Rework `ViewDataDictionary` to ensure `ModelMetadata` is never `null` (#1466)

This is the reanimation of #1453, now done against dev.  No significant changes from that PR after I addressed comments there.

See individual commits for details.

/cc @pranavkm @rynowak @yishaigalatzer 
In particular with types in Mvc.Common being internal to every assembly, there's a risk that we might run in to types that would become impossible to reference in test code.