[SPARK-2504][SQL] Fix nullability of Substring expression.

This is a follow-up of #1359 with nullability narrowing.

Author: Takuya UESHIN <ueshin@happy-camper.st>

Closes #1426 from ueshin/issues/SPARK-2504 and squashes the following commits:

5157832 [Takuya UESHIN] Remove unnecessary white spaces.
80958ac [Takuya UESHIN] Fix nullability of Substring expression.
[SPARK-2119][SQL] Improved Parquet performance when reading off S3

JIRA issue: [SPARK-2119](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2119)

Essentially this PR fixed three issues to gain much better performance when reading large Parquet file off S3.

1. When reading the schema, fetching Parquet metadata from a part-file rather than the `_metadata` file

   The `_metadata` file contains metadata of all row groups, and can be very large if there are many row groups. Since schema information and row group metadata are coupled within a single Thrift object, we have to read the whole `_metadata` to fetch the schema. On the other hand, schema is replicated among footers of all part-files, which are fairly small.

1. Only add the root directory of the Parquet file rather than all the part-files to input paths

   HDFS API can automatically filter out all hidden files and underscore files (`_SUCCESS` & `_metadata`), there's no need to filter out all part-files and add them individually to input paths. What make it much worse is that, `FileInputFormat.listStatus()` calls `FileSystem.globStatus()` on each individual input path sequentially, each results a blocking remote S3 HTTP request.

1. Worked around [PARQUET-16](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PARQUET-16)

   Essentially PARQUET-16 is similar to the above issue, and results lots of sequential `FileSystem.getFileStatus()` calls, which are further translated into a bunch of remote S3 HTTP requests.

   `FilteringParquetRowInputFormat` should be cleaned up once PARQUET-16 is fixed.

Below is the micro benchmark result. The dataset used is a S3 Parquet file consists of 3,793 partitions, about 110MB per partition in average. The benchmark is done with a 9-node AWS cluster.

- Creating a Parquet `SchemaRDD` (Parquet schema is fetched)

  ```scala
  val tweets = parquetFile(uri)
  ```

  - Before: 17.80s
  - After: 8.61s

- Fetching partition information

  ```scala
  tweets.getPartitions
  ```

  - Before: 700.87s
  - After: 21.47s

- Counting the whole file (both steps above are executed altogether)

  ```scala
  parquetFile(uri).count()
  ```

  - Before: ??? (haven't test yet)
  - After: 53.26s

Author: Cheng Lian <lian.cs.zju@gmail.com>

Closes #1370 from liancheng/faster-parquet and squashes the following commits:

94a2821 [Cheng Lian] Added comments about schema consistency
d2c4417 [Cheng Lian] Worked around PARQUET-16 to improve Parquet performance
1c0d1b9 [Cheng Lian] Accelerated Parquet schema retrieving
5bd3d29 [Cheng Lian] Fixed Parquet log level
SPARK-2277: make TaskScheduler track hosts on rack

Hi mateiz, I've created [SPARK-2277](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2277) to make TaskScheduler track hosts on each rack. Please help to review, thanks.

Author: Rui Li <rui.li@intel.com>

Closes #1212 from lirui-intel/trackHostOnRack and squashes the following commits:

2b4bd0f [Rui Li] SPARK-2277: refine UT
fbde838 [Rui Li] SPARK-2277: add UT
7bbe658 [Rui Li] SPARK-2277: rename the method
5e4ef62 [Rui Li] SPARK-2277: remove unnecessary import
79ac750 [Rui Li] SPARK-2277: make TaskScheduler track hosts on rack
Tightening visibility for various Broadcast related classes.

In preparation for SPARK-2521.

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1438 from rxin/broadcast and squashes the following commits:

432f1cc [Reynold Xin] Tightening visibility for various Broadcast related classes.
[SPARK-2525][SQL] Remove as many compilation warning messages as possible in Spark SQL

JIRA: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-2525.

Author: Yin Huai <huai@cse.ohio-state.edu>

Closes #1444 from yhuai/SPARK-2517 and squashes the following commits:

edbac3f [Yin Huai] Removed some compiler type erasure warnings.
[SQL] Cleaned up ConstantFolding slightly.

Moved couple rules out of NullPropagation and added more comments.

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1430 from rxin/sql-folding-rule and squashes the following commits:

7f9a197 [Reynold Xin] Updated documentation for ConstantFolding.
7f8cf61 [Reynold Xin] [SQL] Cleaned up ConstantFolding slightly.
SPARK-2519. Eliminate pattern-matching on Tuple2 in performance-critical...

... aggregation code

Author: Sandy Ryza <sandy@cloudera.com>

Closes #1435 from sryza/sandy-spark-2519 and squashes the following commits:

640706a [Sandy Ryza] SPARK-2519. Eliminate pattern-matching on Tuple2 in performance-critical aggregation code
[SPARK-2518][SQL] Fix foldability of Substring expression.

This is a follow-up of #1428.

Author: Takuya UESHIN <ueshin@happy-camper.st>

Closes #1432 from ueshin/issues/SPARK-2518 and squashes the following commits:

37d1ace [Takuya UESHIN] Fix foldability of Substring expression.
[SPARK-2517] Remove some compiler warnings.

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1433 from rxin/compile-warning and squashes the following commits:

8d0b890 [Reynold Xin] Remove some compiler warnings.
[SPARK-2522] set default broadcast factory to torrent

HttpBroadcastFactory is the current default broadcast factory. It sends the broadcast data to each worker one by one, which is slow when the cluster is big. TorrentBroadcastFactory scales much better than http. Maybe we should make torrent the default broadcast method.

Author: Xiangrui Meng <meng@databricks.com>

Closes #1437 from mengxr/bt-broadcast and squashes the following commits:

ed492fe [Xiangrui Meng] set default broadcast factory to torrent
fix compile error of streaming project

explicit return type for implicit function

Author: James Z.M. Gao <gaozhm@mediav.com>

Closes #153 from gzm55/work/streaming-compile and squashes the following commits:

11e9c8d [James Z.M. Gao] fix style error
fe88109 [James Z.M. Gao] fix compile error of streaming project
[SPARK-2317] Improve task logging.

We use TID to indicate task logging. However, TID itself does not capture stage or retries, making it harder to correlate with the application itself. This pull request changes all logging messages for tasks to include both the TID and the stage id, stage attempt, task id, and task attempt.  I've consulted various people but unfortunately this is a really hard task.

Driver log looks like:

```
14/06/28 18:53:29 INFO DAGScheduler: Submitting 10 missing tasks from Stage 0 (MappedRDD[1] at map at <console>:13)
14/06/28 18:53:29 INFO TaskSchedulerImpl: Adding task set 0.0 with 10 tasks
14/06/28 18:53:29 INFO TaskSetManager: Re-computing pending task lists.
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 0.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 0, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 1.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 1, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 2.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 2, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 3.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 3, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 4.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 4, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 5.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 5, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Starting task 6.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 6, localhost, PROCESS_LOCAL, 1855 bytes)
...
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 1.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 1) in 64 ms on localhost (4/10)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 4.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 4) in 63 ms on localhost (5/10)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 2.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 2) in 63 ms on localhost (6/10)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 7.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 7) in 62 ms on localhost (7/10)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 6.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 6) in 63 ms on localhost (8/10)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 9.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 9) in 8 ms on localhost (9/10)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO TaskSetManager: Finished task 8.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 8) in 9 ms on localhost (10/10)

```

Executor log looks like
```
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 0.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 0)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 3.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 3)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 1.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 1)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 4.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 4)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 2.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 2)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 5.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 5)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 6.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 6)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Running task 7.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 7)
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 3.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 3). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 2.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 2). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 0.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 0). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 1.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 1). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 5.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 5). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 4.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 4). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 6.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 6). 847 bytes result sent to driver
14/07/15 19:44:40 INFO Executor: Finished task 7.0 in stage 1.0 (TID 7). 847 bytes result sent to driver
```

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1259 from rxin/betterTaskLogging and squashes the following commits:

c28ada1 [Reynold Xin] Fix unit test failure.
987d043 [Reynold Xin] Updated log messages.
c6cfd46 [Reynold Xin] Merge branch 'master' into betterTaskLogging
b7b1bcc [Reynold Xin] Fixed a typo.
f9aba3c [Reynold Xin] Made it compile.
f8a5c06 [Reynold Xin] Merge branch 'master' into betterTaskLogging
07264e6 [Reynold Xin] Defensive check against unknown TaskEndReason.
76bbd18 [Reynold Xin] FailureSuite not serializable reporting.
4659b20 [Reynold Xin] Remove unused variable.
53888e3 [Reynold Xin] [SPARK-2317] Improve task logging.
SPARK-1097: Do not introduce deadlock while fixing concurrency bug

We recently added this lock on 'conf' in order to prevent concurrent creation. However, it turns out that this can introduce a deadlock because Hadoop also synchronizes on the Configuration objects when creating new Configurations (and they do so via a static REGISTRY which contains all created Configurations).

This fix forces all Spark initialization of Configuration objects to occur serially by using a static lock that we control, and thus also prevents introducing the deadlock.

Author: Aaron Davidson <aaron@databricks.com>

Closes #1409 from aarondav/1054 and squashes the following commits:

7d1b769 [Aaron Davidson] SPARK-1097: Do not introduce deadlock while fixing concurrency bug
[SPARK-2154] Schedule next Driver when one completes (standalone mode)

Author: Aaron Davidson <aaron@databricks.com>

Closes #1405 from aarondav/2154 and squashes the following commits:

24e9ef9 [Aaron Davidson] [SPARK-2154] Schedule next Driver when one completes (standalone mode)
[SPARK-2412] CoalescedRDD throws exception with certain pref locs

If the first pass of CoalescedRDD does not find the target number of locations AND the second pass finds new locations, an exception is thrown, as "groupHash.get(nxt_replica).get" is not valid.

The fix is just to add an ArrayBuffer to groupHash for that replica if it didn't already exist.

Author: Aaron Davidson <aaron@databricks.com>

Closes #1337 from aarondav/2412 and squashes the following commits:

f587b5d [Aaron Davidson] getOrElseUpdate
3ad8a3c [Aaron Davidson] [SPARK-2412] CoalescedRDD throws exception with certain pref locs
SPARK-2526: Simplify options in make-distribution.sh

Right now we have a bunch of parallel logic in make-distribution.sh
that's just extra work to maintain. We should just pass through
Maven profiles in this case and keep the script simple. See
the JIRA for more details.

Author: Patrick Wendell <pwendell@gmail.com>

Closes #1445 from pwendell/make-distribution.sh and squashes the following commits:

f1294ea [Patrick Wendell] Simplify options in make-distribution.sh.
[SPARK-2423] Clean up SparkSubmit for readability

It is currently non-trivial to trace through how different combinations of cluster managers (e.g. yarn) and deploy modes (e.g. cluster) are processed in SparkSubmit. Moving forward, it will be easier to extend SparkSubmit if we first re-organize the code by grouping related logic together.

This is a precursor to fixing standalone-cluster mode, which is currently broken (SPARK-2260).

Author: Andrew Or <andrewor14@gmail.com>

Closes #1349 from andrewor14/submit-cleanup and squashes the following commits:

8f99200 [Andrew Or] script -> program (minor)
30f2e65 [Andrew Or] Merge branch 'master' of github.com:apache/spark into submit-cleanup
fe484a1 [Andrew Or] Move deploy mode checks after yarn code
7167824 [Andrew Or] Re-order config options and update comments
0b01ff8 [Andrew Or] Clean up SparkSubmit for readability
[SPARK-2534] Avoid pulling in the entire RDD in various operators

This should go into both master and branch-1.0.

Author: Reynold Xin <rxin@apache.org>

Closes #1450 from rxin/agg-closure and squashes the following commits:

e40f363 [Reynold Xin] Mima check excludes.
9186364 [Reynold Xin] Define the return type more explicitly.
38e348b [Reynold Xin] Fixed the cases in RDD.scala.
ea6b34d [Reynold Xin] Blah
89b9c43 [Reynold Xin] Fix other instances of accidentally pulling in extra stuff in closures.
73b2783 [Reynold Xin] [SPARK-2534] Avoid pulling in the entire RDD in groupByKey.
SPARK-1478.2 Fix incorrect NioServerSocketChannelFactory constructor call

The line break inadvertently means this was interpreted as a call to the no-arg constructor. This doesn't exist in older Netty even. (Also fixed a val name typo.)

Author: Sean Owen <srowen@gmail.com>

Closes #1466 from srowen/SPARK-1478.2 and squashes the following commits:

59c3501 [Sean Owen] Line break caused Scala to interpret NioServerSocketChannelFactory constructor as the no-arg version, which is not even present in some versions of Netty
SPARK-1215 [MLLIB]: Clustering: Index out of bounds error (2)

Added check to LocalKMeans.scala: kMeansPlusPlus initialization to handle case with fewer distinct data points than clusters k.  Added two related unit tests to KMeansSuite.  (Re-submitting PR after tangling commits in PR 1407 https://github.com/apache/spark/pull/1407 )

Author: Joseph K. Bradley <joseph.kurata.bradley@gmail.com>

Closes #1468 from jkbradley/kmeans-fix and squashes the following commits:

4e9bd1e [Joseph K. Bradley] Updated PR per comments from mengxr
6c7a2ec [Joseph K. Bradley] Added check to LocalKMeans.scala: kMeansPlusPlus initialization to handle case with fewer distinct data points than clusters k.  Added two related unit tests to KMeansSuite.