Support for intrinsics cttz, ctlz, ctpop and bswap
tell sclang, using an environment var, to get Souper to print stats
Merge pull request #78 from jubitaneja/intrinsics-final

Support for intrinsics cttz, ctlz, ctpop and bswap
Rename all flags containing the substring -souper to have -souper at the start

This has bugged me for a while. It's pretty clear at this point that we
should be more consistent about this as we add more flags.
Merge pull request #83 from regehr/sclang-stats

tell sclang, using an environment var, to get Souper to print stats
Improvements to getUBInstCondition

The original implementation has some performance issues and also
a large memory footprint when the number of phi instructions is large.
There are some subtle problems:

Presumably I guess the purpose of UsedPhis is for avoiding processing
a phi instruction multiple times. However, it doesn't really make effect.
To better understand that, let's look at the following example,

  %34:i1 = phi %33, 0:i1, %29
  %35:i1 = phi %32, %29, %34
  %36:i1 = phi %31, %29, %35

Let's say we the current phi is %34, then we get into getUBPhiPaths.
Because getUBPhiPaths doesn't have a mechanism to determine
if a phi has been processed or not, we will recursively process
%34 and %29. After we return from the recursive call, let's assume
we add %34 and %29 into UsedPhis. Then, we move to %35, because %35 is
not in UsedPhis, we will go into getUBPhiPaths. This time we will
process %35, %29, (%34, %29) (visitations between the parentheses
repeat what we have done when processing %34). Similarly, for
%36, we do %36, %29, (%35, %29, %34, %29). When the phi-chain
is long, we will redo a very large amount of work. Also, since
for each phi path, we `new' some memory for it and end up with
a large memory footprint. Consequently, when the required memory
is smaller than the memory provided by the system, we failed to
handle some files.

----------

The path addresses these issues using the following approach.

The basic algorithm is:

(1) for a given phi instruction, we first collect all paths that start
    from the phi. For each path, we also keep the the phi instructions
    along the path and the UB instructions associated with these phi
    instructions;
(2) then for each path, we generate a corresponding KLEE expression
    based on the facts that we collected in step (1), including:
    * UB instructions;
    * Phi predicates;

With the algorithm, it is easy to get into the path explosion problem,
i.e., the number of paths is increased exponentially. Under some
circumstances, e.g., the number of phis is too large, we will suffer
with large performance overhead. In some extreme cases, we will fail
to process some file due to the large memory footprint, i.e., `newing'
too many PhiPaths. Two tricks are used to relief the penalty of the
path explosion problem:
(1) caching the KLEE expresions for each processed phi, where each
    KLEE expression encodes the path that starts from one of the phi's
    values. For example, when processing a sample souper IR below

    %0 = block
    %1 = block
    %2:i32 = var
    %3:i32 = shl 0:i32, %2
    %4:i32 = var
    %5:i32 = shl 0:i32, %4
    %6 = block
    %11:i32 = phi %1, %3, %5
    %12:i32 = phi %0, %6, %11

    we first encounter phi %11. The generated KLEE expression
    for this phi encodes two paths, i.e., %3 and %5. We cache
    these two into CachedPhis. Then we move to process phi %12.
    At this point, rather than recursively re-contruct %11 (through
    %12's value), we just re-used the cached path-expressions.
    For each path-expression, we append it with %12's own predicate
    and also cache them with %12 for future use. After finishing
    %12, we will have three entries for phi %12.
(2) The first trick increases the performance, but we still suffer
    with large memory consumption, i.e., it's easy to cache too
    many paths. The second trick is to reduce the memory footprint
    by only caching "useful" path that has UB Insts. For example,
    in the example in (1), for phi %12, we don't need to cache
    the path starting from %6, because this path doesn't have any
    UB Insts.

These tricks basically relies on the dependency chain of instructions
generated by souper. For example, if we say %12 depends on %11, then
%12 would never appear earlier than %11.
Minor grammar fix to comments
added a test case which has quite a few phis
removed redundant const & from a function type signature
addressed four issues based on Peter's review comments

* fixed a problem in the example used for describing the caching algorithm:
  %6 = block -> %6 = var

* grammar fix "proceeded" -> "processed"

* fixed an indentation issue

* a better assert on BlockConstraints and
  removed a redundant level of "if" statement in getUBPhiPaths