Redesign output flags for rustc

This commit removes the -c, --emit-llvm, -s, --rlib, --dylib, --staticlib,
--lib, and --bin flags from rustc, adding the following flags:

* --emit=[asm,ir,bc,obj,link]
* --crate-type=[dylib,rlib,staticlib,bin,lib]

The -o option has also been redefined to be used for *all* flavors of outputs.
This means that we no longer ignore it for libraries. The --out-dir remains the
same as before.

The new logic for files that rustc emits is as follows:

1. Output types are dictated by the --emit flag. The default value is
   --emit=link, and this option can be passed multiple times and have all
   options stacked on one another.
2. Crate types are dictated by the --crate-type flag and the #[crate_type]
   attribute. The flags can be passed many times and stack with the crate
   attribute.
3. If the -o flag is specified, and only one output type is specified, the
   output will be emitted at this location. If more than one output type is
   specified, then the filename of -o is ignored, and all output goes in the
   directory that -o specifies. The -o option always ignores the --out-dir
   option.
4. If the --out-dir flag is specified, all output goes in this directory.
5. If -o and --out-dir are both not present, all output goes in the current
   directory of the process.
6. When multiple output types are specified, the filestem of all output is the
   same as the name of the CrateId (derived from a crate attribute or from the
   filestem of the crate file).

Closes #7791
Closes #11056
Closes #11667
auto merge of #12020 : alexcrichton/rust/output-flags, r=brson

This commit removes the -c, --emit-llvm, -s, --rlib, --dylib, --staticlib,
--lib, and --bin flags from rustc, adding the following flags:

* --emit=[asm,ir,bc,obj,link]
* --crate-type=[dylib,rlib,staticlib,bin,lib]

The -o option has also been redefined to be used for *all* flavors of outputs.
This means that we no longer ignore it for libraries. The --out-dir remains the
same as before.

The new logic for files that rustc emits is as follows:

1. Output types are dictated by the --emit flag. The default value is
   --emit=link, and this option can be passed multiple times and have all options
   stacked on one another.
2. Crate types are dictated by the --crate-type flag and the #[crate_type]
   attribute. The flags can be passed many times and stack with the crate
   attribute.
3. If the -o flag is specified, and only one output type is specified, the
   output will be emitted at this location. If more than one output type is
   specified, then the filename of -o is ignored, and all output goes in the
   directory that -o specifies. The -o option always ignores the --out-dir
   option.
4. If the --out-dir flag is specified, all output goes in this directory.
5. If -o and --out-dir are both not present, all output goes in the directory of
   the crate file.
6. When multiple output types are specified, the filestem of all output is the
   same as the name of the CrateId (derived from a crate attribute or from the
   filestem of the crate file).

Closes #7791
Closes #11056
Closes #11667
Removed @self and @Trait.
auto merge of #12030 : eddyb/rust/kill-at-self-and-trait, r=cmr
Fix a dead URL
Remove std::condition

This has been a long time coming. Conditions in rust were initially envisioned
as being a good alternative to error code return pattern. The idea is that all
errors are fatal-by-default, and you can opt-in to handling the error by
registering an error handler.

While sounding nice, conditions ended up having some unforseen shortcomings:

* Actually handling an error has some very awkward syntax:

    let mut result = None;
    let mut answer = None;
    io::io_error::cond.trap(|e| { result = Some(e) }).inside(|| {
        answer = Some(some_io_operation());
    });
    match result {
        Some(err) => { /* hit an I/O error */ }
        None => {
            let answer = answer.unwrap();
            /* deal with the result of I/O */
        }
    }

  This pattern can certainly use functions like io::result, but at its core
  actually handling conditions is fairly difficult

* The "zero value" of a function is often confusing. One of the main ideas
  behind using conditions was to change the signature of I/O functions. Instead
  of read_be_u32() returning a result, it returned a u32. Errors were notified
  via a condition, and if you caught the condition you understood that the "zero
  value" returned is actually a garbage value. These zero values are often
  difficult to understand, however.

  One case of this is the read_bytes() function. The function takes an integer
  length of the amount of bytes to read, and returns an array of that size. The
  array may actually be shorter, however, if an error occurred.

  Another case is fs::stat(). The theoretical "zero value" is a blank stat
  struct, but it's a little awkward to create and return a zero'd out stat
  struct on a call to stat().

  In general, the return value of functions that can raise error are much more
  natural when using a Result as opposed to an always-usable zero-value.

* Conditions impose a necessary runtime requirement on *all* I/O. In theory I/O
  is as simple as calling read() and write(), but using conditions imposed the
  restriction that a rust local task was required if you wanted to catch errors
  with I/O. While certainly an surmountable difficulty, this was always a bit of
  a thorn in the side of conditions.

* Functions raising conditions are not always clear that they are raising
  conditions. This suffers a similar problem to exceptions where you don't
  actually know whether a function raises a condition or not. The documentation
  likely explains, but if someone retroactively adds a condition to a function
  there's nothing forcing upstream users to acknowledge a new point of task
  failure.

* Libaries using I/O are not guaranteed to correctly raise on conditions when an
  error occurs. In developing various I/O libraries, it's much easier to just
  return `None` from a read rather than raising an error. The silent contract of
  "don't raise on EOF" was a little difficult to understand and threw a wrench
  into the answer of the question "when do I raise a condition?"

Many of these difficulties can be overcome through documentation, examples, and
general practice. In the end, all of these difficulties added together ended up
being too overwhelming and improving various aspects didn't end up helping that
much.

A result-based I/O error handling strategy also has shortcomings, but the
cognitive burden is much smaller. The tooling necessary to make this strategy as
usable as conditions were is much smaller than the tooling necessary for
conditions.

Perhaps conditions may manifest themselves as a future entity, but for now
we're going to remove them from the standard library.

Closes #9795
Closes #8968
Update link_name=... -> link(name=...
Don't include rpath lines in dependency lists

The rpath variable should only be used when executing commands, if it leaks into
a dependency list is causes havoc with the dependencies.
auto merge of #12039 : alexcrichton/rust/no-conditions, r=brson

This has been a long time coming. Conditions in rust were initially envisioned
as being a good alternative to error code return pattern. The idea is that all
errors are fatal-by-default, and you can opt-in to handling the error by
registering an error handler.

While sounding nice, conditions ended up having some unforseen shortcomings:

* Actually handling an error has some very awkward syntax:

        let mut result = None;                                        
        let mut answer = None;                                        
        io::io_error::cond.trap(|e| { result = Some(e) }).inside(|| { 
            answer = Some(some_io_operation());                       
        });                                                           
        match result {                                                
            Some(err) => { /* hit an I/O error */ }                   
            None => {                                                 
                let answer = answer.unwrap();                         
                /* deal with the result of I/O */                     
            }                                                         
        }                                                             

  This pattern can certainly use functions like io::result, but at its core
  actually handling conditions is fairly difficult

* The "zero value" of a function is often confusing. One of the main ideas
  behind using conditions was to change the signature of I/O functions. Instead
  of read_be_u32() returning a result, it returned a u32. Errors were notified
  via a condition, and if you caught the condition you understood that the "zero
  value" returned is actually a garbage value. These zero values are often
  difficult to understand, however.

  One case of this is the read_bytes() function. The function takes an integer
  length of the amount of bytes to read, and returns an array of that size. The
  array may actually be shorter, however, if an error occurred.

  Another case is fs::stat(). The theoretical "zero value" is a blank stat
  struct, but it's a little awkward to create and return a zero'd out stat
  struct on a call to stat().

  In general, the return value of functions that can raise error are much more
  natural when using a Result as opposed to an always-usable zero-value.

* Conditions impose a necessary runtime requirement on *all* I/O. In theory I/O
  is as simple as calling read() and write(), but using conditions imposed the
  restriction that a rust local task was required if you wanted to catch errors
  with I/O. While certainly an surmountable difficulty, this was always a bit of
  a thorn in the side of conditions.

* Functions raising conditions are not always clear that they are raising
  conditions. This suffers a similar problem to exceptions where you don't
  actually know whether a function raises a condition or not. The documentation
  likely explains, but if someone retroactively adds a condition to a function
  there's nothing forcing upstream users to acknowledge a new point of task
  failure.

* Libaries using I/O are not guaranteed to correctly raise on conditions when an
  error occurs. In developing various I/O libraries, it's much easier to just
  return `None` from a read rather than raising an error. The silent contract of
  "don't raise on EOF" was a little difficult to understand and threw a wrench
  into the answer of the question "when do I raise a condition?"

Many of these difficulties can be overcome through documentation, examples, and
general practice. In the end, all of these difficulties added together ended up
being too overwhelming and improving various aspects didn't end up helping that
much.

A result-based I/O error handling strategy also has shortcomings, but the
cognitive burden is much smaller. The tooling necessary to make this strategy as
usable as conditions were is much smaller than the tooling necessary for
conditions.

Perhaps conditions may manifest themselves as a future entity, but for now
we're going to remove them from the standard library.

Closes #9795
Closes #8968
auto merge of #12076 : alexcrichton/rust/rpath-makefile-dep, r=thestinger

The rpath variable should only be used when executing commands, if it leaks into
a dependency list is causes havoc with the dependencies.
auto merge of #12077 : colemickens/rust/patch-1, r=alexcrichton
Make semver::Version fields public
auto merge of #12078 : colemickens/rust/patch-2, r=alexcrichton
moved collections from libextra into libcollections
Implement std::fmt::Show for semver::{Identifier, Version}
Add new function str::from_utf8_lossy()

from_utf8_lossy() takes a byte vector and produces a ~str, converting
any invalid UTF-8 sequence into the U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.

The replacement follows the guidelines in §5.22 Best Practice for U+FFFD
Substitution from the Unicode Standard (Version 6.2)[1], which also
matches the WHATWG rules for utf-8 decoding[2].

[1]: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.2.0/ch05.pdf
[2]: http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#utf-8
Hoist path::Display on top of from_utf8_lossy()
auto merge of #12010 : HeroesGrave/rust/libcollection, r=alexcrichton

Part of #8784

Changes:
- Everything labeled under collections in libextra has been moved into a new crate 'libcollection'.
- Renamed container.rs to deque.rs, since it was no longer 'container traits for extra', just a deque trait.
- Crates that depend on the collections have been updated and dependencies sorted.
- I think I changed all the imports in the tests to make sure it works. I'm not entirely sure, as near the end of the tests there was yet another `use` that I forgot to change, and when I went to try again, it started rebuilding everything, which I don't currently have time for. 

There will probably be incompatibility between this and the other pull requests that are splitting up libextra. I'm happy to rebase once those have been merged.

The tests I didn't get to run should pass. But I can redo them another time if they don't.
auto merge of #12062 : kballard/rust/from_utf8_lossy, r=huonw

`from_utf8_lossy()` takes a byte vector and produces a `~str`, converting
any invalid UTF-8 sequence into the U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.

The replacement follows the guidelines in §5.22 Best Practice for U+FFFD
Substitution from the Unicode Standard (Version 6.2)[1], which also
matches the WHATWG rules for utf-8 decoding[2].

[1]: http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode6.2.0/ch05.pdf
[2]: http://encoding.spec.whatwg.org/#utf-8

Closes #9516.
auto merge of #12083 : bjz/rust/semver, r=huonw