Make overriding branch settings thread-safe LMS-11125

https://openedx.atlassian.net/browse/LMS-11125

@cpennington Please review.
Theoretically, a thread-local would be sufficient for the `branch_setting` contextmanager.  However, rather than creating a new thread-local variable, I have the modulestores make use of the `request_cache` thread-local that has already been created and passed down.

Updating the Split Modulestore to use the new branch_setting implementation will be a separate PR.
The trouble is that every modulestore method must provide a course_key so that mixed can act as a router to the right modulestore.