Start to make it easier to compile the core in isolation

This is for work on making the files scannable by GObject-Introspection
but is still useful otherwise (even fixes a FIXME in the comments). I
made this by using a simple GNU Make file and trying to compile the
sources each on their own without all the build system infrastructure
(ex. defining GEANY_PRIVATE, GETTEXT_PACKAGE, etc).

* Add keybindingsprivate.h file to hold private GeanyKeyGroup structure
and remove it from the GEANY_PRIVATE guard in keybindings.h.
* Move private members that were guarded by GEANY_PRIVATE from
GeanyFiletypes to GeanyFiletypesPrivate and remove guarded build.h
include.
* Move private members that were guarded by GEANY_PRIVATE from
GeanyProject to GeanyProjectPrivate.
Move typedefs out of geany.h and into their own headers

This helps to avoid the requirement that geany.h be included before
using any of the changed headers.
Normalize use of header guards and extern "C" guards

* Always define GEANY_FOO_H to 1 in the header guards
* Always put a G_BEGIN_DECLS/G_END_DECLS guard in every header for
consistency, even private ones where it doesn't matter.
* Always include either <glib.h>, <gtk/gtk.h> or some other header
that will provide G_BEGIN_DECLS before using it. In a lot of headers
that use glib.h and gtk/gtk.h stuff anyway, this resolves an implicit
dependency they had on them being included before that header.
* Always put a comment at the #endif part of the guard so it's
easier to see what it applies to.
* Always use an underscore between the header guard identifier's words
even though the filename doesn't have one.
Include what you use

This is a mega-commit - because most of it had to be done in one go
otherwise some commits would fail to compile - that attempts to fix a
few problems with Geany's includes as well as various other related
cleanups. After this change it's easier to use includes and there's
little worry about which order things are included in or who includes
what.

Overview of changes:

* Go through each source file and make the includes section generally
  like this:
  - Always config.h first as above
  - Then if the file has a header with the same name, include that
  - Then include in alphabetical order each other internal/geany header.
  - Then include standard headers
  - Then include non-standard system headers
  - Then include GLib/GTK+ related stuff
* Doing as above makes it easier to find implicit header include
  dependencies and it exposed quite a few weird problems with includes
  or forward declarations, fix those.
* Make geany.h contain not much besides some defines.
  - Move "GEANY" macro to document.h
  - Add a little header file "app.h" for GeanyApp and move it there
  - Move "app" global to new "app.h" file
  - Move "ignore_callback" global to "callbacks.h"
  - Move "geany_object" global to "geanyobject.h"
* Add an include in "geany.h" for "app.h" since GeanyApp used to be
  defined there and some plugins included this header to access
  GeanyApp.
* Include config.h at the start of each file if HAVE_CONFIG_H is defined.
* Include "gtkcompat.h" everywhere instead of gtk/gtk.h so that
  everywhere sees the same definitions (not a problem in practice AFAIK
  so this could be changed back if better that way.
* Remove forward declarations from previous commit as some people
  apparently consider this bad style, despite that it reduces inter-
  header dependencies.

TODO:
* As always, to test on win32
* As always, to test with not Autotools
* Test plugins better, both builtin and geany-plugins, likely API/ABI bump
* Test with various defines/flags that may change what is included
* win32.[ch] not really touched since I couldn't test
Add some info about header includes to `HACKING` file
Improve handling of GETTEXT_PACKAGE not being defined

* If GETTEXT_PACKAGE is not defined (ex. by build system/user) then
  define it to NULL. Most GLib gettext-functions allow passing NULL
  to use the domain set with textdomain(). Guard one call with "if"
  since passing NULL is not documented behaviour.
* Remove a bunch of #ifdef GETTEXT_PACKAGE checks since it's now
  defined to NULL instead of not defined. I think this breaks GeanyPy
  but it's a bug in GeanyPy related to use of config.h.
* Improve the ngettext() wrapper macro.