MdePkg: introduce OrderedCollectionLib library class

This library class provides a set of APIs to manage an ordered collection
of items:
- Init(),
- UnInit(),
- Insert(),
- Delete(),
- IsEmpty(),
- Next(),
- Prev(),
- Min(),
- Max(),
- Find(),
- UserStruct().

There are many ways to implement an ordered collection. Depending on the
frequency of the different actions, different internal implementations may
have different performance, memory overhead, or code size.

Developers can select the library instance for a platform or module in
their DSC files that meets the needs of that platform or module.

Commit-message-from: "Kinney, Michael D" <michael.d.kinney@intel.com>
Contributed-under: TianoCore Contribution Agreement 1.0
Signed-off-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
MdePkg: introduce BaseOrderedCollectionRedBlackTreeLib library instance

edk2 should have a fast and easy-to-use associative array (a dictionary)
type.

Red-black trees have O(log(n)) worst case time complexity for lookup,
insertion, and deletion (where n is the number of nodes in the tree). They
support minimum and maximum lookup with the same time complexity, hence
red-black trees double as priority queues as well.

Given an iterator to a red-black tree node, getting the next or previous
node (which corresponds to the ordered successor or the predecessor,
respectively, according to the user-defined ordering) is O(log(n)) as
well.

The code reflects the Binary Search Trees and Red-Black Trees chapters of
Introduction to Algorithms, by Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest. One point where
the implementation diverges is the first phase of the Delete() operation.
During that phase, the book's algorithm copies the key and other business
*contents* of the successor node (in case the successor node is affected),
and releases the successor node (instead of the node that the user
requested to delete).

While semantically correct, this would break the above iterator validity
guarantee. This implementation replaces the copying of business contents
between nodes with suitable relinking of nodes, so that all iterators
(except the one whose deletion is being requested) remain valid.

I had written this code originally in approx. 2002. I personally own the
copyright of that version and am hereby relicensing it to Red Hat, under
the BSDL. I had used the original code in a few personal projects since,
for example in the lbzip2-0.x parallel (de)compressor, and now I've ported
the library to edk2. Both during the original implementation and now
during the porting I verified all the cases and their proofs as rigorously
as I could, on paper. (NB, I couldn't find any errors in the 2002 code
now.)

During the porting to edk2, I documented all those cases in code comments
as well (at least half of the source is documentation). These comments are
not blind copies of diagrams from the Algorithms book, nor are they copies
from my original code -- I've done them all fresh now, and I've only
matched the results against the book. Reviewers are invited to sit down
with a pen, some paper, the book, and the code.

The Validate() function verifies the internal red-black properties of the
tree. This function helps with unit testing, and is only invoked when
requested with the PcdValidateOrderedCollection feature flag.

A note about diagrams: edges represented by backslash (\) characters are
often written as "\_", ie. with a following underscore. This is because
line-trailing backslashes are processed very early in compilation (in
translation phase 2), "splicing physical source lines to form logical
source lines". Since the edk2 coding style requires "//" comments for such
documentation, a trailing backslash would splice the next physical line
into the "scope" of the comment. To prevent this, trailing backslashes are
defanged by appending underscores, which should be visually bearable.

Contributed-under: TianoCore Contribution Agreement 1.0
Signed-off-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>
AppPkg: introduce OrderedCollectionTest

In this patch a small application is added to AppPkg, with the following
two goals:
- demonstrate how to use OrderedCollectionLib,
- allow users to test and "fuzz" BaseOrderedCollectionRedBlackTreeLib in
  particular, entering API "commands" interactively, or providing them
  from a script file.

A shell script is included that generates such an API command script.

Speaking about BaseOrderedCollectionRedBlackTreeLib specifically,
OrderedCollectionTest validates the internal red-black properties of the
tree after each read-write operation by setting the
PcdValidateOrderedCollection feature flag to TRUE.

The OrderedCollectionTest application's debugging environment is strictly
specified in the DSC file, because OrderedCollectionTest is entirely
useless for unit testing without full ASSERT() enablement.

The OrderedCollectionTest application deliberately doesn't follow the edk2
coding style in the following:
- const vs. CONST,
- void vs. VOID,
- assert() vs. ASSERT(),
- calloc() and free() vs. AllocateZeroPool() and FreePool(),
- integer types.

This is because OrderedCollectionTest is a standard C application, not a
UEFI application per se. In particular it relies on stdio. INTN, EFIAPI
and CONST VOID are used only in two places, where we provide the
comparator callbacks to OrderedCollectionLib. Proper range checking is
ensured for integers.

The application takes command input from stdin or a file (if the user
requests it), sends command output to stdout or a file (if the user
requests it), prints debug output to the console (as other AppPkg
applications do when debugging is enabled for them), and prints
diagnostics to stderr (like well behaved standard C programs should).

Input/output selection is implemented manually because the old shell
doesn't support input redirection at all, and because the new shell's
input redirection does not co-operate with fgets() for the time being.

Contributed-under: TianoCore Contribution Agreement 1.0
Signed-off-by: Laszlo Ersek <lersek@redhat.com>