Add test for `:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated`

`define_callbacks` from `ActiveSupport::Callbacks` accepts the
`:skip_after_callbacks_if_terminated` option since #4866 but the option
is not tested anywhere.

This commit adds tests and fixes documentation for the option, making it clear
that halting a callback chain only stops further `before_` and `around_`
callbacks by default.

By default, `after_` callbacks are not halted.