jacobianTransposed: handle evaluation at tip of pyramid

Handle the evaluation of the jacobian at the tip of a pyramid. Note
that the derivative there is only defined if the base of the pyramid is
subject to an affine-linear transformation. Non-affine-linear
transformations are not detected and the result is undefined.

(cherry picked from commit 7ade11ecbfbbe327b5ef647f10e2f5c8007b38ab)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
test-multilineargeometry: test local()

Add a simple test for local() to make sure

  local == geometry.local(geometry.global(local))

holds.

(cherry picked from commit c61bb04523aa7f85ebd2ff3f8f6d58111768f5e5)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
test-multilineargeometry: test for NaN in Jacobian

Make sure the Jacobian does not contain NaN entries. This is not
caught by

  (expected - actual).two_norm() > epsilon

as NaN > epsilon is false.

(cherry picked from commit aae38c56f11e91176a13f71cf1a53d483cf0f84e)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
test-multilineargeometry: test Jacobian in corners

The Jacobian is well defined in all corners as the tests use linear
transformations.

(cherry picked from commit 3f69645cb8a5cf600a15e22da8084badb9252f5a)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
Implementation notes for pyramid case in jacobianTransposed

(cherry picked from commit 00add6759466a04c49e6472ae87f44e1b4dd8799)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
Use ternary operator for some minor code simplification

(cherry picked from commit ee4768cc98cb459c9c75f0aae31bbd0314e8f6bb)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
Do not assert that all Newton iterates of the 'local' method remain inside the reference element

Because there is no mathematical reason why they should do that, and
in fact they don't.

Closes: FS 1466 (https://dune-project.org/flyspray/index.php?do=details&task_id=1466)
(cherry picked from commit 74368e067db8878d80b1111247f8fc1518a1daef)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>
[doxygen] Fix and extend documentation of return value of local()

(cherry picked from commit 42e77b2387b20bdc7b022d9747d65b8e30605a6b)
Signed-off-by: Christoph Grüninger <gruenich@dune-project.org>