Redispatch ZIOs in deep call graphs

The below excerpt of a backtrace is from a ztest failure when running ZoL's
ztest:

/#453 0x00007f03c8060b35 in vdev_queue_io_to_issue (vq=vq@entry=0x99f8a8) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_queue.c:706
/#454 0x00007f03c806106e in vdev_queue_io (zio=zio@entry=0x7f0350003de0) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_queue.c:747
/#455 0x00007f03c80818c1 in zio_vdev_io_start (zio=0x7f0350003de0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:2659
/#456 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350003de0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#457 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350003de0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#458 0x00007f03c805f71b in vdev_mirror_io_start (zio=0x7f0350003a10) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_mirror.c:374
/#459 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350003a10) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#460 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350003a10) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#461 0x00007f03c806464c in vdev_raidz_io_start (zio=0x7f0350003380) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_raidz.c:1607
/#462 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350003380) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#463 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350003380) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#464 0x00007f03c805f71b in vdev_mirror_io_start (zio=0x7f0350002fb0) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_mirror.c:374
/#465 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350002fb0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#466 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350002fb0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#467 0x00007f03c805ed43 in vdev_mirror_io_done (zio=0x7f033957ebf0) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_mirror.c:499
/#468 0x00007f03c807a0c0 in zio_vdev_io_done (zio=0x7f033957ebf0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:2707
/#469 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f033957ebf0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#470 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f0390001330, pio=0x7f033957ebf0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#471 zio_done (zio=0x7f0390001330) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#472 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0390001330) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#473 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f03b4013a00, pio=0x7f0390001330) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#474 zio_done (zio=0x7f03b4013a00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#475 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f03b4013a00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#476 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f03b4014210, pio=0x7f03b4013a00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#477 zio_done (zio=0x7f03b4014210) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#478 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f03b4014210) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#479 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f03b4014620, pio=0x7f03b4014210) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#480 zio_done (zio=0x7f03b4014620) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#481 0x00007f03c807a6d3 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f03b4014620) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#482 zio_execute (zio=zio@entry=0x7f03b4014620) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1337
/#483 0x00007f03c8060b35 in vdev_queue_io_to_issue (vq=vq@entry=0x99f8a8) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_queue.c:706
/#484 0x00007f03c806106e in vdev_queue_io (zio=zio@entry=0x7f0350002be0) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_queue.c:747
/#485 0x00007f03c80818c1 in zio_vdev_io_start (zio=0x7f0350002be0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:2659
/#486 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350002be0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#487 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350002be0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#488 0x00007f03c805f71b in vdev_mirror_io_start (zio=0x7f0350002810) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_mirror.c:374
/#489 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350002810) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#490 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350002810) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#491 0x00007f03c8064593 in vdev_raidz_io_start (zio=0x7f0350001270) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_raidz.c:1591
/#492 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350001270) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#493 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350001270) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#494 0x00007f03c805f71b in vdev_mirror_io_start (zio=0x7f0350001e60) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_mirror.c:374
/#495 0x00007f03c807f243 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f0350001e60) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#496 zio_nowait (zio=0x7f0350001e60) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1456
/#497 0x00007f03c805ed43 in vdev_mirror_io_done (zio=0x7f033a0c39c0) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_mirror.c:499
/#498 0x00007f03c807a0c0 in zio_vdev_io_done (zio=0x7f033a0c39c0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:2707
/#499 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f033a0c39c0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#500 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f03a8003c00, pio=0x7f033a0c39c0) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#501 zio_done (zio=0x7f03a8003c00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#502 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f03a8003c00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#503 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f038800c400, pio=0x7f03a8003c00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#504 zio_done (zio=0x7f038800c400) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#505 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f038800c400) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#506 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f038800da00, pio=0x7f038800c400) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#507 zio_done (zio=0x7f038800da00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#508 0x00007f03c808285b in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f038800da00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#509 zio_notify_parent (wait=ZIO_WAIT_DONE, zio=0x7f038800fd80, pio=0x7f038800da00) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:547
/#510 zio_done (zio=0x7f038800fd80) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:3278
/#511 0x00007f03c807a6d3 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f038800fd80) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#512 zio_execute (zio=zio@entry=0x7f038800fd80) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1337
/#513 0x00007f03c8060b35 in vdev_queue_io_to_issue (vq=vq@entry=0x99f8a8) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_queue.c:706
/#514 0x00007f03c806119d in vdev_queue_io_done (zio=zio@entry=0x7f03a0010950) at ../../module/zfs/vdev_queue.c:775
/#515 0x00007f03c807a0e8 in zio_vdev_io_done (zio=0x7f03a0010950) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:2686
/#516 0x00007f03c807a6d3 in __zio_execute (zio=0x7f03a0010950) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1399
/#517 zio_execute (zio=0x7f03a0010950) at ../../module/zfs/zio.c:1337
/#518 0x00007f03c7fcd0c4 in taskq_thread (arg=0x966d50) at ../../lib/libzpool/taskq.c:215
/#519 0x00007f03c7fc7937 in zk_thread_helper (arg=0x967e90) at ../../lib/libzpool/kernel.c:135
/#520 0x00007f03c78890a3 in start_thread (arg=0x7f03c2703700) at pthread_create.c:309
/#521 0x00007f03c75c50fd in clone () at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/x86_64/clone.S:111

This occurred when ztest was simulating a scrub under heavy I/O load. Under
those circumstances, it was possible for a mix of noop I/Os for aggregation
continuity and the I/O elevator to generate arbitrarily deep recursion.

This patch modifies ZFS to propapage a recursion counter inside the zio_t
objects such that IOs will be redispatched upon reaching a given recursion
depth.  We can detect long call chains and dispatch to another ZIO taskq. We
cut in-line when we do this to minimize the potential for taskq exhaustion that
can prevent a zio from notifying its parent.

Signed-off-by: Richard Yao <ryao@gentoo.org>