客体導向本體論

客体导向本体论，或物导向本体论（英語：Object-Oriented Ontology，OOO）是一种受海德格尔影响的形而上学理论。它拒绝将人类的存在置于非人类物体的存在之上。 这与传统后康德哲学对“谈论世界时不谈论人，谈论人时不谈论世界”的驳斥形成了对比。客体导向本体论认为，客体（作为康德意义上的本体）独立于人类感知而存在，且它不等同于被它与人类和其他对象的关系之总和。 客体导向本体论认为，所有关系，包括非人类之间的关系，都以与人类意识相同的方式改变处在关系中的客体，而关系中的客体在本体论的上都是平等的。 客体导向本体论常被视为思辨实在论的一个分支。思辨实在论是一个当代思想流派，它批评后康德主义将所有哲学探究都视为为思想与存在之间的联系（英语：Correlationism），进而而拒绝承认联系之外的任何事物的可知性。然而，客体导向本体论早于思辨实在论被提出，且并非所有思辨实在论者都同意这它对客体关系的性质和平等性提出的主张。 “客体导向哲学”这一术语由该运动的创始人格雷厄姆·哈曼（英语：Graham Harman）在其 1999年的博士论文《用具存在：客体理论的要素》中首次提出。 2009 年，列维·布莱恩特（英语：Levi Bryant）将其重新表述为“面向对象的本体论”。 Harman (2002)，第2頁. Bryant, Levi. Onticology–A Manifesto for Object-Oriented Ontology, Part 1. Larval Subjects. January 12, 2010 [September 9, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-05）.  Harman (2002)，第16頁. Harman (2005)，第1頁. Bryant, Harman & Srnicek (2011). Understanding the "Experience" of Objects. Humanistic Perspectives in a Technological World. [October 21, 2022]. （原始内容存档于2024-05-18） （美国英语）.  Harman, Graham. Brief SR/OOO Tutorial. Object-Oriented Philosophy. July 23, 2010 [September 23, 2011]. （原始内容存档于2014-12-22）.  Bogost, Ian. Alien Phenomenology, or What It’s Like to Be a Thing. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2012. ISBN 9780816678983.  Bryant, Levi R. The Democracy of Objects. New Metaphysics. London: Open Humanities Press. 2011 [December 13, 2023]. ISBN 9781607852049.  Bryant, Levi R.; Harman, Graham; Srnicek, Nick. The Speculative Turn: Continental Materialism and Realism. Melbourne: re.press. 2011. ISBN 9780980668346.  Bryant, Levi R. Harman, Graham , 编. Onto-Cartography: an Ontology of Machines and Media. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780748679980.  Clough, Patricia Ticiento. The Philosophical Carpentry of the App: Criticvism and Practice. Miller, Paul D.; Matviyenko, Svitlana (编). The Imaginary App. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2014: 35-50. ISBN 9780262027489.  Harman, Graham. Tool-Being: Heidegger and the Metaphysics of Objects. Peru, IL: Open Court. 2002. ISBN 9780812694444.  Harman, Graham. Guerrilla Metaphysics: Phenomenology and the Carpentry of Things. Peru, IL: Open Court. 2005. ISBN 9780812694567.  Harman, Graham. On vicarious causation (PDF). Collapse. 2007, 2: 187–221. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于March 8, 2016）.  Harman, Graham. The Quadruple Object. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. 2011. ISBN 9781846947001.  Harman, Graham. Weird Realism: Lovecraft and Philosophy. Winchester, UK: Zero Books. 2012. ISBN 9781780992525.  Harman, Graham. Undermining, Overmining, and Duomining : A Critique (PDF). AAD Metaphysics. 2013, 2013: 40–51. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于October 8, 2017）.  Harman, Graham. Object Oriented Ontology: A New Theory of Everything. London: Pelican Books. 2017. ISBN 9780241269152.  Harman, Graham. An Outline of Object-Oriented Philosophy. Science Progress. 2022, 96 (2): 187–199. PMC 10365332 . PMID 23901635. S2CID 40128443. doi:10.3184/003685013X13691199842803 .  Meillassoux, Quentin. After Finitude. New York: Continuum. 2008. ISBN 9781441173836.  Morton, Timothy. The Ecological Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780674049208.  Morton, Timothy. Sublime Objects (PDF). Speculations. 2011, II: 207–227 [18 May 2014]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于9 July 2014）.  Morton, Timothy. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World. Posthumanities. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2013.  Raud, Rein. Being in Flux: A Post-Anthropocentric Ontology of the Self. Cambridge: Polity. 2021. ISBN 9781509549511.  Simon, Joshua. Neomaterialism. Berlin: Sternberg Press. 2013. ISBN 9783943365085.  Wolfendale, Peter. Object-Oriented Philosophy: The Noumenon's New Clothes. Falmouth, UK: Urbanomic. 2014.