str: Add better tests for string slice's Chars iterator

Test using for ch s.chars() { black_box(ch) } to have a test that should
force the iterator to run its full decoding computations.
core::str: Implement Chars iterator using slice::Items

Re-use the vector iterator to implement the chars iterator.

The iterator uses our guarantee that the string contains valid UTF-8,
but its only unsafe code is transmuting the decoded u32 into char.
Add more tests for str Chars iterator

Test iterating (decoding) every codepoint.
Clarify str Chars iterator implementation

Thanks to comments from @huonw, clarify decoding details and use
statics for important constants for UTF-8 decoding. Convert some magic
numbers scattered in the same file to use the statics too.
Write multibyte case for str Chars iterator in-line

Thanks to comments from @alexcrichton, write the next/next_back function
bodies without nested functions in a more top-to-bottom flow style.

Also improve comment style and motivate the unsafe blocks with comments.
Simplify str CharOffsets iterator

Only one uint is needed to keep track of the offset from the original
full string.
auto merge of #15638 : blake2-ppc/rust/ptr-arithmetic-chars, r=huonw

Reimplement the string slice's `Iterator<char>` by wrapping the already efficient
slice iterator.

The iterator uses our guarantee that the string contains valid UTF-8, but its only unsafe
code is transmuting the decoded `u32` into `char`.

Benchmarks suggest that the runtime of `Chars` benchmarks are reduced by up to 30%,
runtime of `Chars` reversed reduced by up to 60%.

```
BEFORE
test str::bench::char_indicesator                          ... bench:       124 ns/iter (+/- 1)
test str::bench::char_indicesator_rev                      ... bench:       188 ns/iter (+/- 9)
test str::bench::char_iterator                             ... bench:       122 ns/iter (+/- 2)
test str::bench::char_iterator_ascii                       ... bench:       302 ns/iter (+/- 41)
test str::bench::char_iterator_for                         ... bench:       123 ns/iter (+/- 4)
test str::bench::char_iterator_rev                         ... bench:       189 ns/iter (+/- 14)
test str::bench::char_iterator_rev_for                     ... bench:       177 ns/iter (+/- 4)

AFTER
test str::bench::char_indicesator                          ... bench:        85 ns/iter (+/- 3)
test str::bench::char_indicesator_rev                      ... bench:        82 ns/iter (+/- 2)
test str::bench::char_iterator                             ... bench:       100 ns/iter (+/- 3)
test str::bench::char_iterator_ascii                       ... bench:       317 ns/iter (+/- 3)
test str::bench::char_iterator_for                         ... bench:        86 ns/iter (+/- 2)
test str::bench::char_iterator_rev                         ... bench:        80 ns/iter (+/- 6)
test str::bench::char_iterator_rev_for                     ... bench:        68 ns/iter (+/- 0)
```

Note: Branch name is no longer indicative of the implementation.