libstd: Refactor Duration.

This changes the internal representation of `Duration` from

    days: i32,
    secs: i32,
    nanos: u32

to

    secs: i64,
    nanos: i32

This resolves #16466. Some methods now take `i64` instead of `i32` due
to the increased range. Some methods, like `num_milliseconds`, now
return an `Option<i64>` instead of `i64`, because the range of
`Duration` is now larger than e.g. 2^63 milliseconds.
libstd: Limit Duration range to i64 milliseconds.

This enables `num_milliseconds` to return an `i64` again instead of
`Option<i64>`, because it is guaranteed not to overflow.

The Duration range is now rougly 300e6 years (positive and negative),
whereas it was 300e9 years previously. To put these numbers in
perspective, 300e9 years is about 21 times the age of the universe
(according to Wolfram|Alpha). 300e6 years is about 1/15 of the age of
the earth (according to Wolfram|Alpha).
auto merge of #16626 : ruud-v-a/rust/duration-reform, r=brson

This changes the internal representation of `Duration` from

    days: i32,
    secs: i32,
    nanos: u32

to

    secs: i64,
    nanos: i32

This resolves #16466. Note that `nanos` is an `i32` and not `u32` as suggested, because `i32` is easier to deal with, and it is not exposed anyway. Some methods now take `i64` instead of `i32` due to the increased range. Some methods, like `num_milliseconds`, now return an `Option<i64>` instead of `i64`, because the range of `Duration` is now larger than e.g. 2^63 milliseconds.

A few remarks:
- Negating `MIN` is impossible. I chose to return `MAX` as `-MIN`, but it is one nanosecond less than the actual negation. Is this the desired behaviour?
- In `std::io::timer`, some functions accept a `Duration`, which is internally converted into a number of milliseconds. However, the range of `Duration` is now larger than 2^64 milliseconds. There is already a FIXME in the file that this should be addressed (without a ticket number though). I chose to silently use 0 ms if the duration is too long. Is that right, as long as the backend still uses milliseconds?
- Negative durations are not formatted correctly, but they were not formatted correctly before either.