Update `ActionController::Parameters` to be more secure on parameters handling

This is the follow-up from #14384

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I've fixed the code according to the recommendation, which is to go smarter while not breaking much compatibility.

So, these are the proposed changes:

* Calling `#to_h` on `AC::Parameters` will strip out unpermitted key. What this means is that if you call `#to_h` on `AC::Parameters` that's not permitted you'll get an empty hash. If the user wants to get the hash with all the keys, they're advised to duplicate the hash and call `#permit!` on it.
* `AC::Parameters` now have more accessor and mutator methods defined on it. These methods are methods that the resulting object didn't have correct permitted status on it.

I've adding a relevant changelog, and also mentioning that we'll move away from inheriting `AC::Params` from Hash on the next major release.

/cc @jeremy, @tenderlove
Yes, it's here before my patch. Should I submit another patch to make it thread-safe somehow?

(If so, any recommendation on what I should change it to?)