Speculative prefetch

Idea by Peter Oesterlund.
Implemented and tested by Joerg Oester

STC 3 threads
ELO: 3.19 +-2.1 (95%) LOS: 99.9%
Total: 40000 W: 7576 L: 7209 D: 25215

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 22026 W: 3829 L: 3619 D: 14578

STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 7291 W: 1531 L: 1404 D: 4356

No functional change

Resolves #61
Extend King Threats to all pieces (other than pawns).

STC
LLR: 2.99 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 20559 W: 4261 L: 4095 D: 12203

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,4.00]
Total: 75232 W: 13097 L: 12696 D: 49439

Bench: 7543790

Resolves #63
Reformat and rename hash_after_move()

Align to standard coding style and properly use
enum types. Rename while there.

No functional change.
Simplify futility move count array formula

No functional change
Remove the now redundant TT prefetch call from Position::do_move.

Tested for no regression and passed both
STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 48250 W: 9757 L: 9686 D: 28807

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 51412 W: 8887 L: 8816 D: 33709

No functional change.

Resolves #66
Merge Connected and Candidate

These two notions are very correlated. Since connected has the most
generality, it makes sense to generalize it to encompass what is
covered by candidate.

STC:
LLR: 4.03 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 11970 W: 2577 L: 2379 D: 7014

LTC:
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 13194 W: 2389 L: 2255 D: 8550

bench 7328585
 Further streamline connected pawn evaluation

Make even more clear what are the terms that
contribute to evaluate connected pawns, and
completely separate them from the weights
that are now fully looked up in a table.

For future tuning makes sense to init the table with
a formula instead of hard-code it. This allows to
reduce problem space cardinality and makes tuning
easier.

And fix a MSVC warning while there:
warning C4804: '>>' : unsafe use of type 'bool' in operation

No functional change.
Fix some warnings with Intel C++ compiler

No functional change.
Account for Tempo in do_evaluate()

This is more correct because we let evaluate()
to be a pure dispatcher and also now evaluate
and tracing outputs are consistent.

No functional change.
Rename Tracing methods

Easier to understand and more in line with
standard Trace classes naming like:

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.diagnostics.trace.aspx

No functional change.
Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master'