Strings now exposed externally as array of UCS-2 codepoints

This fixes most of colony's String compatibility issues stemming from the mismatch between JavaScript's pre–Unicode 2.0, and Lua's pre-historic, handling of Unicode string representations.

## Background

Javascript's string object — like many of its era — was intended represent "Unicode" strings. However, when Unicode 2.0 was introduced it changed the definition of a codepoint (± think "character") so that it no longer fit within the16-bit unsigned integer type which `String` was designed around. (I'd wager that most JS code running out there still does not bother to process characters in the supplementary planes correctly; perhaps justifiably so, in a pre-ES6 world.\*\*)

In light of this history, it is *now* fair to say that Javascript's strings are merely immutable buffers storing a block of 16-bit values; they are essentially "raw" UTF-16/UCS-2 encoded data.

Lua's strings are basically immutable buffers storing a block of 8-bit values, and (before this patch) colony was using these to store UTF-8 string data.

This string representation discrepancy (between JavaScript's UCS-2 and Colony's UTF-8) meant that only ASCII strings were fully compatible between implementations — even characters in the BMP would cause a mismatch in string lengths. For example, `"€5".length` equalled 2 in V8 (`[0x20ac, 0x0035]`), but 4 in colony (`[0xe2, 0x82, 0xac, 0x35]`).

There were a few options for remedying this discrepancy. Storing UTF-16 to Lua's string blocks? Keeping UTF-8 internally and splitting ["astral"](https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/javascript-unicode) characters in all the places needed? See the [original PR thread](https://github.com/tessel/runtime/pull/137) for some discussion. In the end something of a compromise/hybrid approach was chosen.

## How strings are handled in Colony now

This pull request changes Colony's internal string representation to [CESU-8](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CESU-8). This has the advantage of being as compact as UTF-8 for BMP characters, but also keeping surrogate pairs split as UTF-16 does. So we can trivially match JS's ability to extract `"👀"[1]` while also (in theory\*) handling I/O in the default UTF-8 encoding of node.js as a straight memcpy in common cases.

This made it reasonably easy to implement the basic string methods/properties — those taking in a UCS-2 index convert it to a CESU-8 index ("JsToLua") before calling the Lua methods. Those needing to return a UCS-2 index can convert the opposite direction ("LuaToJs") from a Lua method result.

Outside of string itself, code needed to be audited and in many cases corrected to make sure it distinguished between an "internal colony string" (which should be ± treated as opaque, unless accessed via JS methods) and externally needed representations (usually UTF-8).

## Miscellany

This patch **depends on https://github.com/tessel/colony-compiler/pull/32** for pre-converting string literals into the correct internal representation.

This patch also adds toLowerCase/toUpperCase methods, which may not work quite right in case of strings that get longer on case change. (Personally I @natevw wonder if we could just implement these ASCII-only; this would basically let us get rid of the utf8proc dependency and its concomitant code tables.)

This patch **does not** finish adding/auditing all the encoding handling required of the `Buffer` object. `Buffer.prototype.toString` should be mostly correct, but does not yet handle 'utf16le'. And `new Buffer(str, enc)` is still in pretty bad shape. IMO that work is important but belongs in an additional patch once this lands.

This patch **does not** fix RegExp index values, which were completely missing throughout most of this work and so were deemed out of scope. LA LA LA CAN'T SEE THE PULL REQUEST THAT TRIES TO ADD THOSE LA LA IGNORING LA LA LA LA

\* Right now no optimizations are done. One simple one was added (for ASCII↔︎CESU-8 conversions) and led to a slight performance *regression* running `npm test` and was backed out. Right now all string "lookups" are O(m) based on target index. This will especially kill code that loops character-by-character through large strings; also note that each access off `.length` is unmitigatedly O(n).

\*\* ES6 adds a number of facilities to help with *full* (post-2.0) Unicode support e.g. `String.fromCodePoint` and an extended literal character escaping syntax. This patch focuses on basic correctness and does not add support for these new methods/syntaxes.
This file is primarily to support the JS `String` class's use of Lua string buffers. The functions in this file have nothing to do with UCS-2. They facilitate operating on "internal colony strings" (tm_str in prefix speak) — those happen to be CESU-8 right now but e.g. by modifying only the inside of tm_str.c this could be changed to pretty much any encoding so long as it has pre-split surrogate pairs.