Allow using huge TLB pages on Linux (MAP_HUGETLB)

This patch adds an option, huge_tlb_pages, which allows requesting the
shared memory segment to be allocated using huge pages, by using the
MAP_HUGETLB flag in mmap(). This can improve performance.

The default is 'try', which means that we will attempt using huge pages,
and fall back to non-huge pages if it doesn't work. Currently, only Linux
has MAP_HUGETLB. On other platforms, the default 'try' behaves the same as
'off'.

In the passing, don't try to round the mmap() size to a multiple of
pagesize. mmap() doesn't require that, and there's no particular reason for
PostgreSQL to do that either. When using MAP_HUGETLB, however, round the
request size up to nearest 2MB boundary. This is to work around a bug in
some Linux kernel versions, but also to avoid wasting memory, because the
kernel will round the size up anyway.

Many people were involved in writing this patch, including Christian Kruse,
Richard Poole, Abhijit Menon-Sen, reviewed by Peter Geoghegan, Andres Freund
and me.
Fix docs build.

Broken by the huge_tlb_pages patch.

Vik Fearing.
Remedy two small omissions in the new json functions docs.
Allow skipping some items in a multi-key GIN search.

In a multi-key search, ie. something like "col @> 'foo' AND col @> 'bar'",
as soon as we find the next item that matches the first criteria, we don't
need to check the second criteria for TIDs smaller the first match. That
saves a lot of effort, especially if one of the terms is rare, while the
second occurs very frequently.

Based on ideas from Alexander Korotkov's fast scan patch.
Further optimize multi-key GIN searches.

If we're skipping past a certain TID, avoid decoding posting list segments
that only contain smaller TIDs.

Extracted from Alexander Korotkov's fast scan patch, heavily modified.
Add more C comments to entab.c.
Add C functions to centralize entab processing
Fix pointer processing in new entab.c function
Further optimize GIN multi-key searches.

When skipping over some items in a posting tree, re-find the new location
by descending the tree from root, rather than walking the right links.
This can save a lot of I/O.

Heavily modified from Alexander Korotkov's fast scan patch.
Fix thinko in huge_tlb_pages patch.

We calculated the rounded-up size for the allocation, but then failed to
use the rounded-up value in the mmap() call. Oops.

Also, initialize allocsize, to silence warnings seen with some compilers,
as pointed out by Jeff Janes.
Add json_array_elements_text function.

This was a notable omission from the json functions added in 9.3 and
there have been numerous complaints about its absence.

Laurence Rowe.
Include planning time in EXPLAIN ANALYZE output.

This doesn't work for prepared queries, but it's not too easy to get
the information in that case and there's some debate as to exactly
what the right thing to measure is, so just do this for now.

Andreas Karlsson, with slight doc changes by me.
Forgot to bump catalog version for json_array_elements_text.
Silence compiler warnings about possibly unset variables.

They are in fact set in every case where they are needed, but the
compiler doesn't know that.

Per gripe from Tom Lane.
Fix unsafe references to errno within error messaging logic.

Various places were supposing that errno could be expected to hold still
within an ereport() nest or similar contexts.  This isn't true necessarily,
though in some cases it accidentally failed to fail depending on how the
compiler chanced to order the subexpressions.  This class of thinko
explains recent reports of odd failures on clang-built versions, typically
missing or inappropriate HINT fields in messages.

Problem identified by Christian Kruse, who also submitted the patch this
commit is based on.  (I fixed a few issues in his patch and found a couple
of additional places with the same disease.)

Back-patch as appropriate to all supported branches.
Add checks for interval overflow/underflow

New checks include input, month/day/time internal adjustments, addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and negation.  Also adjust docs to
correctly specify interval size in bytes.

Report from Rok Kralj
docs:  add mention of index swapping

Backpatch to 9.3

Greg Smith
docs:  mention SGML refentry also pulls text from the link
docs:  improve xref description for xreflabel and refentry links
Fix bogus handling of "postponed" lateral quals.

When pulling a "postponed" qual from a LATERAL subquery up into the quals
of an outer join, we must make sure that the postponed qual is included
in those seen by make_outerjoininfo().  Otherwise we might compute a
too-small min_lefthand or min_righthand for the outer join, leading to
"JOIN qualification cannot refer to other relations" failures from
distribute_qual_to_rels.  Subtler errors in the created plan seem possible,
too, if the extra qual would only affect join ordering constraints.

Per bug #9041 from David Leverton.  Back-patch to 9.3.