Add an extension cache to installed packages

When #3761 was landed, there was an `extensions` object written to Atom's `package.json` file that was a map of extensions to files.

This was used to speed up load time of relative requires by knowing the extension ahead of time so one or more files wasn't stat-ed while it was being resolved.

Now that that has been released and appears to be having major upsides, add that same extension cache to all installed packages.

This should further reduce the count to `Module._findPath` for all the packages installed to `~/.atom/packages`