auto merge of #15831 : rpjohnst/rust/generic-foreign-fns, r=alexcrichton

This allows for things like this:

    extern "C" fn callback<T>(t: T) { /* ... */ }
    extern "C" {
        fn take_callback(c: extern fn(i32));
    }

and later:

    take_callback(callback::<i32>);

Closes #12502.
Guide: closures
auto merge of #16317 : adrienbrault/rust/patch-1, r=kballard
Fix typo
Guide: tasks
Guide: strings
windows: Fix INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
Made INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE actually a HANDLE.
Removed all useless casts during INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE comparisons.

Signed-off-by: Peter Atashian <retep998@gmail.com>
Remove spawn-stack-too-big.rs, which is too flaky.
auto merge of #16334 : nikomatsakis/rust/mission-snapshot, r=achrichto
Guide: Traits
auto merge of #16206 : steveklabnik/rust/guide_lambdas, r=brson
auto merge of #16273 : steveklabnik/rust/guide_generics, r=brson
enable PIE by default on Linux for full ASLR

Rust already builds all code as position independent by default, so the
linker can be told to build a position independent executable if it's
not disabled with `-C relocation-model=dynamic-no-pic`. Position
independent code does have a significant cost on i686 (not on x86_64 or
ARM) but there's no significant cost to linking code that's already
position independent as a position independent executable.

Address space layout randomization makes exploiting vulnerabilities much
more difficult by providing a statistical defence against an attempt to
find or modify existing code / data. Without ASLR, it's trivial to use a
vulnerability to take over control of the process via return-oriented
programming.

Rust code can be used for return-oriented programming whether it is safe
or unsafe, so even a fully safe application needs to be built as a
position independent executable to defend against vulnerabilities in
unsafe blocks or C libraries.

Sample program:

    extern crate libc;

    use std::mem;

    static mut global: u32 = 5;
    static constant: u32 = 5;
    fn foo() {}

    fn main() {
        let local = 5;
        println!("stack: {}, global: {}, constant: {}, fn: {}, lib fn: {}",
                 &local as *const u32,
                 unsafe { &global as *const u32 },
                 &constant as *const u32,
                 unsafe { mem::transmute::<_, *const ()>(foo) },
                 unsafe { mem::transmute::<_, *const ()>(libc::mprotect) });
    }

Before:

    stack: 0x3ff15eb9f94, global: 0x6ab488, constant: 0x47db40, fn: 0x4030e0, lib fn: 0x32749547530
    stack: 0x3b5d47d80e4, global: 0x6ab488, constant: 0x47db40, fn: 0x4030e0, lib fn: 0x394469a7530
    stack: 0x3fe2c4e5564, global: 0x6ab488, constant: 0x47db40, fn: 0x4030e0, lib fn: 0x399734a2530
    stack: 0x3e525e0fb24, global: 0x6ab488, constant: 0x47db40, fn: 0x4030e0, lib fn: 0x2f62a810530
    stack: 0x3b50fb3eae4, global: 0x6ab488, constant: 0x47db40, fn: 0x4030e0, lib fn: 0x2e590e86530

After:

    stack: 0x38cf12c90a4, global: 0x3e2d46b488, constant: 0x3e2d23cf80, fn: 0x3e2d1c2510, lib fn: 0x2617d3b4530
    stack: 0x3d733faf474, global: 0x7eb1839488, constant: 0x7eb160af80, fn: 0x7eb1590510, lib fn: 0x32d30c1f530
    stack: 0x3bb42212ec4, global: 0x5bbb365488, constant: 0x5bbb136f80, fn: 0x5bbb0bc510, lib fn: 0x3595e6c1530
    stack: 0x39f678c1ab4, global: 0x22c4e3c488, constant: 0x22c4c0df80, fn: 0x22c4b93510, lib fn: 0x3835b727530
    stack: 0x3afb25bd394, global: 0x493eab2488, constant: 0x493e883f80, fn: 0x493e809510, lib fn: 0x3478d6a7530

This may also be necessary on other platforms, but I can only test on
Linux right now. Note that GDB gained support for debugging position
independent executables in version 7.1 (March 2010).
rustdoc: Set a nonzero exit status on failure

Now that rustdoc is spawning a child task, the program won't exit with a default
error code if the main task fails (because it never fails). This commit forces
the main task to wait for a child task in order to correctly propagate failure.

Closes #16341
Cleanup collections::slice documentation.

This does a few things:

 - remove references to ~[] and the OwnedVector trait, which are both
   obsolete
 - correct the docs to say that this is the slice module, not the vec
   module
 - add a sentence pointing out that vectors are distinct from Vec
 - remove documentation on Vec.

closes #15459
auto merge of #16285 : alexcrichton/rust/rename-share, r=huonw

This leaves the `Share` trait at `std::kinds` via a `#[deprecated]` `pub use`
statement, but the `NoShare` struct is no longer part of `std::kinds::marker`
due to #12660 (the build cannot bootstrap otherwise).

All code referencing the `Share` trait should now reference the `Sync` trait,
and all code referencing the `NoShare` type should now reference the `NoSync`
type. The functionality and meaning of this trait have not changed, only the
naming.

Closes #16281
[breaking-change]
auto merge of #16279 : nham/rust/fix_slice_docs, r=alexcrichton

This does a few things:

 - remove references to ~[] and the OwnedVector trait, which are both
   obsolete
 - correct the docs to say that this is the slice module, not the vec
   module
 - add a sentence pointing out that vectors are distinct from Vec
 - remove documentation on Vec.

closes #15459
Update error message on compile
Single curly braces instead of double are being used
Implement Win64 system ABI.