Retry renaming files on Access Denied errors

When a file is open for reading (without shared-delete permission), and
then a different thread/process called p_rename, that would fail, even
if the file was only open for reading for a few milliseconds. This
change lets p_rename wait up to 50ms for the file to be closed by the
reader. Applies only to win32.

This is especially important for git_filebuf_commit, because writes
should not fail if the file is read simultaneously.

Fixes #2207
Add efficient git_buf join3 API

There are a few places where we need to join three strings to
assemble a path.  This adds a simple join3 function to avoid the
comparatively expensive join_n (which calls strlen on each string
twice).
Fix git_submodule_sync and add new config helper

This fixes `git_submodule_sync` to correctly update the remote URL
of the default branch of the submodule along with the URL in the
parent repository config (i.e. match core Git's behavior).

Also move some useful helper logic from the submodule code into
a shared config API `git_config__update_entry` that can either set
or delete an entry with constraints like not overwriting or not
creating a new entry.  I used that helper to update a couple other
places in the code.
Submodule sync refactoring

Turns out there was already a helper to do what I wanted to do,
so I just made it so that I could use it for sync and switched to
that instead.
Add some funny options for debugging status

This allows you to use a --repeat option to run status over and
over and see how the output changes as you make local directory
changes without reopening the git_repository object each time.

Also, adds a flag to explicitly list the submodules before status.
Make a real submodule cache object

This takes the old submodule cache which was just a git_strmap
and makes a real git_submodule_cache object that can contain other
things like a lock and timestamp-ish data to control refreshing of
submodule info.
Make submodule refresh a bit smarter

This makes submodule cache refresh actually look at the timestamps
from the data sources for submodules and reload as needed if they
have changed since the last refresh.
Use enums instead of bools for submodule options

When forcing cache flushes or reload, etc., it is easier to keep
track of intent using enums instead of plain bools.  Also, this
fixes a bug where the cache was not being properly refreshes by
a git_submodule_reload_all.
Reinstate efficient submodule reloading

This makes it so that git_submodule_reload_all will actually only
reload changed items unless the `force` flag is used.
Minor submodule cache locking improvements

This improvement the management of the lock around submodule cache
updates slightly, using the lock to make sure that foreach can
safely make a snapshot of all existing submodules and making sure
that git_submodule_add_setup also grabs a lock before inserting
the new submodule.  Cache initialization / refresh should already
have been holding the lock correctly as it adds submodules.
Fix submodule accounting for name and path changes

Wrote tests that try adding, removing, and updating the name of
submodules which showed a number of problems with how we account
for changes when incrementally updating the submodule info.  Most
of these issues didn't exist before because reloading would always
blow away the old submodule data.
Remove most submodule reloads from tests

With the new submodule cache validity checks, we generally don't
need to call git_submodule_reload_all to have up-to-date submodule
data.  Some tests are still calling it where I want to actually
test that it can be called safely and doesn't break anything, but
mostly it is not needed.

This also expands some of the existing submodule tests to cover
some variants on the behavior that was already being tested.
More tests and fix submodule index refresh

There was a little bug where the submodule cache thought that the
index date was out of date even when it wasn't that was resulting
in some extra scans of index data even when not needed.

Mostly this commit adds a bunch of new tests including adding and
removing submodules in the index and in the HEAD and seeing if we
can automatically pick them up when refreshing.
Test git_submodule_add_setup with relative url
git_submodule_resolve_url supports relative urls

The base for the relative urls is determined as follows, with descending
priority:

- remote url of HEAD's remote tracking branch
- remote "origin"
- workdir

This follows git.git behaviour
Minor code cleanup
Test (and fix) the git_submodule_sync changes

I wrote this stuff a while ago and forgot to write tests.  Wanted
to do so now to wrap up the PR and immediately found problems.
Merge pull request #2211 from Yogu/retry-renaming-config

Retry committing locked files on error
Merge pull request #2215 from libgit2/rb/submodule-cache-fixes

Improve submodule cache management
Add support for ** matches in ignores

This is an experimental addition to add ** support to fnmatch
pattern matching in libgit2.  It needs more testing.