別動隊審判

別動隊審判（英語：Einsatzgruppen trial，正式案號為The United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et al.）是第二次世界大戰結束後在德國紐倫堡舉行的12場纽伦堡后续审判中的第九場，由美國當局主導，被訴者為納粹德國親衛隊別動隊的主要成員。是次審判由美國軍事法庭負責審理，與負責紐倫堡審判的國際軍事法庭無涉；不過兩者的訴訟程序均於紐倫堡司法宮內進行。 別動隊是親衛隊下屬的特別組織，專門執行法外處決與強迫失蹤等非法任務；第二次世界大戰期間，別動隊廣泛地活躍於納粹德國佔領下的東歐地區。僅自1941年起至1943年止，別動隊便已殺害逾一百萬名猶太人以及數以萬計的「游擊隊員」、羅姆人、身障人士、蘇聯政委、斯拉夫人與其他人種。於該次審判程序遭起訴的24名被告均是別動隊軍官，檢方指控他們對平民實行大規模屠殺。軍事法庭在判決要旨內指出： ... 本案被告非僅以策劃或指揮大規模屠殺之罪名應訴。身處距離屠殺現場數百甚至數千英哩外之辦公室內要非伊等之罪。本庭尚須強調：本件之在案被告確有親臨屠殺現場，並有監督、控制、指揮乃至於積極參與屠殺之情事。 本次審判由來自賓夕法尼亞州的麥可·穆斯馬諾法官主審，並由來自阿拉巴馬州的約翰·斯貝特（John J. Speight）法官、來自北卡羅來納州的理查·狄克森法官共同審理（Richard D. Dixon）。檢方的首席法律顧問為美國律師泰爾福特·泰勒；首席檢察官為美國律師班傑明·費倫茨。檢方於1947年7月29日正式提起公訴；審判程序則自同年1947年9月29日開始持續至翌年4月10日止。 反人道罪：以政治、種族、宗教信仰等原因實行迫害，對平民人口為謀殺、滅絕、監禁與其他非人道行為，其中包括德國與他國籍公民，藉以達成大規模種族滅絕計畫。 戰爭罪：基於上述理由，實行無軍事必要之毀滅行為。 參與業經紐倫堡軍事法庭宣告為犯罪組織之親衛隊、親衛隊保安處與蓋世太保等組織。 所有被告均面臨上述三項罪名。不過，對於指控，所有被告也都以「無罪」答辯。除費利克斯·呂爾與馬蒂亞斯·格拉夫僅就第三項指控遭定罪外，其餘被告均就全部罪名遭判有罪。 在法庭宣判的14件死刑中，只有4件確實執行；其餘10人則於1951年獲減刑為刑度不等的監禁刑。所有餘下的在監者均於1958年統一獲釋。 紐倫堡軍事法庭在判決理由中指出： 本案事實大幅超越一般人的經驗知識與人造場景所能造出之情狀；僅有最為完善的司法程序與最為周延之審理，始能釐清並確認其真相。雖然檢方對各被告之主要指控為謀殺，（略）然規劃如此縝密的屠殺行為，使案件可信度須由數百次確認證詞支撐之。 （略）如此一件兇殘程度空前絕後、殘暴行為令人不可置信之犯罪，使見此罪狀者無不極力抗拒對犯罪現場之想像；更動搖了對人類超乎任何語言所能表現的墮落之期望。 因各被告所從事之行為所致之死亡人數，經檢方勘定為一百萬人，然此僅係一抽象數字。無人能完全體會重複一百萬次之謀殺所帶來的恐懼。 僅當此數字經解構後，世人方得以了解本庭所審之案何其醜陋。觀者必須明白，死於劊子手槍下者並非一百萬人，而僅有十人：男人、女人、小孩，他們可能同屬一個家庭。一百萬以十除之，則此謀殺場景必已重複十萬次；自此觀之，觀者始能感受重複的恐懼，並理解檢方的訴詞：「我們以悲傷、同時懷抱希望的心情，在此揭露被告對百萬名無辜男女老幼的蓄意謀殺行為。」 其原文如下： [The facts] are so beyond the experience of normal man and the range of man-made phenomena that only the most complete judicial inquiry, and the most exhaustive trial, could verify and confirm them. Although the principal accusation is murder, [...] the charge of purposeful homicide in this case reaches such fantastic proportions and surpasses such credible limits that believability must be bolstered with assurance a hundred times repeated. ...a crime of such unprecedented brutality and of such inconceivable savagery that the mind rebels against its own thought image and the imagination staggers in the contemplation of a human degradation beyond the power of language to adequately portray. The number of deaths resulting from the activities with which these defendants have been connected and which the prosecution has set at one million is but an abstract number. One cannot grasp the full cumulative terror of murder one million times repeated. It is only when this grotesque total is broken down into units capable of mental assimilation that one can understand the monstrousness of the things we are in this trial contemplating. One must visualize not one million people but only ten persons — men, women, and children, perhaps all of one family — falling before the executioner's guns. If one million is divided by ten, this scene must happen one hundred thousand times, and as one visualizes the repetitious horror, one begins to understand the meaning of the prosecution's words, 'It is with sorrow and with hope that we here disclose the deliberate slaughter of more than a million innocent and defenseless men, women, and children.' 政委命令 Nuremberg Military Tribunal, United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et. al. (Einsatzgruppen trial), Judgement (via Internet Archive). "Five death sentences were confirmed: the sentence against Oswald Pohl, as well as those passed against the leaders of the Mobile Killing Units, Paul Blobel, Werner Braune, Erich Neumann, and Otto Ohrlendorf. . . . In the early morning hours of 7 June, the [] Nazi criminals were hanged in the Landesburg prison courtyard." Norbert Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. Columbia University Press, 2002. p. 165 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） and p. 173 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Nuremberg Military Tribunal, United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et. al. (Einsatzgruppen trial), Judgment, pages 585-586. Internet Archive. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, Nürnberg, October 1946 – April 1949, Volume IV, ("Green Series) (the "Einsatzgruppen case")（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） also available at Mazel library（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (well indexed HTML version) Description（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Einsatzgruppen trials. Another description. Ferencz, Benjamin, “A Prosecutor's Personal Account: From Nuremberg to Rome", Journal of International Affairs, 52: No. 2, Columbia University, Spring 1999 Benjamin Ferencz, Mémoires de Ben, procureur à Nuremberg et avocat de la Paix mondiale, Michalon, Paris, 2012(French).