Rc-o319病毒

Rc-o319病毒是嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症相關冠狀病毒（SARSr-CoV）的一個病毒株，在日本的角菊頭蝠中發現，於2020年11月發表，屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支，全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度為81%，是該演化支中與SARS-CoV-2關係最遠的病毒株。此病毒是與SARS-CoV-2相關的完整病毒株序列中，首個在中國以外發現者，也是首個在中國以外的亞洲國家發現的完整SARSr-CoV病毒株序列。 2013年，研究人員在日本岩手縣的一洞穴中捕獲四隻角菊頭蝠，初步分析其糞便樣本，發現其中含有乙型冠狀病毒屬病毒的RNA複製酶序列。2020年，研究人員完整定序了樣本中冠狀病毒的基因組，即為Rc-o319病毒。 Rc-o319病毒在SARSr-CoV中屬於SARS-CoV-2的演化支，全基因組核酸序列與SARS-CoV-2的相似度約為81%，以全基因組序列、複製酶序列、刺突蛋白序列繪製的系統發生樹均顯示Rc-o319病毒位於該演化支的基部，是最早分支的病毒株。 Rc-o319病毒的刺突蛋白中與宿主受體結合的受體結合結構域（receptor binding domain, RBD）有一段長9個胺基酸的缺失，為此病毒所特有，且SARS-CoV-2的RBD中與人類細胞受體血管紧张素转化酶2（ACE2）結合所需的數個重要位點，Rc-o319大都與SARS-CoV-2對應不同胺基酸，顯示前者可能難以與人類的ACE2結合而造成感染。假性病毒（英语：pseudotyping）實驗（pseudotyping）結果顯示Rc-o319病毒只能與角菊頭蝠的ACE2結合造成感染，無法結合人類、馬鐵菊頭蝠與中華菊頭蝠的ACE2，可能尚無法跨越物種障礙而感染其他物種。 另外，有別於SARS-CoV與SARS-CoV-2除ACE2外，尚需跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2（TMPRSS2）切割病毒的刺突蛋白才能造成感染，Rc-o319病毒的感染則僅需ACE2，不需TMPRSS2。 SARS-CoV-2與相關病毒株的系統發生樹 :   蝙蝠病毒   穿山甲病毒   人類病毒 病毒主题 Murakami, Shin; Kitamura, Tomoya; Suzuki, Jin; Sato, Ryouta; Aoi, Toshiki; Fujii, Marina; Matsugo, Hiromichi; Kamiki, Haruhiko; Ishida, Hiroho; Takenaka-Uema, Akiko; Shimojima, Masayuki; Horimoto, Taisuke. Detection and Characterization of Bat Sarbecovirus Phylogenetically Related to SARS-CoV-2, Japan. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2020, 26 (12): 3025–3029. ISSN 1080-6040. doi:10.3201/eid2612.203386.  Mallapaty, Smriti. Coronaviruses closely related to the pandemic virus discovered in Japan and Cambodia. Nature. 2020, 588 (7836): 15–16. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03217-0.  Zhengli Shi. Bi-weekly Commentary Letter. American Society of Microbiology. 2020-12-18 [2021-01-18]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-08）.  Wacharapluesadee S, Tan CW, Maneeorn P, Duengkae P, Zhu F, Joyjinda Y, et al. Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia. Nature Communications. February 2021, 12 (1): 972. PMC 7873279 . PMID 33563978. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21240-1 .  Hul V, Delaune D, Karlsson EA, Hassanin A, Tey PO, Baidaliuk A, et al. A novel SARS-CoV-2 related coronavirus in bats from Cambodia. bioRxiv: 2021.01.26.428212. 26 January 2021. doi:10.1101/2021.01.26.428212 （英语）.  Hu, Dan; Zhu, Changqiang; Ai, Lele; He, Ting; Wang, Yi; Ye, Fuqiang; Yang, Lu; Ding, Chenxi; Zhu, Xuhui; Lv, Ruicheng; Zhu, Jin; Hassan, Bachar; Feng, Youjun; Tan, Weilong; Wang, Changjun. Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats. Emerging Microbes & Infections. 2018, 7 (1): 1–10. ISSN 2222-1751. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5.  Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020, 583 (7815): 282–285. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0.  Xiao, Kangpeng; Zhai, Junqiong; Feng, Yaoyu; Zhou, Niu; Zhang, Xu; Zou, Jie-Jian; Li, Na; Guo, Yaqiong; Li, Xiaobing; Shen, Xuejuan; Zhang, Zhipeng; Shu, Fanfan; Huang, Wanyi; Li, Yu; Zhang, Ziding; Chen, Rui-Ai; Wu, Ya-Jiang; Peng, Shi-Ming; Huang, Mian; Xie, Wei-Jun; Cai, Qin-Hui; Hou, Fang-Hui; Chen, Wu; Xiao, Lihua; Shen, Yongyi. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020-07-09, 583 (7815): 286–289. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2313-x.  Zhou, Hong; Chen, Xing; Hu, Tao; Li, Juan; Song, Hao; Liu, Yanran; Wang, Peihan; Liu, Di; Yang, Jing; Holmes, Edward C.; Hughes, Alice C.; Bi, Yuhai; Shi, Weifeng. A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein. Current Biology. 2020, 30 (11): 2196–2203.e3. ISSN 0960-9822. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023.  Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan; et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020, 579 (7798): 270–273. ISSN 0028-0836. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.  Temmam, Sarah; Vongphayloth, Khamsing; Baquero, Eduard; Munier, Sandie; Bonomi, Massimiliano; Regnault, Béatrice; Douangboubpha, Bounsavane; Karami, Yasaman; Chrétien, Delphine; Sanamxay, Daosavanh; Xayaphet, Vilakhan; Paphaphanh, Phetphoumin; Lacoste, Vincent; Somlor, Somphavanh; Lakeomany, Khaithong; Phommavanh, Nothasin; Pérot, Philippe; Dehan, Océane; Amara, Faustine; Donati, Flora; Bigot, Thomas; Nilges, Michael; Rey, Félix A.; van der Werf, Sylvie; Brey, Paul T.; Eloit, Marc. Bat coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and infectious for human cells. Nature. 16 February 2022. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04532-4.