getopts: cleanup, renames, remove reexports

* Remove public reexports, as a part of #19253
* Rename getopts::Fail_ to getopts::Fail
 * Didn't see a reason for the suffixed '_'
* Removed getopts::FailType
 * Looked like it was only beings used for tests; refactored the tests
   to stop requiring it
* A few other non-breaking trivial refactoring changes

[breaking-change]
impl Str for CowString

This implementation existed on MaybeOwned, but has been lost in the
transition to Cows. Let's put it back.
Fix a simple typo
Fix rustc panic on second compile_input
auto merge of #19401 : MatejLach/rust/guide_are_fix, r=steveklabnik

Fixes a small omission of `are` in the sentence:
`There also a few things you can do with a tuple as a whole, without...`
r @steveklabnik?
Replace some verbose match statements with their `if let` equivalent.

No semantic changes, no enabling `if let` where it wasn't already enabled.
auto merge of #19392 : murarth/rust/rustc-compile-twice, r=nick29581

Closes #19371
syntax: Make `asm!` clobbers a proper vector.

Otherwise `--pretty expanded` diverges.
auto merge of #19365 : frewsxcv/rust/getopts-cleanup, r=alexcrichton

* Remove public reexports, as a part of #19253
* Rename getopts::Fail_ to getopts::Fail
 * Didn't see a reason for the suffixed '_'
* Removed getopts::FailType
 * Looked like it was only beings used for tests; refactored the tests
   to stop requiring it
* A few other non-breaking trivial refactoring changes

[breaking-change]
Adjust some error messages to start with a lowercase letter and not finish with a full stop
mk: Use host llvm linkage paths, not target ones

We only build LLVM for the host architecture, not the target architecture, so
this was just a minor typo in the parameters uses.

Closes #19383
Fix the ordering of `unsafe` and `extern` in methods

This breaks code that looks like this:

    trait Foo {
        extern "C" unsafe fn foo();
    }

    impl Foo for Bar {
        extern "C" unsafe fn foo() { ... }
    }

Change such code to look like this:

    trait Foo {
        unsafe extern "C" fn foo();
    }

    impl Foo for Bar {
        unsafe extern "C" fn foo() { ... }
    }

Fixes #19398.

[breaking-change]
trans: Eliminated redundant allocations.
auto merge of #19369 : seanmonstar/rust/cow-str, r=alexcrichton

This implementation existed on MaybeOwned, but has been lost in the
transition to Cows. Let's put it back.

@aturon r?
Fix typo in tests makefile
allow macro expansions in attributes
auto merge of #19411 : lifthrasiir/rust/asm-clobbers-expanded, r=alexcrichton

I.e. we should not prematurely build operand constraints at the expansion time. Otherwise `--pretty expanded` diverges:

```
$ cat t.rs
#![feature(asm)]

pub fn main() { unsafe { asm!("" : : : "hello", "world") }; }

$ rustc t.rs --pretty
#![feature(asm)]

pub fn main() { unsafe { asm!("" : : : "hello" , "world") }; }

$ rustc t.rs --pretty expanded
#![feature(asm)]
#![feature(phase)]
#![no_std]
#![feature(globs)]
#[phase(plugin, link)]
extern crate "std" as std;
#[prelude_import]
use std::prelude::*;

pub fn main() { unsafe { asm!("":  :  : "~{hello},~{world}") }; }
```

(The last code *does* compile, but won't do the expected thing.)
auto merge of #19415 : P1start/rust/error-message-fixes, r=alexcrichton

This is the style followed by most other error messages.
std: Remove implicit shrinking from hash_map.

Implements fn shrink_to_fit for HashMap.
std: Change the behavior of `reserve` for HashMap.

HashMap's `reserve` method now takes as an argument the *extra* space
to reserve.

[breaking-change]