[OptionsResolver] Added a light-weight, low-level API for basic option resolving

| Q             | A
| ------------- | ---
| Bug fix?      | no
| New feature?  | yes
| BC breaks?    | no
| Deprecations? | no
| Tests pass?   | yes
| Fixed tickets | #11705
| License       | MIT
| Doc PR        | symfony/symfony-docs#4159

See [the updated documentation](https://github.com/webmozart/symfony-docs/blob/issue11705/components/options_resolver.rst) for details on the usage of the simple API.

The most important motivation for this change is DX and speed. The basic features of the component should be easily usable in a wide variety of use cases without impacting performance.

For DX reasons, I added the static methods to the `Options` class, which makes the code concise and easy to read and understand:

```php
use Symfony\Component\OptionsResolver\Options;

$options = Options::validateRequired($options, 'format');

$options = Options::validateTypes($options, array(
    'format' => array('string', 'int'),
    'calendar' => 'int',
));

$options = Options::validateValues($options, array(
    'calendar' => array(
        \IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
        \IntlDateFormatter::TRADITIONAL,
    ),
));

$options = Options::resolve($options, array(
    'format' => null,
    'calendar' => \IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
));
```

If you need to distribute the option configuration, this PR also extracts the configuration part of the `OptionsResolver` class into a new class `OptionsConfig`, which can be passed around. When the configuration is complete, pass the config object to `Options::resolve()` as second argument:

```php
$config = new OptionsConfig();

$config->setDefaults(array(
    'format' => \IntlDateFormatter::MEDIUM,
    'calendar' => \IntlDateFormatter::GREGORIAN,
));

$options = Options::resolve($options, $config);
```

Consequently - since `OptionsResolver` extends `OptionsConfig` - the two following statements now become identical:

```php
$options = $resolver->resolve($options);
$options = Options::resolve($options, $resolver);
```