README.md: Fix typo

Based on patch for pegjs-website by Michael Ficarra:

  https://github.com/dmajda/pegjs-website/pull/2
README.md: Remove extraneous "and"

Based on patch for pegjs-website by Michael Ficarra:

  https://github.com/dmajda/pegjs-website/pull/3
Refactor named rules AST representation

PEG.js grammar rules are represented by |rule| nodes in the AST. Until
now, all such nodes had a |displayName| property which was either |null|
or stored rule's human-readable name. This commit gets rid of the
|displayName| property and starts representing rules with a
human-readable name using a new |named| node (a child of the |rule|
node).

This change simplifies code generation code a bit as tests for
|displayName| can be removed (see changes in generate-code.js). It also
separates different concerns from each other nicely.
Change ordering of "literal", "class" and "any" code

Changes all code that does something with "literal", "class" or "any"
AST nodes so that the code deals with these in the follwing order:

  1. literal
  2. class
  3. any

Previously the code used this ordering:

  1. literal
  2. any
  3. class

The new ordering is more logical because the nodes are handled from the
most specific to the most generic.
Change ordering of "action" code

Places all code that does something with "action" AST nodes under code
handling "choice" nodes.

This ordering is logical because now all the node handling code matches
the sequence in which various node types usually appear when descending
through the AST tree.
Replace variable name computations by computations of indices

This commit replaces all variable name computations in |computeVarNames|
and |computeParams| passes by computations of indices. The actual names
are computed later in the |generateCode| pass.

This change makes the code generator the only place that deals with the
actual variable names, making them easier to change for example.

The code generator code seems bit more complicated after the change, but
this complexity will pay off (and mostly disappear) later.
More responsibility for computing |resultIndex| to node's parent

Before this commit, each node was responsible for computing the value of
its |resultIndex| property in the |computeVarIndices| pass. This was
possible because |resultIndex| was always equal to |index.result|,
meaning that nodes always wrote their match results to the top of the
stack.

This behavior would cause problems in the future where nodes will use
the stack also for storing positions. Parent nodes storing position on
the stack would have to copy their childs' match results from the top of
the stack to some position below where parent's match result would be
expected. There would be no way to tell the children to place their
match result somewhere else than the top of the stack and avoid copying.

This commit fixes the described problem by shifting the responsibility
for setting the value of node's |resultIndex| property to its parent.
This way it can direct its child to place its result wherever it wants
to.
Get rid of two parser variable stacks

One stack is conceptually simpler, requires less code and will make a
transition to a register-based machine easier.

Note that the stack variables are now named a bit incorrectly
(|result0|, |result1|, etc. even when they store also parse positions).
I didn't bother with renaming because a transition to a register-based
machine will follow soon and the names will change anyway.

The speed/size impact is insignificant.

Speed impact
------------
Before:     839.05 kB/s
After:      839.67 kB/s
Difference: 0.07%

Size impact
-----------
Before:     949783 b
After:      961578 b
Difference: 1.24%

(Measured by /tools/impact with Node.js v0.6.18 on x86_64 GNU/Linux.)
Do not store result variable indices, just the counts
Mental model change: Variables do not form a stack, they are registers

This commit changes the model underlying parser variables used to store
match results and parse positions. Until now they were treated as a
stack, now they are thought of as registers. The actual behavior does
not change (yet), only the terminology.

More specifically, this commit:

  * Changes parser variable names from |result0|, |result1|, etc. to
    |r0|, |r1|, etc.

  * Changes various internal names and comments to match the new model.

  * Renames the |computeVarIndices| pass to |allocateRegisters|.
Do not compute |resultIndex| for "rule" nodes

Computing |resultIndex| for their expressions is enough.
Merge |allocateRegisters| and |computeParams| passes

The purpose of this change is to avoid the need to index register
variables storing match results of sequences whose elements are labeled.
The indexing happened when match results of labeled elements were passed
to action/predicate functions.

In order to avoid indexing, the register allocator needs to ensure that
registers storing match results of any labeled sequence elements are
still "alive" after finishing parsing of the sequence. They should not
be used to store anything else at least until code of all actions and
predicates that can see the labels is executed. This requires that the
|allocateRegisters| pass has the knowledge of scoping. Because that
knowledge was already implicitly embedded in the |coputeParams| pass,
the logical step to prevent duplication was to merge it with the
|allocateRegisters| pass. This is what this commit does.

As a part of the merge the tests of both passes were largely refactored.
This is both to accomodate the merge and to make the tests in sync with
the code again (the tests became a bit out-of-sync during the last few
commits -- they tested more than was needed).

The speed/size impact is slightly positive:

Speed impact
------------
Before:     849.86 kB/s
After:      858.16 kB/s
Difference: 0.97%

Size impact
-----------
Before:     876618 b
After:      875602 b
Difference: -0.12%

(Measured by /tools/impact with Node.js v0.6.18 on x86_64 GNU/Linux.)
Add missing semicolon
Specs: Whitespace fix + add semicolon in tested parser code
Allow passing options to the parser

This commit replaces the |startRule| parameter of the |parse| method in
generated parsers with more generic |options| -- an options object. This
options object can be used to pass custom options to the parser because
it is visible as the |options| variable inside parser code.

The start rule can now be specified as the |startRule| option. This
means you have to replace all calls like:

  parser.parse("input", "myStartRule");

with

  parser.parse("input", { startRule: "myStartRule" });

Closes GH-37.
s/Modelled/Modeled/

"modelled" is a British variant, "modeled" an US one. PEG.js officially
uses American English.

Based on pull request by John Gietzen:

  https://github.com/dmajda/pegjs/pull/102
README.md: Fix project website link
README.md: Add wiki link
Fix typo in testcase description
Do not modify |options| passed to |PEG.buildParser|

Modifying |options| can lead to subtle bugs.