(maint) Fix acceptance test for scheduled_task deletion

This test was accidentally checking that the scheduled task was still in
place in the Windows scheduled task list. Because the
Win32::TaskScheduler#delete call seems to be asynchronous, as long as
the test for scheduled task happened fast enough, it was still seen as
present and the test 'passed'.  In fact, puppet resource was scheduling
the task to be removed, and it does get removed.  This test began to fail
when the vms slowed down enough that the broken verification step began
to fail because it was no longer executing fast enough to see the
transient task prior to its deletion completing.

This change corrects the verification step to verify by asserting that
the schtasks.exe list command failed (did not show the deleted task).
And it wraps it in a timeout to allow it a few seconds for the scheduled
tasks state to finalize.
(maint) Correct documentation of each function

The documentation of the each function used deprecated syntax.
PUP-1322 Do not fail hard on unparseable files
Merge pull request #2256 from jpartlow/maint/stable/fix-scheduled-task-delete-acceptance

(maint) Fix acceptance test for scheduled_task deletion
(PUP-1389) Ensure wide strings have double null terminators

It seems that calling String#encode('UTF-16LE') sometimes adds only a single
NULL terminator in both ruby 1.9 and 2.0 on Windows. However, a wide string
is supposed to have two NULL terminators.

For reasons unknown, versions prior to 2012 seem to accept wide strings with
only a single NULL terminator, but in 2012 and 2012R2 the string is often times
contains a non-zero high byte, which causes Windows to read past the single
terminator, and attempt to access a path that does not exist.
(PUP-1389) ReplaceFile to FFI / move wide_string

Puppet::Util::Windows::File.replace_file now calls FFI to
replace files in place on Windows.
Puppet::Util::Windows::File.wide_string has now been moved to
Puppet::Util::Windows::String.wide_string.

This moves wide_string to lib/puppet/ubilt/windows/string.rb,
adds specs concerning different encodings.

In addition, we've removed Windows::API::WideString usages from
everywhere it was found as it is known to cause issues with Windows 2012.
Puppet::Util::Windows::Process.lookup_privilege_value in particular was
changed to use LookupPrivilegeValueA (ANSI) as we control the privilege name
being passed to it.

Paired with Josh Cooper <josh@puppetlabs.com>
(PUP-1389) Simplify logic for appending extra NULL

This commit simplifies the process for appending a NULL terminator to
the wide string.
Merge branch 'pr/2261' into stable

* pr/2261:
  (PUP-1389) Simplify logic for appending extra NULL
  (PUP-1389) ReplaceFile to FFI / move wide_string
  (PUP-1389) Ensure wide strings have double null terminators
(PUP-1389) Embed the extra NULL within the string

Previously, we were appending a NULL to the wide encoded string to work around
a ruby bug fixed in 2.1.

However, we were calling `String#strip`, which makes a copy of the string, and
in the process only preserves the first NULL.

This commit embeds a NULL within the string itself, e.g. "bob\0". Since the
NULL is part of the string data, ruby will preserve it.

Also, `String#+` cannot combine strings with different encodings,
e.g. "a".encode('UTF-16LE') + "\0" results in:

    incompatible character encodings: UTF-16LE and US-ASCII

which is why we need to encode the terminator. The actual message depends on
the default encoding, e.g. US-ASCII, UTF-8.
(PUP-1389) Merge branch 'issue/stable/PUP1389-segfault' into stable
(maint) Fix can't modify frozen Symbol error on Ruby 2.1.0

Without this patch we're getting the following error on Ruby 2.1.0:
`can't modify frozen Symbol (Puppet::Error)`.  This problem is caused by
our monkey patching which attempts to cache Symbol#to_proc return values
instead of creating new instances on every call.

As it turns out, the caching optimization is not necessary on Ruby 1.9.3
and later because Symbol#to_proc implements its own caching system in
these versions.

Here is the full error this patch avoids by not monkey patching
Symbol#to_proc on versions of Ruby prior to 1.9.3.

    bundle exec rspec -fd spec/integration/agent/logging_spec.rb
    /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/util/monkey_patches.rb:79:in `to_proc': Could not autoload puppet/type/component: can't modify frozen Symbol (Puppet::Error)
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/transaction/event.rb:15:in `<class:Event>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/transaction/event.rb:8:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/transaction.rb:13:in `require'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/transaction.rb:13:in `<class:Transaction>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/transaction.rb:11:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/type/component.rb:4:in `require'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/type/component.rb:4:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/util/autoload.rb:61:in `load'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/util/autoload.rb:61:in `load_file'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/util/autoload.rb:202:in `load'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/metatype/manager.rb:159:in `type'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet/type.rb:2466:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet.rb:175:in `require'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/lib/puppet.rb:175:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/spec/spec_helper.rb:16:in `require'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/spec/spec_helper.rb:16:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/spec/integration/agent/logging_spec.rb:2:in `require'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/spec/integration/agent/logging_spec.rb:2:in `<top (required)>'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:780:in `load'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:780:in `block in load_spec_files'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:780:in `map'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/configuration.rb:780:in `load_spec_files'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/command_line.rb:22:in `run'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:69:in `run'
      from /workspace/serious/src/puppet/.bundle/gems/ruby/2.1.0/gems/rspec-core-2.11.1/lib/rspec/core/runner.rb:8:in `block in autorun'
(maint) Fix a comment.
(maint) Fix rdoc generator for Ruby 2.1.0

Ruby 2.1.0 includes RDoc 4.1.0 which added a requirement that
subclasses of ClassModule implement 'add_prefix'. This requirement
was added in this commit:

https://github.com/rdoc/rdoc/commit/1701151b5b14cd20d624c4ce75fd61cc60cd07f3

The rdoc docs for other classes mention that aref_prefix should be
implemented by subclasses, but generally a base class implementation is
provided.  The rdoc doc for ClassModule hasn't been updated to reflect
the new requirement.

This patch simply implements the 'aref_prefix' method.
(PUP-1490) Support --test option for puppet apply

This allows more parity between puppet agent and puppet apply and also
makes it easier to enable a bunch of testing options for apply.
(PUP-1492) Fix pacman specs so that they pass when yaourt is installed.
Stub out the location of yaourt.
Fix spec that assumes pacman is executed when yaourt is installed.
Merge pull request #2289 from peterhuene/fix/pup1492

(PUP-1492) Fix pacman specs so that they pass when yaourt is installed.
Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/stable'

* upstream/stable:
  (maint) Fix rdoc generator for Ruby 2.1.0
  (maint) Fix a comment.
  (maint) Fix can't modify frozen Symbol error on Ruby 2.1.0
  (PUP-1389) Embed the extra NULL within the string
  (PUP-1389) Simplify logic for appending extra NULL
  (PUP-1389) ReplaceFile to FFI / move wide_string
  (PUP-1389) Ensure wide strings have double null terminators
  PUP-1322 Do not fail hard on unparseable files
  (maint) Correct documentation of each function
  (maint) Fix acceptance test for scheduled_task deletion

Conflicts:
	lib/puppet/parser/functions/each.rb
Merge pull request #2286 from dalen/apply_test

(PUP-1490) Support --test option for puppet apply
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/puppetlabs/puppet