Emit warning when lifetime names are shadowed.

This is not technically a [breaking-change], but it will be soon, so
you should update your code. Typically, shadowing is accidental, and
the shadowing lifetime can simply be removed. This frequently occurs
in constructor patterns:

```rust
// Old:
impl<'a> SomeStruct<'a> { fn new<'a>(..) -> SomeStruct<'a> { ... } }

// Should be:
impl<'a> SomeStruct<'a> { fn new(..) -> SomeStruct<'a> { ... } }
```

Otherwise, you should rename the inner lifetime to something
else. Note though that lifetime elision frequently applies:

```rust
// Old
impl<'a> SomeStruct<'a> {
    fn get<'a>(x: &'a self) -> &'a T { &self.field }
}

// Should be:
impl<'a> SomeStruct<'a> {
    fn get(x: &self) -> &T { &self.field }
}
``
Remove all shadowed lifetimes.
auto merge of #19777 : nikomatsakis/rust/warn-on-shadowing, r=acrichto

per rfc 459
cc https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/19390

One question is: should we start by warning, and only switch to hard error later? I think we discussed something like this in the meeting. 

r? @alexcrichton