add min_pos_value constant for floats

Follow-up on issue #13297 and PR #13710.  Instead of following the (confusing) C/C++ approach
of using `MIN_VALUE` for the smallest *positive* number, we introduce `MIN_POS_VALUE` (and
in the Float trait, `min_pos_value`) to represent this number.

This patch also removes a few remaining redundantly-defined constants that were missed last
time around.