Add new dummy macros for empirics

The empirics code defines some LaTeX macros that convey design
choices, etc. This commit provides default definitions for them
so that the LaTeX compiles whether or not the simulations have
been run. I've done this before, but must have missed these
macros.
Extensive rewrite of supporting results

- Fix the proofs
- Add results over R+1,...,R'
MAIN PROOFS: restore some results
MAIN PROOFS: unclear amendments
MAIN PROOFS: some work
MAIN PROOFS: Revise and clean up proof of Theorem 1
In-progress edits to theory
TEXT: some edits
TEXT: unclear edits
TEXT: remove some of the material added earlier
TEXT: minor changes
TEXT: Intermediate commit