revert: fix(input): always pass in the model value to `ctrl.$isEmpty`

This commit tried to create consistency by ensuring that `$isEmpty` is not
called on both model and view values but it chose to only use `$modelValue`,
which is not actually correct.

`$isEmpty` is designed to compute whether the `$viewValue` is empty. In
practice this is the only part of the parse/format system that the
directive has control over. We can't rely on the `$modelValue` being in
any particular format since other directives can add in their own formatters
and parsers to completely change this.

(reverted from commit 3e51b84bc19f7e6acc61cb536ddcdbfed307c831)
fix(input[date]): do not use `$isEmpty` to check the model validity
fix(input): set ngTrueValue on required checkbox

Fixes #5164
docs(NgModelController): clarify the value parameter for $isEmpty
fix(linky): encode double quotes when serializing email addresses

Email addresses can (under certain restrictions) include double quote
characters. See http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3696#section-3.

For example, `"Jo Bloggs"@abc.com` is a valid email address.

When serializing emails to the `href` attribute of an anchor element,
we must HTML encode these double quote characters. See
http://www.w3.org/TR/html-markup/syntax.html#syntax-attr-double-quoted

This commit does not attempt to improve the functionality (i.e. regex)
that attempts to identify email addresses in a general string.

Closes #8945
Closes #8964
Closes #5946
Closes #10090
Closes #9256
perf(*): use Object.create instead of creating temporary constructors

Closes #10058
feat($anchorScroll): add support for scrolling independently of `$location.hash()`

Add an optional argument to `$anchorScroll()` to enable scrolling to an
anchor element different than that related to the current value of
`$location.hash()`. If the argument is omitted, the value of
`$location.hash()` will be used instead.

Closes #4568