stuff
seems to be error(s) I did not see earlier from authentication_pages_spec.rb 'with valid information'.  I believe a section might have been skipped towards the end of Ch8 (possibly utilities.rb not completed). Saving to investigate.
Fixed missing part from Ch8: added 'valid_signin(user)' in utilities.rb (as well as RSpec::Matchers.define :have_error_message) and then used 'before { valid_signin(user) }' in authentication_pages_spec.rb (plus removed redundant code.)  NOW all spec pass.
All Authentication & authorization spec passes.  In total, 63 passing rspec tests pass.
Friendly Forwarding implemented: when non-logged in user attempt to go to some page, the system REMEMBERS which page they were going to, asks for login, and once logged-in, takes them back to Remebered page (as opposed to default).
'index' action working, which means /users working.  Also updated gravatar_for() method from user_helper.rb to make it so that gravatar_for can work for /users (this was left as an exercise from Ch7.6).
100 fake users added, via 'faker' gem, to test 'index' action aka /users, using a 'rake task' via the file 'sample_data.rake.'
updated factories.rb. to take sequence (unsure what that means).
updated factories.rb. Instead of hand-coding 30+ UNIQUE user/password combinations, we can use a FactoryGirl 'sequence.'
added pagination.
refactor in index.html.erb.  added _user.html.erb partial.
Better refactor to use 'render @users' Rails infers that @users is a list of User objects AND automatically knows to render each one with the _user.html.erb partial.
Created Admin.  Gave Admin ability to destroy users.