Fix pg_dump's --if-exists for large objects

This was born broken in 9067310cc5dd590e36c2c3219dbf3961d7c9f8cb.

Per trouble report from Joachim Wieland.

Pavel Stěhule and Álvaro Herrera
Correct stdin/stdout usage in COPY .. PROGRAM

The COPY documentation incorrectly stated, for the PROGRAM case,
that we read from stdin and wrote to stdout.  Fix that, and improve
consistency by referring to the 'PostgreSQL' user instead of the
'postgres' user, as is done in the rest of the COPY documentation.

Pointed out by Peter van Dijk.

Back-patch to 9.3 where COPY .. PROGRAM was introduced.
Rename CACHE_LINE_SIZE to PG_CACHE_LINE_SIZE.

As noted in http://bugs.debian.org/763098 there is a conflict between
postgres' definition of CACHE_LINE_SIZE and the definition by various
*bsd platforms. It's debatable who has the right to define such a
name, but postgres' use was only introduced in 375d8526f290 (9.4), so
it seems like a good idea to rename it.

Discussion: 20140930195756.GC27407@msg.df7cb.de

Per complaint of Christoph Berg in the above email, although he's not
the original bug reporter.

Backpatch to 9.4 where the define was introduced.
Improve documentation about binary/textual output mode for output plugins.

Also improve related error message as it contributed to the confusion.

Discussion: CAB7nPqQrqFzjqCjxu4GZzTrD9kpj6HMn9G5aOOMwt1WZ8NfqeA@mail.gmail.com,
    CAB7nPqQXc_+g95zWnqaa=mVQ4d3BVRs6T41frcEYi2ocUrR3+A@mail.gmail.com

Per discussion between Michael Paquier, Robert Haas and Andres Freund

Backpatch to 9.4 where logical decoding was introduced.
Add functions for dealing with PGP armor header lines to pgcrypto.

This add a new pgp_armor_headers function to extract armor headers from an
ASCII-armored blob, and a new overloaded variant of the armor function, for
constructing an ASCII-armor with extra headers.

Marko Tiikkaja and me.
Block signals while computing the sleep time in postmaster's main loop.

DetermineSleepTime() was previously called without blocked
signals. That's not good, because it allows signal handlers to
interrupt its workings.

DetermineSleepTime() was added in 9.3 with the addition of background
workers (da07a1e856511), where it only read from
BackgroundWorkerList.

Since 9.4, where dynamic background workers were added (7f7485a0cde),
the list is also manipulated in DetermineSleepTime(). That's bad
because the list now can be persistently corrupted if modified by both
a signal handler and DetermineSleepTime().

This was discovered during the investigation of hangs on buildfarm
member anole. It's unclear whether this bug is the source of these
hangs or not, but it's worth fixing either way. I have confirmed that
it can cause crashes.

It luckily looks like this only can cause problems when bgworkers are
actively used.

Discussion: 20140929193733.GB14400@awork2.anarazel.de

Backpatch to 9.3 where background workers were introduced.
Remove num_xloginsert_locks GUC, replace with a #define

I left the GUC in place for the beta period, so that people could experiment
with different values. No-one's come up with any data that a different value
would be better under some circumstances, so rather than try to document to
users what the GUC, let's just hard-code the current value, 8.
pg_recvlogical.c code review.

Several comments still referred to 'initiating', 'freeing', 'stopping'
replication slots. These were terms used during different phases of
the development of logical decoding, but are no long accurate.

Also rename StreamLog() to StreamLogicalLog() and add 'void' to the
prototype.

Author: Michael Paquier, with some editing by me.

Backpatch to 9.4 where pg_recvlogical was introduced.
Refactor replication connection code of various pg_basebackup utilities.

Move some more code to manage replication connection command to
streamutil.c. A later patch will introduce replication slot via
pg_receivexlog and this avoid duplicating relevant code between
pg_receivexlog and pg_recvlogical.

Author: Michael Paquier, with some editing by me.
Fix some more problems with nested append relations.

As of commit a87c72915 (which later got backpatched as far as 9.1),
we're explicitly supporting the notion that append relations can be
nested; this can occur when UNION ALL constructs are nested, or when
a UNION ALL contains a table with inheritance children.

Bug #11457 from Nelson Page, as well as an earlier report from Elvis
Pranskevichus, showed that there were still nasty bugs associated with such
cases: in particular the EquivalenceClass mechanism could try to generate
"join" clauses connecting an appendrel child to some grandparent appendrel,
which would result in assertion failures or bogus plans.

Upon investigation I concluded that all current callers of
find_childrel_appendrelinfo() need to be fixed to explicitly consider
multiple levels of parent appendrels.  The most complex fix was in
processing of "broken" EquivalenceClasses, which are ECs for which we have
been unable to generate all the derived equality clauses we would like to
because of missing cross-type equality operators in the underlying btree
operator family.  That code path is more or less entirely untested by
the regression tests to date, because no standard opfamilies have such
holes in them.  So I wrote a new regression test script to try to exercise
it a bit, which turned out to be quite a worthwhile activity as it exposed
existing bugs in all supported branches.

The present patch is essentially the same as far back as 9.2, which is
where parameterized paths were introduced.  In 9.0 and 9.1, we only need
to back-patch a small fragment of commit 5b7b5518d, which fixes failure to
propagate out the original WHERE clauses when a broken EC contains constant
members.  (The regression test case results show that these older branches
are noticeably stupider than 9.2+ in terms of the quality of the plans
generated; but we don't really care about plan quality in such cases,
only that the plan not be outright wrong.  A more invasive fix in the
older branches would not be a good idea anyway from a plan-stability
standpoint.)
Refactor pgbench log-writing code to a separate function.

The doCustom function was incredibly long, this makes it a little bit more
readable.
Fix typo in error message.
Install all headers for the new atomics API.

Previously, by mistake, only atomics.h was installed.

Kohei KaiGai
Increase the number of buffer mapping partitions to 128.

Testing by Amit Kapila, Andres Freund, and myself, with and without
other patches that also aim to improve scalability, seems to indicate
that this change is a significant win over the current value and over
smaller values such as 64.  It's not clear how high we can push this
value before it starts to have negative side-effects elsewhere, but
going this far looks OK.
Fix documentation for CREATE SEQUENCE IF NOT EXISTS.

The [ IF NOT EXISTS ] was put in wrong place in the syntax.

Pointed out by Marti Raudsepp.
Check for GiST index tuples that don't fit on a page.

The page splitting code would go into infinite recursion if you try to
insert an index tuple that doesn't fit even on an empty page.

Per analysis and suggested fix by Andrew Gierth. Fixes bug #11555, reported
by Bryan Seitz (analysis happened over IRC). Backpatch to all supported
versions.
Merge pull request #1 from postgres/master

Update