rustc: Rename lints per RFC 344

RFC 344 proposes a set of naming conventions for lints. This commit
renames existing lints to follow the conventions.

Use the following sed script to bring your code up to date:

```
s/unnecessary_typecast/useless_typecasts/g
s/unsigned_negate/unsigned_negation/g
s/type_limits/useless_comparisons/g
s/type_overflow/overflowing_literals/g
s/ctypes/improper_ctypes/g
s/owned_heap_memory/box_pointers/g
s/unused_attribute/useless_attributes/g
s/path_statement/path_statements/g
s/unused_must_use/unused_must_use/g
s/unused_result/unused_results/g
s/non_uppercase_statics/non_upper_case_globals/g
s/unnecessary_parens/useless_parens/g
s/unnecessary_import_braces/useless_import_braces/g
s/unused_unsafe/useless_unsafe/g
s/unsafe_block/unsafe_blocks/g
s/unused_mut/useless_mut/g
s/unnecessary_allocation/useless_allocation/g
s/missing_doc/missing_docs/g
s/unused_imports/unused_imports/g
s/unused_extern_crate/unused_extern_crates/g
s/unnecessary_qualification/useless_qualifications/g
s/unrecognized_lint/unknown_lints/g
s/unused_variable/unused_variables/g
s/dead_assignment/useless_assignments/g
s/unknown_crate_type/unknown_crate_types/g
s/variant_size_difference/variant_size_differences/g
s/transmute_fat_ptr/fat_ptr_transmutes/g
```

Closes #16545
Closes #17932

Due to deprecation, this is a:

[breaking-change]
rustc: Add missing lint registration

The pluggable lint changes apparently dropped the fat pointer transmute
lint by accident.

This commit registers the lint.
rustc: Improve lint descriptions

Improves the description of `dead_code` and `unreachable_code` to
clarify the difference between them.
rustc: Add deprecation/renaming support for lints

Since a large number of lints are being renamed for RFC 344, this commit
adds some basic deprecation/renaming functionality to the pluggable lint
system. It allows a simple mapping of old to new names, and can warn
when old names are being used.

This change needs to be rolled out in stages. In this commit, the
deprecation warning is commented out, but the old name is forwarded to
the new one.

Once the commit lands and we have generated a new snapshot of the
compiler, we can add the deprecation warning and rename all uses of the
lints in the rust codebase.