖涉及两个不同交配型（类似性别，但也存在两个以上的交配型）个体之间的结合和遗传物质的交换，这往往发生在食物短缺的时候。 “纤毛虫门”分为两个亚门： 核残迹纲（英语：Karyorelictea） Karyorelictea Corliss，1974 异毛纲 Heterotrichea Stein，1859 瓶纤纲（英语：Armophorea） Armophorea（英语：Armophorea） Cariacotrichea（英语：Cariacotrichea） 叶口纲 Litostomatea Small & Lynn, 1981 Subclass Haptoria (e.g. Didinium) 毛口亚纲 Trichostomatia Butschli, 1889 Subclass Rhynchostomatia Muranotrichea（英语：Muranotrichea） Odontostomatea Parablepharismea（英语：Parablepharismea） Protocruziea（英语：Protocruziea） 旋毛纲 Spirotrichea Butschli, 1889 环毛亚纲（英语：Choreotrich） Choreotrich Small & Lynn, 1985（如丁丁蟲 Tintinnidium） 寡毛亚纲 Oligotrichia (e.g. Halteria) 排毛亚纲（英语：Stichotrich） Stichotrichia (e.g. Stylonychia) 少毛亚纲 Hypotrichia (e.g. Euplotes) Infraphylum Ventrata（英语：Ventrata） 腎形蟲綱 Colpodea Small & Lynn, 1981 篮口虫纲 Nassophorea Butschli, 1889 寡膜綱 Oligohymenophorea de Puytorac et al., 1974 隔口亞綱（Apostomatia） 無口亞綱（英语：Astomatia）（Astomatia（英语：Astomatia）） 膜口亚纲（英语：Hymenostome） Hymenostomatia Delage & Herouard, 1896 （如四膜虫Tetrahymena） 咽膜亚纲（英语：Peniculid） Peniculia Corliss, 1956 （如草履虫 Paramecium） 缘毛亚纲（英语：Peritrichia） Peritrichia（英语：Peritrichia） Stein, 1859：亦作周毛亞綱：例如：Vorticella（英语：Vorticella） Scuticociliatia（英语：Scuticociliatia） 叶咽纲 Phyllopharyngea de Puytorac et al., 1974 叶咽亚纲（英语：Phyllopharyngia） Phyllopharyngia (e.g. Chilodonella uncinata Subclass Rhynchodia Subclass Chonotrichia 吸管亚纲（英语：Suctoria） Suctoria (e.g. Podophrya) Plagiopylea（英语：Plagiopylid） Small & Lynn, 1985 前口纲 Prostomatea Genus Cryptocaryon（但WoRMS認為屬於前口綱前管蟲目裸口蟲科，只有 Cryptocaryon irritans Brown, 1951一個物種。） 纲和目的地位未定的科： Cariacotrichidae 纲、目和科的地位未定的属： Akidodes Lom, 1959 Allantoxena Yankovskii, 1978 Allomeron Yankovskii, 1967 Amoebapium Banina, 1984 Ampullacula Hsiung, 1930 Amylophorus Pereira & Almeida, 1942 Anacharon Ito & Imai, 2000 Ancistrella Chejsin, 1930 Andreula Kahl, 1934 Anglasia Delphy, 1936 Anisarcon Jankowski, 1981 Anthochloe Joseph, 1882 Anthostrombidium Yankovskij, 1980 Anthurceolaria Jankowski, 1980 Antipia Lepsi, 1927 Arcacineta Jankowski, 1981 Arcodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Armiacineta Yankovskij, 1982 Asellacineta Jankowski, 1981 Australana Jankowski, 1986 Azerella Alekperov, 1985 Baculiapium Banina, 1984 Baikalaster Jankowski, 1986 Baikalonis Yankovskij, 1982 Baikalotheca Jankowski, 1985 Baikalothigma Yankovskij, 1982 Basitokophrya Yankovskij, 1982 Batiola Koshevoj, 1987 Baznosanuia Tucolesco, 1962 Beckmania Yankovskij, 1982 Beersena Yankovsky, 1989 Berghophrya Foissner, 2003 Berounkella Koshevoj, 1987 Bertolinella Carpano, 1941 Biconvexellina Konenkova, 1999 Bignotella Willems, 1975 Bipalmatum Bitricha Cameron, O'Donoghue & Adlard, 2000 Bizone Lepsi, 1926 Bizonula Corliss, 1960 Blepharocodon Bundle, 1895 Blepharomonas Kopperi, 1937 Blepharoplanum Kopperi, 1937 Blepharosphaera Bundle, 1895 Blepharozoum Gassovsky, 1919 Borzaiella Makar'eva, 1979 Bozasella Buisson, 1923 Buchneriella Heidenreich, 1935 Buissonella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925 Buitkampia Foissner, 1985 Buschiella Corliss, 1960 Cadosinopsis Calix Fraipont, 1878 Caloscolex Dogiel, 1926 Calospira Chatton & Lwoff, 1935 Campanuliapium Banina, 1984 Campylodinium Cardiostomatilla Corliss, 1960 Carinoposthium Yankovskij, 1980 Caspionella Yankovskij, 1980 Caudalina Madhava Rao, 1928 Causella Aescht, 2001 Celeritia Tucolesco, 1962 Cepedella Poyarkoff, 1909 Cephalospatula Foissner, 2003 Chanostoma Daday, 1884 Chattonia Debaisieux, 1957 Cheissinia Chatton & Lwoff, 1949 Cheissiniophrya Chervurtskella Koshevoj, 1987 Chilenophrys Jankowski, 1986 Chlamydonyx Deroux, 1976 Cinetozona Olmo, Tellez & Esteban, 1998 Claretinella Keij, 1974 Claudotricha Gajewskaja, 1925 Clausophrya Naidenova & Zaika, 1969 Cochleatina Assejeva, 1983 Cochliodomus Raabe, 1971 Colomiellia Compactum Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965 Conchophrys Chatton, 1911 Conchoscutum Raabe, 1947 Coniapium Banina, 1984 Conocladium Corlissetta Jankowski, 1986 Corlissiella Puytorac, 1960 Coronodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Coronothigma Yankovskij, 1980 Corynacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Cotensicoma Yankovskij, 1982 Cotensita Yankovskij, 1982 Craspedomyoschiston Jankowski, 1985 Crassichona Yankovskii, 1973 Crevicometes Jankowski, 1981 Cricundella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 Crossacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Cryptacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Cryptochona Yankovskii, 1973 Cryptostomina Fedele, 1938 Ctenochona Yankovskii, 1973 Cucumophrya Kunz, 1936 Cunhaia Hasselmann, 1925 Cunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000 Curviperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1967 Cyathopercularia Yankovskij, 1980 Cylindrapium Banina, 1984 Cypreostoma Jankowski, 1969 Cyrtostromhidium Daturellina Radoicic, 1959 Daurotheca Jankowski, 1986 Delamurea Najdenova, 1978 Deltacineta Jankowski, 1981 Dentacinetides Batisse, 1992 Desicaryon Yankovskii, 1979 Dicloeopella Eicher, 1965 Dimaspidisca Yankovskij, 1979 Dimorphocothurnia Yankovskij, 1980 Diplogmus Mansfeld, 1923 Discacineta Jankowski, 1981 Discephelota Jankowski, 1981 Discocyathus Jankowski, 1981 Discomorpha Discophryson Discophyson Jankowski, 1985 Discotheca Yankovskii, 1967 Ditoxum Gassovsky, 1919 Dolioliapium Banina, 1984 Drilocineta Raabe, 1972 Durandella Dragastan, 1972 Durchoniella Puytorac, 1954 Echinomeron Yankovskij, 1980 Echinostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Eilymophrys Corliss, 1979 Elatodiscophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Elephantophilus Kofoid, 1935 Elitarcon Jankowski, 1981 Elliptothigma Elytroplastron Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 Eminothigma Corliss, 1979 Endoralium Eloff & van Hoven, 1980 Enerthecoma Jarocki, 1935 Enterophrya Hasselmann, 1918 Entodiscoides Song, Warren & Wilbert, 1996 Eodinium Kofoid & MacLennan, 1932 Epicranella Kofoid & Campbell, 1929 Epidiophrys Yankovskij, 1979 Epidiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Eriocharon Ito & Imai, 2000 Estuaricola Yankovskij, 1979 Eudrilophrya de Puytorac, 1971 Eurychilum André, 1910 Extensiscopula Banina, 1984 Falconyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Faltacineta Jankowski, 1981 Ferodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Filiformis Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965 Fiorentinus Jankowski, 1986 Fitonacineta Jankowski, 1981 Foissnerella Jankowski, 1986 Foliacella Makar'eva, 1979 Fundenia Vuxanovici, 1962 Furssenkoiella Makar'eva, 1979 Gajewskiella Obolkina, 1989 Gassovskiella Grain, 1994 Geimania Albaret, 1975 Georgevitchiella Gigantothrix Foissner, 1999 Grainis Jankowski, 1997 Gruberella Halteroides Hirshfield, Isquith & Bhandary, 1965 Hastarcon Jankowski, 1981 Helianter Jankowski, 1969 Helicozoster Heliotheca Yankovskii, 1978 Hemiprorodon Strelkow, 1939 Herpetophrya Siedlecki, 1902 Herpinella Puytorac, 1954 Holophryoides Gasskovsky, 1919 Holophryozoon Horocontus Deroux, 1976 Hovasseiella Hydrochoerella da Cunha & Muniz, 1925 Hyloplotes Hypophyra López-Ochoterena, 1964 Hypotrichina Hysterophrya de Puytorac, Grolière & Grain, 1979 Ichthyonyctus Yankovskii, 1974 Indonyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Inermichona Jankowski, 1971 Inferostoma Ki, 1971 Isopodarcon Jankowski, 1981 Jankowskia Alekperov, 1984 Jirovecella Lom, 1957 Kahlophrya Foissner, 2003 Kejvia Koshevoj, 1987 Kellicotta Curds, 1985 Kindella Yankovskii, 1967 Kofoidella Cépède, 1910 Kopperia Corliss, 1960 Krassnigia Kryoprorodon Alekperov & Mamaeva, 1992 Kudoella Earl, 1972 Lacifer Yankovskij, 1979 Ladinosphaera Oberhauser, 1960 Lagynurus Mansfeld, 1923 Latteuria Timoshenko & Imai, 1997 Laurosticha Yankovskij, 1979 Lavierella Buisson, 1923 Levanderella Kopperi, 1937 Limnoricus Jankowski, 1981 Lissacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Lissostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Listarcon Yankovskij, 1982 Litacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Litosolenius Loxocineta Yankovskij, 1979 Luxiella Lecal, 1953 Luxophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Marinecta Megadinium Membranicola Foissner, Berger & Schaumburg, 1999 Mesodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Mesogymnus Berger, 1964 Metaclevelandella Metacollinia Yankovskij, 1980 Metadinium Averintzeff & Mutafova, 1914 Metaphrya Ikeda, 1917 Metastomum Georgévitch, 1941 Microcetella Aescht, 2001 Micromidas Delphy, 1938 Micronyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Micruncus Delphy, 1938 Mideuplotes Yankovskij, 1978 Mimeticus Small & Lynn, 1985 Miniapium Banina, 1984 Miracineta Jankowski, 1981 Misacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Mistarcon Mixtophrya de Puytorac, 1969 Monilidiophrys Yankovskij, 1979 Monintranstylum Monodontophrya Veidovsky, 1892 Monomastix Roux, 1899 Monurceolaria Yankovskij, 1980 Muscophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Myoscyphidia Jankowski, 1985 Nematacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Nemertodendron Yankovskii, 1978 Netaspidisca Yankovskij, 1978 Neteuplotes Yankovskij, 1978 Nipponarcon Jankowski, 1981 Noracineta Yankovskii, 1978 Nuchterleinella Matthes, 1990 Nucleocorbula Santhakumari & Balakrishnan Nair, 1970 Nucleocorbula adherens Ogimotoa Ito & Imai, 2000 Ogimotopsis Ito & Imai, 2000 Oldesleria Foissner, 1983 Olgella Koshevoj, 1987 Oligoisotricha Imai, 1981 Ollella Aescht, 2001 Oncosonderia Yankovskij, 1980 Ophiodiscus Yankovskii, 1976 Ophiuraespira Ophiurephelota Jankowski, 1981 Ophryocephalus Wailes, 1925 Oraveczisphaera Kozur, 1986 Oreoctoma Yankovskij, 1980 Orsomia Baer, 1952 Orthurceolaria Yankovskij, 1980 Parablaste Parabundleia Imai & Ogimoto, 1983 Paraclevelandia Kidder, 1937 Paracollinia Yankovskij, 1980 Paractedectoma Paracunhamunizia Ito & Imai, 2000 Paracycloposthium Grain, 1994 Paradectoma Small & Lynn, 1985 Paradentacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Paradiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Parafavelloides Paraglaucoma Kahl, 1926 Paraheliophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Paraisotrichopsis Gasskovsky, 1919 Paraloricophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Paranoplophrya Paranyctotherus Ngassam, 1983 Paraoxychona Yankovskii, 1973 Paraplagiopyla Thurston & Grain, 1971 Parapyxicola Jankowski, 1985 Parasphaerophrya Jankowski, 1981 Parastylonchia Dragesco, 1963 Parastylophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Paratrochilia Kahl, 1933 Paravauchomia Raabe, 1963 Parducia Parendosphaera Jankowski, 1981 Parentodinium Thurston & Noirot-Timothee, 1973 Parhypocoma Chatton & Lwoff, 1939 Patschia Small & Lynn, 1985 Peltacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Perezella Cépède, 1910 Peristrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Perseia Rossolimo, 1926 Phagoon Foissner, Agatha & Berger, 2002 Phyllacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Piesika Warren, 1988 Pinchatia Shibuya, 1931 Pingius Hsiung, 1932 Planitrichidium Yankovskij, 1979 Pleurophryodendron Yankovskii, 1978 Podopyrya Poljanskina Raabe, 1963 Polydiniella Corliss, 1960 Polydiophrys Yankovskij, 1979 Pompholyxia Fabre-Domergue, 1886 Poteriapium Banina, 1984 Pottsia Chatton & Lwoff, 1927 Pottsiodes Corliss, 1960 Proamphorella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Proclausilocola Lom, 1959 Proluxophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Prorodonopsis Gasskovsky, 1919 Prostelidiella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Protanoplophrya Protocaviella Kopperi, 1937 Protohallia Cunha & Muniz, 1927 Protoisotricha Kopperi, 1937 Protolutzia Cunha & Muniz, 1925 Protophryopsis Protoradiophryopsis Georgévitch, 1949 Protospirella Aescht, 2001 Prototravassosia Pseudarcella Pseudobalanion Foissner, Oleksiv & Müller, 1990 Pseudocinetochilum Timoshkin, 1995 Pseudocristigera Horvath, 1956 Pseudoentodinium Wolska, 1986 Pseudonyctotherus Earl, 1970 Pterochona Jankowski, 1973 Pterodiniella Aescht, 2001 Radiophryopsis Georgévitch, 1941 Rattulus Rectiperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968 Recurviperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1967 Rhabdothoracella Aescht, 2001 Rhinodisculus Mansfeld, 1923 Rhizobranchium Jankowski, 1981 Rhizocaryum Caullery & Mesnil, 1907 Rhizotricha Wolska, 1964 Rhynchodinium Cunha & Penido, 1927 Riboscyphidia Yankovskij, 1980 Riftus Jankowski, 1981 Riftus Yankovskij, 1982 Rimacineta Jankowski, 1981 Rondacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Rondosomides Jankowski, 1981 Roquea Jankowski, 1967 Rossielella Aescht, 2001 Rossonophrys Jankowski, 1989 Rugaecaulis Lom & de Puytorac, 1994 Sannemannisphaera Kozur, 1986 Saragassephelota Sargassephelota Jankowski, 1981 Savroniella Bielokrys, 1995 Scalpratella Makar'eva, 1979 Schedotrochilia Deroux, 1976 Schizactinia Sciurula Corliss, 1960 Scopulata Viljoen & van As, 1985 Scythiana Haas, Tóthne Makk, Oraveczne Scheffer & Csalagovits, 1986 Semiacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Seravinella Alekperov & Mamaeva, 1992 Sertumia Tucolesco, 1962 Setarcon Jankowski, 1981 Setodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Severonis Jankowski, 1981 Shellephelota Jankowski, 1981 Sibiracineta Yankovskij, 1982 Sigmaperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968 Sigmocineta Jankowski, 1967 Sigmophrya de Puytorac, 1971 Silenella Fenchel, 1965 Sincothurnia Jankowski, 1985 Soracineta Yankovskii, 1978 Sparsacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Speleoscyphidia Yankovskij, 1980 Spherasuctans Puytorac, 1952 Spinarcella Spinarcon Jankowski, 1981 Spinivorticella Jankowski, 1993 Spinophenia Szczechura, 1969 Spirocystomellites Spirogonella Yankovskij, 1978 Spiroperistomatus Amaro & Sena, 1968 Spiroxystonella Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Spiroxystonellites Knauer, 1969 Spongiarcon Yankovskij, 1980 Spongiocirrhus Yankovskij, 1979 Spongiophrya Yankovskii, 1978 Stemacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Stenophaga Jankowski, 1981 Stentofollicullina Stentoropsis Dogiel & Bychowsky, 1934 Stylarcon Jankowski, 1981 Stylogemma Jankowski, 1981 Stylophryodendron Yankovskii, 1978 Sulcoarcus Hsiung, 1935 Sulfonecta Yankovskij, 1978 Syllarcon Jankowski, 1981 Syncilancistrumina Knight & Thorne, 1982 Synophrya Chatton & Lwoff, 1926 Taeniocineta Raabe, 1972 Talitrochilodon Yankovskij, 1980 Talizona Jankowski, 1981 Tauriella Naidenova, 1985 Telamodinium Teratodinium Teremanticola Yankovskij, 1980 Teretrichodina Yankovskij, 1980 Ternacineta Yankovskii, 1978 Tesnotheca Jankowski, 1986 Testudinicola Yankovskii, 1978 Tetratoxum Gasskovsky, 1919 Thalassacineta Jankowski, 1981 Thalassicineta Thalassiomastix Busch, 1923 Thalassochona Yankovskii, 1971 Thaumatophrya Collin, 1912 Thigmostrombidium Yankovskij, 1978 Thigmozoon Santhakumari & Balakrishnan Nair, 1973 Thisarcon Thoracodinium Latteur, 1960 Tokophryona Yankovskij, 1982 Tomodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Toxodinium da Cunha, 1938 Toxopercularia Yankovskii, 1980 Triacola Weitschat & Guhl, 1994 Tricaudalia Buisson, 1923 Trinacineta Jankowski, 1981 Tripalmaria Gasskovsky, 1919 Tucolesca Lom, 1979 Tundrella Koshevoj, 1987 Tytthocorys Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 Uropogon Ito & Imai, 2000 Uvelinus Jankowski, 1985 Vasacineta Jankowski, 1981 Vautrinella Cuvillier, 1957 Velavella Koshevoj, 1987 Velistoma Yankovskij, 1980 Venodiscophrya Jankowski, 1981 Veracineta Yankovskii, 1978 Vesonyctus Vestonyctus Yankovskij, 1978 Vinarcon Jankowski, 1981 Vostonica Jankowski, 1994 Wailesia Kofoid & Campbell, 1939 Wichtermania Earl, 1972 Yvonniellina Tappan & Loeblich, 1968 Zonotrichium Meunier, 1910 蓝色动物学：纤毛纲. 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