handle zero-result queries, specify index/type, add stub of rspec

Attempting to aggregate several PRs, feature requests and issues:

https://github.com/elasticsearch/logstash-contrib/pull/57
https://github.com/elasticsearch/logstash-contrib/issues/95
https://github.com/elasticsearch/logstash-contrib/pull/96

with help and input from @greem @sisutcliffe @bleskes et al.

The elasticsearch output calls this `index_type` to avoid conflict with the base filter+output `type` setting.