Rename some variables for more clarity.

No functional change.

Resolves #131
Add some tablebase positions to bench

This makes it easier to check for regressions in the tablebase code.

Bench: 9489202
5-man bench: 8943906

Resolves #145
Simpler PRNG and faster magics search

This patch replaces RKISS by a simpler and faster PRNG, xorshift64* proposed
by S. Vigna (2014). It is extremely simple, has a large enough period for
Stockfish's needs (2^64), requires no warming-up (allowing such code to be
removed), and offers slightly better randomness than MT19937.

Paper: http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/
Reference source code (public domain):
http://xorshift.di.unimi.it/xorshift64star.c

The patch also simplifies how init_magics() searches for magics:

- Old logic: seed the PRNG always with the same seed,
  then use optimized bit rotations to tailor the RNG sequence per rank.

- New logic: seed the PRNG with an optimized seed per rank.

This has two advantages:
1. Less code and less computation to perform during magics search (not ROTL).
2. More choices for random sequence tuning. The old logic only let us choose
from 4096 bit rotation pairs. With the new one, we can look for the best seeds
among 2^64 values. Indeed, the set of seeds[][] provided in the patch reduces
the effort needed to find the magics:

64-bit SF:
Old logic -> 5,783,789 rand64() calls needed to find the magics
New logic -> 4,420,086 calls

32-bit SF:
Old logic -> 2,175,518 calls
New logic -> 1,895,955 calls

In the 64-bit case, init_magics() take 25 ms less to complete (Intel Core i5).

Finally, when playing with strength handicap, non-determinism is achieved
by setting the seed of the static RNG only once. Afterwards, there is no need
to skip output values.

The bench only changes because the Zobrist keys are now different (since they
are random numbers straight out of the PRNG).

The RNG seed has been carefully chosen so that the
resulting Zobrist keys are particularly well-behaved:

1. All triplets of XORed keys are unique, implying that it
   would take at least 7 keys to find a 64-bit collision
   (test suggested by ceebo)

2. All pairs of XORed keys are unique modulo 2^32

3. The cardinality of { (key1 ^ key2) >> 48 } is as close
   as possible to the maximum (65536)

Point 2 aims at ensuring a good distribution among the bits
that determine an TT entry's cluster, likewise point 3
among the bits that form the TT entry's key16 inside a
cluster.

Details:

     Bitset   card(key1^key2)
     ------   ---------------
RKISS
     key16     64894   = 99.020% of theoretical maximum
     low18    180117   = 99.293%
     low32    305362   = 99.997%

Xorshift64*, old seed
     key16     64918   = 99.057%
     low18    179994   = 99.225%
     low32    305350   = 99.993%

Xorshift64*, new seed
     key16     65027   = 99.223%
     low18    181118   = 99.845%
     low32    305371   = 100.000%

Bench: 9324905

Resolves #148
Clarify when forcing the moves loop

In some cases we want to go direcly to the moves loop
without checking for early return. The patch make this
logic more clear and consistent.

Tested for no regression, passed STC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 25282 W: 5136 L: 5022 D: 15124

and LTC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 72007 W: 12133 L: 12095 D: 47779

bench: 9316798
Assorted nitpicking code-style

No functional change.
Retire 'os' flag from Makefile

Appears to be unused

No functional change

Resolves #147
Fix profile build for syzygy

Touch source files under syzygy directory to force recompilation
after collecting profile data.

No functional change

Resolves #149
MSVC compiling fixes

No functional change.

Resolves #150
Halve StormDanger bonus for blocked pawn on A/H file

STC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 3410 W: 758 L: 641 D: 2011

LTC
LLR: 2.95 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 33225 W: 5708 L: 5445 D: 22072

Bench: 8465811

Resolves #153
Only use _ReadWriteBarrier on MSVC

It was causing compile errors when cross-compiling using mingw.

No functional change.
Avoid searching TT twice for the same key/position during probe() and store().

Just keep the pointer and remove code from tt.cpp

STC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [-1.50,4.50]
Total: 13620 W: 2810 L: 2665 D: 8145

LTC
LLR: 2.97 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 13021 W: 2238 L: 2073 D: 8710STC http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/view/548436860ebc59331739b90c

STC 4MB
ELO: 2.41 +-2.2 (95%) LOS: 98.6%
Total: 40000 W: 8175 L: 7897 D: 23928

LTC 16MB
ELO: 1.78 +-2.0 (95%) LOS: 96.1%
Total: 39683 W: 6763 L: 6560 D: 26360

Resolves #151

Bench: 8116521
Fix compile for some versions of mingw

The bswap intrinsics are specific to the compiler, not the
host platform.

No functional change.

Resolves #155
Coding style in TT code

In particular seems more natural to return
bool and TTEntry on the same line, actually
we should pass and return them as a pair,
but due to limitations of C++ and not wanting
to use std::pair this can be an acceptable
compromise.

No functional change.

Resolves #157
Improve comments in UCI

And simplify naming while there.

No functional change.

Resolves #159
Change profile-build options to produce 1% to 2% faster executables.

The "@rm ucioption.gc*" line is necessary to avoid a gcc 4.7.x bug.
Confirmed for gcc 4.7.4, 4.8.1, and 4.9.1
Suggested by Kiran Panditrao on fishcooking forum.
https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/fishcooking/AY8gN53nG18

No functional change.

Resolves #160
Don't account for Tempo in specialized endgames

The evaluation is already done by the specialized
function, don't need to add something elese later.

With this patch following positions are evaluated
correctly as draws:

8/6p1/1Pkp1p1p/2nNn2P/2P1K1P1/8/8/3B4 w - - 7
8/1k4p1/1P1p1p1p/3NnK1P/2P3P1/1n6/4B3/8 w - -

Verified it not regress with an STC test:
LLR: 3.15 (-2.94,2.94) [-3.00,1.00]
Total: 49812 W: 10095 L: 10016 D: 29701

Reported by Arjun Temurnikar.

bench: 8289983
Big King Safety tuning

ShelterWeakness and Stormdanger array are now indexed additionally by
file pair (a/h,b/g,c/f,d/e). The special case of king blocking a pawn
is incorporated in the StormDanger array.  Finally the 93 parameters
are tuned by SPSA on LTC.

STC
ELO: 3.46 +-2.2 (95%) LOS: 99.9%
Total: 40000 W: 8275 L: 7877 D: 23848

LTC
LLR: 2.96 (-2.94,2.94) [0.00,6.00]
Total: 10311 W: 1876 L: 1721 D: 6714

Bench: 9498821

Resolves #163
Use "rm -f" instead of "rm" for gcc profiling hack in Makefile

In some UNIX systems "rm" prompts user for confirmation.
However "rm -f" is always a guaranteed forced deletion.

Also move gcc profiling hack under the correct target

No Functional change

Resolves #168
Revert "Slightly change endgame scaling."

This reverts commit 2f8b7127912cf4b58fb9b95c7697e50fd4a75188.
Merge branch 'master' into endgame_scaling