test($exceptionHandlerProvider): call `inject()` to run tests

In the current angular-mocksSpec, the tests for $exceptionHandlerProvider
call `module` to run tests on `$exceptionHandlerProvider.mode()`, but do
not call `inject()` to pump the module definitions.

Closes #10563
feat(ngMock/$exceptionHandler): log errors when rethrowing

Now the `rethrow` mode will also record a log of the error in the same
way as the `log` mode.

Closes #10540
Closes #10564
refact(input): split input.js into smaller files

The input.js file is unnecessarily large, containing many directives including the
vast `ngModel`. This change moves ngModel and a few other directives into their
own files, which will make maintenance easier.